Abstract Introduction: The study describes the way in which a group of people justified drug trafficking activities on the northern border of México, based on the theory of neutralization. Objective: the objective of the study is to describe the way in which a group of people justified their activities related to drug trafficking on the northern border of Mexico. Methodology: Using qualitative methodology, through semi-structured interviews with 9 men and 2 women deprived of liberty for drug trafficking in Sonora, México, the various neutralization techniques that they considered in their process of entering these activities were explored. Conclusions: The results show that denial of responsibility and discrediting justice bodies are the most commonly used justifications. It is concluded that neutralization is a contribution to the understanding of social control, crime incidence and recidivism.

Resumo Introdução: O estudo descreve a forma como um grupo de pessoas justificou as atividades do tráfico de drogas na fronteira norte do México, com base na teoria da neutralização. Objetivo: o objetivo do estudo é descrever a forma como um grupo de pessoas justificou suas atividades relacionadas ao tráfico de drogas na fronteira norte do México. Metodologia: Utilizando metodologia qualitativa, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 9 homens e 2 mulheres privados de liberdade por tráfico de drogas em Sonora, México, foram exploradas as diversas técnicas de neutralização que eles consideraram em seu processo de ingresso nessas atividades. Conclusões: Os resultados mostram que a negação de responsabilidade e o descrédito dos órgãos de justiça são as justificações mais utilizadas. Conclui-se que a neutralização é uma contribuição para a compreensão do controle social, da incidência da criminalidade e da reincidência.

Resumen Introducción: el estudio describe la manera en que un grupo de personas justificaron actividades de tráfico de drogas en la frontera norte de México, partiendo de la teoría de la neutralización. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio es describir la manera en que un grupo de personas justificaron sus actividades relacionadas con el tráfico de drogas en la frontera norte de México. Metodología: usando metodología cualitativa, mediante entrevista semiestructurada a 9 hombres y 2 mujeres privados de la libertad por tráfico de drogas en Sonora, México, se exploraron las diversas técnicas de neutralización que consideraron en su proceso de ingreso a dichas actividades. Conclusiones: los resultados muestran que la negación de la responsabilidad y desacreditar los órganos de justicia, son justificaciones de mayor uso. Se concluye que la neutralización aporta al entendimiento del control social, la incidencia y reincidencia delictiva.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the arguments mobilized by judges to justify the issuance of preventive detention orders and to observe the existence of a relationship between these arguments and class and race factors. The methodology used was the documentary analysis of interlocutory decisions converting flagrant arrests into preventive detentions, referring to charges of theft and robbery that occurred between 2015 and 2018 in the metropolitan region of Salvador, Brazil. A total of 322 interlocutory decisions to decree preventive detention were analyzed, retrieved from the case files of Salvador Prison/BA, a unit for temporary detainees. At the end of the research, it was concluded that, among the justifications in force in Article 312 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 100% of the decisions analyzed were based on the category of guaranteeing public order, understood as social harmony offended by the dangerousness of the prisoner. This dangerousness is expressed by the concepts of criminal recidivism and modus operandi. It was also concluded that these arguments reproduce class and race stereotypes, since they use mechanisms to naturalize the group most affected by the net of the criminal justice system (young black men), depriving them of the enjoyment of citizenship and protection of fundamental rights. factors detentions 201 Brazil 32 PrisonBA Prison BA Prison/BA detainees research 31 Procedure 100 order prisoner operandi stereotypes young men, men , men) rights 20 3 10 2 1

Resumo Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de analisar os argumentos mobilizados por juízes para justificar a decretação de prisão preventiva, além de observar a existência de relação entre esses argumentos e os fatores de classe e raça. Utilizamos como metodologia a análise documental de decisões interlocutórias que convertem prisões em flagrante em prisões preventivas, referentes a imputações de roubos e furtos ocorridos entre os anos 2015 e 2018 na região metropolitana de Salvador. Foram analisadas 322 decisões interlocutórias de decretação de prisão preventiva, retiradas do arquivo de prontuários do Presídio de Salvador/BA, unidade destinada a presos provisórios. Ao final da pesquisa pode-se concluir que, entre as justificativas vigentes no artigo 312 do Código de Processo Penal, 100% das decisões analisadas se baseavam na categoria de garantia da ordem pública, entendida como harmonia social ofendida pela periculosidade do preso. Essa periculosidade é expressa pelos conceitos de contumácia criminal e modus operandi. Também se chegou à conclusão de que esses argumentos reproduzem estereótipos de classe e raça, tendo em vista que utilizam mecanismos de naturalização do grupo mais atingido pela malha do sistema de justiça penal (jovens negros), retirando-os do gozo da cidadania e proteção de direitos fundamentais. preventiva raça preventivas 201 Salvador 32 SalvadorBA BA Salvador/BA provisórios podese pode 31 Penal 100 pública preso operandi jovens negros, negros , negros) retirandoos retirando fundamentais 20 3 10 2 1

Abstract This article aims to describe and analyze, from a qualitative perspective, the path taken in the implementation of prison management projects in the Argentine federal system. In this way, practices, senses and central elements of the construction and institutional organization of this state agency that has shown throughout its history adherence to models focused on humanism, correctionalism and risk control are highlighted. The uses and implementation of these management plans guided and currently guide the work and chores of prison staff as well as model the forms adopted by the so-called prison treatment for the social readaptation of persons deprived of their liberty. The analysis of this set of practices and regulations related to management plans in the Federal Penitentiary Service can help to make visible the specific forms adopted by the coexistence of the resocializing discourse and the paradigm of a prison focused on the “control” and containment of risks such as recidivism.

Resumen Este artículo se propone describir y analizar, desde una perspectiva cualitativa, el camino recorrido en la implementación de proyectos de gestión penitenciaria en el sistema federal argentino. De este modo, se relevan prácticas, sentidos y elementos centrales de la construcción y organización institucional de esta agencia estatal que ha mostrado a lo largo de su historia la adhesión a modelos centrados en el humanismo, el correccionalismo y el control de riesgos. Los usos y puesta en práctica de estos planes de gestión orientaron y orientan en la actualidad el trabajo y los quehaceres del personal penitenciario como así también modelan las formas que adopta el llamado tratamiento penitenciario para la readaptación social de las personas privadas de la libertad. El análisis de este conjunto de prácticas y normativas relacionadas a los planes de gestión en el Servicio Penitenciario Federal puede contribuir a visibilizar las formas específicas que adopta la convivencia del discurso resocializador y el paradigma de una cárcel enfocada en el control y la contención de riesgos como la reincidencia en el delito.

Abstract Intimate partner violence is a problem that affects the development of what is considered the core of the formation of the individual, that is, the family. That is why this rapid review focuses on seeking empirical studies that test the validity and reliability of an intimate violence risk prediction tool such as the Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA), and empirical evidence of effectiveness of a program that provides victims of intimate violence with tools to prevent this type of violence, such as the Community Support Program (CAP). Of the 221 documents found, 14 were included in this review. In the studies, it was established that the ODARA is an actuarial tool that has empirical evidence in countries such as Canada, Switzerland, Australia, the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, ranging from AUC = 0.643 to AUC = 0.744. The CAP has statistically significant results in the acquisition of resources by victims of intimate violence in areas such as satisfaction with social support, effectiveness in obtaining resources, access to community resources and quality of life. Both the ODARA and the CAP have empirical evidence that allows them to be established as adequate for the prediction and prevention of recidivism of intimate partner violence.

Resumen La violencia de pareja íntima es una problemática que afecta el desarrollo de la que es considerada el seno de la formación del individuo, esto es, la familia. Es por ello que la presente revisión rápida se centra en buscar estudios empíricos que prueben la validez y confiabilidad de una herramienta de predicción del riesgo de violencia íntima, como la Evaluación de Riesgo de asalto Doméstico de Ontario (ODARA), así como en buscar evidencia empírica de efectividad de un programa que brinde a las víctimas de violencia íntima herramientas para la prevención de ese tipo de violencia, como el Programa de Apoyo Comunitario (CAP). De los 221 documentos encontrados, 14 fueron incluidos en la presente revisión. En los estudios se pudo establecer que el ODARA es una herramienta actuarial ‒que cuenta con evidencia empírica en países como Canadá, Suiza, Australia, Estados Unidos, Holanda y Reino Unido‒, que va desde AUC=0,643 hasta AUC=0.744. El CAP cuenta con resultados estadísticamente significativos en la adquisición de recursos por parte de las víctimas de violencia íntima en áreas como satisfacción con el apoyo social, efectividad en la obtención de recursos, acceso a recursos comunitarios y calidad de vida. Tanto el ODARA como el CAP cuentan con evidencia empírica que permite establecerlos como adecuados para la predicción y prevención de reincidencia de la violencia de pareja íntima.

BACKGROUND: Childhood adversities and adult trauma are common among female inmates. Associations have been documented with childhood adversities and mental illness, personality disorders, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and violent offending. However, no such study had been conducted in South Africa (SA), despite the high prevalence of HIV and trauma in SA. AIM: To measure the prevalence of childhood adversities and adult trauma; and to determine if there is a relationship between childhood adversities, mental illness, personality disorders, HIV and violent offending among female inmates. SETTING: The study was conducted at the largest correctional centre in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. METHODS: This cross-sectional, descriptive study randomly recruited 126 female inmates. The World Health Organization's Adverse Childhood Experiences- International Questionnaire (WHO ACE-IQ) was used to measure childhood adversities; the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual-5 Research Version (SCID 5-RV) was used to diagnose mental illness; and a structured questionnaire was used to measure adult trauma. Human immunodeficiency virus data was confirmed from prison medical records RESULTS: Elevated rates of individual childhood adversities and adult trauma were found. Associations were found between cumulative childhood adversities and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol use disorder, substance use disorder, borderline personality disorder, and HIV. CONCLUSION: Female inmates are a highly traumatised population. Prison mental health services should provide trauma-informed and trauma-focussed care to improve inmates' mental health outcomes and decrease recidivism. CONTRIBUTION: This study contributes to the emerging literature on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their associations among incarcerated female populations, in a low- and middle-income, South African setting.

BACKGROUND: Trauma experiences, particularly in childhood, have been associated with criminality and mental illness. There is a paucity of research into the crime of murder, trauma and mental illness. AIM: This research study focused on state patients charged with murder and sought to determine associations with prior trauma experiences, and specific types of traumas (sexual, physical and emotional) SETTING: The study was conducted at a forensic psychiatric hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. METHODS: The records of state patients admitted over a 21-year period on a charge of murder were reviewed and analysed with respect to sociodemographic variables, clinical profiles, trauma experience and victim characteristics RESULTS: Experience of trauma in this population, with a much higher number of males compared with females, was lower than previous studies. Neurocognitive disorder was significantly associated with physical trauma. Physical trauma was found to have a significantly negative association with psychotic disorders, compared with other mental disorders. CONCLUSION: Although trauma is common in psychiatric patients, the study's findings are lower than previous studies. Noting the male bias in state patients that commit murder, greater sample sizes are needed to adequately address issues of specific types of traumas, the development of mental illness and murder. CONTRIBUTION: Exploring and managing prior trauma in state patients who commit murder is important while considering rehabilitation efforts, such that reintegration into the community and non-recidivism are encouraged.

Resumo Introdução: Incluir doentes com doença hepática asso-ciada ao álcool (DHA) em lista ativa de transplante hep-ático (TH) é desafiante, especialmente pelo risco de recidiva de consumo de álcool pós-TH. O objetivo foi avaliar o consumo de álcool pós-TH num centro de transplantação português. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo transver-sal incluindo doentes submetidos a TH em 2019 no Hospital Curry Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal. Foi realizado um questionário previamente testado e uma tradução validada para o português do Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), através de uma chamada telefónica. O consumo de álcool foi definido pelo autorrelato do doente ou por um AUDIT positivo. Resultados: Durante 2019, 122 doentes foram submetidos a TH e 99 responderam ao questionário (junho de 2021). A idade média (SD) foi de 57 (10) anos, 70 doentes (70,7%) eram do sexo masculino e 49 (49,5%) foram submetidos a TH relacionado com DHA. Com uma mediana (IQR) de follow-up de 24 (20-26) meses após o TH-índex, 22 (22,2%) doentes admitiram algum consumo de álcool: 14 beberam mensalmente ou menos e oito beberam 2-4 vezes/mês. Nos dias em que bebiam, 18 consumiam normalmente 1-2 bebidas e os restantes não mais do que 3-4 bebidas. Um doente reportou o consumo de ≥6 bebidas em uma ocasião. Todos os doentes transplantados com consumo alcoólico pós-TH foram considerados de baixo risco (pontuação <8) de acordo com o AUDIT (mediana [IQR] de 1 [1-2]). Nenhum doente reportou problemas relacionados com o álcool, tanto autoinfligido como a terceiros. Os indivíduos transplantados com consumo alcoólico eram mais jovens (53 vs. 59 anos, p = 0,020), o motivo de TH era mais frequentemente não relacionado com DHA (72,7 vs. 44,2%, p = 0,018) e apresentavam mais tabagismo ativo (31,8 vs. 10,4%, p = 0,037) quando comparado com os abstinentes. Conclusão: Na nossa coorte, cerca de um quarto dos doentes transplantados hepáticos consumiram álcool no período pós-transplante precoce, todos com um padrão de baixo risco, de acordo com o AUDIT.

Abstract Background: Listing patients with alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) for liver transplant (LT) remains challenging especially due to the risk of alcohol resumption post-LT. We aimed to evaluate post-LT alcohol consumption at a Portuguese transplant center. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study including LT recipients from 2019 at Curry Cabral Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal. A pretested survey and a validated Portuguese translation of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) were applied via a telephone call. Alcohol consumption was defined by patients’ self-reports or a positive AUDIT. Results: In 2019, 122 patients underwent LT, and 99 patients answered the survey (June 2021). The mean (SD) age was 57 (10) years, 70 patients (70.7%) were males, and 49 (49.5%) underwent ALD-related LT. During a median (IQR) follow-up of 24 (20-26) months post-index LT, 22 (22.2%) recipients consumed any amount of alcohol: 14 had a drink monthly or less and 8 drank 2-4 times/ month. On drinking days, 18 patients usually consumed 1-2 drinks and the remainder no more than 3-4 drinks. One patient reported having drunk ≥6 drinks on one occasion. All post-LT drinking recipients were considered low risk (score <8) as per the AUDIT score (median [IQR] of 1 [1-2]). No patient reported alcohol-related problems, whether self-inflicted or toward others. Drinking recipients were younger (53 vs. 59 years, p = 0.020), had more non-ALD-related LT (72.7 vs. 44.2%, p = 0.018) and active smoking (31.8 vs. 10.4%, p = 0.037) than abstinent ones. Conclusion: In our cohort, about a quarter of LT recipients consumed alcohol early posttrans-plant, all with a low-risk pattern according to the AUDIT score.

Objectives: Animal hoarding is a special manifestation of hoarding disorder, characterized by the accumulation of animals and failure to provide them with minimal care. The main objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the characteristics of animal hoarding, focusing on the profile of affected individuals and the features of accumulation behavior. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the electronic databases MEDLINE, Scopus, and LILACS until October 2022. We included case series (n ≥ 10) and cross-sectional studies assessing animal hoarding. Results: A total of 374 studies were initially retrieved. Most studies were classified as having poor quality and significant risk of bias. A total of 538 individuals with animal hoarding were evaluated. These individuals were predominantly middle-aged, unmarried women who lived alone in urban areas. Most of their residences had unsanitary conditions. Recidivism rates varied from 13-41%. Cats and dogs were the main hoarded species, mostly acquired through unplanned breeding, and disease, injury, behavioral problems, and a lack of hygiene were characreristic of their condition. Animal carcasses were found in up to 60% of the properties. Conclusion: Animal hoarding is a complex condition that requires urgent attention. More research is necessary to develop effective strategies that can save community resources, improve animal and human welfare, and prevent recidivism. Objectives disorder care behavior Methods MEDLINE Scopus 2022 n 10 crosssectional cross sectional Results 37 retrieved bias 53 evaluated middleaged, middleaged middle aged, aged middle-aged areas conditions 1341%. 1341 13 41%. 41 13-41% species breeding disease injury problems 60 properties Conclusion attention resources welfare recidivism 202 1 3 5 1341% 134 41% 4 13-41 6 20 13-4 2 13-

Abstract The Colombian prison system has a high number of people linked to the phenomenon of drug crimes, which has a negative impact on the entire system for the execution of criminal sanctions. This article shows, on the one hand, the need to design and implement a model of Therapeutic Justice and a Drug Treatment Court for incarcerated individuals in Colombia with substance-related disorders. This model emerges as an alternative to criminal treatment to reduce prison overcrowding and recidivism in the prison system. On the other hand, this article seeks the transformation of criminal policy and the resolution of some serious problems of this system. The method used to achieve the objective was the hermeneutic methodstarting from the general diagnosis of the prison system on the care of the population with substance-related disorders, the analysis of TJ as an alternative to criminal treatment and the formulation of some basic assumptions for the design of the model. Based on the diagnosis and discussions of this investigation, it was possible to conclude that the health service currently available to the population deprived of liberty in Colombia is disjointed and dispersed in various institutions, which makes it difficult to care for and effectively rehabilitate those with disorders related to substances, so the alternative proposed in this article consists of the implementation of a model of TJ and TTD in Colombia, which would promote the humanization of the penitentiary system, dignify the population deprived of liberty and would become a model that guarantee fundamental rights and an effective tool for those who suffer from substance-related disorders.

Resumen En el sistema penitenciario y carcelario colombiano existe un alto número de personas vinculadas con el fenómeno de los delitos farmacológicos, lo que impacta de manera negativa todo el sistema de ejecución de penas. El presente artículo muestra la necesidad de diseñar e implementar un modelo de justicia terapéutica y un tribunal de tratamiento de drogas para los privados de la libertad en Colombia con trastornos asociados con sustancias. Dicho modelo surge como una alternativa penal para la reducción de índices de hacinamiento y reincidencia en el sistema carcelario y penitenciario colombiano, a la vez que busca la transformación de la política criminal y la resolución de algunos problemas graves de este sistema. Para el cumplimiento de este objetivo, se utilizó el método hermenéutico, partiendo de un diagnóstico general del sistema penitenciario y carcelario sobre la atención a la población con trastornos relacionados con sustancias, el análisis de la justicia terapéutica como alternativa penal y la formulación de algunos presupuestos básicos para el diseño del modelo. A partir del diagnóstico y las discusiones de esta investigación se pudo concluir que el servicio de salud que actualmente tienen la población privada de libertad en Colombia, se torna desarticulado y disperso en varias instituciones lo que dificulta la atención efectiva y la rehabilitación de quienes padecen trastornos relacionados con sustancias, por lo tanto la alternativa que se plantea en este artículo consiste en la implementación de un modelo de TJ y TTD en Colombia, lo cual propendería por la humanización del sistema carcelario, dignificaría a la población privada de la libertad y se convertiría en un modelo garante de los derechos fundamentales y en una herramienta efectiva para quienes padecen trastornos asociados con sustancias.

Abstract The article examines the general structure of the regime provided for in art. 449 of the Criminal Code, incorporated by Law N° 20.931 of 2016, and based on existing legal doctrine and trends, analyzes some of the main problems that have arisen both at a conceptual level and in its practical application, namely, its validity with respect to the special forms of appearance of crimes against property that are formally attached to such a regime, the operating budgets that a jurisprudential line assigns to its 2nd rule and, consequently, to the effects of aggravating circumstances of generic and specific recidivism, and submits for review the convergence of its 1st and 2nd rules with each other and with respect to other factors of individualization of the penalty that may arise.

Resumen El artículo examina la estructura general del sistema de individualización de la pena que prevé el artículo 449 del Código Penal chileno, incorporado por la Ley N° 20.931 de 2016, y sobre la base de la doctrina y de las tendencias judiciales existentes, analiza algunos de los principales problemas que ha presentado tanto a nivel conceptual como en su aplicación práctica, a saber, su vigencia respecto de las formas especiales de aparición de los delitos contra la propiedad que se encuentran formalmente adscritos a tal régimen, los presupuestos de operatividad que una línea judicial asigna a su regla 2ª y, en consecuencia, a los efectos sobre el marco penal de las circunstancias agravantes de reincidencia genérica y específica, además de someter a revisión la convergencia de sus reglas 1ª y 2ª entre sí y con respecto a otros factores de individualización de la pena que puedan presentarse.

ABSTRACT Objective: Even though previous research has identified the negative impact of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, less is known regarding the moderator factors that explain this association. In this study, we first aimed to assess whether there would be differences in terms of specific neuropsychological variables (e.g., IQ, working memory, executive functioning, and emotion decoding) between different groups of IPV perpetrators, affected or not by ADHD, and also compared with non-violent men (without ADHD). Second, we evaluated differences in dropout and recidivism among the subgroups of IPV perpetrators. Third, we assessed whether ADHD interacts with neuropsychological functioning to explain treatment compliance (dropout) and official recidivism among IPV perpetrators. Method: We administered a set of neuropsychological tests and self-reports to a group of IPV perpetrators with ADHD (n = 161), without ADHD (n = 163), and non-violent men (n = 103). Data on IPV perpetrators' treatment compliance and official recidivism were collected after treatment. Results: Our results indicated that all the groups of IPV perpetrators presented worse performance in all cognitive domains than controls. Furthermore, ADHD IPV perpetrators also showed worse performance in all cognitive domains than IPV perpetrators without ADHD, except for emotion decoding abilities. Most importantly, the combined subtype of ADHD IPV perpetrators presented the highest rate of dropout and official recidivism. Lastly, ADHD diagnosis and neuropsychological impairments separately offered a considerable explanation of treatment compliance and recidivism but their combination did not increase the amount of explained variance. Conclusions: Our study highlights the need to implement good screening processes for correctly diagnosing IPV perpetrators and, consequently, designing more effective intervention programs.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Existen múltiples investigaciones que han identificado el impacto negativo del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) en la perpetración de la violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja. Sin embargo, existen menos evidencias sobre los factores moderadores que explicarían la asociación entre dichas variables. Por lo tanto, el primer objetivo de este estudio ha sido valorar si existen diferencias en variables neuropsicológicas específicas (p. ej., cociente intelectual, memoria de trabajo, funcionamiento ejecutivo y decodificación de las emociones) entre diferentes grupos de hombres que ejercen violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja (o maltratadores), afectados o no por el TDAH, y también en comparación con hombres no violentos (sin TDAH). En segundo lugar, evaluamos las diferencias en el abandono prematuro de la intervención y la reincidencia entre los subgrupos de maltratadores. En tercer lugar, calculamos si el TDAH interactuaba con el funcionamiento neuropsicológico para explicar el abandono prematuro de la intervención y la reincidencia oficial en maltratadores. Método: Administramos un conjunto de pruebas neuropsicológicas y autoinformes a un grupo de maltratadores con TDAH (n = 161), sin TDAH (n = 163) y hombres no violentos (n = 103). Tras finalizar el tratamiento se recopilaron datos sobre el cumplimiento del tratamiento de los maltratadores y la reincidencia oficial. Resultados: Nuestros resultados indican que todos los grupos de maltratadores presentan un peor desempeño en todos los dominios cognitivos evaluados en comparación con el grupo control de hombres no violentos. Además, los maltratadores con TDAH también muestran un peor desempeño en todos los dominios cognitivos que los maltratadores sin TDAH, excepto en la decodificación de las emociones. Además, el grupo de maltratadores con TDAH (subtipo combinado) presentó la tasa más alta de abandono prematuro de la intervención y un mayor porcentaje de ellos reincidió. Por último, el diagnóstico de TDAH y las alteraciones neuropsicológicas por separado explican, al menos en parte, el abandono de la intervención y la reincidencia, pero su combinación no aumenta la proporción de varianza explicada. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio destaca la necesidad de implementar procesos de cribado para diagnosticar correctamente a los maltratadores y, en consecuencia, diseñar programas de intervención más efectivos.

Resumen La investigación con adolescentes ofensores busca identificar los factores de riesgo y de protección que afectan a la reincidencia y al desistimiento. Esta información es útil para desarrollar programas de prevención de la conducta antisocial y facilita los procesos de intervención que favorecen la reinserción social. Desde el punto de vista legal, la reincidencia es la participación de un individuo en nuevos actos delictivos, que conduce a una nueva condena, después de haber sido judicializado por un delito anterior. El desistimiento, en cambio, es la interrupción de la conducta antisocial y se caracteriza por la reinserción social exitosa y el ajuste a las normas de la comunidad. Se han identificado factores sociales, familiares, escolares, relacionales e individuales que afectan a la reincidencia y al desistimiento. Se presenta una investigación cuantitativa que utilizó una medición de corte transversal, diseñada para examinar la influencia de los factores de riesgo y protección en la reincidencia de los adolescentes colombianos. Se realizó un muestreo por disponibilidad y conveniencia en instituciones de siete departamentos o regiones geográficas de Colombia. Los participantes fueron 646 adolescentes de entre 14 y 19 años (M = 17.08; DT: 1.23; 15 % chicas). Todos ellos estaban judicializados y cumpliendo sus sanciones legales en el Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes (SRPA). Para la evaluación se utilizó la encuesta Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTC-YS). Se trata de un instrumento de 135 ítems diseñado para medir un amplio conjunto de factores de riesgo y de protección identificados a través de las condiciones de la comunidad, la escuela, la familia, el grupo de pares y el individuo, así como los resultados conductuales, que incluyen el uso de drogas, la violencia, el comportamiento antisocial y la delincuencia. El instrumento mostró buena fiabilidad en este estudio. La reincidencia se evaluó con criterios legales, es decir, se tuvieron en cuenta el número de condenas oficiales. Para ello se revisaron los expedientes de los participantes y se los cruzó con la información reportada por los profesionales que atendían los centros y el autoinforme de los participantes. Se obtuvo la aprobación del comité de ética y permiso del gobierno a través del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar -ICBF- (Autorización E-2016-660327-0111). Los consentimientos informados fueron firmados por los defensores, los directores de los centros de atención, los padres de los adolescentes y por cada uno de los participantes. Una vez finalizada la investigación, se socializaron los resultados a través de grupos focales con los interesados, incluidos los adolescentes. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos con los datos y se correlacionaron todos los factores del CTC-YS con la variable conducta antisocial y delictiva provista por el mismo instrumento. Luego se realizó una regresión logística binaria para determinar qué factores de riesgo y protección influyen en la reincidencia. Se observaron diferentes grados de relación entre los factores evaluados y la conducta antisocial-delictiva. Los resultados indican que la reincidencia se ve afectada, entre otros factores, por las actitudes favorables de los padres hacia el uso de drogas y la conducta antisocial, el inicio temprano del consumo de drogas y el bajo compromiso escolar. Las creencias en un orden moral y las oportunidades por la participación escolar prosocial y la menor frecuencia de uso de drogas muestran disminución en la probabilidad de reincidencia. Según los resultados, los factores que influyen en la reincidencia delictiva son múltiples y requieren la intervención de las condiciones sociales, familiares, escolares e individuales. Se discute la necesidad de intervenir en las actitudes favorables a la conducta delictiva por parte de los padres, fortalecer los servicios escolares, realizar tratamiento para abandonar el uso de drogas y desarrollar modelos de intervención que cuenten con evidencias de eficacia para ayudar a reducir la reincidencia en los adolescentes colombianos.

Abstract Research with adolescent offenders is concerned with identifying risk and protective factors that influence recidivism and desistance from crime. A quantitative and cross-sectional investigation designed to examine the influence of risk and protective factors on recidivism in Colombian adolescents is presented. In seven regions of Colombia, a convenience sample was obtained, and 646 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years (M = 17.08; SD: 1.23; 15 % girls) belonging to the Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes (SRPA) participated. The Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTC-YS) was used for the evaluation. It evaluated a broad set of risk and protective factors identified through the community, school, family, peer group, individual conditions, and behavioral outcomes, including drug use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Descriptive analyses were conducted, and all CTC-YS factors were correlated with antisocial behavior. The results show varying degrees of relationship between the factors assessed and antisocial behavior. Binary logistic regression was used to determine which risk and protective factors influence recidivism. It was noted that favorable parental attitudes towards drug use and antisocial behavior, early onset of drug use, low school engagement, and interaction with antisocial peers increases the probability of recidivism. Recidivism was identified as being affected by, among other factors, favorable parental attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior, early onset of drug use, and low school engagement. It was also observed that beliefs in a moral order, opportunities for prosocial school participation and lower drug use frequency reduce the probability of recidivism. According to the results, the factors that influence criminal recidivism are multiple, and social, family, school, and individual factors need to be addressed. The need to intervene in attitudes favorable to antisocial behavior on the part of parents, strengthen school services, and carry out treatment for drug use to favor the reduction of recidivism in Colombian adolescents is discussed.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer en qué medida el rasgo de la psicopatía se correlaciona con los rasgos de personalidad y valores humanos en una muestra penitenciaria. Para ello, fueron evaluados 56 detenidos, en su mayoría mujeres (80,4%), con una media de edad de 33,44 años (DS=7,15). Se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: (1) Escala Hare, (2) Cuestionario de valores humanos (QVB), (3) Inventario de los Cinco Grandes Factores de Personalidad (IGFP-5) y (4) Cuestionario demográfico. Se aplicaron estadísticas descriptivas y la correlación rho de Spearman. Los resultados indicaron una relación positiva entre conducta socialmente desviada/antisocial (Factor 2) y las dimensiones de neuroticismo (r s =0,44; p<0,001), apertura al cambio en el IGFP-5 (r s =0,26; p<0,05) y experimentación de QVB (r s =0,36; p<0,001). Se concluye que el presente estudio contribuye al conocimiento de los rasgos y valores de personalidad relacionados con la psicopatía, ampliando la red nomológica de este constructo. penitenciaria ello 5 detenidos 80,4%, 804 80,4% , 80 4 (80,4%) 3344 33 44 33,4 DS=7,15. DS715 DS DS=7,15 . 7 15 (DS=7,15) instrumentos 1 (1 Hare 2 (2 QVB, (QVB) 3 (3 IGFP5 IGFP (IGFP-5 (4 demográfico Spearman desviadaantisocial desviada antisocial Factor r =0,44 044 0 p<0,001, p0001 p p<0,001 001 p<0,001) IGFP- =0,26 026 26 p<0,05 p005 05 =0,36 036 36 p<0,001. constructo 80,4 8 (80,4% 334 33, DS71 DS=7,1 (DS=7,15 ( (QVB (IGFP- =0,4 04 p000 p<0,00 00 =0,2 02 p<0,0 p00 =0,3 03 80, (80,4 DS7 DS=7, (DS=7,1 (IGFP =0, p<0, p0 (80, DS=7 (DS=7, =0 p<0 (80 DS= (DS=7 = p< (8 (DS= (DS

Abstract Our aim was to understand to what extent the characteristics of psychopathy are correlated with personality traits and human values in a sample of imprisoned inmates. To this end, a total of 56 prisoners were evaluated, predominantly female (80.4%) with a mean age of 33.44 (SD=7.15). The following instruments were employed: (1) Hare scale, (2) Human Values Questionnaire (BVQ), (3) Big Five Personality Traits Inventory (BFI-S) and (4) Demographic Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were applied. The results indicated a positive correlation between a socially deviant/antisocial lifestyle (Factor 2) and the dimensions of neuroticism (r s =0.44; p<0.001), openness to experience in the BFI-S (r s =0.26; p<0.05) and experimentation in the BVQ (r s =0.36; p<0.001). It was concluded that the present study contributes to an understanding of personality traits and values related to psychopathy, expanding the nomological network of this construct. inmates end 5 evaluated 80.4% 804 80 4 (80.4% 3344 33 44 33.4 SD=7.15. SD715 SD SD=7.15 . 7 15 (SD=7.15) employed 1 (1 scale 2 (2 BVQ, , (BVQ) 3 (3 BFIS BFI S (BFI-S (4 Spearmans Spearman applied deviantantisocial deviant antisocial Factor r =0.44 044 0 p<0.001, p0001 p p<0.001 001 p<0.001) =0.26 026 26 p<0.05 p005 05 =0.36 036 36 p<0.001. construct 80.4 8 (80.4 334 33. SD71 SD=7.1 (SD=7.15 ( (BVQ =0.4 04 p000 p<0.00 00 =0.2 02 p<0.0 p00 =0.3 03 80. (80. SD7 SD=7. (SD=7.1 =0. p<0. p0 (80 SD=7 (SD=7. =0 p<0 (8 SD= (SD=7 = p< (SD= (SD

Resumo Objetivou-se conhecer em que medida o traço de psicopatia correlaciona-se com os traços de personalidade e os valores humanos em uma amostra carcerária. Para tanto, avaliou-se 56 detentos, a maioria mulheres (80,4%), com média de idade de 33,44 (DP=7,15). Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: (1) Escala Hare, (2) Questionário de Valores Humanos (QVB), (3) Inventário dos Cinco Grandes Fatores de Personalidade (IGFP - 5) e (4) Questionário Demográfico. Foram aplicadas estatísticas descritivas e correlação rho de Spearman. Os resultados indicaram uma relação positiva entre o estilo de vida socialmente desviante/antissocial (Fator 2) e as dimensões de neuroticismo (r s =0,44; p<0,001), abertura a mudança do IGFP-5 (r s =0,26; p<0,05) e experimentação do QVB (r s =0,36; p<0,001). Conclui-se que o presente estudo contribui para o conhecimento dos traços de personalidade e valores relacionados a psicopatia, ampliando a rede nomológica deste construto. Objetivouse Objetivou se correlacionase correlaciona carcerária tanto avaliouse avaliou 5 detentos 80,4%, 804 80,4% , 80 4 (80,4%) 3344 33 44 33,4 DP=7,15. DP715 DP DP=7,15 . 7 15 (DP=7,15) instrumentos 1 (1 Hare 2 (2 QVB, (QVB) 3 (3 IGFP (4 Demográfico Spearman desvianteantissocial desviante antissocial Fator r =0,44 044 0 p<0,001, p0001 p p<0,001 001 p<0,001) IGFP5 IGFP- =0,26 026 26 p<0,05 p005 05 =0,36 036 36 p<0,001. Concluise Conclui construto 80,4 8 (80,4% 334 33, DP71 DP=7,1 (DP=7,15 ( (QVB =0,4 04 p000 p<0,00 00 =0,2 02 p<0,0 p00 =0,3 03 80, (80,4 DP7 DP=7, (DP=7,1 =0, p<0, p0 (80, DP=7 (DP=7, =0 p<0 (80 DP= (DP=7 = p< (8 (DP= (DP

The application of remission of penalty by reading: discourses and practices seek to present the policy of remission of penalty by reading in the state of Santa Catarina, through interviews with coordinators responsible for these initiatives in two prison units. They decide on the procedures taken, the operational dynamic, and select the books and evaluation criteria. In addition to bringing together and comparing the two projects of reference through reading, the work proposes to investigate the moral intentions and the ends envisaged and achieved in the coordinators' speeches. As a result, it was identified that there are still no systematized data on the recidivism of participants in penalty remission projects. Catarina units taken dynamic criteria speeches result

Este trabalho procura apresentar a experiência prática da política de remição de pena pela leitura em Santa Catarina, por meio de entrevistas com coordenadores responsáveis por essas iniciativas em duas unidades prisionais. Eles decidem sobre os procedimentos tomados e a dinâmica operacional e selecionam os livros e critérios de avaliação. Além de aproximar e comparar os dois projetos de remição pela leitura, o trabalho se propõe a investigar as intenções morais e os fins visados e alcançados nos discursos dos coordenadores. Como resultado, foi identificado que ainda não há dados sistematizados sobre a reincidência dos participantes dos projetos de remição de pena. Catarina prisionais avaliação resultado

ABSTRACT Previous research has pointed out the importance of neuropsychological impairments in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators for reoffending/recidivism once treatment ends. However, less is known about whether substance misuse is associated with impairments or deficits, which facilitate recidivism. In this study, we first aimed to assess whether IPV perpetrators with (n = 104) and without (n = 120) substance misuse showed differences in specific neuropsychological variables in comparison with non-violent men (n = 82). Second, we examined whether there were differences in IPV perpetrators’ recidivism and whether these differences were explained by neuropsychological performance. Our results revealed that IPV perpetrators with substance misuse showed worse cognitive performance than controls. Furthermore, we also found differences between IPV perpetrators without substance misuse and controls, but only in terms of executive functioning. There were no differences in neuropsychological performance between the two groups of IPV perpetrators, although those with substance misuse presented higher recidivism rates than those without substance misuse. Finally, cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, and worse attention functioning were related to high recidivism in both groups of IPV perpetrators. This study underlies the importance of performing neuropsychological assessments during the initial stages of intervention programs for IPV perpetrators in order to design coadjutant neuropsychological/cognitive training to address not only the psychological needs (including substance misuse) of IPV perpetrators, but also their neuropsychological needs.

RESUMEN La investigación previa ha puesto de manifiesto la importancia de los déficits neuropsicológicos para la reincidencia en los hombres penados por violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja (o maltratadores) una vez que han finalizado el tratamiento. Sin embargo, disponemos de un menor conocimiento sobre si el abuso de sustancias se relacionaría con los déficits neuropsicológicos, lo que, a su vez, facilitaría la reincidencia por parte de los maltratadores. Por lo tanto, el primer objetivo de este estudio fue el de analizar si existían diferencias entre un grupo de maltratadores con abuso de sustancias (n = 104) y otro sin consumo de sustancias (n = 120) en comparación con un grupo de hombres no violentos (n = 82). En segundo lugar, examinamos si existían diferencias en la reincidencia entre los grupos de maltratadores y si estas diferencias se explicaban por su funcionamiento neuropsicológico. Nuestros resultados pusieron de manifiesto que los maltratadores con abuso de sustancias mostraron un peor rendimiento cognitivo que los controles. Además, también encontramos diferencias entre el grupo de maltratadores sin abuso de sustancias y los controles, pero solo en las funciones ejecutivas. Del mismo modo, no hubo diferencias en el rendimiento neuropsicológico entre los dos grupos de maltratadores, aunque aquellos con abuso de sustancias presentaron tasas de reincidencia más altas que aquellos sin consumo de sustancias. Finalmente, la flexibilidad cognitiva, la fluidez verbal y el peor funcionamiento de la atención se relacionaron con una alta reincidencia en ambos grupos de maltratadores. Este estudio subraya la importancia de realizar evaluaciones neuropsicológicas durante las etapas iniciales de los programas de intervención para los maltratadores con el fin de diseñar programas neuropsicológicos o de entrenamiento cognitivo para abordar no solo las necesidades psicológicas (incluido el abuso de sustancias) de los maltratadores, sino también sus necesidades neuropsicológicas.