Resumen En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la investigación realizada acerca de la aplicación de la logística inversa en el sector textil de la ciudad de Otavalo con el fin de que las microempresas tengan la posibilidad de reciclar los desechos para luego proceder a una nueva elaboración de un nuevo producto. Por tal motivo, es necesario que se desarrolle el proceso de logística inversa y se tomen decisiones que beneficiarán al medio ambiente y a la sociedad otavaleña. Para el desarrollo de este estudio, inicialmente se realizó un estudio de la literatura que comprendió las definiciones y los tipos de logística inversa, tanto bajo el método cualitativo como el cuantitativo, que permitió estudiar el sector microempresarial textilero por medio de encuestas. Posteriormente, se obtuvieron resultados detallados de productos, materias primas y desechos, con el único propósito de dar el giro que tenían los desechos como destino final el vertedero generando un efecto negativo para el medio ambiente. Con todos los resultados, se propone mejorar los procesos internos y externos de la selección de residuos textiles, con el apoyo de responsabilidad compartida de los stakeholders, como el Gobierno, la Sociedad Civil y las Empresas Públicas, forjando la concientización de la aplicación de la logística inversa en el proceso de planificación, implantación, control y reducción de tiempos mediante el modelo SCOR, buscando la eficiencia y eficacia dentro de las microempresas para obtener al final el retorno de estos residuos para un nuevo producto.

Abstract This article shows the results of the research carried out on the application of reverse logistics in the textile sector of the city of Otavalo, for micro-enterprises to have the possibility of recycling waste and then proceed to a new development of a new product. For this reason, it is necessary to develop the reverse logistics process and make decisions that will benefit the environment of Otavalo City. To develop this study, It was necessary to read initially the literature such asdefinitions, and types of reverse logistics, likewise under the qualitative and quantitative method, which allowed to study of the textile microenterprise sector through surveys. Later detailed results of products, raw materials, and waste were obtained with the sole purpose of turning the waste into a final destination in the landfill generating a negative effect on the environment. With all the results, it is proposed to improve the internal and external processes of the selection of textile waste, with the support of shared responsibility of stakeholders, such as the Government, Civil Society, and Public Companies, forging awareness of the application of reverse logistics in the process of planning, implementation, control and time reduction through the SCOR model, seeking efficiency and effectiveness within micro-enterprises to finally obtain , the return of those waste for a new product

Abstract.- The circular economy and sustainable development are critical issues today, given the growing environmental pollution caused by solid waste, especially plastics. Furthermore, plastic waste has raised significant social concerns and alerted plastic product designers. Therefore, developing or redesigning plastic products in the flexible packaging industry is imperative to ensure their recyclability at the end of their life cycle. It is necessary to ensure that the mechanical and barrier properties of the ecological plastic packaging remain intact for specific uses. The current study aims to redesign flexible packaging, focusing on providing the mechanical and barrier properties of the packaging suitable for food industry applications, thus offering a solution through new design proposals that allow the development of sustainable and flexible packaging, emphasizing material reduction and recyclability. This study assessed and compared the mechanical properties of the proposed packaging with those of existing products. The results demonstrated the feasibility of reducing plastic film thickness or eliminating layers in a tri-laminated structure and transitioning to a bi-laminated structure. This adjustment did not compromise the mechanical and barrier properties; the oxygen barrier remained at 35.39 cc/m 2 *day, and the humidity stood at 0.57 mg/m 2 *day. This investigation led to a 26.48% reduction in the raw material consumption of laminated coils and 12.68% in Doypack type packaging used in food applications. Consequently, the decreased material usage and adoption of monomaterial structures significantly minimized the environmental impact of plastic waste contamination due to the possibility of mechanically recycling the final product.

Resumen.- La economía circular y el desarrollo sostenible son temas críticos hoy en día, dada la creciente contaminación ambiental provocada por los residuos sólidos, especialmente los plásticos. Además, los residuos plásticos han generado importantes preocupaciones sociales y han alertado a los diseñadores de productos plásticos. Por lo tanto, desarrollar o rediseñar productos plásticos en la industria del embalaje flexible es imperativo para garantizar su reciclabilidad al final de su ciclo de vida. Es necesario garantizar que las propiedades mecánicas y de barrera de los envases de plástico ecológicos permanezcan intactas para usos específicos. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo rediseñar los envases flexibles, enfocándose en proporcionar las propiedades mecánicas y de barrera del envase adecuadas para aplicaciones de la industria alimentaria, ofreciendo así una solución a través de nuevas propuestas de diseño que permitan el desarrollo de envases sostenibles y flexibles, enfatizando en la reducción de materiales y la reciclabilidad. Este estudio evaluó y comparó las propiedades mecánicas del embalaje propuesto con las de los productos existentes. Los resultados demostraron la viabilidad de reducir el espesor de la película plástica o eliminar capas en una estructura trilaminada y realizar la transición a una estructura bilaminada. Este ajuste no comprometió las propiedades mecánicas y de barrera; la barrera de oxígeno se mantuvo en 35.39 cc/m 2 *día y la humedad se situó en 0.57 mg/m 2 *día. Esta investigación condujo a una reducción del 26.48% en el consumo de materia prima de bobinas laminadas y un 12.68% en empaque tipo doypack utilizadas en aplicaciones alimentarias. En consecuencia, la disminución del uso de materiales y la adopción de estructuras monomateriales minimizaron significativamente el impacto ambiental de la contaminación por desechos plásticos debido a la posibilidad de reciclar mecanicamente el producto final.

Abstract A route is proposed that begins with obtaining raw materials, but does not end in the finished product, but rather diversifies into many other linked routes, each one aimed at distributing, showing, promoting, advertising; that is to say, to allow the arrival to each one of the possible consumers, offering them much more than the product itself. Since its origins, fashion proposes and produces behaviors and changes in societies. In many cases, these changes have been maintained permanently, although the fashion that prompted them disappeared. In any case, it can be said that fashion, as an ephemeral social phenomenon, does not completely disappear, but rather produces a permanent mark; a trail that can be traversed, a trail that functions as a witness and allows to identify patterns, to evaluate and propose actions in order to minimize and decelerate the impact of large-scale production of fashion items, create new habits and sustain them in the weather.

Resumen Se propone un recorrido que comienza con la obtención de las materias primas, pero que no finaliza en el producto terminado, sino que se diversifica en muchas otras rutas vinculadas, cada una de ellas orientadas a distribuir, mostrar, promocionar, publicitar; es decir, permitir la llegada a cada uno de los posibles consumidores, ofreciéndoles mucho más que el producto en sí. Desde sus orígenes, la moda propone y produce conductas y cambios en las sociedades, en muchos casos, dichos cambios, han logrado mantenerse de forma permanente, aunque la moda que los impulsó desapareciera. De todos modos, se puede afirmar que la moda, como fenómeno social efímero, no desaparece completamente, sino que produce una huella permanente; un rastro que se puede recorrer, un rastro que funciona como testigo y permite identificar patrones, para evaluar y proponer acciones con el fin de minimizar y desacelerar el impacto de la producción de artículos de moda a gran escala, crear nuevos hábitos y sostenerlos en el tiempo.

Resumo Propõe-se um percurso que começa na obtenção da matéria-prima, mas não termina no produto acabado, mas se diversifica em muitos outros percursos interligados, cada um destinado a distribuir, mostrar, promover, anunciar; ou seja, permitir a chegada a cada um dos possíveis consumidores, oferecendo-lhes muito mais do que o próprio produto. Desde as suas origens, a moda propõe e produz comportamentos e mudanças nas sociedades, que em muitos casos se mantiveram permanentemente, embora a moda que as motivou tenha desaparecido. Em todo caso, pode-se dizer que a moda, como fenômeno social efêmero, não desaparece completamente, antes produz uma marca permanente; uma trilha que pode ser percorrida, uma trilha que funciona como testemunho e permite identificar padrões, avaliar e propor ações no sentido de minimizar e desacelerar o impacto da produção em larga escala de itens de moda, criar novos hábitos e sustentá-los no clima.

ABSTRACT In Chile, the main issues affecting the quality of life of the population include air pollution, scarcity and contamination of water resources, degradation, loss, and pollution of soils, nuisance noise, solid waste management, and loss of biodiversity. In response to this situation, good environmental practices emerge in households, which can be characterized as simple and useful measures that individuals can adopt in their daily lives to reduce the negative environmental impact of their activities. In this context, the article presents the results of a qualitative research aimed at identifying and classifying the environmental practices carried out in households in Metropolitan Valparaíso, Chile. Methodologically, an exploratory-descriptive approach study was conducted, gathering information from 64 households through semi-structured interviews. The results show the implementation of good environmental practices in the household, related to the recycling of organic and non-organic waste, reusing organic and non-organic waste, and reducing the consumption of natural resources. It is concluded that the environmental practices developed by individuals in their households are motivated by a deep concern for environmental issues and seek to reduce the long-term negative consequences that will affect the living conditions of future generations. From an integrated perspective, the good environmental practices carried out in the household represent a silent and persevering microsocial dynamic that challenges the devastating actions of global economic, political, and technological actors regarding the use of natural resources.

RESUMEN En Chile, los principales problemas que afectan la calidad de vida de la población corresponden a contaminación atmosférica, escasez y contaminación de recursos hídricos, degradación, pérdida y contaminación de suelos, ruidos molestos, manejo de residuos sólidos y pérdida de biodiversidad. Como respuesta a esta situación, surgen las buenas prácticas ambientales en el hogar, las que pueden ser caracterizadas como medidas sencillas y útiles que pueden adoptar las personas en su vida cotidiana para reducir el impacto ambiental negativo de sus actividades. En ese marco, el artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación cualitativa cuyo objetivo corresponde a identificar y clasificar las buenas prácticas ambientales realizadas en los hogares de Valparaíso Metropolitano, Chile. Metodológicamente, se realizó un estudio de enfoque exploratorio-descriptivo que recopiló información en 64 hogares, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados evidencian la realización de buenas prácticas ambientales en el hogar, relacionadas con el reciclaje de residuos orgánicos y no orgánicos, reutilización de residuos orgánicos y no orgánicos; y reducción de consumo de recursos naturales. Se concluye que las prácticas ambientales desarrolladas por las personas en sus hogares son motivadas por una profunda preocupación por los problemas ambientales y buscan disminuir las consecuencias negativas en el largo plazo que afectarán las condiciones de vida de las nuevas generaciones. Desde una perspectiva integrada, las buenas prácticas ambientales realizadas en el hogar representan una dinámica microsocial silenciosa y perseverante que desafía a la acción devastadora que realizan actores económicos, políticos y tecnológicos globales respecto del uso de los recursos naturales.

Resumen La familia juega un papel fundamental tanto en la socialización como en la configuración de valores en menores y adolescentes. Esta investigación estudia las percepciones del estudiantado adolescente sobre prácticas parentales y valores familiares e identifica las conductas prosostenibilidad de dicho estudiantado en una triple perspectiva: reducir, reutilizar y reciclar (3R). La población diana es el estudiantado de bachillerato de la ciudad de Cuenca (Ecuador). El análisis de datos incluye: comparación de medias, coeficiente de correlación r de Pearson y regresión lineal simple. Los resultados señalan que las mujeres y los varones adolescentes del estudio perciben un elevado apoyo parental a su autonomía y que las madres conceden mayor importancia al valor de ayuda a los demás. Adicionalmente, un alto porcentaje de los sujetos realizan al menos una acción de las 3R. Se concluye que la muestra percibe a la familia como un agente impulsor de su desarrollo como sujetos autónomos, un factor prometedor para la integración de valores y el desarrollo de competencias para la sostenibilidad; sin embargo, reconoce que la escuela es donde se fragua su compromiso con un futuro sostenible con más intensidad.

Abstract The family plays a fundamental role both in socialization and in the configuration of values in minors and adolescents; including those related to environmental care. In keeping with this premise, Unicef (2018) announced that the sustainable development of the planet requires counting on families; it pointed them out as essential collaborators of governments for the quality of life of future generations. Considered a natural and elemental unit of all modern societies and an educational agent of the first order for the development and psychosocial adjustment of its members, the family is also a primary socialization agent (Fontana-Abad, Gil y Reyero, 2013). It plays a key role in the internalization of prosocial values, such as self-transcendence (care and universalism) and conservation (conformity, safety, and tradition); values closely related to pro-environmental behaviors (Barrera-Hernández, Sotelo, Echeverría y Tapia, 2020). Following this line, this research studies the perceptions that adolescents have about family values, parental support for autonomy, and environmental care practices, according to the 3R rule, in a triple perspective: reduce, reuse, and recycle. It uses a quantitative, descriptive, and relational methodology. The target population was high school adolescents from the city of Cuenca (Ecuador). The sample was made up of 122 adolescents which attended three schools: one private educational unit (36.1 %) and two public (27.9 % and 36.1 %). Of the respondents, 38.8 % were female and 61.2 % were male, and they all were between 15 and 19 years old (M = 16.4; SD = 1.2); 27 % were in their first year of high school (15-17 years), 44.3 % were in their second year of high school (16-18 years) and the 28.7 % were in their third year (17-19 years). Data analysis includes comparison of means, Pearson's r correlation coefficient and simple linear regression. The results indicate that a high percentage of the adolescents in the study carry out at least one of the following environmental care actions (these are organized from highest to lowest frequency): saving water and electricity consumption, using garbage cans, reusing bottles, separating garbage, and participating in actions in favor of environment. Likewise, it is detected that they perceive family as a driving agent for their development as autonomous subjects, and a promising factor for the process of integration of values and the development of competencies for caring for the environment; however, they still recognize the school as the place where their commitment to a sustainable future is most intensely forged. Additionally, the adolescents in the study perceive a high parental support for their autonomy and, likewise, that mothers attach greater importance to the value of helping others, a central axis in the ethics of care that characterizes the paradigm of sustainability. This research corroborated, once again, the ONU’s (2015) position when it indicates that the family is a main agent of change for sustainability, with a decisive influence on the preservation of life and ecosystems. It endorses the relevance of promoting educational strategies that promote family-school relations in order to enhance the role of the former in the acquisition of pro-environmental values and, ultimately, its collaboration in the quality of formal education aimed at sustainability. With these results, a path is opened to improve the knowledge on the parental role in relation to the promotion of behaviors of environmental care (pro-sustainability), within the framework of adolescents’ and young people’s formal education.

Abstract Large amounts of waste, including dead birds, manure, and poultry litter, are produced by the poultry industry. Poultry waste should be disposed of properly to avoid major pollution and health risks. Composting litter and dead birds could be an option to recycle the waste and use in poultry feed. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding composted poultry waste on the organoleptic qualities and compositional profile of the meat of broiler chickens. A total of 300 day-old broiler chicks (500-Cobb) were randomly allocated to five treatment groups replicated six times with 10 birds each, under a completely randomized design (CRD). Five iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets including composted poultry byproducts at concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% were fed ad libitum to the birds from day 0 to day 35. The sensory grading and meat composition profile of 500 Cobb broiler chickens were tested at 35 days of age. The findings showed that there were no variations in the sensory profiles of the meat from birds given various diets (P>0.05). Although the results were somewhat lower for the chicks fed compost-containing diets than for the control group, this difference was deemed to be insignificant (P>0.05). Similarly, there were no variations in the compositional profile values of the meat between meat from birds fed various diets (P>0.05). These findings imply that broiler chickens may be raised on diets containing up to 10% poultry byproduct compost without any negative impacts on the meat's sensory quality or composition. Additionally, using compost into broiler diets may help to lower the cost of feed. manure industry risks feed 30 dayold old 500Cobb (500-Cobb 1 each CRD. CRD . (CRD) isocaloric iso caloric isonitrogenous nitrogenous 25 2 5 2.5 75 7 7.5 50 3 age P>0.05. P005 P P>0.05 05 (P>0.05) compostcontaining group Similarly meats s Additionally (CRD 2. 7. P00 P>0.0 (P>0.05 P0 P>0. (P>0.0 P>0 (P>0. P> (P>0 (P> (P

Resumo Grandes quantidades de resíduos, incluindo aves mortas, esterco e cama de frango, são produzidas pela indústria avícola. Resíduos de aves devem ser descartados adequadamente para evitar grandes riscos de poluição e saúde. A compostagem de lixo e aves mortas pode ser uma opção para reciclar os resíduos e usá-los na alimentação de aves. Um estudo foi conduzido para investigar os efeitos da alimentação com resíduos de aves compostados nas qualidades organolépticas e no perfil de composição da carne de frangos de corte. Um total de 300 pintos de corte de um dia (500-Cobb) foram alocados aleatoriamente em 5 grupos de tratamento, replicados 6 vezes com 10 aves cada, sob um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (CRD). Cinco dietas isocalóricas e isonitrogenadas incluindo subprodutos compostados de aves nas concentrações de 0, 2,5, 5, 7,5 e 10% foram fornecidas ad libitum às aves do dia 0 ao dia 35. A classificação sensorial e o perfil de composição da carne de 500 frangos de corte Cobb foram testados aos 35 dias de idade. Os achados mostraram que não houve variações nos perfis sensoriais da carne de aves recebendo várias dietas (P > 0,05). Embora os resultados tenham sido um pouco menores para os pintos alimentados com dietas contendo composto do que para o grupo controle, essa diferença foi considerada insignificante (P > 0,05). Da mesma forma, não houve variações nos valores do perfil composicional da carne entre carnes de aves alimentadas com várias dietas (P > 0,05). Essas descobertas indicam que os frangos de corte podem ser criados com dietas contendo até 10% de composto de subproduto de aves sem qualquer impacto negativo na qualidade sensorial ou na composição da carne. Além disso, o uso de composto nas dietas de frangos de corte pode ajudar a reduzir o custo da ração. frango avícola saúde usálos usá los 30 500Cobb (500-Cobb tratamento 1 cada CRD. CRD . (CRD) 25 2 2,5 75 7 7, 50 3 idade P 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) controle forma disso ração (CRD 2, 00 0,0

RESUMO: O descarte inadequado de resíduos de embalagens de pesticidas (PPW) tem causado sérios danos ao meio ambiente, incluindo a poluição das águas subterrâneas e do solo e até mesmo problemas de saúde pública. Para abordar as preocupações ambientais e questões de saúde pública, há a necessidade de reciclar os resíduos de embalagens de pesticidas (RPPW). Embora pequenos agricultores, em muitos países em desenvolvimento, tenham se unido às cooperativas para reduzir os custos de produção e aumentar o prêmio do produto, ainda é escassa a forma como essas cooperativas melhoram os comportamentos de RPPW dos agricultores. O estudo atual usou dados coletados de 725 produtores de maçã nas províncias de Shaanxi e Gansu da China para explorar o fenômeno empiricamente. Decisões e grau de reciclagem são usados para retratar os comportamentos de RPPW dos agricultores. Primeiramente, o modelo Logit foi utilizado para analisar o efeito da adesão às cooperativas nas decisões de reciclagem dos agricultores. Além disso, para abordar o viés de seleção da amostra, o presente estudo empregou o método Propensity Score Matching (PSM) para análise empírica sobre o efeito da associação de cooperativas no grau de reciclagem dos agricultores. Os resultados mostraram que a adesão às cooperativas influencia positiva e significativamente as decisões de reciclagem dos agricultores. Se os agricultores aderirem a uma cooperativa, a probabilidade das decisões de reciclagem aumentará em 20,30%, e o grau de reciclagem aumentará em 27,50%. Além disso, também se constata que alguns outros fatores como nível de escolaridade, percepção de risco ambiental e de saúde pública, efeito de pares e rede de relacionamento também influenciam significativamente as decisões de reciclagem dos agricultores. Além disso, considerando as diferenças de gênero, idade e escolaridade dos agricultores, o estudo também revelou os efeitos heterogêneos da adesão às cooperativas sobre os comportamentos de RPPW dos agricultores. Os resultados revelaram que as variáveis de gênero e idade têm efeitos de mascaramento perceptíveis, enquanto o nível de escolaridade tem um efeito limiar típico. As descobertas gerais fornecem insights para os formuladores de políticas enfatizarem o desenvolvimento de cooperativas agrícolas, melhorar o mecanismo de vinculação de risco e interesse e construir o sistema RPPW. Essas implicações também são favoráveisaos formuladores de políticas em outros países em desenvolvimento.

ABSTRACT: The improper disposal of pesticide packaging wastes (PPW) has posed serious harm to the environment, including groundwater and soil pollution and even health concerns to the public. To address the environmental concerns and public health issues, there is a need to recycle the pesticides packaging waste (RPPW). Though small farmers in many developing countries have joined the cooperatives to reduce the production costs and increase the product premium, how these cooperatives improve farmers’ RPPW behaviors is still sparse. The current study used data collected from 725 apple farmers in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces of China to explore the phenomenon empirically. Recycling decisions and degree are used to portray the farmers’ RPPW behaviors. Firstly, the Logit model was used to analyze the effect of joining cooperatives on farmers’ recycling decisions. Further, to address the sample selection bias, the present study employed the propensity score matching (PSM) method for empirical analysis concerning the effect of joining cooperatives on farmers’ recycling degree. Results showed that joining cooperatives positively and significantly influences farmers’ recycling decisions. If farmers join a cooperative, the probability of the recycling decisions and degree will increase by 20.30% and 27.50%, respectively. Moreover, it is also found that some other factors such as education level, environmental and public health risk perception, peer effect, and relationship network also significantly influence farmers’ recycling decisions. Moreover, considering the differences in farmers’ gender, age, and educational attainment, the study unveiled the heterogeneous effects of joining cooperatives on farmers’ RPPW behaviors. The findings revealed that gender and age variables have noticeable masking effects while education level has a typical threshold effect. The overall findings provided insights for policymakers to emphasize the development of agricultural cooperatives, improve the risk and interest linkage mechanism, and build the RPPW system. These implications are also supportive for policymakers in other developing countries.

Resumen La intensificación ganadera en la zona Pampeana genera grandes cantidades de residuos orgánicos que deben gestionarse adecuadamente para evitar impactos negativos en el ambiente. El compostaje se considera una forma de reciclar los estiércoles animales para valorar su capacidad como fertilizantes. La densificación del material pelletizado puede ser una alternativa para la aplicación de compost mejorando el transporte, el almacenamiento y la dosificación. El objetivo de este trabajo, consistió en evaluar el uso de fertilizantes órgano-minerales en base a compost, pelletizados como fuente de N y P en el cultivo de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) y comparar su comportamiento respecto a fuentes de N y P inorgánicas. Se realizó un ensayo experimental a campo que incluyó 4 tratamientos y un testigo sin fertilización. Los fertilizantes P se aplicaron incorporados a la siembra y los fertilizantes N al macollaje en superficie. Se realizó el seguimiento de variables biofísicas no destructivas en estado vegetativo (Chl, LAI y fCOVER) y el rendimiento en grano (kg ha-1) a cosecha. No se encontraron diferencias significtiva de los tratamientos aplicados, lo que suguiere que podrían reemplazarse de forma parcial los fertilizantes minereales e incorporarse materia orgánico al suelo reciclando y valorizándose residuos ganaderos.

Abstract Livestock intensification in the Pampas area generates large quantities of organic wastes that must be properly managed to avoid negative impacts on the environment. Composting is considered to recycle animal manures to value their capacity as fertilizers. The densification of pelletized material can be an alternative for compost application, improving transportation, storage and dosage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of organo-mineral fertilizers based on pelletized compost as a source of N and P in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and compare their performance with inorganic sources of N and P. An experimental field trial was carried to evaluate the use of pelletized compost-based organo-mineral fertilizers as a source of N and P in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). An experimental field trial was carried out including 4 treatments and a control without fertilization. P fertilizers were applied incorporated at sowing and N fertilizers at surface-applied. Non-destructive biophysical variables were monitored at the vegetative stage (Chl, LAI and fCOVER) and grain yield (kg ha-1) at harvest. No significant differences were found in the treatments applied, suggesting that mineral fertilizers could be partially replaced and organic matter could be incorporated into the soil by recycling and valorizing livestock residues.

Resumo A crescente urbanização e industrialização promoveram um considerável aumento da produção de lamas de depuração que, no âmbito de uma economia circular, importa reciclar e valorizar sendo a aplicação ao solo uma alternativa viável, de baixo custo, devido ao respetivo valor fertilizante. A aplicação direta destes resíduos poderá potenciar riscos para a qualidade do solo uma vez que, em termos legais, para além dos elementos potencialmente tóxicos e microrganismos patogénicos, não considera os efeitos de outros potenciais contaminantes existentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito da aplicação direta de lamas de depuração, em diferentes doses (0, 2, 5 10, 15, 30 e 60 t/ha), na habitabilidade do solo, através da avaliação do comportamento da Eisenia fetida, com base em testes definidos pelas ISO. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam ausência de efeitos no comportamento da E. fetida em todas as doses estudadas (p>0,05), com uma percentagem de fuga negativa a variar entre os 40 e 60%, comparativamente ao controlo. Estes resultados estarão relacionados com os baixos teores de metais pesados e com a melhoria das condições fisíco-químicas do solo, resultando numa maior atratividade por parte do modelo biológico usado. Outros estudos, com outros solos, bioindicadores e métodos com maior tempo de exposição, serão necessários para validar a tendência observada.

Abstract The increasing urbanization and industrialization have promoted a considerable expansion in the production of sewage sludge, which it is important to recycle and valorise in the circular economy context, with soil application being a viable, low-cost alternative, due to its high fertilizing value. Tough the legal policies considered limit fixed quantities of heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms, the direct application of these residues may potentiate risks to soil quality, since it does not consider the effects of different contaminants presence. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of direct application of sewage sludge, at different application rates (0, 2, 5 10, 15, 30 and 60 t/ha) on soil habitability, based on rapid tests defined by ISO guidelines, through the evaluation of the behaviour of Eisenia fetida. The results reveal no effects on the behaviour of E. fetida in all treatments studied with sewage sludge (p>0.05), with a percentage of negative avoidance varying between 40 and 60%, compared to the control group. These results are related to the low levels of heavy metals and to the improvement of the physical-chemical conditions of the soil, resulting in an increase attractiveness of the biological model used. Other studies, with other soils, bioindicators type and methodologies, with longer exposure time, will be necessary to validate the observed aptness.

Resumo A compostagem realizada com estilha da poda e refugo de kiwi permite reciclar estes resíduos de modo a serem usados como corretivos orgânicos. No entanto, é necessário avaliar a resposta das culturas à aplicação destes compostados. Com este objetivo, foi realizado um ensaio de vasos com alface em blocos casualizados com a aplicação de compostados realizados com estilha da poda de kiwi e refugo de frutos de kiwi misturados nas proporções de 2:1, 1:1 e 1:2 (estilha:kiwi, p:p). Os tratamentos incluíram: (i) os compostados com 3 níveis de fertilização (10, 20 e 40 t ha-1); (ii) um adubo azotado (20,5% N) na dose de 50 kg ha-1 N; e (iii) um tratamento controle sem aplicação de fertilizante. O peso fresco da alface aumentou com a aplicação dos compostados em comparação com a aplicação de adubo azotado diminuindo os riscos de perdas de N. A produção de alface e a acumulação de N foram mais elevados com a aplicação de 40 t ha-1 de compostado com a proporção de 1:2 (estilha:kiwi, p:p) devido à maior disponibilidade de N mineral neste compostado com menos estilha e à maior quantidade de N mineralizado durante a experiência.

Abstract The process of composting pruning chips and kiwi fruit waste enable these wastes to be recycled as soil organic amendments. However, it is necessary to assess the crop response to the application of these composts. With this aim, a randomized block design pot experiment was set up with the application of composts from pruning chips and kiwi fruit waste mixed in proportions of 2:1, 1:1 e 1:2 (chips:kiwi, w:w). The treatments included: (i) composts with three rates (10, 20 e 40 t ha-1); (ii) mineral N fertilizer (20.5% N; at the dose of 50 kg ha-1 N); and (iii) a control treatment without soil amendments. Lettuce fresh weight increased with compost in comparison to mineral N fertilizer application, decreasing the risk of N losses. Lettuce production and N accumulation were higher with soil application of 40 t ha-1 of compost with 1:2 (chips:kiwi, w:w) due to the greater availability of mineral N in this compost with less chips and the greater amount of mineralized N during the experiment.

Resumen La expansión de la agricultura y el aumento de la demanda de carne han incrementado las actividades ganaderas intensivas. Los residuos generados son problema ambiental, pero también son una fuente de nutrientes. La pelletización podría ser una alternativa para el uso masivo de estos materiales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la aplicación de biofertilizantes pelletizados y en mezcla con fertilizantes químicos, en cultivos extensivos. Se prepararon macetas con suelo de textura franca y bajo nivel de fertilidad, para sembrar trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) en invernadero. El diseño experimental (n=102) incluyó 16 tratamientos y un testigo sin fertilización. Los fertilizantes se aplicaron en dos momentos diferentes: pre-siembra y siembra. Se cosechó la producción vegetativa, se contabilizaron el numero de macollos por planta y se secó el material en estufa para determinar materia seca. No se encontraron diferencias signifcativas entre fechas de aplicación de fertilizantes. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.0001) entre los tratamientos para ambas variables estudiadas. Los rendimientos fueron similares entre los tratamientos minerales y los orgánicos-minerales, esto sugiere que podrían economizarse fertilizantes químicos y reciclar grandes cantidades de N y P presentes en los residuos orgánicos, además de incoporar materia orgánica al suelo.

Abstract The expansion of agriculture and increased demand for meat have increased intensive livestock farming activities. The waste generated is an environmental problem, but it is also a source of nutrients. Pelletization could be an alternative for the massive use of these materials. The objective of this work was to evaluate the application of pelletized biofertilizers and in mixture with chemical fertilizers in extensive crops. Pots were prepared with loam-textured soil and low fertility level, to plant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in greenhouses. The experimental design (n=102) included 16 treatments and a control without fertilization. Fertilizers were applied at two different times: pre-sowing and sowing. Vegetative production was harvested, the number of tillers per plant was counted and the material was dried in an oven to determine dry matter. No significant differences were found between fertilizer application dates. Significant differences (p<0.0001) were found between treatments for both variables studied. Yields were similar between mineral and organic-mineral treatments, suggesting that chemical fertilizers could be economized and large amounts of N and P present in the organic residues could be recycled, in addition to incorporating organic matter to the soil.

Abstract Historically the construction sector has been one of the most important contributors in the economy, since it generates many jobs, thus creating income and progress for the local economy. However, it causes significant environmental damage as it produces a large amount of waste, some of which are considered hazardous. Despite this, the country does not have an adequate waste management system for those of the construction sector. For this reason, this article has the intention to report on a research done in order to identify the hazardous waste of the construction sector and its environmental impacts. The data were collected through secondary sources, as well as surveys to personnel of construction companies, field visits and focus group consultations. Among the hazardous wastes identified in construction in the country include: acids, solvents, detergents, additives for concrete, oil containers, lubricants, brake fluids, fuels, paint residues and their packaging, concrete release agent, treated wood with chemical compounds, welding residues, silicone and sealants, contaminated soil, utensils containing chemicals and fluorescent tubes. Each of the hazardous waste identified is associated with negative environmental impact in soil, water or air. 100% of them have negative effects on water quality, despite this, it was found that less than 40% of the surveyed companies reuse or recover for recycling these residues and none of them manage adequately all the hazardous waste they generate.

Resumen Históricamente, el sector de la construcción ha sido uno de los contribuyentes más importantes en la economía, ya que genera gran cantidad de empleos durante y después de concluida la obra, creando de esta manera, ingresos y progreso para la economía local .Sin embargo, causa daños ambientales significativos ya que produce una gran cantidad de residuos, algunos de los cuales se consideran peligrosos. A pesar de esto, el país no cuenta con un manejo adecuado de estos residuos, por este motivo, se identificaron los residuos peligrosos del sector de la construcción y su impacto ambiental. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de fuentes secundarias, así como encuestas a personal de empresas constructoras, visitas de campo y consultas a expertos. Los resultados demostraron que los residuos peligrosos identificados en la construcción en el país incluyen: ácidos, solventes, detergentes, aditivos para concreto, contenedores de aceite, lubricantes, líquidos de frenos, combustibles, residuos de pintura y sus empaques, desencofrantes, madera tratada con compuestos químicos, residuos de soldadura, silicona y selladores, suelo contaminado, utensilios que contienen productos químicos y tubos fluorescentes. Cada uno de los residuos peligrosos identificados está asociado con un impacto ambiental negativo en el suelo, el agua o el aire. El 100% de ellos tiene efectos negativos en la calidad del agua. A pesar de lo anterior, se encontró que menos del 40% de las empresas encuestadas reutilizan o recuperan para reciclar estos residuos y ninguna de ellas administra adecuadamente todos los desechos peligrosos que generan.

ABSTRACT This study seeks to teach how to prevent plastic waste pollution in the Babahoyo canton, as an initial step the National Assembly passed a law for the regulation of single-use plastics in 2019 which helped in a large percentage to reduce pollution due to the rules governing this law. An alternative for the management of plastic waste is recycling, not only in its collection and processing, but also in the cleaning, selection and adequate separation of the materials to be recycled. In the present investigation, it was proposed to carry out educational actions for the care and protection of the environment and soils. The proposed alternatives were analyzed in consultation with experts, using the AHP multi-criteria decision method.

RESUMEN Este presente estudio busca enseñar a prevenir la contaminación por desechos plásticos en el cantón Babahoyo, como paso inicial la Asamblea Nacional aprobó una ley para la regulación de plásticos de un solo uso en el 2019 la cual ayudo en un gran porcentaje a disminuir la contaminación debido a las normas que rigen en dicha ley. Una alternativa para el manejo de desechos plásticos es el reciclaje, no sólo en su recolección y procesamiento, sino en la limpieza, selección y separación adecuada de los materiales a reciclar. En la presente investigación, se propuso realizar acciones educativas para el cuidado y la protección del medio ambiente y los suelos. Se analizaron las alternativas propuestas en consulta a expertos, mediante el método de decisión multicriterio AHP.

RESUMO A produção de biocarvão a partir de cama de aviário por meio de pirólise lenta é uma abordagem de valor agregado baseada na fazenda para reciclar o resíduo orgânico. Os experimentos foram conduzidos para examinar como os tratamentos térmicos afetaram a composição final do material carbonizado e pirolisado em relação à análise imediata e rendimento gravimétrico para avaliar o valor do desempenho agronômico. Esses processos foram realizados em recipientes de porcelana contendo amostras de cama de aviário e acondicionados em mufla. Os tratamentos corresponderam a três temperaturas: amostras carbonizadas a 250 °C (CPL) e pirolisadas a 350 e 450 °C (PPL). As amostras foram analisadas em relação ao teor de voláteis, carbono fixo, cinzas, umidade, pH, condutividade elétrica (CE) e ponto de carga zero (PCZ). Os biocarvões PPL350 e PPL450 apresentaram os maiores teores de cinzas e os menores teores de carbono fixo, umidade e rendimento gravimétrico. O aumento das temperaturas utilizadas no processo ocasionou maiores valores de pH e condutividade elétrica. Além disso, o valor de PCZ, com exceção de CPL250, mostrou a presença de cargas negativas na superfície dos biocarvões.

ABSTRACT Producing biochar from poultry litter through slow pyrolysis is a farm-based, value added approach to recycle organic residues. Experiments were conducted to examine how heat treatments affected the final composition of carbonized and pyrolyzed material in relation to immediate analysis and gravimetric yield to assess agronomic performance value. These processes were carried out in porcelain containers containing samples of poultry litter and placed in a muffle furnace. The treatments corresponded to three temperatures: samples carbonized at 250 °C (CPL) and pyrolyzed at 350 and 450 °C (PPL). Samples were analyzed in relation to the volatile content, fixed carbon, ash, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and zero charge point (ZCP). The PPL350 and PPL450 biochars had the highest ash contents and the lowest fixed carbon, moisture and gravimetric yields. The increase in temperatures used in the process resulted in higher pH and electrical conductivity values. In addition, the ZCP value, with the exception of CPL250, showed the presence of negative charges on the surface of the biochars.

ABSTRACT Argentina is one of the largest consumers of plastic materials in Latin America; the average consumption is 42 kg per capita per year. Mechanical recycling of plastics is a process for recovering plastic materials, and this practice produces recycled plastics substituting virgin materials. Substituting virgin materials with recycling plastics is a common practice that contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This work aims to assess the environmental performance of a case study on plastic waste recycling in Mendoza, Argentina. We applied the open-loop recyclability benefit rate indicator in the plastic waste treatment, which is based on an LCA approach. The indicator results in 22 %, this result indicates a potential environmental saving related to the recycling of the post-consumer plastic waste compared to the production of virgin material (wood) and landfilling of waste in terms of GHG emissions. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was performed to study the effect of the parameter that considers the lifetime of the products. There is a need to account for the lifetime of the product made from recycled material and the one made from virgin material. The accounting could be determined based on economic aspects, technical aspects, or material quality.

RESUMEN Argentina, se encuentra entre los países de Latinoamérica con el mayor consumo de plásticos por habitante, con un valor de 42 kg, por año. El reciclaje mecánico de plástico, se presenta como una estrategia para recuperar los residuos y, de esta manera, evitar el uso de materia prima virgen, contribuyendo en la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el desempeño ambiental del reciclaje de plástico para la elaboración de postes en Mendoza, Argentina. En la evaluación, se utilizó el indicador tasa de beneficio de la reciclabilidad, adaptado para ciclo abierto y para su cálculo, se utilizaron los resultados del análisis de ciclo de vida de dos escenarios (vertedero y reciclaje). El valor del indicador resultó, para este caso de estudio, en 22 %. Este resultado positivo indica un ahorro ambiental de reciclar residuos plásticos posconsumo con respecto a la producción del producto, a partir de materia prima virgen (madera) y la disposición final de los residuos plásticos en el vertedero. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad, para el parámetro del indicador que considera la vida útil de los productos y los resultados mostraron la necesidad de evitar su suposición, mediante su correcta determinación, con base a aspectos técnicos, económicos o de la calidad.