Abstract: The essay performs a theoretical and historical review of the foundations of capitalism, the stock market, and its functionality in capitalism, seen within the context of business development, economic development, and international economic crises. Through a bibliographic, historical-analytical and descriptive review, we have reached the conclusion that, despite the risks that may come from flexible limits on stock exchanges, as in the cases of the Great Depression of 1929 or in the Great Recession of 2008, the benefits of the existence of an stock market are greater because they it helps to generate increases in savings, capital investments, job creation and, in general, in the well-being of society. This role of the stock exchanges allows capitalism to strengthen and evolve over time.

Resumen: El ensayo realiza una revisión teórica e histórica de los fundamentos del capitalismo, de la bolsa de valores, y de la funcionalidad de las bolsas en el capitalismo, vistas dentro del contexto del desarrollo empresarial, del desarrollo económico, y de las crisis económicas internacionales. A través de una revisión bibliográfica, histórico-analítica y descriptiva, se ha llegado a la conclusión de que, a pesar de los riesgos que pueden provenir de límites flexibles en las bolsas de valores, como en los casos de la Gran Depresión de 1929 o de la Gran Recesión de 2008, los beneficios son más grandes porque generan incrementos en los ahorros, en las inversiones, en la generación de empleos y, en general, en el bienestar de la sociedad. Este rol de las bolsas de valores permite que el capitalismo se fortalezca y evolucione en el tiempo.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es determinar si la inversión de nearshoring en México se explica por la pérdida de participación de China en el mercado estadounidense, resultado de la guerra comercial, o está determinado por otros factores que se han ido gestando desde años atrás, como es el aumento del diferencial de salarios manufactureros entre México y China o por la crisis mundial debido a la pandemia. La estimación de un modelo VEC, con datos trimestrales de 2006 a 2022, indican que la pérdida de participación de China en EUA causa en el sentido Granger aumentos del nearshoring en México y que el aumento del diferencial de los salarios manufactureros entre México y China ha favorecido el nearshoring, pues desde 2012 el costo laboral chino supera al mexicano. La recesión mundial causada por la pandemia y la aplicación de sanciones arancelarias a China desde 2018 no causan el nearshoring.

Abstract The objective of this article is to determine if the nearshoring investment in Mexico is explained by China's loss of participation in the US market, a result of a trade war, or is determined by other factors that have been developing for years, such as the increase in the manufacturing wage differential between Mexico and China or the global crisis due to the pandemic. The estimation of a VEC model, with quarterly data from 2006 to 2022, indicates that the loss of China's participation in the US Granger causes increases in nearshoring in Mexico and that the increase in wage differential in manufacturing between Mexico and China has favored nearshoring investment, since the Chinese labor cost has exceeded the Mexican one since 2012. The global recession caused by the pandemic and the application of tariff sanctions to China since 2018 do not cause nearshoring.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da forma membranosa de fibrina rica em plaquetas associada ao retalho coronariamente avançado em pacientes atendidos na consulta de periodontia da Faculdade de Estomatologia de Villa Clara. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal na Faculdade de Estomatologia, Villa Clara, Santa Clara, Cuba, de janeiro de 2016 a março de 2017. A amostra foi composta por 17 indivíduos selecionados por meio de um método de amostragem intencional e não probabilístico. O procedimento tradicional de retalho coronariamente avançado foi aplicado aos dentes com recessão periodontal neste grupo. Além disso, foi colocada uma membrana de fibrina rica em plaquetas, derivada de sangue autólogo e preparada no Serviço de Medicina Regenerativa da mesma instituição, sob o retalho. O estudo analisou as seguintes variáveis: idade, sexo, comprimento da recessão, classificação de Miller, cobertura radicular, largura e ganho da gengiva inserida, categorias de avaliação e eficácia terapêutica. Resultados: A porcentagem de cobertura radicular foi maior na classe I e aumentou ao longo do tempo em todas as classes de Miller. A largura da gengiva inserida e o ganho aumentaram de um mês a um ano. A eficácia percentual foi de 93,18%. Conclusões: A terapia de recessão periodontal, com a forma membranosa de fibrina rica em plaquetas associada ao retalho coronariamente avançado, foi considerada eficaz em pacientes atendidos na consulta de periodontia da Faculdade de Estomatologia de Villa Clara.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the membranous form of platelet-rich fibrin associated with the coronally advanced flap in patients attended by consultation in periodontics at the Faculty of Stomatology of Villa Clara. Materials and methods: A longitudinal study was conducted at the Faculty of Stomatology, Villa Clara, Santa Clara, Cuba, from January 2016 to March 2017. The sample comprised 17 individuals selected using a purposive, non-probabilistic sampling method. The traditional coronally advanced flap procedure was applied to teeth with periodontal recession in this cohort. Additionally, a platelet-rich fibrin membrane, derived from autologous blood and prepared in the Regenerative Medicine Service of the same institution, was placed beneath the flap. The study analyzed the following variables: age, sex, recession length, Miller classification, root coverage, width and gain of inserted gingiva, evaluation categories, and therapeutic efficacy. Results: Root coverage percentage was higher in class I and increased over time in all Miller classes. Inserted gingival width and gain increased from one month to one year. The percentage efficacy was 93.18 %. Conclusions: Periodontal recession therapy, with the membranous form of platelet-rich fibrin associated with the coronally advanced flap, was considered effective in patients attended by consultation in periodontics at the Faculty of Stomatology of Villa Clara.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la fibrina rica en plaquetas en su forma membranosa asociada al colgajo avanzado coronalmente en pacientes atendidos por consulta en periodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatología de Villa Clara. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal en la Facultad de Estomatología de Villa Clara, Santa Clara, Cuba, de enero de 2016 a marzo de 2017. Se trabajó con una muestra de 17 personas seleccionadas de forma no probabilística intencional. A estas se les realizó el procedimiento tradicional de colgajo avanzado coronalmente en los dientes con recesión periodontal. Debajo de dicho colgajo, se colocó una membrana de fibrina rica en plaquetas, confeccionada a partir de sangre autóloga y elaborada en el Servicio de Medicina Regenerativa de la misma institución. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, largo de la recesión, clasificación de Miller, cobertura radicular, ancho y ganancia de encía insertada, categorías de evaluación y eficacia de la terapéutica. Resultados: El porcentaje de cobertura radicular fue superior en la clase I y se incrementó a lo largo del tiempo en todas las clases de Miller. El ancho y la ganancia de la encía insertada aumentaron del mes hasta el año. El porcentaje de eficacia fue de 93,18 %. Conclusiones: La terapéutica de la recesión periodontal, con la forma membranosa de fibrina rica en plaquetas asociada al colgajo avanzado coronalmente, se consideró eficaz en los pacientes atendidos en la consulta de periodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatología de Villa Clara.

RESUMEN Introducción: A lo largo de los años se ha propuesto una notable variedad de protocolos quirúrgicos periodontales, cuyo enfoque pasó de la simple resolución de defectos de tejidos blandos a la realización de procedimientos predecibles y mínimamente invasivos. Inicialmente se usaba el injerto gingival libre. Posteriormente se han probado diversas técnicas, incluidas aquellas con sustitutos de tejidos blandos, como membranas tipo Alloderm. Hoy en día se considera el gold standard el injerto de tejido conectivo subepitelial asociado al colgajo de avance coronal. Por último, se ha examinado la técnica Pinhole, con mayor preservación de tejido y resultado más estético. Objetivos: El objetivo de esta revisión fue la comparación de técnicas actualizadas para el tratamiento de recesiones múltiples en maxilar superior e inferior. El resultado del procedimiento se evaluó en términos de cobertura radicular completa, reducción de la recesión, ganancia en altura y volumen, resultado estético, dolor postoperatorio y morbilidad del lecho donante y receptor del paciente. Material y métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas electrónicas y manuales para recopilar estudios de boca dividida, ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorios, series de casos, estudios piloto, libros de periodoncia, estudios de casos, revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis, incluyendo los defectos de recesiónes gingivales múltiples, en maxilar y mandibular, de las cuatro clases de Miller, debido a su extensa evidencia. Resultados: Se incluyeron treinta y cuatro publicaciones y se extrajeron datos sobre el resultado de las técnicas quirúrgicas de dieciocho artículos. La evaluación clínica analizó la cantidad de cobertura radicular completa, la reducción de la recesión y la ganancia de altura y volumen, mientras que la perspectiva del paciente se expresó en términos de satisfacción estética y posibles complicaciones postoperatorias. Los procedimientos de los últimos diez años mostraron mejores resultados en todos los factores mencionados anteriormente. Conclusión: La predictibilidad y la estabilidad del tratamiento a largo plazo representan los factores que guían el proceso de elección de la técnica y que añaden valor a los procedimientos más actualizados. Se observaron progresos tanto a nivel estético, al reducir las discrepancias entre el área intervenida y el tejido circundante, como a nivel postoperatorio, al aminorar las molestias del paciente. Los desafíos propios de esta rama pronto podrían encontrar respuesta gracias a su rápida evolución, la cual permite concebir más avances.

ABSTRACT Background: Along the years, a remarkable variety of periodontal surgical protocols has been proposed, the focus of which has shifted from the mere resolution of a soft tissue defect to the performance of predictable and minimally invasive procedures. Initially, the free gingival graft was used. Subsequently, many different techniques were experimented, including those using soft tissue substitutes, such as the Alloderm membrane. Nowadays, the association of the connective tissue graft with the coronally advanced flap is considered the gold standard. Finally, the Pinhole technique, being a more conservative method in terms of tissue preservation and aesthetic outcome, was proposed. Objectives: The aim of this review was the comparison of the updated techniques for the treatment of multiple periodontal recessions, affecting both maxilla and mandible. The procedure outcome was assessed in terms of complete root coverage, recession reduction, gain in height and volume, aesthetic outcome, patient’s post-operative pain and morbidity of donor and recipient sites. Material and methods: Electronic and hand searches were performed to collect split- mouth studies, randomized controlled clinical trials, case series, pilot studies, periodontal books, case studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, including maxillary and mandibular multiple gingival recession defects of all four Miller’s classes, for its extensive evidence. Results: Thirty-four publications were included and data regarding the surgical techniques outcome were extracted from eighteen articles. The clinical evaluation analyzed the amount of complete root coverage, recession reduction and gain in height and volume, while the patient’s perspective was expressed in terms of aesthetic satisfaction and possible postoperative complications. Procedures in the last ten years showed better results in all the above-mentioned factors. Conclusion: Procedural predictability and long-lasting treatment stability embody the factors driving the technique election process and adding value to more updated procedures. Progress was observed both at an aesthetic level, by reducing the discrepancias between the surgical region and the surrounding tissue, and at a postoperative level, by reducing patient discomfort. The challenges inherent to this branch could soon find answers thanks to its prompt evolution, which allows for further advances to be conceived.

Abstract The economic contraction shows the restrictions in the markets for goods, services and employment, which, boosted by pandemic events such as covid-19, becomes a short and medium-term crisis, with marked long-term uncertainty. However, there are alternatives to deal with these, such as the inclusive reactivation of financial credit through Popular and Solidarity Economy. This research aims to explore the performance of the Ecuadorian popular and solidarity financial sector in periods of recession, and thus present evidence of its potential participation as an active agent in financing exit strategies from covid-19.

Resumen La contracción económica evidencia las restricciones en los mercados de bienes, servicios y empleo, lo cual, potenciado por el evento pandémico del covid-19, se transforma en crisis de corto y mediano plazo, con una marcada incertidumbre a largo plazo. No obstante, existen alternativas para afrontar la situación, tal como la reactivación inclusiva del crédito financiero a través de la Economía Popular y Solidaria (EPS). En esta investigación se explora el desempeño del crédito del sector financiero popular y solidario ecuatoriano en periodos de recesión y su potencial participación como agente activo en el financiamiento de estrategias de salida del covid-19.

RESUMEN Introducción: A lo largo de los años se ha propuesto una notable variedad de protocolos quirúrgicos periodontales, cuyo enfoque pasó de la simple resolución de defectos de tejidos blandos a la realización de procedimientos predecibles y mínimamente invasivos. Inicialmente se usaba el injerto gingival libre. Posteriormente se han probado diversas técnicas, incluidas aquellas con sustitutos de tejidos blandos, como membranas tipo Alloderm. Hoy en día se considera el gold standard el injerto de tejido conectivo subepitelial asociado al colgajo de avance coronal. Por último, se ha examinado la técnica Pinhole, con mayor preservación de tejido y resultado más estético. Objetivos: El objetivo de esta revisión fue la comparación de técnicas actualizadas para el tratamiento de recesiones múltiples en maxilar superior e inferior. El resultado del procedimiento se evaluó en términos de cobertura radicular completa, reducción de la recesión, ganancia en altura y volumen, resultado estético, dolor postoperatorio y morbilidad del lecho donante y receptor del paciente. Material y métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas electrónicas y manuales para recopilar estudios de boca dividida, ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorios, series de casos, estudios piloto, libros de periodoncia, estudios de casos, revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis, incluyendo los defectos de recesiónes gingivales múltiples, en maxilar y mandibular, de las cuatro clases de Miller, debido a su extensa evidencia. Resultados: Se incluyeron treinta y cuatro publicaciones y se extrajeron datos sobre el resultado de las técnicas quirúrgicas de dieciocho artículos. La evaluación clínica analizó la cantidad de cobertura radicular completa, la reducción de la recesión y la ganancia de altura y volumen, mientras que la perspectiva del paciente se expresó en términos de satisfacción estética y posibles complicaciones postoperatorias. Los procedimientos de los últimos diez años mostraron mejores resultados en todos los factores mencionados anteriormente. Conclusión: La predictibilidad y la estabilidad del tratamiento a largo plazo representan los factores que guían el proceso de elección de la técnica y que añaden valor a los procedimientos más actualizados. Se observaron progresos tanto a nivel estético, al reducir las discrepancias entre el área intervenida y el tejido circundante, como a nivel postoperatorio, al aminorar las molestias del paciente. Los desafíos propios de esta rama pronto podrían encontrar respuesta gracias a su rápida evolución, la cual permite concebir más avances.

ABSTRACT Background: Along the years, a remarkable variety of periodontal surgical protocols has been proposed, the focus of which has shifted from the mere resolution of a soft tissue defect to the performance of predictable and minimally invasive procedures. Initially, the free gingival graft was used. Subsequently, many different techniques were experimented, including those using soft tissue substitutes, such as the Alloderm membrane. Nowadays, the association of the connective tissue graft with the coronally advanced flap is considered the gold standard. Finally, the Pinhole technique, being a more conservative method in terms of tissue preservation and aesthetic outcome, was proposed. Objectives: The aim of this review was the comparison of the updated techniques for the treatment of multiple periodontal recessions, affecting both maxilla and mandible. The procedure outcome was assessed in terms of complete root coverage, recession reduction, gain in height and volume, aesthetic outcome, patient’s post-operative pain and morbidity of donor and recipient sites. Material and methods: Electronic and hand searches were performed to collect split- mouth studies, randomized controlled clinical trials, case series, pilot studies, periodontal books, case studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, including maxillary and mandibular multiple gingival recession defects of all four Miller’s classes, for its extensive evidence. Results: Thirty-four publications were included and data regarding the surgical techniques outcome were extracted from eighteen articles. The clinical evaluation analyzed the amount of complete root coverage, recession reduction and gain in height and volume, while the patient’s perspective was expressed in terms of aesthetic satisfaction and possible postoperative complications. Procedures in the last ten years showed better results in all the above-mentioned factors. Conclusion: Procedural predictability and long-lasting treatment stability embody the factors driving the technique election process and adding value to more updated procedures. Progress was observed both at an aesthetic level, by reducing the discrepancias between the surgical region and the surrounding tissue, and at a postoperative level, by reducing patient discomfort. The challenges inherent to this branch could soon find answers thanks to its prompt evolution, which allows for further advances to be conceived.

RESUMEN Introducción: el conocimiento actualizado sobre los principales factores predictores locales que inciden en la enfermedad periodontal permite llevar a cabo una prevención y mejor control con relación a la aparición de la recesión periodontal. Objetivo: resaltar el papel actual que juegan los principales factores predictores que inciden en la recesión periodontal en el mundo contemporáneo. Métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa de la bibliografía disponible con el empleo de métodos analíticos, sintéticos e histórico-lógicos mediante la consulta de artículos de renombre sobre el tema en Scopus, SCielo y PubMed. Se consultaron alrededor de 450 artículos, de los cuales fueron incluidos solo 30 según vigencia y actualidad científica. Resultados: en el mundo actual y contemporáneo se han identificado una serie de variables explicativas o predictoras que inciden con mayor fuerza en la aparición de la enfermedad periodontal, entre las que destacan la edad, el sexo masculino, el cepillado traumático, la mala higiene bucal, las mordeduras de objetos, el uso del piercing y el frenillo de inserción patológico, así también hábitos tóxicos como el cigarrillo. Conclusiones: sin lugar a dudas diversos son los factores que influyen en la aparición de la enfermedad periodontal, inclusive no todas afectan por igual a todos los individuos, pero lo que sí es una realidad es que el dominio de estas variables que más influyen en la lesión periodontal, nos permite poseer una gran capacidad de predicción, y de esta forma trabajar desde la prevención y minimiza el riesgo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: updated knowledge about the main local predictive factors that affect periodontal disease allows for prevention and better control in relation to the appearance of periodontal recession. Objective: to highlight the current role played by the main predictive factors that affect periodontal recession in the contemporary world. Methods: a narrative review of the available bibliography was carried out using analytical, synthetic and historical-logical methods by consulting renowned articles on the subject in Scopus, Scielo and PubMed. Around 450 articles were consulted, of which only 30 were included according to validity and scientific effect. Results: in the current and contemporary world, a series of explanatory or predictive variables have been identified that have a greater impact on the appearance of periodontal disease, among which are age, male sex, traumatic brushing, poor oral hygiene and the pathological insertion frenulum, as well as toxic habits such as smoking. Conclusions: without doubts, there are various factors that influence the appearance of periodontal disease, and not all of them affect all individuals equally, but what is a reality is that the dominance of these variables that most influence periodontal lesions, allows us to have a great capacity for prediction, and in this way work from prevention and minimizes risk.

RESUMO Este artigo discute algumas análises comparativas entre o padrão de desempenho econômico na Ásia e na Europa Ocidental durante os anos 1950-2020 através da perspectiva das economias políticas. Os desempenhos econômicos da Ásia e da Europa Ocidental são investigados por meio de alguns fatos estilizados no sentido de fatores econômicos. Três análises são usadas para explicar o padrão geral dessas regiões. Em primeiro lugar, este estudo examina o padrão de crescimento do PIB per capita durante os anos 1950-2020, com foco em vários países dessa região. Em segundo lugar, a análise captura o padrão de vínculos de variáveis econômicas nesta região relacionadas ao princípio da Causação Circular e Cumulativa (CCC) e contradição. Em terceiro lugar, a análise emprega uma perspectiva histórica sustentada pelos resultados da segunda análise. Esta terceira análise é crucial para apreciar o desempenho econômico global da Ásia e também o processo de deterioração do fenômeno ocidental por meio de ondas longas, incluindo a ocorrência de recessão e crises financeiras. As instituições da globalização e do neoliberalismo que colocaram o poder do capital promoveram várias vezes uma crise financeira durante as décadas de 1980-2020. A crise financeira é retratada por contradições nas ligações estruturais entre os fatores econômicos na Europa Ocidental durante o período. 19502020 1950 2020 1950-202 políticas regiões lugar 19502020, 2020, CCC (CCC contradição longas financeiras 19802020. 19802020 1980 2020. 1980-2020 período 1950202 195 202 1950-20 1980202 198 1980-202 195020 19 20 1950-2 198020 1980-20 19502 1 2 1950- 19802 1980-2 1980-

ABSTRACT This paper discusses some comparative analysis between the pattern of economic performances in Asia and Western Europe during 1950s-2020s through political economies perspective. The Asian and Western European economic performances are investigated through some stylized facts in the sense of economic factors. Three analyses are used to explain the general pattern of these regions. First, this study examines the pattern of GDP growth per capita during the 1950s-2020s, focusing on several countries in this region. Second, the analysis captures the pattern of linkages of economic variables in this region related to the principle of Circular and Cumulative causation (CCC) and contradiction. Third, the analysis employs a historical perspective underpinned by the results in the second analysis. This third analysis is crucial to appreciating Asia’s global economic performance and also the process of Western deterioration phenomenon through long wave, including the occurrence recession and financial crises. The institutions of globalization and neoliberalism that put the power of capital promoted a financial crisis several times during the decades of 1980s-2020. The financial crisis is depicted by contradictions in the structural linkages among economic factors in Western Europe over the period. 1950s2020s ss 1950s 2020s s regions First 1950s2020s, 2020s, Second CCC (CCC contradiction Third Asias wave crises 1980s2020. 1980s2020 1980s 2020. 2020 1980s-2020 period 1980s202 202 1980s-202 1980s20 20 1980s-20 1980s2 2 1980s-2 1980s-

Resumo Tendo vigorado entre 2017 e 2022, o Teto de Gastos marcou um importante período da política fiscal brasileira e gerou uma série de debates acerca de seus efeitos sobre variáveis macroeconômicas. Usando a metodologia do Controle Sintético e dados anuais do Banco Mundial e do FMI, este artigo avalia o seu impacto sobre a taxa básica de juros (Selic) entre 2017 e 2021 e sobre a taxa real de investimento público entre 2017 e 2019. Os resultados indicam que a implementação do Teto coincidiu com uma queda na Selic não observada no contrafactual, estando em linha com resultados anteriores relacionados às taxas de juros longas. A análise do investimento público, por sua vez, revela que não é possível isolar o efeito do Teto, haja vista a queda de investimentos governamentais durante a recessão de 2015-2016. 201 2022 macroeconômicas FMI (Selic 202 2019 contrafactual longas vez 20152016. 20152016 2015 2016. 2016 2015-2016 20 2015201 2015-201 2 201520 2015-20 20152 2015-2 2015-

Abstract The Expenditure Ceiling, effective from 2017 to 2022, marked a significant period in Brazilian fiscal policy and triggered numerous debates regarding its impact on macroeconomic variables. This article employs the synthetic control method and utilizes annual data from the World Bank and IMF to assess its influence on the central bank policy rate (Selic) from 2017 to 2021 and the real rate of public investment between 2017 and 2019. The findings indicate that the implementation of the expenditure ceiling aligned with a decrease in the Selic rate, consistent with previous research on long-term and neutral interest rates. However, analyzing public investment proves challenging due to the substantial reduction in government investments resulting from the 2015-2016 recession. Ceiling 201 2022 variables (Selic 202 2019 longterm long term rates However 20152016 2015 2016 2015-201 recession 20 2015201 2015-20 2 201520 2015-2 20152 2015-

Resumo A estrutura do mercado de trabalho brasileiro passou por modificações substantivas ao longo dos anos 2010. O cenário de baixo desemprego, com dominância da participação do emprego formal, observado nos anos 2000, deteriorou-se progressivamente em função: da desaceleração do ritmo de crescimento do início da década; da recessão de 2015 e 2016; da lenta e inexpressiva recuperação do período pós 2017; e da crise sanitária, econômica e social, provocada pela pandemia da Covid-19 de 2020. Tais fatores contribuíram para o processo de desestruturação do mercado de trabalho, em um contexto de reafirmação de características estruturais e de recorrência de fenômenos como: alta informalidade, desemprego aberto elevado e expressiva subutilização da força de trabalho. Como resultado, observou-se mais uma década perdida na história econômica nacional em todas as dimensões: produção, produtividade e trabalho. JEL: E24, J24. 2010 formal 2000 deteriorouse deteriorou se função 201 2016 2017 sanitária social Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 2020 como informalidade resultado observouse observou dimensões produção JEL E24 E J24 J 200 20 Covid1 1 Covid- 202 E2 J2 2

Abstract The structure of the Brazilian labor market underwent substantial changes throughout the 2010s. The low unemployment scenario, with a predominance of the participation of formal employment, observed in the 2000s, progressively deteriorated due to: the deceleration of the pace of growth in Brazil at the beginning of the decade; the 2015-2016 recession; the slow and inexpressive recovery of the post-2017 period; and the health, economic and social crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020. Such factors contributed to the process of disruption of the labor market, in a context of reaffirmation of structural characteristics and recurrence of phenomena such as high informality, high rates of unemployment, and significant labor underutilization. As result, we observed another lost decade in national economic history in dimensions as production, productivity, and labor. 2010s s scenario employment 2000s 20152016 2015 2016 2015-201 recession post2017 post 2017 post-201 period health Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 2020 informality underutilization result production productivity 2015201 201 2015-20 post201 post-20 Covid1 1 Covid- 202 201520 20 2015-2 post20 post-2 20152 2 2015- post2 post-

ABSTRACT Introduction: with the use of traditional root coverage plastic techniques, some loss over time of the results achieved has been observed.The combination of regenerative materials such as platelet rich fibrin membrane with these surgical procedures can achieve tissue restoration that guarantees greater stability. Patient information: the case of a 30 year old male patient with a history of health, carrier of bilateral periodontal recessions in lower premolars is presented.The coronal replacement flap technique was performed in the right hemiarch and the same procedure was combined with the platelet-rich fibrin membrane on the left. Conclusions: superiority was demonstrated in relation to the procedure combined with the biomaterial, in terms of the percentage of root coverage and the stability of the results over time.

RESUMEN Introducción: con el empleo de las técnicas plásticas de recubrimiento radicular tradicionales se ha observado cierta pérdida en el tiempo de los resultados alcanzados. La combinación de materiales regenerativos como la membrana de fibrina rica en plaquetas con estos procedimientos quirúrgicos puede lograr una restauración de los tejidos que garantiza una mayor estabilidad. Información del paciente: paciente masculino de 30 años de edad, con antecedentes de salud, que padece recesiones periodontales bilaterales en premolares inferiores. Se realizó la técnica del colgajo de reposición coronal en la hemiarcada derecha y en la izquierda se combinó el mismo procedimiento con la membrana de fibrina rica en plaquetas. Conclusiones: se demostró superioridad con relación al procedimiento combinado con el biomaterial en cuanto al por ciento de cobertura radicular y a la estabilidad de los resultados en el tiempo.

Abstract At the beginning of the current century, the world economy experienced several crisis events that negatively influenced business performance. Many businesses have experienced long periods of declining sales. This paper continues the series of scientific works on the study of restarting growth, i.e., the growth of companies after a long period of stagnation or falling sales. The paper contributes to the world literature by analyzing the impact of different types of restarting growth on firm performance (firm’s return on equity - ROE). The panel data includes 7528 observations (1882 firms * 4 years). Regression models with fixed effects are used for data analysis. The study revealed a positive impact of long-term growth on ROE, but it did not confirm the impact of short-term growth on ROE. The maximum benefits accrue to young companies with long-term fast sales growth. Empirical studies provide varying results on the impact of growth on firm profitability. Our approach reconciles these contradictions and shows that sustainable long-term growth allows firms to achieve higher profitability. These results will be of interest for investors, who should focus on finding companies that can demonstrate annual sales growth for several years. It is also advisable for owners and managers to strive for long-term annual growth in firm sales.

Resumen A principios del presente siglo, la economía mundial experimentó varios eventos de crisis que afectaron negativamente el desempeño empresarial. Muchas empresas han atravesado largos períodos de reducción de las ventas. Este artículo continúa la serie de trabajos científicos sobre el estudio del reinicio del crecimiento, es decir, el crecimiento de las empresas después de un largo período de estancamiento o caída de las ventas, y contribuye con la literatura mediante el análisis del impacto de diferentes tipos de reactivación del crecimiento en el desempeño de las empresas (rendimiento sobre el capital de la empresa-ROE). Los datos de panel incluyen 7528 observaciones (1882 empresas * 4 años). Para el análisis de datos se utilizan modelos de regresión con efectos fijos. El estudio reveló un impacto positivo del crecimiento a largo plazo sobre el ROE, pero no confirmó el impacto del crecimiento a corto plazo sobre el ROE. Los máximos beneficios los obtienen las empresas jóvenes con un rápido crecimiento de las ventas a largo plazo. Los estudios empíricos arrojan resultados variables sobre el impacto del crecimiento en la rentabilidad de las empresas. Nuestro enfoque muestra que el crecimiento sostenible a largo plazo permite a las empresas lograr una mayor rentabilidad. Estos resultados serán de interés para los inversores que deberían centrarse en encontrar empresas que puedan demostrar un crecimiento anual de las ventas durante varios años. También se recomienda que los propietarios y gerentes se esfuercen por lograr un crecimiento anual a largo plazo en las ventas de la empresa.

Abstract Objective This retrospective study aimed to analyze the clinical efficacy of two regenerative surgical methods — Bio-Oss granules combined with barrier membranes and Bio-Oss Collagen alone — and to help clinicians achieve better periodontal regeneration outcomes in the specific periodontal condition. Methodology Patients who underwent periodontal regeneration surgery from January 2018 to April 2022 were retrospectively screened, and their clinical and radiographic outcomes at 6 months postoperatively were analyzed. The probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival recession (GR), distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the bottom of the bone defect (CEJ-BD), and depth of intrabony defects (INFRA) were recorded before the operation (T0) and 6 months after it (T1), and subsequently compared. Results In total, 143 patients were included — 77 were placed in the Bio-Oss group and 66 were placed in the Bio-Oss Collagen group. All indicators, including PD and CAL at T1, showed significant differences compared to baseline, for both groups (P<0.001). PD reduction was greater in the group receiving the Bio-Oss Collagen treatment (P=0.042). Furthermore, in cases when the baseline PD range was 7-11 mm and the age range was 35-50 years, PD reduction was more significant for patients receiving the Bio-Oss Collagen treatment (P=0.031, 0.023). A linear regression analysis indicated that postoperative PD and CAL were positively correlated with baseline values, and that the efficacy tended to decrease with increasing age. Conclusion Both the use of Bio-Oss Collagen alone and the use of Bio-Oss granules combined with barrier membranes resulted in significant effects in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects. The Bio-Oss Collagen treatment generated more improvements in PD than the Bio-Oss granules combined with barrier membranes, particularly within the baseline PD range of 7-11 mm and the 35-50 years age group. Additionally, age was the main factor influencing the effectiveness of regenerative surgery for intrabony defects: older individuals exhibited fewer improvements. BioOss Bio Oss condition 201 202 screened analyzed PD, , (PD) CAL, (CAL) BOP, BOP (BOP) GR, GR (GR) cementoenamel cemento enamel CEJBD, CEJBD CEJ BD (CEJ-BD) INFRA (INFRA T0 T (T0 T1 (T1) total 14 7 indicators P<0.001. P0001 P P<0.001 . 0 001 (P<0.001) P=0.042. P0042 P=0.042 042 (P=0.042) Furthermore 711 11 7-1 3550 35 50 35-5 P=0.031, P0031 031 (P=0.031 0.023. 0023 0.023 023 0.023) values Additionally 20 (PD (CAL (BOP (GR (CEJ-BD (T (T1 1 P000 P<0.00 00 (P<0.001 P004 P=0.04 04 (P=0.042 71 7- 355 3 5 35- P=0.031 P003 03 (P=0.03 002 0.02 02 2 P00 P<0.0 (P<0.00 P=0.0 (P=0.04 P=0.03 (P=0.0 0.0 P0 P<0. (P<0.0 P=0. (P=0. 0. P<0 (P<0. P=0 (P=0 P< (P<0 P= (P= (P< (P

Résumé Ce manuscrit a pour but d’examiner le rôle des conditions familiales dans la performance professionnelle des femmes migrantes - issues des flux Sud-Nord - employées de maison et soignantes en Espagne, pendant la crise économique initiée en 2007 et les années qui ont suivi. À partir de 31 entretiens approfondis, nous explorons les intersections entre le cycle de vie familial, l’organisation économique de celui-ci et l’intégration professionnelle des travailleuses ayant un accès limité à toutes sortes de ressources. Les résultats suggèrent que, contrairement aux explications fondées sur les conditions d’établissement et le capital humain migrant, l’intégration professionnelle de ces femmes repose sur un équilibre dysfonctionnel et conflictuel entre les exigences de soins familiaux et les exigences de subsistance matérielle, ce qui entraîne des expériences de servitude, de pauvreté et d’exclusion sociale en l’absence de soutiens communautaires et institutionnels appropriés. dexaminer d examiner SudNord Sud Nord Espagne 200 suivi 3 approfondis familial lorganisation l organisation celuici celui ci lintégration intégration ressources que détablissement établissement migrant matérielle servitude dexclusion exclusion labsence absence appropriés 20 2

Resumen Este manuscrito tiene como propósito examinar el papel de las condiciones familiares en el desempeño laboral de mujeres migradas - desde los flujos Sur-Norte - empleadas de hogar y cuidadoras en España, durante la crisis económica iniciada en 2007 y los años inmediatamente posteriores. A partir de la realización de 31 entrevistas en profundidad, se explora las intersecciones entre el ciclo de vida familiar, la organización económica de éste y la integración ocupacional de trabajadoras con acceso limitado a todo tipo de recursos. Los resultados plantean que, frente a explicaciones fundamentadas en las condiciones de asentamiento y capital humano migrante, la integración ocupacional de estas mujeres se sustenta en el disfuncional y conflictivo equilibrio por satisfacer las demandas de cuidado familiar y las demandas de subsistencia material, lo cual, ante la carencia de soportes comunitarios e institucionales de cuidado, lleva aparejadas experiencias de servidumbre, pobreza y exclusión social. SurNorte Sur Norte España 200 posteriores 3 profundidad recursos que migrante material cual servidumbre social 20 2

Abstract The purpose of this article is to examine the role of the family conditions of immigrant women in vulnerable employment situations during the crisis started in 2008. Through 31 in-dept interviews with immigrant domestic workers and caregivers, it explores the intersection among families’ life cycles, their financial situation, and the economic role of these women, whose access to all resources is limited. The results suggest that, instead of explanations based on settlement conditions and migrating human capital, the integration of these women into the work force is based on the dysfunctional conflictive balance between family care responsibilities and financial demands. These factors are joined by a lack of community and institutional support for care, leading to experiences of servitude, poverty, and social exclusion 2008 3 indept dept caregivers families cycles situation limited that capital demands servitude poverty 200 20 2

Resumo Este manuscrito tem como propósito examinar qual o papel das condições familiares no desempenho laboral de mulheres migradas - desde os fluxos Sul-Norte - empregadas domésticas e cuidadoras na Espanha, durante a crise econômica que começou em 2007 e nos anos imediatamente posteriores. A partir da realização de 31 entrevistas em profundidade, são exploradas as interseções entre o ciclo de vida familiar, sua organização econômica e a integração ocupacional de trabalhadoras com acesso limitado a todo tipo de recursos. Os resultados sugerem que, diante de explicações fundamentadas nas condições de assentamento e capital humano migrante, a integração ocupacional destas mulheres se sustenta no equilíbrio disfuncional e conflitivo por satisfazer as demandas de cuidado familiar e as demandas de subsistência material, o que, perante a falta de suportes comunitários e institucionais de cuidado, traz consigo experiências de servidão, pobreza e exclusão social. SulNorte Sul Norte Espanha 200 posteriores 3 profundidade recursos migrante material servidão social 20 2

Resumen: La tendencia general de la inseguridad alimentaria está disminuyendo en el mundo. Sin embargo, algunas regiones han registrado un aumento reciente en los niveles de hambre. Esto había ocurrido en Brasil en el período de 2014 a 2018, durante y después de la gran recesión brasileña, y de 2020 a 2021, durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Este artículo describe la evolución de la inseguridad alimentaria en Brasil de 2004 a 2022 a partir de datos obtenidos de las siguientes encuestas: Encuesta Nacional por Muestra de Domicilios (PNAD), Encuesta de Presupuesto de Familiares (POF) y PNAD Continua. Se clasificaron los hogares en 20 tipos de arreglos domésticos. Inicialmente, se aplicaron modelos logísticos multinomiales para identificar los arreglos domésticos más vulnerables en el período de 2004 a 2018. En general, los hogares que tienen a mujeres (negras, blancas o en pareja) con o sin hijos como jefas del hogar fueron los más propensos a la inseguridad alimentaria. Además, se abordó la evolución de la inseguridad alimentaria en Brasil en los arreglos domésticos para el período de 2018 a 2022. Se aplicaron modelos logísticos para estimar los niveles de inseguridad alimentaria moderada y severa para los 20 tipos de arreglos domésticos. Además, se estimaron los efectos de la ayuda de emergencia y las peculiaridades de la pandemia del COVID-19.

Abstract: Although food insecurity presents a decreasing trend worldwide, some regions recently observed an increase in hunger levels. Such was the case in Brazil between 2014 and 2018, during and after the great Brazilian recession, and between 2020 and 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper describes the evolution of food insecurity in Brazil between 2004 and 2022 using Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF) and Continuous PNAD. Households were classified in 20 types of arrangements, and the most vulnerable living arrangements between 2004 and 2018 were identified by multinomial logistic models. Overall, households headed by women (single blacks, whites or in couples) with or without children were the most prone to food insecurity. As for the evolution of food insecurity in Brazil between 2018 and 2022, logistic models were applied to estimate moderate and severe food insecurity levels among the 20 household types. Additionally, effects of the emergency aid and idiosyncrasies of the COVID-19 pandemic were estimated.

Resumo: A tendência geral de insegurança alimentar no mundo é decrescente. No entanto, algumas regiões observaram um recente aumento nos níveis de fome. Isso ocorreu no Brasil de 2014 a 2018, durante e após a grande recessão brasileira, e de 2020 a 2021, durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Este artigo descreve a evolução da insegurança alimentar no Brasil de 2004 a 2022 usando dados obtidos através das seguintes pesquisas: Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) e PNAD Contínua. Os domicílios foram classificados em 20 tipos de arranjo domiciliar. Inicialmente, modelos logísticos multinomiais foram aplicados para identificar os arranjos domiciliares mais vulneráveis de 2004 a 2018. Em geral, os domicílios chefiados por mulheres (negras, brancas ou casais) com ou sem filhos foram os mais propensos à insegurança alimentar. Além disso, foi abordada a evolução da insegurança alimentar no Brasil entre os arranjos domiciliares de 2018 a 2022. Modelos logísticos foram aplicados para estimar os níveis de insegurança alimentar moderada e grave para os 20 tipos de arranjos domiciliar. Além disso, foram estimados os efeitos do auxílio emergencial e as peculiaridades da pandemia da COVID-19.