ABSTRACT Psychotherapists draw on various theoretical approaches to address the mental health issues with which they work. However, this poses at least two problems: that what is called ‘mind’ is not a homogeneous, clear, and explicit construct in each current and that each conception of ‘the mental’ implies a particular episteme of such phenomena. This article seeks to address such problems; therefore, it aims to delimit and epistemologically analyze the tacit construct of mind present in the fundamental psychotherapeutic currents. Through an exploratory-descriptive qualitative approach, a hermeneutical-analogical analysis is carried out in which the mental construct of each current is delimited and then analyzed under the eaves of a series of epistemological paradigms. The conception of the mind is heterogeneous and presents various epistemological assumptions associated with each current: psychodynamic (rationalism/phenomenology), cognitive-behavioral (empiricism/positivism -rationalism/constructiveness), humanistic (critical theory/constructiveness), and systemic (constructive/rationalism). The mind construct is not transversal or objective, but relative to each psychotherapeutic current, with particular and diverse epistemological assumptions that condition the way in which mental phenomena are known. Finally, we reflect on the implications of the results in psychotherapeutic praxis.

RESUMEN Los psicoterapeutas se nutren de diversas aproximaciones teóricas para abordar los asuntos de salud mental con los que trabajan. Sin embargo, esto supone al menos dos problemas: que aquello llamado ‘mente’ no es un constructo homogéneo, claro y explícito en cada corriente y que cada concepción de ‘lo mental’ implica una episteme particular de los fenómenos de tal índole. Este artículo busca abordar tales problemas, por tanto, su objetivo es delimitar y analizar epistemológicamente el constructo tácito de mente presente en las corrientes psicoterapéuticas fundamentales. Mediante una aproximación cualitativa exploratorio-descriptiva se realiza un análisis hermenéutico-analógico en el que se delimita el constructo mente de cada corriente para luego analizarlo en torno a una serie de paradigmas epistemológicos. La concepción de la mente es heterogénea y presenta supuestos epistemológicos diversos asociados a cada corriente: psicodinámica (racionalismo/fenomenología), cognitivo-conductual (empirismo/positivismo-racionalismo/constructividad), humanista (teoría crítica/constructividad) y sistémica (constructividad/racionalismo). El constructo mente no es transversal ni objetivo, sino relativo a cada corriente psicoterapéutica, contando con supuestos epistemológicos particulares y diversos que condicionan la manera en la que se conocen los fenómenos mentales. Finalmente, se reflexiona sobre las implicancias de los resultados en la praxis psicoterapéutica.

Résumé Les théories morales de Jean Piaget et Lawrence Kohlberg sont accusées d’épuisement. Cet épuisement serait dû à ses limites à envisager la complexité impliquée dans le développement moral, comme le rôle de l’affectivité dans ce processus. Sur la base des travaux pionniers de Carol Gilligan qui s’en tenaient à cette relation entre cognition et affectivité, plusieurs théories ont émergé avec leurs propres propositions visant à remédier aux limites de leurs prédécesseurs, alors appelé post-kohlberguiennes. L’objectif est discuter de la question de la complexité dans le développement moral, notamment en ce qui concerne l’influence de l’affectivité dans ce processus, initialement dévoilée de Gilligan. On en conclut que s’il y a, en fait, un tel épuisement, les théories post-kohlberguiennes qui considèrent la complexité, redevable au travail pionnier de Gilligan qui a servi de référence, semblent avoir renouvelé le champ d’investigation pour un autre cycle de décennies d’étude sur le développement moral. dépuisement. dépuisement d épuisement. d’épuisement moral laffectivité l affectivité processus sen s prédécesseurs postkohlberguiennes. postkohlberguiennes post kohlberguiennes. kohlberguiennes Lobjectif L objectif linfluence influence sil il fait référence dinvestigation investigation détude étude

Resumen Las teorías morales de Jean Piaget y Lawrence Kohlberg están acusadas de agotamiento. Este agotamiento se debería a sus limitaciones para contemplar la complejidad del desarrollo moral, como el papel de la afectividad en este proceso. A partir del trabajo pionero de Carol Gilligan que se apegó a esta relación entre cognición y afectividad, surgieron varias teorías con propuestas propias destinadas a remediar las limitaciones de sus predecesoras, que podría decirse post-Kohlberguianas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el tema de la complejidad en el desarrollo moral, especialmente en lo que respecta a la influencia de la afectividad en este proceso, inicialmente desvelado por Gilligan. Se concluye que si existe tal agotamiento, las teorías post-Kohlberguianas que consideran la complejidad, en deuda con el trabajo pionero de Gilligan que sirvió de referencia, parecen haber renovado el campo de investigación para otro ciclo de décadas de estudio sobre el desarrollo moral. moral proceso predecesoras postKohlberguianas. postKohlberguianas post Kohlberguianas. Kohlberguianas referencia

Abstract The moral theories of Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg are accused of depletion. This depletion would be mainly due to its limitations in contemplating the complexity involved in moral development, such as the role of affectivity in this process. Based on the pioneering work of Carol Gilligan that stuck to this relationship between cognition and affectivity, several theories emerged with their own propositions aimed at remedying the limitations of their predecessors, which could therefore be said to be post-Kohlberguian. This article aims to discuss the issue of complexity in moral development, especially regarding the influence of affectivity in this process, initially unveiled from Gilligan. It is concluded that if there is, in fact, such depletion, the post-Kohlberguian theories that consider complexity, indebted to Gilligan’s pioneering work that served as a reference, seem to have renewed the field of investigation for another cycle of decades of study on moral development. development process predecessors postKohlberguian. postKohlberguian post Kohlberguian. Kohlberguian fact Gilligans s reference

Resumo As teorias morais de Jean Piaget e Lawrence Kohlberg são acusadas de esgotamento. Esse esgotamento seria devido, principalmente, a suas limitações em contemplar a complexidade envolvida no desenvolvimento moral, como o papel da afetividade nesse processo. A partir do trabalho pioneiro de Carol Gilligan que se ateve a essa relação entre cognição e afetividade, diversas teorias surgiram com proposições próprias visando sanar as limitações de suas predecessoras, e que por isso poderiam se dizer pós-kohlberguianas. Este artigo tem o objetivo de discutir a questão da complexidade no desenvolvimento moral, sobretudo quanto à influência da afetividade nesse processo, desvelada inicialmente a partir de Gilligan. Conclui-se que, caso haja, de fato, tal esgotamento, as teorias pós-kohlberguianas que consideram a complexidade, em débito com o trabalho pioneiro de Gilligan que lhes serviu de referência, parecem ter renovado o campo de investigação para mais um ciclo de décadas de estudo sobre o desenvolvimento moral. devido principalmente moral processo predecessoras póskohlberguianas. póskohlberguianas pós kohlberguianas. kohlberguianas Concluise Conclui haja fato referência

Anyone who has attended an academic conference will have witnessed the number of exceptional projects and research produced by and conducted at various institutions, often led by one or two well-known professors. Despite mostly limited budgets, these professors, academic "rockstars", if you will, (Smyth, 2017, p. 99) manage to produce many publications in the form of books, reports, policy briefs, op-eds, and attend conferences while managing full teaching loads and supervising lots of postgraduate students. So how do they manage? Without faculty-appointed support, such as Teaching Assistants, these senior academics often use their postgraduate students to do the substantial groundwork in the name of so-called capacity building to get what is known as the much-needed experience they need to advance their careers. In this paper, I discuss toxic academic practices and their impact on new and emerging researchers. Through a critical analysis, I demonstrate that toxic academic practices persist partly because of neoliberal policy contexts created in and through marketisation and techno-rationalism. Using the theoretical lens of Betrayal Trauma Theory (Freyd, 1994) I suggest that creating healthy academic work environments is crucial to realising higher education policy imperatives in South Africa. In this paper, I contribute to an under-discussed challenge in the South African academy, and I highlight how universities, through their philosophies and policies, often reward poor academic behaviour and perpetuate toxic academic environments and discrimination.

Resumen: El interés de B. F. Skinner por el arte puede ser observado en diferentes publicaciones, especialmente en el libro Walden two (1948). El autor plantea en esta obra las producciones artísticas fundamentales para el establecimiento de un entorno social igualitario y feliz, mencionando, en consecuencia, una pluralidad de obras de arte. Dada la relevancia teórico-científica del libro, así como su diversidad artística, este artículo busco comprender el arte descrito en Walden two desde las corrientes artísticas tradicionales del clasicismo y el romanticismo. Los extractos del libro que mencionaban palabras clave asociadas con el arte se recopilaron en tablas y se analizaron de acuerdo con los atributos clásicos y románticos descritos por textos especializados. Se identificaron seis modalidades artísticas principales en la ficción skinneriana (literatura, teatro, música, artes plásticas, arquitectura y moda), que presentan similitudes con el racionalismo clásico y el sentimentalismo romántico, así como otras características que las diferencian de estas vertientes. Así, se concluye que el arte de Walden two se sitúa en un pluralismo artístico, lo que destaca la posibilidad de que el conductismo radical sea interpretado como una filosofía del arte. Resumen B F publicaciones 1948. 1948 . (1948) feliz mencionando consecuencia teóricocientífica teórico científica artística romanticismo especializados literatura, literatura (literatura teatro música plásticas moda, moda , moda) romántico vertientes Así artístico 194 (1948 19 (194 1 (19 (1 (

Abstract: B. F. Skinner’s interest in artistic productions can be seen in different publications, with the book Walden two (1948) standing out. In it, Skinner considers the artistic production for establishing an equalitarian and happy social environment, mentioning, thus, an array of artworks. Given the theoretical-scientific relevance of the book, as well as its artistic diversity, this article aimed understand the artworks described in Walden two based on a classic and romantic traditional artistic styles. Excerpts of the book that mentioned keywords related to art were researched and compiled in tables and analyzed according to classical and romantic attributes, described by specialized texts. Six main artistic categories were identified in Skinnerian fiction (literature, theater, music, visual arts, architecture, and fashion), that show similar characteristics to classic rationalism and romantic sentimentalism, as well as other characteristics that differentiate them from these strands. In conclusion, the art on Walden two exists in a state of artistic pluralism, which also highlights the possibility of radical behaviorism being interpreted as a philosophy of art. Abstract B F Skinners s publications 1948 (1948 out it environment mentioning thus theoreticalscientific theoretical scientific diversity styles attributes texts literature, literature (literature theater music arts architecture fashion, fashion , fashion) sentimentalism strands conclusion pluralism 194 (194 19 (19 1 (1 (

Resumo: O interesse de B. F. Skinner pela arte pode ser observado em diferentes publicações, com destaque para o livro Walden two (1948). Nele, Skinner considera as produções artísticas fundamentais para o estabelecimento de um ambiente social igualitário e feliz, mencionando, por consequência, uma pluralidade de obras de arte. Dada a relevância teórico-científica do livro, bem como sua diversidade artística, este artigo buscou compreender a arte descrita em Walden two com base nas vertentes artísticas tradicionais do classicismo e do romantismo. Trechos do livro que mencionavam palavras-chave associadas à arte foram compilados em tabelas e analisados de acordo com atributos clássicos e românticos, descritos por textos especializados. Foram identificadas seis principais modalidades artísticas na ficção skinneriana (literatura, teatro, música, artes plásticas, arquitetura e moda), que apresentam similaridades com o racionalismo clássico e o sentimentalismo romântico, bem como outras características que as diferenciam dessas vertentes. Conclui-se, assim, que a arte de Walden two está situada em um pluralismo artístico, que também indica a possibilidade de o comportamentalismo radical ser interpretado como uma filosofia da arte. Resumo B F publicações 1948. 1948 . (1948) Nele feliz mencionando consequência teóricocientífica teórico científica artística romantismo palavraschave palavras chave românticos especializados literatura, literatura (literatura teatro música plásticas moda, moda , moda) romântico Concluise, Concluise Conclui se, se Conclui-se assim artístico 194 (1948 19 (194 1 (19 (1 (

Abstract In 2022 the South African Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) released the National Interest Framework, formally setting out what South Africa’s national interest is. According to DIRCO this aimed at providing an understanding of, and predictability in South Africa’s international relations. As the latest document in guiding foreign policy the framework reflects a continuation in the rhetoric of foreign policy principles; yet for all its effort in identifying the country’s foreign policy priorities, questions remain concerning the interests it reflects. Indeed, although there has been centralisation of decision-making, this has not translated into presenting a singular foreign policy or national interest position. Rather, South Africa’s national interest reflects a negotiated outcome of different positions among the political elites in government and the ruling party (African National Congress). Using Wight’s national interest taxonomy, the article highlights the presence of multiple positions evident in South Africa’s national interest framework before considering what the implications are for the implementation of foreign policy. This draws on a critical review of foreign policy documents, supported by semi-structured interviews with practitioners, academics, think tanks, and NGOs. The article argues that the national interest framework is not a reflection of one, but an amalgamation of what Wight identifies as realist, revolutionist, and rationalist doctrines. This has left the framework a broad document without specific aims in achieving the national interest. It also goes some way towards accounting for the limited application to date of the national interest framework in facilitating an understanding of South Africa’s international relations. 202 (DIRCO Framework Africas Africa s relations principles countrys country priorities Indeed decisionmaking, decisionmaking decision making, making decision-making position Rather Congress. Congress . Congress) Wights taxonomy documents semistructured semi structured practitioners academics tanks NGOs one realist revolutionist doctrines 20 2

Abstract The notion of transcendental idealism is the result of the Kantian synthesis of rationalism and empiricism. This synthesis constitutes the project of a metaphysics of metaphysics, that is, of a new first Philosophy. In this project, the two senses of First Philosophy, the Socratic and the Aristotelian, become patent through the critical and positive task of the Theory of knowledge. Kantian transcendental idealism shares with Husserl’s philosophy, despite deep differences, the original motive of developing a scientific philosophy capable of supplying humanity with rational and universal ethical norms.

Resumen: La noción de idealismo trascendental se rastrea como un resultado de la síntesis kantiana del racionalismo y del empirismo. Dicha síntesis constituye el proyecto de una metafísica de la metafísica, es decir, de una nueva Filosofía primera. En ese proyecto se vuelven patentes los dos sentidos de filosofía primera, el socrático y el aristotélico, a través de la tarea crítica y positivo de la teoría del conocimiento. Ese idealismo trascendental kantiano comparte con la filosofía de Husserl, pese a profundas diferencias, el motivo originario de elaborar una filosofía científica capaz de suministrar a la humanidad normas éticas racionales y universales.

ABSTRACT The institutional analysis promoted by F. A. Hayek seeks to understand how human action and coordination among individuals occur in an environment where the knowledge held by each person is incomplete and not fully transmittable. In such an environment, the institutional framework plays an important role in conditioning, at least partially, the behavior of members within a spontaneously emerging social order. In light of this, the objective of this article is to present Hayek’s evolutionary institutional approach by organizing the discussion proposed by the Austrian economist on the subject. To do so, it will discuss Hayek’s distinction between critical rationalism and constructivist rationalism. It will also address Hayek’s explanation of institutional change and delve into his evolutionary approach to the social sciences, as opposed to the natural sciences. F A transmittable conditioning partially order Hayeks s subject so sciences

RESUMO A análise institucional promovida por F. A. Hayek busca compreender de que maneira se dá a ação humana e a coordenação entre os diversos indivíduos em um ambiente em que o conhecimento detido por cada pessoa é incompleto e não totalmente passível de ser transmitido. Nesse tipo de ambiente, o aparato institucional possui um importante papel ao condicionar, ao menos parcialmente, o comportamento dos membros de uma ordem social, ordem que surge de maneira espontânea. Diante disso, o objetivo do artigo é apresentar a abordagem institucional evolucionária de Hayek, organizando a discussão proposta pelo austríaco sobre o tema. Para isso, discutirá a distinção proposta por Hayek entre o racionalismo crítico e o racionalismo construtivista. Tratará também da forma pela qual Hayek explica a mudança institucional. Ademais, detalhará sua abordagem evolucionária para as ciências sociais (em oposição às ciências naturais). F transmitido condicionar parcialmente social espontânea disso tema isso construtivista Ademais naturais. naturais . naturais)

The hypothesis for this article is that no complete certainty can exist on whether a resolution taken by a meeting of people is an authoritative expression of the will of God. The church [ekklésia] of Christ refers to the universal church of all times and places, as well as the local church (congregation). The general nature of collective decision-making involves the notions of representation and voting. The Reformation liberated churches from the overlordship of Rome, but also had the unintended consequence of the entrenchment of the liberal notions of individual sovereignty and self-sufficiency. The foundational Reformed confessional documents were formulated and adopted at gatherings convened and overseen by extra-clerical (state) institutions. It is likely that decision-making in the churches was directly influenced by the rationalism, humanism, and liberalism that has been influential since the 17th century. Contemporary participants in collective decision-making can find it difficult to distinguish between liberal-democratic processes and those of the church. Christ is the only head of his church and exegesis and hermeneutics are not exact sciences, it is, however, possible to deliberate on alternative Scriptural interpretations, but impossible to prove one to be correct and the other false. The inability of a major assembly of churches to resolve an exegetical question unanimously, attests to the human inability to know the will of God completely. Resolutions of major assemblies should be subject to unrestricted revision as the assemblies are not meetings of a church or of the church itself. Influential opinions among Reformed authors hover between independentism and collegialism, both having been influenced by liberal thinking. CONTRIBUTION: A range of interdependent matters need to be clarified to resolve questions concerning representation in and decision-making by major assemblies. A list of such questions has been set out at the end of the article.

The challenge posed by 18th-century rationalism to the 16th-century Reformed doctrine, initiated a trajectory in which Reformed churches assumed the responsibility of preserving the essence of the Reformation. The emergence of the Open Declaration [Openlike Verklaring] as a response to rationalism served as a call to unity and a reaffirmation of adherence to the Presbyterian Church government system established in 1618-1619. The objective of this study was to examine the significant contributions of the Open Declaration to Church Polity [Kerkreg] and the Reformed Churches of South Africa (RCSA)[Gereformeerde Kerke van Suid-Afrika (GKSA)] by focusing on three key elements: the declaration of faith and commitment; the acknowledgement of liturgical practices and ecclesiastical governance; and the plea for unity and ecclesiastical communion [Kerkverband]. Drawing on scholarly literature and relevant church documents, the analysis explores the role of the Open Declaration in shaping the identity and practices of the RCSA/GKSA within the broader context of Reformed church history. As a result of completing this study, it is discovered that the Open Declaration should be interrogated at local level and Article 48 should be read in the light of Article 29. Major assemblies should be understood from the local Church Council, Classis, regional Synod, and General Synod - not only Classis, regional Synod and General Synod. CONTRIBUTION: The proposed shared understanding of the Open Declaration aims to foster a sense of unity among delegates, emphasising the importance of aligning and binding decisions made by the Church Council, Classis, Regional Synod, and General Synod during meetings. In conclusion, local churches should revisit the Public Declaration, engage in local church dialogues to promote ongoing cooperation, prioritise theological education and training to foster unity, upholding the 16th-century Reformational theology, celebrate Holy Communion in one church building, pursue Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), seeking biblical ways to address and resolve conflicts between local churches, and supplementing the mechanism provided by Article 31 of the Church Order.

Currently, a shift in theological training is taking place in South Africa. University faculties, which previously trained students for church ministry, do not meet the requirements set by churches. From churches side, efforts are even being made to establish private theological educational institutions. The focus of this article is on the nature of the theological training, which may be or will be offered at these institutions. There are indications that the theology, as mentioned refers to 17th-century Puritanism, the Dutch Nearer Reformation and Neo-Calvinism. The point of view stated here is as follows: The 17th-century theology does not offer a basis for a reformed (Scripture-based) theological education or a resistance to liberal theology. An intrinsic characteristic of reformed theology, namely that the Holy Spirit maintains theology as a unity between its extreme poles, is replaced by rationalism. In its core the secularisation of theology is already present. A fundamental problem in this theology is the place attributed to the Holy Spirit. What becomes of the teaching of the Holy Spirit if the 17th-century theology is redeployed in the 21st-century circumstances? The following points serve as a guideline for answering this question: the change of direction of the teaching of the Holy Spirit in 16th-century Reformed theology, radicalisation of theology, covenant theology as warp and weft, and the hard yoke of the law. In conclusion it is stated that rationalism infiltrated theology, which gave rise to a theological dogmatism, church confessionalism, church legalism, and a rigidity in the organisation of church life. CONTRIBUTION: Re-evaluation and restructuring of Reformed church polity and its practice (church government.)

The contemporary era witnesses a profound shift in humanity's relationship with the concept of God, characterised by the de-creation of traditional religious frameworks. This paper provides an overview of this phenomenon, tracing its background in the context of socio-cultural, philosophical, and scientific developments. The aim of this study is to comprehensively explore the de-creation of God in contemporary society, with three main objectives: analysing the contributing factors, examining its implications on religious institutions and spiritual practices, and investigating alternative expressions of spirituality. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, the literary method involves a synthesis of scholarly literature from sociology, philosophy, theology, and the natural sciences. Findings reveal the complex interplay of secularisation, scientific rationalism, cultural pluralism, and ethical critique in shaping the contemporary landscape of religious belief and spirituality. Despite the challenges posed to traditional religious institutions, the emergence of new spiritual movements and ethical frameworks signifies a potential for creative reimagining and exploration of human spirituality. In conclusion, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamic interplay between culture, belief, and meaning-making in contemporary society, shedding light on the transformative processes reshaping humanity's conception of God. CONTRIBUTION: This study provides a deeper understanding of the changing dynamics of modern spirituality and religious belief, bringing valuable insights into the process of de-creation of God in the contemporary society. It prompts theological reflection on the impact of secularisation, scientific rationalism, and cultural pluralism, while exploring alternative spiritual expressions.

Abstract The Modern School was an experience that, from Barcelona, sought to spread an emancipatory culture not only locally, but worldwide. A conscientious virtual ethnography with sources of high academic level, which include doctoral theses from recent years, allows us to know how the ideas of rationalist teaching that the creator of the school, Francisco Ferrer Guardia, promulgated, were penetrating Latin America, where there were several experiences, despite the diversity of countries and specific contexts. A culture in opposition to hegemony was possible, even though some of its postulates still seem distant today.

Resumen La Escuela Moderna de Francisco Ferrer Guardia fue una experiencia que, desde Barcelona, pretendió difundir una cultura emancipadora a nivel local y mundial. Una concienzuda etnografía virtual con fuentes de alto nivel académico, que incluyen tesis doctorales de los últimos años, nos permite conocer cómo las ideas de la enseñanza racionalista que promulgaba penetraron en Latinoamérica pese a la diversidad de países y contextos concretos. Una cultura en oposición a la hegemónica fue posible, no obstante que algunos de los postulados de Ferrer Guardia siguen viéndose como lejanos.

Abstract This work aims to analyze the phenomenon of motivation in deliberation, taking up the idea present in the article “Practical Reason and Motivations for Public Deliberation” (Vidiella, 2017) which maintains that classical deliberative theory presents a “motivational deficit”. To do this I will focus on the transformation of opinions. I will take into account how opinions are conceived from the perspective of rationalism, introducing an alternative view that takes the emotional aspect as relevant. Then I will favor the possibility of transformation of opinions, and finally I will refer to the idea that rationalism can even include the motivational aspect. Taking distance from Vidiella which refers to advances in moral psychology and studies on the cognitive role of emotions, I will mainly focus on the critiques to some assumptions of rationalism that propose to make certain conditions of deliberation more flexible.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el fenómeno de la motivación en la deliberación, retomando la idea del artículo “Razón práctica y motivaciones para la deliberación pública” (Vidiella, 2017) que sostiene que la teoría deliberativa clásica presenta un “déficit motivacional”. Para ello me centraré en la transformación de las opiniones. Tendré en cuenta cómo se conciben las opiniones desde un punto de vista racionalista, mostrando una alternativa que otorga relevancia al aspecto emocional. Luego argumentaré a favor de la posibilidad de transformación de las opiniones, y por último haré referencia a la idea de que el racionalismo puede llegar a incluir el aspecto motivacional. Para ello a diferencia Vidiella que remite a los avances en psicología moral y a los estudios sobre el papel cognitivo de las emociones, me basaré principalmente en algunas críticas a los presupuestos del racionalismo que proponen flexibilizar ciertas condiciones que funcionan como principios de la deliberación.

Resumen. Este artículo ahonda en las aportaciones en clave política de la filósofa española María Zambrano durante su juventud (1928-1939) en los albores de la Segunda República española y la posterior Guerra Civil para plantear un posible encaje de estas en el cuerpo teórico del liberalismo conservador. Con esa intención, contrastamos ambas referencias sirviéndonos de sus respectivas críticas del racionalismo e idealismo en cuanto disciplinas incapaces de tratar adecuadamente con la comunidad política entendida como realidad orgánica difícilmente reducible a un plan general. El análisis de este rechazo se lleva a cabo en sus dos expresiones: como denuncia de la imposibilidad teórica que supone la tentativa racionalista de obtener una imagen completa de la realidad y como radical desconfianza en cuanto a la aplicación en el terreno práctico de los esquemas de la idealidad.

Abstract. This article deals with the political contributions of the Spanish philosopher María Zambrano during her youth (1928-1939) at the dawn of the Second Spanish Republic and the subsequent Civil War. We suggest her views may be within the theoretical realm of liberal conservatism. With this aim, we engage with her criticisms of rationalism and idealism as disciplines incapable of adequately dealing with the political community understood as an organic reality, hardly reducible to a general plan. The analysis of this rejection deals with its two expressions: as a critique of the theoretical impossibility of rationalism to obtain a complete picture of reality, and as radical distrust regarding the practical application of ideal schemes.

This research focuses, firstly, on a farewell from a certain manifestation of traditional, reformed 'tamed' theism (that is in this case, theism which neglects or represses the authentic biblical insight into the triune God, who reveals himself in unfathomable hiddenness or 'masking'). The latter dimension of genuine theism was a central rediscovery of the 16th century Reformation which, however, was widely neglected and even 'nearly totally forgotten', according to H. Bavinck, in post-Reformation scholasticism. Reformed theism thus participated to a large measure, in the general rationalistic climate of the modern paradigm and its dogmatic domestication of the living God, into a cerebrally manageable idea of a God who forms the apex of a world system, constructed by sovereign Western man. The research also focuses, in the second place, on a farewell towards recovering the 'always greater God', who hides himself, as it were behind a mask, in dazzling, impenetrable light. He reveals himself obliquely from the backside, as to Moses, only after he had passed. In the fullness of time, he revealed himself in the hiddenness of Jesus Christ, culminating in the deformed humanity of a wretched criminal dying on a cross. This resurrected and exalted Crucified is now hidden in God. On the way to the final eschaton, he reveals himself in 'the garb' of his Spirit-energised Word and sacraments. Two examples of a tamed theism, possibly neglecting Divine hiddenness, are taken from our Afrikaans-reformed ambience: Afrikaner nationalism, and the sporadic encouragement to erect signs of the kingdom of God in our world. CONTRIBUTION: This research, firstly, contributes to the diagnosis and discarding of a kind of distorted reformed theism that has 'domesticated' the inscrutable hiddenness of the living triune God (still so vital to the magisterial Reformers) through a post-Reformation process of recovered scholasticism. In some ways, this frequently blended into rationalism in such a way that it did not escape accommodation to post-Enlightenment bourgeois or civil theism. Bourgeois theism is currently collapsing rapidly in many Christian theologies and churches of the West. Secondly, it contributes to the quest of many - also reformed - Christians to arrive at a renewed confession and experience in the faith of truly biblical theism. This is theism of the Deus semper major, which gives due honour to the ineffable triune God as absconditus et revelatus. Lastly, it contributes to the self-searching of Afrikaans-reformed believers as to the presence, -only traces - of tamed theism in our nationalistic heritage, and in our rightly valued theology of the kingdom of God.