ABSTRACT: Wischnewsky spots (WS) are hemorrhagic, non-erosive, and non-ulcerative lesions that affect the gastric mucosa. They are considered common in the stomachs of humans who have died from hypothermia and are rarely described in other animal species. This study describes the occurrence of WS in cattle that had died of hypothermia in two cities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Two properties were visited, and three cattle were necropsied by the team from the Pathological Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (LAP-UFMS). The epidemiological conditions and clinical signs of the cattle examined on both properties were similar. The deaths occurred on days when there was a sudden drop in environmental temperature, with continuous rain for more than 24 hours. During the visits, the most affected live cattle were found in sternal decubitus, with their heads resting on their flanks, or laterally in a comatose state, with nystagmus and a rectal temperature below 32°C. Macroscopically, there were multifocal to coalescent red and black areas on the mucosal surface of the abomasums of the three cattle necropsied, mainly at the apex of the folds, oval or punctate in shape, measuring 0.1 to 1.0cm in diameter. Microscopically, these dark areas corresponded to areas of rarefaction of the mucosal epithelial cells associated with hemorrhage and the frequent deposition of golden-brown pigment (hematin) in the extracellular medium. The diagnosis of hypothermia in cattle was based on epidemiology, clinical-pathological examination, and the exclusion of differential diagnoses. The lesions found in the abomasum of cattle that had died from hypothermia were compatible with WS, highlighting the importance of recognizing them in cases of cattle deaths in which this condition is suspected. ABSTRACT (WS hemorrhagic nonerosive, nonerosive non erosive, erosive non-erosive nonulcerative ulcerative mucosa species visited LAPUFMS. LAPUFMS LAP UFMS . (LAP-UFMS) similar 2 hours visits decubitus flanks 32C C 32 32°C Macroscopically folds shape 01 0 1 0. 10cm cm 0cm diameter Microscopically goldenbrown golden brown hematin (hematin medium epidemiology clinicalpathological pathological examination diagnoses suspected (LAP-UFMS 3

RESUMO: As manchas de Wischnewsky (WS) são lesões hemorrágicas, não erosivas e não ulcerativas que acometem a mucosa gástrica. Eles são considerados comuns no estômago de humanos que morreram de hipotermia e raramente são descritos em outras espécies animais. Este estudo descreve a ocorrência de WS em bovinos que morreram por hipotermia em duas cidades do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Duas propriedades foram visitadas e três bovinos foram necropsiados pela equipe do Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (LAP-UFMS). As condições epidemiológicas e os sinais clínicos dos bovinos examinados nas duas propriedades foram semelhantes. As mortes ocorreram em dias em que houve queda brusca da temperatura ambiente, com chuva contínua por mais de 24 horas. Os bovinos vivos mais acometidos no momento das visitas foram encontrados em decúbito esternal, com a cabeça apoiada nos flancos, ou lateralmente em estado de coma, com nistagmo e temperatura retal abaixo de 32°C. Macroscopicamente, havia áreas vermelhas e pretas multifocais a coalescentes na superfície mucosa dos abomasos dos três bovinos necropsiados, principalmente no ápice das pregas, de formato oval ou pontiforme, medindo de 0,1 a 1,0cm de diâmetro. Microscopicamente, essas áreas escuras correspondiam a áreas de rarefação das células epiteliais da mucosa associadas à hemorragia e à frequente deposição de pigmento marrom-dourado (hematina) no meio extracelular. O diagnóstico de hipotermia em bovinos foi baseado na epidemiologia, no exame clínico-patológico e na exclusão de diagnósticos diferenciais. As lesões encontradas no abomaso de bovinos que morreram por hipotermia foram compatíveis com WS, destacando a importância de reconhecê-las em casos de mortes de bovinos em que haja suspeita desta condição. RESUMO (WS hemorrágicas gástrica animais LAPUFMS. LAPUFMS LAP UFMS . (LAP-UFMS) semelhantes ambiente 2 horas esternal flancos coma 32C C 32 32°C Macroscopicamente pregas pontiforme 01 0 1 0, 10cm cm 0cm diâmetro Microscopicamente marromdourado marrom dourado hematina (hematina extracelular epidemiologia clínicopatológico clínico patológico diferenciais reconhecêlas reconhecê las condição (LAP-UFMS 3

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic led to a reduction in human mobility, known as “anthropause.” Few studies have compared birds’ community patterns between lockdown and “new normal” periods, especially in extremophile environments. This study presents the first baseline by monitoring coastal birds on 10 beaches along the largest hypersaline lagoon in South America. The birds were counted in September and October 2021 (during a lockdown period) and in October 2022 (after the lockdown – “new normal”) during the morning. The continuous route transect methodology was applied by the same observer in all beaches. The Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to investigate the response of community abundance to urbanization (raster-based variable) and time of COVID-19 pandemic (lockdown vs. new normal). Rarefaction curve and Permutational Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) were used to compare community richness and composition, respectively, between lockdown and new normal periods. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with negative binomial distribution were applied to test the effect of the same predictors on the three more abundant species. The bird community structure and composition did not change when comparing lockdown and new normal periods, mainly due to dominance of synanthropic species. Among species-specific responses to lockdown, the Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis was more abundant during the lockdown on six of the nine beaches where it occurred. Oppositely, the Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus and the Neotropic Cormorant Nannopterum brasilianus were more abundant in new normal period, reinforcing that these species benefit from human subsidies. This may provide a unique opportunity for science-based sustainable ecotourism activities in urban areas with synanthropic species, capitalizing activities such as birdwatching, that would certainly contribute to environmental education actions. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 mobility anthropause. anthropause “anthropause. periods environments 1 America 202 period after morning ANCOVA (ANCOVA rasterbased raster based variable vs normal. . normal) PERMANOVA (PERMANOVA respectively GLM (GLM speciesspecific specific occurred Oppositely subsidies sciencebased science birdwatching actions COVID1 COVID- “anthropause 20 2

Abstract In the savanna-seasonally dry tropical forest ecotone in Northeastern Brazil, we studied variations in flora and structure within old growth and two sites in secondary succession (10 and 25 years). We sampled 2,127 trees and shrubs with a diameter at ground level of 3 cm or more, excluding cacti, palm trees, and vines. Old growth contained 478 plants from 29 species, the 25-year site had 819 plants from 27 species, and the 10-year site had 829 plants from 25 species, totaling 38 species across the sites. Regarding the regenerating stratum, we found 2,776 individuals, with the largest and smallest number of individuals for 10 and 25 years regeneration, respectively. Rarefaction and Jacknife richness showed greater tree richness in old growth, whereas 10 and 25 years regeneration presented similar richness estimates; furthermore, the highest richness in the regenerating stratum was observed in 10 years and the lowest in old growth. Our results reveal that changes in composition are caused by species replacement, demonstrating that even in areas deforested for traditional agriculture, turnover causes significant changes in composition and results in the requirement of a long time for reestablishment, similar to the old growth. savannaseasonally savanna seasonally Brazil (1 2 years. . years) 2127 127 2,12 more cacti vines 47 25year year 81 10year 82 2776 776 2,77 1 respectively estimates furthermore replacement agriculture reestablishment ( 212 12 2,1 4 8 277 77 2,7 21 2, 7

Resumo Em uma área de ecótono entre a savana e a floresta tropical sazonalmente seca no Nordeste do Brasil, estudamos variações na flora e na estrutura em áreas com estágio de sucessão avançada e em dois locais em sucessão secundária (10 e 25 anos). Amostramos 2.127 árvores e arbustos com um diâmetro ao nível do solo de 3 cm ou mais, excluindo cactos, palmeiras e trepadeiras. A vegetação antiga continha 478 plantas de 29 espécies, o local de 25 anos tinha 819 plantas de 27 espécies, e o local de 10 anos tinha 829 plantas de 25 espécies, totalizando 38 espécies nos locais. Em relação ao estrato regenerante, encontramos 2.776 indivíduos, com maior e menor número de indivíduos para 10 e 25 anos de regeneração, respectivamente. Rarefação e riqueza de Jacknife mostraram maior riqueza de árvores em crescimento antigo, enquanto 10 e 25 anos de sucessão secundária apresentaram estimativas de riqueza semelhantes; além disso, a maior riqueza no estrato regenerante foi observada em 10 anos de sucessão secundária e a menor em crescimento antigo. Nossos resultados revelam que as mudanças na composição são causadas pela substituição de espécies, demonstrando que mesmo em áreas desmatadas para agricultura tradicional, o turnover causa mudanças significativas na composição e resulta na exigência de um longo tempo para restabelecimento, semelhante ao crescimento antigo. Brasil (1 2 anos. . anos) 2127 127 2.12 mais cactos trepadeiras 47 81 1 82 2776 776 2.77 regeneração respectivamente antigo semelhantes disso tradicional restabelecimento ( 212 12 2.1 4 8 277 77 2.7 21 2. 7

Abstract Introduction: Sustainable management of oases needs knowledge of the conditions of composition and diversity of the species living there. Objective: Estimating and comparing the diversity and structure of vegetation in the tree, shrub and herbaceous strata of the San Ignacio oasis, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Materials and methods: A total of 140 circular sites (500 m2) were randomly located, where 20 m2 and 1 m2 sites were nested to record the vegetation in the herbaceous, shrub and tree strata. Species richness, Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Pielou and species importance value indices were used to estimate plant diversity in the strata and to characterize their structure. Results and discussion: A total of 53 taxa were distributed in 17 orders, 25 families and 47 genera. Richness, diversity and homogeneity were higher in the herbaceous stratum (S = 41, H´ = 3.21, J´ = 8.64, respectively) and lower in the arboreal stratum (S = 21, H´ = 2.01, J´= 0.688). Regarding the importance value index, the species with the highest ecological weight was Prosopis articulata S. Watson (33.35 %) for the herbaceous stratum, Cylindropuntia alcahes (F. A. B. Weber) F. M. Kunth (65.60 %) for shrub and Phoenix dactylifera L. (92.94 %) for the arboreal stratum. Conclusions: Vegetation richness and diversity were higher in the herbaceous stratum. This study represents a baseline of indicators useful for the evaluation of changes generated by natural or anthropogenic events in the San Ignacio oasis.

Resumen Introducción: El manejo sustentable de los oasis requiere conocimiento de las condiciones de composición y diversidad de las especies que lo habitan. Objetivo: Estimar y comparar la diversidad y estructura de la vegetación en los estratos arbóreo, arbustivo y herbáceo del oasis San Ignacio, Baja California Sur, México. Materiales y métodos: Se ubicaron 140 sitios circulares (500 m2) de manera aleatoria, sobre los cuales se anidaron sitios de 20 m2 y 1 m2 para el registro de la vegetación en los estratos herbáceo, arbustivo y arbóreo. Los índices riqueza de especies, Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Pielou y valor de importancia de las especies se utilizaron para estimar la diversidad vegetal en los estratos y caracterizar su estructura. Resultados y discusión: Se contabilizaron 53 taxones distribuidos en 17 órdenes, 25 familias y 47 géneros. La riqueza, diversidad y homogeneidad fueron mayores en el estrato herbáceo (S = 41, H´ = 3.21, J´ = 8.64, respectivamente) y menores en el estrato arbóreo (S = 21, H´ = 2.01, J´= 0.688). En lo que respecta al índice del valor de importancia, la especie con mayor peso ecológico en el estrato herbáceo fue Prosopis articulata S. Watson (33.35 %), en el arbustivo Cylindropuntia alcahes (F. A. B. Weber) F. M. Kunth (65.60 %) y en el arbóreo Phoenix dactylifera L. (92.94 %). Conclusiones: La riqueza y diversidad de la vegetación fueron superiores en el estrato herbáceo. Este estudio representa una línea base de indicadores útil para la evaluación de los cambios generados por eventos naturales o antropogénicos en el oasis San Ignacio.

Resumen Introducción: Los mamíferos medianos y grandes están amenazados globalmente debido a la pérdida y fragmentación de su hábitat. En Costa Rica, los fragmentos de bosque fuera de áreas protegidas pueden servir como refugio o sitio de paso para estos animales. La presencia de mamíferos en ambientes fragmentados puede estar influenciada por la disponibilidad de recursos, la cual puede variar ampliamente en sitios con una estacionalidad marcada. Objetivo: Determinar la riqueza de especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes en un fragmento de bosque, y examinar si la diversidad y detectabilidad de estas especies variaron entre la época seca y lluviosa. Métodos: Establecimos 26 estaciones de cámaras trampa en el Bosque Municipal de Atenas (Alajuela, Costa Rica), un fragmento de bosque de 26.4 ha, que brinda agua potable a cerca de 1 800 personas. Desde agosto de 2021 hasta abril de 2022, una cámara trampa estuvo activa en cada estación durante 12-21 días en cada época (seca y lluviosa), para un total de 810 días cámara trampa. Aplicamos curvas de rarefacción y extrapolación para caracterizar la diversidad de especies y compararla entre la época seca y lluviosa. Resultados: Registramos 19 especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes, siendo las más detectadas el pizote (Nasua narica; 0.254 detecciones/día cámara trampa) y la guatusa (Dasyprocta punctata; 0.163 detecciones/día cámara trampa). También, registramos cuatro especies consideradas en peligro de extinción en Costa Rica, tres felinos: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis y la nutria, Lontra longicaudis. No observamos un efecto de la estacionalidad en la diversidad, pero sí en la detectabilidad, la cual fue mayor durante la época lluviosa. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio demuestra cómo la protección de parches de bosque pequeños puede contribuir a la conservación de mamíferos en paisajes fragmentados.

Abstract Introduction: Medium and large-sized mammals are threatened globally due to habitat loss and fragmentation. In Costa Rica, forest fragments that remain outside protected areas may serve as a refuge or corridor for these animals. Mammal presence in fragmented landscapes may be influenced by resource availability, which varies greatly in seasonal regions. Objective: To determine the species richness of medium and large-sized mammals in a forest fragment, and to examine if species diversity and detectability varied between the wet and dry season. Methods: We established 26 camera trap stations throughout the Municipal Forest of Atenas (Alajuela, Costa Rica), a 26.4 ha forest fragment that provides water to about 1 800 people. From August 2021 to April 2022, one camera trap was active at each station for 12-21 days throughout each season (dry and wet), for a total of 810 camera trap days. We applied rarefaction and extrapolation curves to characterize mammal's species diversity and compare it between seasons. Results: We detected 19 species of mammals. The most frequently detected species were the White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica; 0.254 detections/camera trap day), and the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata; 0.163 detections/camera trap day). We also registered four species considered as endangered in Costa Rica, three felines: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis, and the Neotropical River Otter, Lontra longicaudis. Seasonality did not affect species diversity, but it influenced dominant species and detectability, which was greater during the wet season. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates how protecting small forest fragments, can help conserve endangered medium and large-sized mammals in human-dominated landscapes.

Resumen Introducción: La información taxonómica de macroinvertebrados acuáticos brinda información importante para caracterizar la biodiversidad en ecosistemas acuáticos, pero en muchos casos, algunos grupos (e.g. Diptera) no se clasifican al mismo nivel taxonómico que otros debido a las dificultades y el escaso conocimiento sobre estos. Esta situación toma mayor relevancia en regiones poco estudiadas y/o afectadas por presiones antrópicas como en el río Garagoa en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia. Objetivo: Estudiar la biodiversidad de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos del río Garagoa al nivel taxonómico más bajo posible en un gradiente altitudinal. Métodos: Entre marzo y junio de 2021 se tomaron muestras en 40 sitios abarcando un gradiente altitudinal entre 500 y 2 887 m.s.n.m., realizando un muestreo aleatorio estratificado (36 redes Surber por sitio). Resultados: Se registraron un total de 70 taxones, sin embargo, usando una técnica de rarefacción, la riqueza estimada para el río Garagoa puede ser superior a 104 taxones. Los órdenes con el mayor número de taxones fueron: Diptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera y Ephemeroptera, siendo Chironomidae, Elmidae y Baetidae las familias más ricas en géneros. Varios géneros tienen una amplia distribución a lo largo del río Garagoa como Simulium, Parachironomus, Cardiocladius, Leptonema, Heterelmis, Neoelmis y Baetodes. El análisis phi-IndVal nos permitió seleccionar taxones representativos en diferentes altitudes. Así, Leptohyphes y Belostoma son comunes en altitudes relativamente bajas, mientras que Culoptila, Lumbriculus y Physa son representativos de altitudes intermedias. Finalmente, Gundlachia, Dugesia y Pentaneura fueron exclusivos y frecuentes en los sitios de mayor altitud. Conclusiones: La composición de comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en el río Garagoa presentó diferencias notables respecto al gradiente altitudinal evaluado que contrastaron con los patrones de biodiversidad esperados. Se resalta la importancia de incluir taxones que generalmente no se informan en los estudios de biodiversidad, para comprender mejor los patrones de distribución de las comunidades acuáticas en arroyos de los Andes.

Abstract Introduction: The taxonomic identification of aquatic macroinvertebrates allows characterizing biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems, but in many cases some groups (e.g. Diptera) are not classified to the same taxonomic level than other due to difficulties and poor knowledge on these groups. It becomes relevant in regions little studied and affected by anthropic pressures, such as the Garagoa River in the department of Boyacá, Colombia. Objective: To study the biodiversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates from Garagoa river at the lowest taxonomical level possible in an altitudinal gradient. Methods: From March to June 2021, samples were taken at 40 sites in an altitudinal gradient between 500 and 2 887 m.a.s.l., performing a stratified aleatory sampling (36 Surber nets per site). Results: A total of 70 taxa were reported, however, using a rarefaction technique, the estimated richness for the Garagoa River may be greater than 104 taxa. The orders with the largest number of taxa were: Diptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera with Chironomidae, Elmidae and Baetidae being the families with the richest genera. Several genera have a wide distribution along the Garagoa River as Simulium, Parachironomus, Cardiocladius, Leptonema, Heterelmis, Neoelmis and Baetodes. The phi-IndVal analysis allowed us to select representative taxa at different altitudes. Thus, Lepthyphes and Belostoma are common with relatively low altitudes, while Culoptila, Lumbriculus and Physa are representative of intermediate altitudes. Finally, Gundlachia, Dugesia and Pentaneura were exclusive and frequent at the higher altitude sites. Conclusions: The composition of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community presented notable differences with respect to the evaluated altitudinal gradient that contrasted with the expected biodiversity patterns. The importance of including taxa that are not generally reported in biodiversity studies is highlighted to better understand the distribution patterns of aquatic communities in Andean streams.

Abstract Reptiles are among the most threatened vertebrates worldwide. Habitat loss and fragmentation, hu man overexploitation, introduced invasive species, emerging diseases, environmental pollution, and global warm ing severely increase the risk of extinction and population decline of this taxon. A key strategy for protecting reptiles’ biodiversity has been the creation and maintenance of protected areas. The focus of this work is on the Auca Mahuida natural protected area (AM), located in northern Patagonia Argentina. Here, we provide a checklist of reptiles’ species found along five years of field surveys made within the AM’ current limits. The effec tiveness of the sampling effort was estimated and extrapolated based on rarefaction curves shown as the sample completeness curve. We recorded within AM’ boundaries a total of 16 species of reptiles, 14 species of lizards, and two species of snakes. In relation to the completeness of our sampling, AM was well-represented in our surveys (0.98 sample coverage). Regarding the results of this work, we can highlight the following reptile species as en demic to the region: Liolaemus crandalli, L. cyaneinotatus, L. sitesi, Phymaturus sitesi, and P. timi, indicating that the AM might indeed be isolated for many species, and that makes these environments vulnerable and vital for conservation.

Resumen Los reptiles se encuentran entre los vertebrados más amenazados de todo el mundo. La pérdida y fragmentación del hábitat, la sobreexplot ación humana, la introducción de especies invasoras, las enfermedades emergentes, la contaminación ambiental y el calentamiento global aumentan gravemente el riesgo de extinción y disminución de las poblaciones de este taxón. Una estrategia clave para proteger la biodiversidad de los reptiles ha sido la creación y mantenimiento de áreas protegidas. El foco de este trabajo es el área natural protegida Auca Mahuida (AM), ubicada en el norte de la Patagonia Argentina. Aquí, proporcionamos un inventario de las especies de reptiles encontradas a lo largo de cinco años de estudios de campo realizados dentro de los límites actuales de AM. La eficacia del esfuerzo de mues treo se estimó y extrapoló en función de las curvas de rarefacción que se muestran como la curva de completitud de la muestra. Registramos dentro de los límites de AM un total de 16 especies de reptiles, 14 especies de lagarti jas y dos especies de serpientes. En relación a la completitud de nuestro muestreo, AM estuvo bien representado (cobertura de muestra de 0,98). En cuanto a los resultados de este trabajo, podemos destacar las siguientes espe cies de reptiles como endémicas de la región: Liolaemus crandalli, L. cyaneinotatus, L. sitesi, Phymaturus sitesi y P. timi, lo que indicaría que el AM podría estar aislado para muchas especies, y eso hace que estos ambientes sean vulnerables y vitales para la conservación.

Abstract Tropical streams are among the most threatened ecosystems in the world. As such, studies carried out and compiled over spatial and temporal scales can provide useful information to examine patterns of species diversity and threats to their survival. Here we conducted a systematic review of published research on biological and ecological aspects of stream fish fauna found in the Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiaí Basin, an industrial watershed of São Paulo State. We aimed to detect main patterns, trends and gaps in studies related to species composition, distribution, spatial and temporal scales, as well as in the covered topics. Results were related to main land uses, biomes and Conservation Units. A constant increase in published articles occurred from 2003 until 2016 with an average of 1.8 articles/year. Twenty-six publications were considered for the present study, reporting on fish samples obtained in 67 sites and resulting in 89 species. A high proportion of studies were concentrated in the Corumbataí sub-basin, and rarefaction curves indicated that stream fish richness in the PCJ Basin may be considerably higher than that shown by the actual numbers. Basin studies were unevenly distributed and did do not include such highly preserved areas as the Camanducaia, Jaguari and Jundiaí sub-basins. We emphasize the importance of further surveys in these regions, as well as in high priority conservation areas, which may lead to new insights for developing appropriate conservation strategies for this basin. world survival PiracicabaCapivariJundiaí Piracicaba Capivari State composition distribution topics uses Units 200 201 18 1 8 1. articlesyear year articles/year Twentysix Twenty six study 6 subbasin, subbasin sub basin, basin sub-basin numbers Camanducaia subbasins. subbasins basins. basins sub-basins regions 20 2

Resumo Riachos tropicais estão entre os ecossistemas mais ameaçados do mundo e a compilação de estudos temporais e espaciais pode fornecer informações úteis para examinar padrões de diversidade de espécies e ameaças nesses sistemas. Realizamos uma revisão sistemática das pesquisas publicadas sobre aspectos biológicos e ecológicos da ictiofauna de riachos da bacia do Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiaí, uma bacia industrial do Estado de São Paulo. O objetivo foi detectar os principais padrões, tendências e lacunas em estudos relacionados à composição, distribuição de espécies, escalas espaciais, temporais e temas abordados. Os resultados foram relacionados aos principais usos do solo, biomas e Unidades de Conservação. Foi verificado um aumento constante de artigos entre 2003 e 2016, com média de 1,8 artigos/ano. Vinte e seis publicações foram consideradas para o estudo, que indicaram 67 locais amostrados, e o registro de 89 espécies. Uma alta proporção deles concentrou-se na sub-bacia de Corumbataí e curvas de rarefação indicaram que a riqueza de peixes de riacho na bacia do PCJ deve ser consideravelmente maior do que os números atuais. A distribuição desigual de estudos na bacia, que não inclui áreas altamente preservadas como as sub-bacias de Camanducaia, Jaguari e Jundiaí, enfatiza a necessidade de se obter mais informações nessas regiões, bem como em áreas de conservação de alta prioridade. Novas abordagens relacionadas a conceitos e teorias ecológicas em estudos futuros poderão fornecer informações que ajudem a desenvolver estratégias de conservação adequadas para esta bacia. sistemas PiracicabaCapivariJundiaí, PiracicabaCapivariJundiaí Piracicaba Capivari Jundiaí Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiaí Paulo composição abordados solo Conservação 200 2016 18 1 8 1, artigosano ano artigos/ano estudo 6 amostrados concentrouse concentrou subbacia sub atuais subbacias bacias Camanducaia regiões prioridade 20 201 2

ABSTRACT Tropical forests are three-dimensional with the presence of numerous micro-environments formed by horizontal and vertical gradients. Such micro-environments can affect the nesting preference of organisms, including the trap-nesting Hymenoptera. Bees and wasps are key elements in ecosystems and are considered as sensitive to environmental changes, and trap-nests sampling methodology is widely used in their ecological and conservation studies. However, many uncertainties remain about nesting site preferences. From this perspective, our aim is to assess the diversity descriptors of trap-nesting Hymenoptera in different micro-environments. The sampling was conducted on three micro-environments (canopy, understory and treefall gaps) replicated on ten permanent plots within a Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot. In each micro-environment, we installed trap-nest stations made by a set of twenty bamboo artificial nests. We found 762 brood cells from ten wasp and five bee species. The rarefaction curves indicate the lower species richness in understory stations, while treefall gaps and canopy stations were not significantly different. We analyzed abundance, mortality and parasitism rates using generalized linear models, but only abundance varies significantly among micro-environments. Our data indicates that trap-nesting Hymenoptera prefer to nest in micro-environments with higher exposure of sunlight. Canopy and treefall gap assemblages are consistently more abundant and diverse than understory probably due the higher temperature and lower humidity. On the other hand, mortality, parasitism rates, and the species composition were similar among environments. Our hypothesis is that the species composition was not affected as these species have a foraging range that encompasses nearby micro-environments. threedimensional dimensional microenvironments micro environments gradients organisms trapnesting trap changes trapnests nests studies However preferences perspective microenvironments. canopy, (canopy hotspot microenvironment, microenvironment environment, environment micro-environment trapnest 76 models sunlight humidity hand 7

Abstract This study focuses on species richness, abundance, diversity, and seasonal variation of spiders in two coffee plantations with different crop management and a portion of tropical forest in two municipalities of La Costa region of Oaxaca, Mexico, using manual collection, foliage beating and pitfall traps. We collected 2,210 spiders belonging to 35 families, 100 genera and 146 species. The inventory includes 51 new species records for Oaxaca. Completeness values for two estimators indicate that the level of representation of inventories range from 68.25% to 78.44%, and the proportion of singletons range from 33.72% to 38.14%. Spider abundance in the rainy season was significantly lower than during the dry season. Spider abundance in the Tropical Forest was significantly lower than Monoculture site with the foliage beating method. Polyculture was the site with the lowest spider abundance with the pitfall traps. Rarefaction curves did not show significant differences in species richness between the sites and seasons. Hutcheson t-test showed that spider diversity was significantly lower in Monoculture than Tropical Forest during the rainy season. This study contributes to the knowledge of the arachnofauna of Mexico and particularly of the state of Oaxaca.

Resumen Este estudio se enfoca en la riqueza de especies, abundancia, diversidad y variación estacional de las arañas en dos cultivos de café con diferente manejo y una porción de bosque tropical en dos municipios de la región Costa de Oaxaca, México, utilizando la colecta manual, agitación del follaje y trampas de caída. Se recolectaron 2,210 arañas pertenecientes a 35 familias, 100 géneros y 146 especies. El inventario incluye 51 nuevos registros de especies para Oaxaca. Los valores de completitud de dos estimadores indican que el nivel de representación de los inventarios oscila entre el 68.25 % y el 78.44 %, mientras que la proporción de singletons fue de 33.72 % y 38.14 %. La abundancia de arañas en la estación lluviosa fue significativamente menor que durante la estación secas. La abundancia de arañas en el Bosque Tropical fue significativamente menor que en el Monocultivo con el método de agitación de follaje. El Policultivo fue el sitio con menor abundancia de arañas con el método de trampas de caída. Las curvas de rarefacción no mostraron diferencias significativas en la riqueza de especies entre los sitios y estaciones. La prueba t de Hutcheson mostró que la diversidad de arañas fue significativamente menor en el Monocultivo que en el Bosque Tropical durante la estación lluviosa. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de la aracnofauna de México y particularmente del estado de Oaxaca.

Abstract The cloud forest (CF) is one of the ecosystems with a great variety of biodiversity, however, it is also one of the most reduced in territorial surface with fragmentation among its distribution, which increases the probability of human disturbances and biodiversity loss. Our objective was to estimate alpha diversity and relative abundance of medium and large mammals present in the CF of El Cielo biosphere reserve (ECBR), Tamaulipas, Mexico. The study was carried out from January 2018 to December 2020. In this period, 20 sampling stations with one camera-trap were placed. We used the Hill series numbers method to estimate mammalian diversity during the rainy and dry seasons, and rarefaction curves to compare diversity between seasons. We estimated abundance with the relative abundance index (RAI). A total of 18 species of mammals were identified, corresponding to six orders and 12 families. The best represented order was Carnivora. The richness was 16 and 18 species, for the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between seasons. The species with the highest relative abundance in the rainy season was Mazama temama and the lowest Odocoileus virginianus. In the dry season, Didelphis sp. showed the highest IAR, and the lowest O. virginianus. Five species in danger of extinction were registered and and one threatened. The number of species described shows that it is one of the sites with the greatest richness of medium and large mammals in CF of Mexico and high abundances of M. temama, Ursus americanus and Leopardus wiedii stand out. In addition, the presence of species such as Panthera onca and Puma concolor shows that this type of vegetation is in a good state of conservation.

Resumen El bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM) es uno de los ecosistemas vegetales con una gran diversidad biológica, sin embargo, también es uno de los más reducidos en superficie territorial y su distribución es fragmentada, lo que incrementa su probabilidad de sufrir perturbaciones humanas y pérdida de la biodiversidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la diversidad alfa y la abundancia relativa de los mamíferos medianos y grandes presentes en el BMM de la reserva de la biosfera El Cielo (RBEC), Tamaulipas, México. El estudio se realizó de enero del 2018 a diciembre del 2020. En este periodo se colocaron 20 estaciones de muestreo con una cámara-trampa. Se estimó la diversidad de los mamíferos durante la temporada de lluvia y seca con los números de la serie Hill. La diversidad se comparó entre temporadas con las curvas de rarefacción y la abundancia se estimó con el índice de abundancia relativa (IAR) para cada especie. Se lograron identificar 18 especies de mamíferos y el orden mejor representado fue Carnivora. La riqueza fue de 16 y 18 especies, para la temporada de lluvia y seca, respectivamente. La especie con mayor abundancia relativa en la temporada de lluvia fue Mazama temama y la de menor Odocoileus virginianus. En la seca, Didelphis sp. fue la que presentó mayor IAR, y la menor fue O. virginianus. Se registraron cinco especies que se encuentran en peligro de extinción y una considerada como amenazada. El número de especies que se describen muestra que se trata de uno de los sitios con mayor riqueza de mamíferos medianos y grandes en BMM de México y destacan abundancias relativas altas de M. temama, Ursus americanus y Leopardus wiedii. A demás, la presencia de especies como Panthera onca y Puma concolor, muestran que este tipo de vegetación tiene un buen estado de conservación.

Abstract The Cerrado biome is the second largest Brazilian biome, which has been suffering from the negative impacts on its original area. Such impacts can be measured by bioindicators such as ants. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity of ants associated with two areas of different phytophysiognomies in the Cerrado biome and an eucalyptus plantations, in Monte Carmelo - MG (18º43'29” S and 47º29'55" O). For the characterization of the ant fauna, pitfall traps were installed 10 m apart, in three distinct areas: Várzea, Cerradão (typical vegetation of the Cerrado biome) and Eucalyptus sp. plantations. Collections were carried out monthly, from January to December 2018. Eight traps per area were used, totaling 24 traps on each collection date. After 48 hours of exposure, the material collected in the traps were gathered and taken to the laboratory for sorting and subsequent identification. In this period, the greatest abundance of ants was found in the Eucalyptus area (749), followed by Várzea (291) and Cerradão (274) areas. The evaluated areas have the same ant species richness, being that seventeen species of ants were found in each area, which corroborated the rarefaction curve that identified a significant difference between areas. Higher levels of diversity and equitability (H´ = 2.07 and J´ = 0.73) were shown in Cerradão area. The Venn diagram indicated that the three areas shared 10 species of ants. In this respect, the Cerradão area presented Azteca alfari, Linepithema neotropicum, and Ectatomma opaciventre as exclusive species, while the other areas presented two species each. The indexes of diversity, equitability, and composition of the ant fauna found, characterize the Cerradão area as an ecologically more balanced environment. Thus plantations 18º4329 º 18º43 29 (18º43'29 47º2955 47º29 55 47º29'55 O. O . O) 1 apart typical sp monthly 2018 used 2 date 4 exposure identification period 749, 749 , (749) 291 (291 274 (274 richness H´ H (H 207 07 2.0 J 0.73 073 0 73 respect alfari neotropicum environment 18º432 18º4 (18º43'2 47º295 47º2 5 47º29'5 201 74 (749 (29 27 (27 20 2. 0.7 7 18º (18º43' 47º 47º29' (74 (2 0. (18º43 (7 ( (18º4 (18º

Resumo O Cerrado é o segundo maior bioma brasileiro e vem sofrendo com os impactos negativos em sua área original. Tais impactos podem ser mensurados por meio de bioindicadores, dentre os quais, destacam-se as formigas. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a diversidade de formigas associadas a duas áreas de diferentes fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado e um plantio de eucalipto, em Monte Carmelo - MG (18º43’29” S e 47º29'55" O). Para a caracterização da mirmecofauna, foram utilizadas armadilhas de queda, instaladas a 10 m de distância entre si, no interior de três áreas distintas: Várzea e Cerradão (vegetação típica do bioma Cerrado) e um plantio de Eucalyptus sp. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, de janeiro a dezembro de 2018. Em cada coleta utilizaram-se oito armadilhas por área, totalizando 24 armadilhas. Após 48 horas de exposição, o material coletado nas armadilhas foi recolhido e levado ao laboratório para triagem e sequente identificação. No período do estudo, foi encontrada a maior abundância de formigas na área de Eucalipto (749), seguidas das áreas Várzea (291) e Cerradão (274). As áreas avaliadas possuem a mesma riqueza de espécies de formigas, sendo que foram encontradas 17 espécies de formigas em cada área, o que corroborou com a curva de rarefação que não identificou diferença significativa entre as áreas. A área de Cerradão apresentou maiores índices de diversidade e equitabilidade (H´ = 2,07 e J´ = 0,73). O diagrama de Venn indicou que as três áreas compartilharam 10 espécies de formigas entre si. Nesse aspecto, a área de Cerradão apresentou Azteca alfari, Linepithema neotropicum e Ectatomma opaciventre, como espécies exclusivas, enquanto as demais áreas apresentaram duas espécies cada. Os índices de diversidade, equitabilidade e composição da mirmecofauna encontrados, caracterizam a área de Cerradão como um ambiente ecologicamente mais equilibrado. original bioindicadores quais destacamse destacam se contexto eucalipto 18º4329 º 18º43 29 (18º43’29 47º2955 47º29 55 47º29'55 O. . O) queda 1 si distintas vegetação sp mensalmente 2018 utilizaramse utilizaram 2 4 exposição identificação 749, 749 , (749) 291 (291 274. 274 (274) H´ H (H 207 07 2,0 J 0,73. 073 0,73 0 73 0,73) aspecto alfari opaciventre exclusivas encontrados equilibrado 18º432 18º4 (18º43’2 47º295 47º2 5 47º29'5 201 74 (749 (29 27 (274 20 2, 0,7 7 18º (18º43’ 47º 47º29' (74 (2 (27 0, (18º43 (7 ( (18º4 (18º

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques secos tropicales y los manglares, dos de los ecosistemas más amenazados del mundo, albergan cada uno un grupo de condiciones ambientales que pueden albergar conjuntos únicos de especies. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han analizado la biodiversidad única de vertebrados en regiones donde ambos hábitats se encuentran uno al lado del otro. Objetivo: Evaluar la diversidad de vertebrados y los patrones de uso del hábitat en una matriz de manglar y bosque seco tropical en una región no protegida del noroeste de Costa Rica. Métodos: El estudio se realizó en una matriz de 7 km2 de manglares y bosques secos tropicales en las bahías de Cabuyal y Zapotillal en el noroeste de Costa Rica, al sur del Parque Nacional Santa Rosa. De septiembre 2017 a marzo 2018, utilizamos 13 cámaras trampa automáticas durante 1 498 días trampa para capturar especies que utilizan la región y evaluar sus patrones de uso espacial y temporal del hábitat. Resultados: Se detectaron 70 especies de vertebrados de 42 familias y 27 órdenes, incluidas varias especies amenazadas a nivel mundial. Más de la mitad de todas las especies se encontraron en un solo hábitat, particularmente aves (78 %) y mamíferos (42 %). Los bosques secos tropicales albergan el mayor número de especies únicas y sustentan un mayor porcentaje de herbívoros que los hábitats de borde de manglares, que estaban dominados u hospedados por especies carnívoras y omnívoras. Las detecciones promedio por cámara trampa de todas las especies aumentaron significativamente desde el mes más frío y húmedo (octubre) hasta los meses más cálidos y secos (enero y febrero) en los bosques secos tropicales. El análisis de rarefacción basado en muestras reveló que la duración del estudio fue suficiente para muestrear los hábitats de bosque seco tropical y de borde, aunque los manglares requieren más muestreo. Conclusiones: Se encontró que los taxones pueden usar varios tipos de bosque en las diferentes etapas de su ciclo de vida, moviéndose entre áreas a medida que las condiciones ambientales cambian a lo largo del año. En nuestro estudio se confirmaron patrones generales de la biodiversidad global que favorecen el uso de los bosques de manglar por parte de carnívoros y omnívoros.

Abstract Introduction: Tropical dry forests and mangroves, two of the world’s most endangered ecosystems, each host a different set of environmental conditions which may support unique assemblages of species. However, few studies have looked at the unique vertebrate biodiversity in regions where both habitats occur side-by-side. Objective: To assess the vertebrate diversity and patterns of habitat usage in a mangrove and tropical dry forest matrix in an unprotected region of Northwestern Costa Rica. Methods: The study was conducted in a 7 km2 matrix of mangrove and tropical dry forests between Cabuyal and Zapotillal bays in Northwestern Costa Rica, south of Santa Rosa National Park. From September 2017 to March 2018, we used 13 automatic camera traps over 1 498 trap days to capture species utilizing the region and assess their patterns of habitat usage both spatially and temporally. Results: Seventy vertebrate species from 42 families in 27 orders were detected, including several globally threatened species. Over half of all species were detected in only one habitat, particularly amongst avian (78 %) and mammalian (42 %) species. Tropical dry forests hosted the greatest number of unique species and supported a greater percentage of herbivores than mangrove or edge habitats, which were dominated by carnivorous and omnivorous species. Mean detections per camera trap of all species increased significantly from the coldest and wettest month (Oct) to the hottest and driest months (Jan & Feb) in tropical dry forests. Sample-based rarefaction analysis revealed that survey length was sufficient to sample the tropical dry forest and edge habitats, though mangroves require further sampling. Conclusions: Taxa found to utilize different forest types may utilize each for different stages of their life cycle, moving between areas as environmental conditions change throughout the year. General patterns of global biodiversity favoring carnivore and omnivore usage of mangrove forests was confirmed in our study.

Introduction: The interaction between bats and plants is key to the stability of ecosystems and economically important industries, such as tequila and mescal in Mexico. For these reasons, it’s important to determine the current state of knowledge of plant diet of nectar-feeding bats.  In this study, we did a systematic review of literature on plants that have been reported as food for nectar-feeding bats (subfamily Glossophaginae) of Mexico.  Based on this information, we identified bat species with the most complete knowledge of their diet, the most consumed plant genera, and the territories with information gaps for the country.  Materials and methods: The literature search of nectar-feeding bats diet was carried out in the Web of Science database, in Google Scholar and in digital collections of universities.  We constructed rarefaction curves for the richness of the bats' plant diet, a heat map of the genera consumed by species, as well a map of diet localities in the different biogeographic provinces of Mexico, to find out if knowledge of plant diet of bats was related to variables such as size of biogeographic province, presence of chiropterophilic plants or richness of nectar-feeding bats.  Results: The diet of nectar-feeding bats in Mexico was concentrated in the plant genera Agave spp., Pseudobombax spp. and Ceiba spp., which according to the literature provide food to more than 75 % of nectar-feeding bats that inhabit Mexican territory.  Leptonycteris yerbabuenae is the species with the most information on its plant diet in Mexico, while Lichonycteris obscura is the species with the least information.  Any species of bat reached a value greater than 65 % of the expected richness.  Localities where diet of nectar-feeding bats has been mainly studied in provinces corresponding to Neotropical region of the country.  Discussion and Conclusions: Knowledge about diet of nectar-feeding bats in Mexico is far from complete.  The distribution of diet localities is biased in a large part of its geographic distribution, and could be positive correlated with areas with higher bat species richness.

Introducción: La interacción entre los murciélagos y las plantas es clave para la estabilidad de los ecosistemas y para industrias económicamente importantes, como la del tequila y mezcal en México.  Por ello, es importante determinar el estado del conocimiento de la dieta vegetal de los murciélagos nectarívoros.  En este estudio hicimos una revisión sistemática de literatura sobre las plantas que se han reportado como alimento de las especies de murciélagos nectarívoros glosofaginos de México.  A partir de ello, identificamos las especies de murciélagos con mayor completitud en el conocimiento de su dieta, los géneros de plantas más consumidos y los territorios con vacíos de información para el país.  Materiales y métodos: La búsqueda de literatura sobre dieta de glosofaginos se realizó en la base de datos Web of Science, en el buscador Google Scholar y en acervos digitales de universidades.  Construimos curvas de rarefacción de riqueza de la dieta de los murciélagos, un mapa de calor de los géneros consumidos por especie, así como un mapa de las localidades de dieta en las diferentes provincias biogeográficas de México, para saber si el conocimiento de la dieta vegetal de estos murciélagos estaba relacionado con variables como el tamaño de provincia biogeográfica, presencia de plantas quiropterofílicas o riqueza de especies de murciélagos.  Resultados: La dieta de los murciélagos se concentró en los géneros Agave spp., Pseudobombax spp. y Ceiba spp., los cuales proveen de alimento a más del 75 % de las especies de estudio.  Leptonycteris yerbabuenae es la especie con mayor información sobre su dieta vegetal en México, mientras que Lichonycteris obscura es la especie con menos información.  Ninguna especie de murciélago alcanzó un registro mayor al 65 % de la riqueza esperada.  Las localidades donde se ha estudiado la dieta de estos murciélagos se concentran en provincias biogeográficas correspondientes a la región Neotropical del país.  Discusión y Conclusiones: El conocimiento sobre la dieta de nectarívoros glosofaginos en México está lejos de estar completado.  La distribución de localidades de dieta está sesgada en una gran parte de su distribución geográfica y parece relacionarse positivamente con áreas de mayor riqueza de especies de murciélagos.

ABSTRACT This work is an updated checklist of Mexican Pycnogonida species for both oceans, the Mexican Pacific (PA) and the Gulf of Mexico (GMx). This research was carried out based on the first historical records by Schimkewitsch in 1893 up to the present day. The number of recorded species increased in this study. The total number of species in Mexican oceans is 58, distributed among 19 genera and 10 families. All records were cross-referenced with the original literature, and those found to be questionable were deleted from the checklist. With the data reported in this checklist, an extrapolation of the total number of species was performed using rarefaction curves, thus demonstrating that the recorded species fell well below the projected diversity. The curves showed an estimate of 80 species in the Pacific, whilst 100 species were projected for the Gulf of Mexico. These data indicate that collection efforts and species occurrences nationwide and by waterbody (PA and GMx) are insufficient to describe the diversity of Mexican pycnogonids.

RESUMEN Este trabajo representa un listado actualizado de especies de Pycnogonida para ambos océanos, el Pacífico mexicano (PA) y el Golfo de México (GMx). La investigación se realizó a partir de los primeros registros históricos de Schimkewitsch en 1983 hasta la fecha. El número de especies registradas se incrementó en este listado. El número total de especies en los océanos mexicanos fue de 58, distribuidas en 19 géneros y 10 familias. Todos los registros se verificaron con la literatura original, y aquellos que eran cuestionables fueron eliminados de la lista. Con la información rescatada a través del presente listado, se realizó una extrapolación del número de especies totales con curvas de rarefacción, demostrando que las especies registradas cayeron por debajo de la diversidad proyectada. Las curvas mostraron un estimado de al menos 80 especies en el Pacífico, mientras que para el Golfo de México se proyectaron 100 especies. Esta información sugiere que son insuficientes los esfuerzos de colecta y los registros a nivel nacional y por océano (PA y GMx) para describir la diversidad de picnogónidos mexicanos.