Abstract Background: Vitiligo is a multifactorial disease characterized by the progressive loss of melanocytes. The worldwide prevalence ranges from 0.5% to 2%, and in children from 0% to 2.16%. The objective of this study was to determine the variables associated with progression of vitiligo. Methods: A retrospective cohort was carried out where a random sample of records of pediatric patients with vitiligo from January 2016 to December 2020 was analyzed. The variables were studied: age at onset, sex, hereditary family history, personal history of thyroid diseases, time of evolution, classification, Köebner phenomena, mucosal vitiligo, halo nevus, premature graying and the presence of other dermatoses. The final state was classified as progression, stability, partial remission and complete remission. Results: 574 children with vitiligo; 290 (50.5%) women, 284 (49.5%) men. Non-segmental vitiligo in 324 (56.4%), segmental vitiligo in 250 (43.6%). Mean age of onset 8.7 years (SD: 4.54). Median evolution time 6 months (25th percentile of 3 months and 75th percentile of 24 months). Family history 27 (4.70%). Thyroid disease 7 (1.21%). Evolution remained stable in 44 (7.7%), 68 (11.8%) had progression, 32 (5.6%) complete remission, 222 (38.7%) partial remission and 208 (36.2%) one consultation. Non-segmental vitiligo was obtained p < 0.028, younger age of onset p < 0.000, and none skin comorbidities p < 0.009. Conclusions: The variables that were associated with a more progression were non-segmental vitiligo, early ages at the onset of the disease, and not presenting with other skin diseases.

Resumen Introducción: El vitiligo es una enfermedad multifactorial caracterizada por la pérdida de melanocitos. La prevalencia mundial oscila entre el 0.5% y el 2%, y en niños entre el 0% y el 2.16%. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características clínicas asociadas a la progresión del vitiligo. Métodos: En una cohorte retrospectiva se analizó una muestra aleatoria de expedientes de pacientes con vitiligo de 0-18 años de edad, de enero de 2016 a diciembre de 2020. Se estudiaron la edad de inicio, el sexo, los antecedentes heredofamiliares, el antecedente personal de enfermedades tiroideas, el tiempo de evolución, la clasificación, el fenómeno de Köebner, el vitiligo en mucosas, el halo nevo, el encanecimiento prematuro y la relación con otras dermatosis. El estado final se clasificó en progresión, estabilidad, remisión parcial y remisión completa. Resultados: 574 niños con vitiligo; 290 (50.5%) mujeres y 284 (49.5%) varones. Vitiligo no segmentario en 324 (56.4%), vitiligo segmentario en 250 (43.6%). Edad promedio de aparición 8.7 años (DE: 4.54). Mediana de tiempo de evolución 6 meses (percentil 25 de 3 meses y percentil 75 de 24 meses). Se encontraron antecedentes familiares en 27 (4.70%). Enfermedad tiroidea en 7 (1.21%). En la evolución permanecieron estables 44 (7.7%), progresaron 68 (11.8%), remisión completa 32 (5.6%), remisión parcial 222 (38.7%) y una consulta 208 (36.2%). Se obtuvo p < 0.028 en vitiligo no segmentario, p < 0.000 en menor edad de aparición y p < 0.009 en comorbilidad cutánea. Conclusiones: Las variables que se asociaron a progresión fueron vitiligo no segmentario, edad temprana de inicio y no cursar con otras enfermedades cutáneas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Basic demographic indicators constitute a statistical operation, conformed by a collection of indicators that allow analyzing the incidence of the basic demographic phenomena in a society. Objective: To design an indicator, taking the masculinity index as a starting point, for the evaluation of population ageing through a hierarchical scale. Methods: An ecological study was carried out that included any population with existent information, from the age 0 to a final open group of 75 years and over, subdivided by five-year groups and sex. The sample was selected by random simple sampling. The mean arithmetic, medium arithmetic, typical deviation and percentiles were among the descriptive measures; also, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of fit, the receiver operating characteristic curve, Youden index, Pearson correlation coefficient, kappa coefficient as a measure of concordance and chi-square test of independence were applied. Results: A good or high concordance existed with the Sundbarg index and a high correlation with all the aging indicators, except the dependence index. Conclusion: The pondered masculinity ratio provides an excellent measuring of the aging degree in a population, whenever the final age interval is 75 years and over.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los indicadores demográficos básicos constituyen una operación estadística, conformada por una colección de indicadores que permiten analizar la incidencia de los fenómenos demográficos básicos en una sociedad. Objetivo: Diseñar un indicador, a partir del índice de masculinidad, para la evaluación del envejecimiento poblacional a través de una escala jerárquica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico, que incluyó a cualquier población con información existente desde la edad 0 hasta un grupo abierto final de 75 y más años, subdivididos por grupos quinquenales y sexo. La muestra fue seleccionada por muestreo simple aleatorio. Entre las medidas descriptivas figuraron la media aritmética, la mediana, la desviación típica y los percentiles; asimismo, fueron aplicadas la prueba de bondad de ajuste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, la curva de la característica operativa del receptor, el índice de Youden, el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, el coeficiente kappa como medida de concordancia y la prueba de la Χ2 de independencia. Resultados: Existió una concordancia buena o elevada con el índice de Sundbarg y una alta correlación con todos los indicadores de envejecimiento, excepto con el índice de dependencia. Conclusiones: La razón de masculinidad ponderada proporciona una excelente medición del grado de envejecimiento de una población, siempre que el intervalo de edad final sea de 75 años y más.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Current research supports the fact that prophylactic ankle taping (AT) is effective in preventing ankle injuries in amateur and elite sports athletes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of AT on balance, knee valgus during drop jump and single-leg countermovement jump (SL-CMJ) landings, and ankle range of motion (ROM) restriction in healthy participants. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. METHODS: Participants: Thirty-nine healthy individuals participated in this study and performed the movements under two conditions (with and without tape). Outcome measurements: ankle ROM, balance, SL-CMJ height, flight time, ground time, and knee valgus. Before any intervention, a random process was developed with a 1:1 allocation ratio, and the participants were assigned to groups A (tape-no tape) and B (no tape-tape). RESULTS: Significant differences between tape and no-tape moments were observed for drop jump knee valgus flexion (P = 0.007), with an increase in knee valgus in participants with ankle taping. Similarly, the Y-balance testshowed a significant decrease in all variables (P = 0.001 and), ankle dorsiflexion (P = 0.001) in participants with ankle taping. CONCLUSIONS: AT is effective for immediate ankle ROM restriction. However, an increase in knee valgus during drop jump task and a decrease in lower limb balance were observed during drop jump task. Based on these results, it can be concluded that AT application in healthy individuals should not be recommended as it results in increase in injury risk factors. BACKGROUND (AT athletes OBJECTIVE singleleg single leg SLCMJ SL CMJ (SL-CMJ landings (ROM SETTING crosssectional cross sectional Madrid Spain METHODS Participants Thirtynine Thirty nine tape. . measurements height time intervention 11 1 1: ratio tapeno no tapetape. tapetape tape-tape) RESULTS notape P 0.007, 0007 0.007 , 0 007 0.007) Similarly Ybalance Y 0001 001 0.00 and, and) CONCLUSIONS However factors tape-tape 000 00 0.0 0.

ABSTRACT Based on the climatology of air temperature, precipitation, and the normalized vegetation index (NDVI), a regionalization of Mexico for the rainy season is presented through a non-parametric clustering algorithm known as DBSCAN. Thirty years of data, spanning from 1984 to 2013, are used to detect structural change points with the Mann-Kendall and Pettitt non-parametric tests applied on the NDVI, mean daily precipitation, 99th percentile precipitation, and mean daily air temperature. The relative predictive importance of the parameters examined was estimated using a Machine-Learning Random Forest algorithm that allows establishing a connection between changes in the NDVI and changes in air temperature, average precipitation, and extreme precipitation for some regions. Modulation by large-scale climate phenomena, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), as well as interannual modulation by El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are explored. Structural change points in the series appear to be modulated mainly by the phase shift of the AMO and those of the ENSO and PDO in 1997.

RESUMEN Con base en la climatología de la temperatura del aire, la precipitación y el índice normalizado de vegetación (NDVI, por su sigla en inglés), se presenta una regionalización de México para la temporada de lluvias a través del algoritmo no paramétrico de agrupamiento DBSCAN. Se utilizan 30 años de datos que abarcan de 1984 a 2013 para detectar puntos de cambio estructural con las pruebas no paramétricas de Mann-Kendall y Pettitt en las series temporales del NDVI, la precipitación media diaria, el percentil 99 de precipitación y la temperatura media diaria del aire. La importancia predictiva relativa, vía el algoritmo Random Forest, permite establecer una conexión entre los cambios del NDVI y los de la temperatura del aire, la precipitación promedio y la precipitación extrema para algunas regiones. Se explora la modulación por fenómenos climáticos a gran escala, como la Oscilación Multidecadal del Atlántico (AMO) y la Oscilación Decadal del Pacífico (PDO), así como la modulación interanual por El Niño/Oscilación del Sur (ENSO). Se estima que los puntos de cambio en las series parecen estar modulados principalmente por el cambio de fase de la AMO y la presencia de cambios en ENSO y PDO en 1997.

Many scientists and researchers agree that biological life on earth most likely arose naturally, but they cannot account for the exact method by which life arose. Numerous experiments and observations have provided evidence that the basic building blocks of life (amino acids) can form spontaneously under the conditions thought to be those present on ancient earth. The recent discovery of Extremophiles (organisms that thrive in extreme conditions such as high temperature and pressure) gave further impetus to the belief that it is possible for unguided, random mechanisms to produce life. However, contrary to scientists who present contemporary scientific evidence as proof of life having a natural origin, there is a growing number of authoritative scholars who claim that the a priori conditions for life to exist at all, as well as its complexity, are indicative of carefully planned, guided mechanisms. Contrary to a materialistic/atheistic view, these researchers advocate a willingness to follow contemporary data to its most likely, logical conclusion. This conclusion involves the continuous involvement of a Creator right from the moment of creation, to the present. The group of theories that centre around a belief that life was created by a supernatural force or deity is known as Creationism. It is based on religious beliefs that determine the way in which natural scientific data is interpreted. Creationists argue that the complexity of living organisms, as well as the existence of consciousness, cannot be explained by random, unguided processes and must have been designed by a higher power. One of the arguments for a supernatural origin of life, is the Anthropocentric principle (or the so-called "fine-tuning" argument), which claims that the universe has precise values for certain physical constants and laws that make it possible for life to exist. Proponents of this view argue that the universe's design could only have been orchestrated by a conscious, purposeful designer. Further evidence cited for supernatural involvement includes the Cambrian explosion and other discontinuities in the paleontological record, as well as the belief that the information in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule must have had an intelligent author. Criticism of Creationism is that there is no scientific evidence that the universe was fine-tuned solely for the purpose of facilitating life, or that a conscious designer was responsible for it. Furthermore, the "Multiverse" hypothesis, which postulates that there can be many universes with different physical constants, offers a possible naturalistic explanation for why our universe possesses the properties that are observed. As for the paleontological discontinuities and the information in DNA, these are indeed interesting phenomena that have been and still are the subject of much scientific investigation. However, it is important to note that there is ongoing scientific debate about possible unguided mechanisms that could have caused the Cambrian explosion, and the information in DNA can, according to materialists, also be explained by natural processes such as evolution through natural selection. One of the Naturalistic theories about the origin of life on earth is Abiogenesis, which claims that life arose spontaneously from non-living matter through an optimal coincidence of chemical reactions under favourable conditions. This theory is based on the idea that the conditions on the early earth were perfect for the formation of simple organic molecules, which eventually gave rise to more complex structures capable of self-replication. The Miller-Urey experiment, for example, showed that simple organic molecules formed under conditions that, according to the knowledge at the time, were identical to those on early earth. However, this experiment was discredited over time because the researchers assumed that the primordial atmosphere consisted mainly of methane, ammonia, and water vapour, but later research showed that the early atmosphere more likely consisted of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. In addition, some scientists have pointed out that the conditions simulated in the experiment were too reducing in nature (that is, too poor in oxygen), to accurately reflect the conditions on the early earth which had a more oxidizing atmosphere. Therefore, while the Miller-Urey experiment remains an important milestone in the history of origin of life research, it is widely recognised that its results should be viewed with caution and that its implications for the natural formation of life on earth should not be overstated. Another naturalistic theory is that life was brought to earth by comets or meteorites. This theory, known as Panspermia, suggests that life may have originated elsewhere in the universe and was transported to earth by comets or meteorites. Panspermia is supported by the discovery of organic molecules and microorganisms in some meteorites, as well as the presence of microbial life in extreme environments on earth that may be similar to conditions on other planets. Each of these theories has its own strengths and weaknesses and there is no consensus among scientists as to which theory is the most accurate. Abiogenesis, for example, is supported by the evidence of the formation of simple organic molecules under conditions, presumably like those on the early earth, but it is difficult to explain how these molecules gave rise to complex structures capable of self-replication. Panspermia is in turn supported by the discovery of organic molecules and microorganisms in some meteorites, but this does not explain the original origin of life itself. Creationism, on the other hand is not directly supported by scientific evidence but is based on the interpretation of empirical data from a religious paradigm. The origin of life on earth therefore remains a subject of scientific inquiry and naturalistic explanations, based on empirical evidence and well-established scientific theories are still considered in mainstream science to be the only valid basis of human understanding of this complex and interesting subject. However, this normative materialist interpretation is increasingly being questioned by a growing number of eminent scholars. This article focuses on the origin and complexity of information as found in life on earth. All forms of information known to man, whether hieroglyphs, radio signals, printed media or TV broadcasts have an intelligent author, and the question is why mainstream science insists on considering the most complex information observed by humankind to date (namely the code in the DNA molecule), as strictly materialistic in origin.

'n Groot aantal natuurwetenskaplike navorsers beweer dat biologiese lewe op aarde heel waarskynlik natuurlik ontstaan het, maar geeneen kan die presiese meganisme waardeur lewe ontstaan het, weergee nie. Talle eksperimente en waarnemings het bewyse gelewer dat die basiese boustene van lewe, soos aminosure, spontaan kan vorm onder die toestande wat op die vroeë aarde teenwoordig was. Daarbenewens dui die ontdekking van ekstremofiele (organismes wat floreer in uiterste toestande soos hoë temperature en druk) daarop dat lewe moontlik deur 'n onbegeleide, willekeurige meganisme in sulke omgewings kon ontstaan het. Alhoewel die meerderheid wetenskaplikes dus kontemporêre wetenskaplike gegewens aanvoer as bewyse dat lewe 'n natuurlike oorsprong gehad het, is daar 'n groeiende stem van gesaghebbende navorsers wat beweer dat die voorwaardelike toestande vir lewe, sowel as die kompleksiteit daarvan, dui op fyn beplande, begeleide meganismes. In teenstelling met 'n normatiewe materialistiese vertrekpunt, propageer sulke navorsers 'n openheid om die data te volg tot die mees waarskynlike, logiese gevolgtrekking. Hierdie gevolgtrekking behels die voortdurende betrokkenheid van 'n Skepper vanaf voor die beginmoment van die skepping, tot op hede.

There is still no scientific consensus on the existence of ontic randomness. Understanding it is especially important for physics, as the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics is believed to be irreducible. This theory aims to explain how the existence of true randomness is possible for the referential of a non-omniscient observer.The theory is built on a toy model in two thought experiments. We propose the concept of invisible and inaccessible laws as explanation for the occurrence of unpredictability and states that it represents the physical reification of Gödel's incompleteness theorem.The article proposes that the geometry of spacetime is able to explain several physical phenomena in the set of dimensional random events. Among these are the event horizon in black holes, the hypersensitivity to initial conditions, and the Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. We develope the theorem of dimensional randomness for proving that a non-causal theory in a dimensionally incomplete space have correspondence with a causal theory in a dimensionally complete space. The theorem is used to question the fundamentally probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics through an implicit assumption that is made about the number of dimensions in spacetime for the development of Bell's theorem.

Todavía no existe un consenso científico sobre la existencia de la aleatoriedad óntica. Comprenderlo es especialmente importante para la física, ya que se cree que la naturaleza probabilística de la mecánica cuántica es irreducible. Esta teoría pretende explicar cómo es posible la existencia de verdadera aleatoriedad para el referencial de un observador no omnisciente. La teoría se basa en un modelo de juguete en dos experimentos mentales. Proponemos el concepto de leyes invisibles e inaccesibles como explicación para la ocurrencia de imprevisibilidad y afirmamos que representa la cosificación física del teorema de incompletitud de Gödel. El artículo propone que la geometría del espacio-tiempo es capaz de explicar varios fenómenos físicos en el conjunto de eventos aleatorios dimensionales. Entre estos se encuentran el horizonte de eventos en los agujeros negros, la hipersensibilidad a las condiciones iniciales y el principio de incertidumbre de Heisenberg. Desarrollamos el teorema de la aleatoriedad dimensional para demostrar que una teoría no causal en un espacio dimensionalmente incompleto tiene correspondencia con una teoría causal en un espacio dimensionalmente completo. El teorema se utiliza para cuestionar la naturaleza fundamentalmente probabilística de la mecánica cuántica a través de una suposición implícita que se hace sobre el número de dimensiones en el espacio-tiempo para el desarrollo del teorema de Bell.

Ainda não há consenso científico sobre a existência de aleatoriedade ôntica. Compreendê-la é especialmente importante para a física, pois acredita-se que a natureza probabilística da mecânica quântica seja irredutível. Esta teoria visa explicar como a existência de aleatoriedade verdadeira é possível para o referencial de um observador não onisciente. A teoria é construída com um modelo brinquedo em dois experimentos mentais. Propomos o conceito de leis invisíveis e inacessíveis como explicação para a ocorrência da imprevisibilidade e afirmamos que ela representa a reificação física do teorema da incompletude de Gödel. O artigo propõe que a geometria do espaço-tempo é capaz de explicar diversos fenômenos físicos no conjunto de eventos aleatórios dimensionais. Entre eles estão o horizonte de eventos em buracos negros, a hipersensibilidade às condições iniciais e o princípio da incerteza de Heisenberg. Desenvolvemos o teorema da aleatoriedade dimensional para provar que uma teoria não causal em um espaço dimensionalmente incompleto tem correspondência com uma teoria causal em um espaço dimensionalmente completo. O teorema é usado para questionar a natureza fundamentalmente probabilística da mecânica quântica através de uma suposição implícita que é feita sobre o número de dimensões no espaço-tempo para o desenvolvimento do teorema de Bell.

9/65/35 PLZT relaxor was studied under a bias electric field using the acoustic emission method. It was established that the temperature of smeared dielectric constant maximum exhibits the V-shape, lying fully within the ergodic phase, as well as that the threshold electric field is found to be approximately the same as in both PMN-0.24PT and PFN-0.02PT relaxors. A reason of the latter phenomena is discussed from the viewpoint of incorporated ions properties. 96535 9 65 35 9/65/3 method Vshape, Vshape V shape, shape V-shape phase PMN0.24PT PMN024PT PMNPT PMN 0.24PT 0 24PT PT PFN0.02PT PFN002PT PFNPT PFN 0.02PT 02PT relaxors properties 9653 6 3 9/65/ PMN0 024PT PFN0 002PT 965 9/65 96 9/6 9/

Abstract Brazil has a high rate of homicide, whose increase in recent years seems to be closely related to the expansion of the illegal drug market. This study aims to analyze the role that socioeconomic factors (family instability, ethnic heterogeneity, unemployment rate, and average income) play in this escalation. The study uses pooled regression models and fixed and random effects, with panel data from 27 Brazilian states for the period 2006–2015. The results indicate that the illegal drug trade is positively correlated with the mortality rates in Brazil during 2006-2015. Furthermore, the results show family instability, ethnic heterogeneity, unemployment rate, and average income as crime enhancers. This research brings insights that help develop a better interpretation of Brazilian lethal violence: in the 1980s and 1990s, violence was mainly explained by economic factors. This study points to the fact that phenomena linked to social disorder are also correlated with the level of homicides in Brazilian states. Therefore, this paper contributes to the literature by incorporating other elements that suggest alternatives to mitigate violent crime in Brazil. homicide market instability heterogeneity escalation effects 2 20062015 2006 2015 2006–2015 20062015. 2015. 2006-2015 Furthermore enhancers s 1990s Therefore 2006201 200 201 2006–201 2006-201 200620 20 2006–20 2006-20 20062 2006–2 2006-2 2006– 2006-

Resumo O Brasil apresenta um alto índice de homicídios, cujo aumento nos últimos anos parece estar intimamente relacionado à expansão do mercado ilegal de drogas. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o papel que fatores socioeconômicos (instabilidade familiar, heterogeneidade étnica, taxa de desemprego e renda média) desempenham nessa escalada. O trabalho utiliza modelos de regressão pooled, efeitos fixos e aleatórios, com dados em painel de 27 estados brasileiros para o período 2006–2015. Os resultados indicam que o comércio ilegal de drogas está positivamente correlacionado com as taxas de mortalidade para o Brasil no período 2006-2015. Além disso, os resultados mostram os papéis da instabilidade familiar, heterogeneidade étnica, taxa de desemprego e renda média como potencializadores do crime. Esta pesquisa traz insights que ajudam a desenvolver uma melhor interpretação da violência letal brasileira: nos anos 80 e 90, a violência era explicada principalmente por fatores econômicos, este estudo aponta para o fato de fenômenos ligados à desordem social também estarem correlacionados com o nível de homicídios nos estados brasileiros. Portanto, este trabalho contribui com a literatura ao incorporar outros elementos que sugerem alternativas para mitigar a criminalidade violenta no Brasil. familiar étnica escalada pooled aleatórios 2 20062015 2006 2015 2006–2015 20062015. 2015. 2006-2015 disso crime brasileira 8 90 econômicos Portanto 2006201 200 201 2006–201 2006-201 9 200620 20 2006–20 2006-20 20062 2006–2 2006-2 2006– 2006-

ABSTRACT Guaranteeing the best interests of children and adolescents constitutes a coordinated obligation between the state, society, the family and educational institutions. However, isolated phenomena are visible in children practicing begging. Child begging represents a harsh reality that has been aggravated by the global crisis generated by the COVID 19 pandemic. This research carries out a study on the lack of protection of the basic rights of minors. As a result, a survey was applied to 27 children who begin the street from a random sampling, it was found that the phenomenon is given by the need to support their family, which represents a behavior by imitation since in most of the cases there are people or close relatives who practice begging.

RESUMEN Garantizar el interés superior de los niños, niñas y adolescentes constituye una obligación coordinada entre el estado, la sociedad, la familia y las instituciones educativas. Sin embargo, fenómenos aislados son visibles en niños practicando la mendicidad. La mendicidad infantil representa una cruda realidad que se ha agravado con la crisis global generada por la pandemia COVID 19. La presente investigación realiza un estudio sobre la falta de protección de los derechos elementales de los menores de edad. Como resultado se aplicó encuesta a 27 niños que mendigan en la calle a partir de un muestreo aleatorio, se pudo constatar que el fenómeno es dado por la necesidad de sustentar a su familia, lo que representa un comportamiento por imitación ya que en la mayoría de los casos existen personas o familiares cercanos que practican la mendicidad.

Abstract: This quantitative study analyzed the subjective evaluations of students of teacher-training programmes about different allophones of /tɾ/, /r̄/, /ʧ/ and /ʝ/. The sample was comprised of a random selection of students from different teacher-training programmes from a Chilean state university. The matched-guise technique was adopted for data collection in order to partially conceal the phenomenon under study. Among the most relevant findings, partial acceptance of the allophone ENT#091;ʃENT#093; is reported, as well as an apparent imperceptibility of the substitution of trill ENT#091;rENT#093; for fricative ENT#091;ɹENT#093;, and a tendency towards the disapproval of controversial allophones followed by vowels. In conclusion, it is suggested that phonetic phenomena should be explored taking into consideration contextual, ideological and socio-historical factors, as they build their meaning in the middle of social activity.

Resumen : El presente trabajo, de tipo cuantitativo, aborda las valoraciones subjetivas que estudiantes de pedagogías otorgan a distintas realizaciones de /tɾ/, /r̄/, /ʧ/ y /ʝ/. La muestra estuvo constituida por una selección aleatoria de estudiantes de distintas pedagogías de una universidad estatal. Para la recolección de datos, se utilizó la técnica de pares falsos, aproximación indirecta que encubre parcialmente el fenómeno de estudio. Entre los resultados más relevantes, se observa una aceptación parcial del alófono ENT#091;ʃENT#093;, la aparente imperceptibilidad de la transformación de la vibrante múltiple ENT#091;r̄ENT#093; en fricativa ENT#091;ɹENT#093; y la tendencia desaprobatoria de aquellas realizaciones polémicas seguidas de vocales. Como conclusión, se plantea la necesidad de estudiar los fenómenos fonéticos considerando factores contextuales, ideológicos y sociohistóricos, en tanto que su significado se construye en medio de la actividad social.

BACKGROUND. South Africa (SA) is known to have high levels of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and HIV. Studies that explore the intersections of the two phenomena tend to be done at sites that provide services for survivors of SGBV, but few have explored experiences of SGBV of individuals attending HIV testing and treatment health facilities. Although HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services are generally well practised at ensuring pre- and-post-test counselling, there is little evidence that SGBV is included in routine screening. There is therefore a gap in knowledge of the prevalence of SGBV among patient populations in HIV testing and treatment settings.OBJECTIVES. To assess levels of SGBV in a patient population of an HIV facility in SA.METHODS. This cross-sectional study used a screening tool and a longer in-depth questionnaire on the prevalence of SGBV. A random sample of VCT clients were screened. Prevalence questionnaires were administered to a convenience sample of patients attending treatment literacy classes.RESULTS. A total of 1 936 VCT clients completed the screening tool, of whom 2% reported forced sex without a condom or rape. Of the 436 patients who completed the in-depth prevalence questionnaire, 71% were women; 12% of women had been forced to have sex the last time that they had sexual intercourse. The lifetime prevalence of sexual violence was 14% and the lifetime prevalence of physical violence was 16%.CONCLUSIONS. Levels of SGBV are high among populations attending HIV testing and treatment facilities. Healthcare providers need to be able to identify SGBV and provide appropriate services to survivors of SGBV who are seen at HIV testing and treatment facilities.

RESUMO Neste trabalho buscamos compreender o intrigante fato revelado por Martins et al (2011; 2013) sobre a significação da baixíssima taxa de utilização do pensamento social brasileiro e das interpretações do Brasil, como referência teórica na produção científica da área Administração, nos três primeiros lustros de implantação da Reforma do Estado brasileiro [1995-2010]. Como metodologia elegemos a análise de conteúdo do discurso dos grupos de pesquisa brasileiros da Área Administração nos seus ‘espelhos’ no DGP-Lattes/CNPq, a partir e uma amostra aleatória representativa desse universo no Censo de 2010 - hipoteticamente o mesmo que reunia os autores daquela produção acadêmica, seus pares e avaliadores. Como revelações desta investigação destacamos a convergência do reduzido emprego da literatura que reflete e interpreta historicamente nossa nacionalidade, naquela produção acadêmica, com a orientação onto-epistemológica dos grupos de investigação da área à época de sua divulgação. Como se esses dois fenômenos se explicassem reciprocamente. Finalmente, este artigo levanta alguns tópicos importantes sobre esses centros brasileiros de investigação.

ABSTRACT In this work we seek to understand the intriguing fact revealed by Martins et al (2011; 2013) about the significance of the very low utilization rate of Brazilian social thought and of Brazil's interpretations, as theoretical references in the scientific production of the Administration area in the firsts 15 years of implementation of the Brazilian State Reform [1995-2010]. As methodology, we elected the content analysis of the discourse of Brazilian research groups in the Administration Area, in their 'mirrors' at DGP-Lattes / CNPq, based on a representative random sample of this universe in the 2010 Census - hypothetically the same that brought together the authors that academic production, its peers and evaluators. As revelations of this investigation, we highlight the convergence of the reduced use of literature that historically reflects and interprets our nationality, in that academic production, with the onto-epistemological orientation of the research groups in the area, at the time of the publications of de work. As if these two phenomena explained each other. Finally, this article raises some important topics about these Brazilian research centers.

RESUMEN En este trabajo buscamos comprender el hecho intrigante revelado por Martins et al (2011; 2013) sobre la importancia de la muy baja tasa de utilización del pensamiento social brasileño y de las interpretaciones de Brasil, como referencia teórica en la producción científica del área de Administración, en los primeros quince años de implementación de la Reforma del Estado brasileño [1995-2010]. Como metodología, elegimos el análisis de contenido del discurso de los grupos de investigación brasileños en el Área de Administración, en sus 'espejos' en DGP-Lattes / CNPq, basado en una muestra aleatoria representativa de este universo en el Censo de 2010, hipotéticamente lo mismo que reunió a los autores de esta producción académica, sus pares y evaluadores. Como revelaciones de esta investigación, destacamos la convergencia del uso reducido de la literatura que históricamente refleja e interpreta nuestra nacionalidad en esta producción académica, con la orientación epistemológica de los grupos de investigación del área, en el momento de su publicación. Como si estos dos fenómenos se explicaran entre sí. Finalmente, este artículo plantea algunos temas importantes sobre estos centros brasileños de investigación académica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: population aging currently causes an increase in conditions related to skin integrity disorder, with dermatoses being frequent diseases in the manager. Objective: to describe the behavior of dermatoses in older adults. Methods: an observational, descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out in the municipality of Pinar del Río during 2018. A sample of 1164 geriatric patients with dermatological conditions was selected in a probabilistic way, using random medical records and dermatological examination for the Obtaining information that output the variables studied. Medical ethics was respected. Results: predominantly females (51,98 %) and age group 60-64 years (34,19 %), skin phototype III (23,11 %) being the most frequent demonstrated by dermatological conditions. Among them, ectoparasitosis (16,15 %) and cutaneous virosis (14,95 %) were the most representative, showing greater representation in individuals with white skin color, an exception to ectoparasitosis. Within the associated pathologies, diabetes mellitus was the most frequent. Conclusions: the timely identification of the presence of dermatosis in AM, and especially in those that meet risk factors linked to its appearance, acting early in the management of various conditions, reducing the occurrence of complications and sequelae affected by themselves; while improving the quality of life of said patient.

RESUMEN Introducción: el envejecimiento poblacional ocasiona en la actualidad un aumento de las afecciones vinculadas al deterioro de la integridad de la piel, siendo las dermatosis enfermedades frecuentes en el gerente. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de las dermatosis en los adultos mayores. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal, efectuado en el municipio de Pinar del Río durante 2018. Fue seleccionada de forma probabilística, aleatoria simple, una muestra 1164 pacientes geriátricos portadores de afecciones dermatológicas, empleándose las historias clínicas y el examen dermatológico para la obtención de información que dio salida a las variables estudiadas. Se respetó la ética médica. Resultados: predominaron las féminas (51,98 %) y el grupo etáreo 60-64 años (34,19 %), siendo el fototipo cutáneo III (23,11 %) el más frecuente mostrado por las afecciones dermatológicas. Dentro de ellas, las ectoparasitosis (16,15 %) y las virosis cutáneas (14,95 %) fueron las más representativas, mostrándose mayor representación en individuos de color de piel blanca, a excepción de la ectoparasitosis. Dentro de las patologías asociadas, la diabetes mellitus fuela más frecuente. Conclusiones: la oportuna identificación de la presencia de dermatosis en AM, y en especial en aquellos que reúnen factores de riesgo vinculados a su aparición, permitirá actuar tempranamente en el manejo de dichas afecciones, logrando reducir la aparición de complicaciones y secuelas asociadas a las mismas; a la vez que se logrará mejorar la calidad de vida de dicho paciente.

ABSTRACT Strength degradation of structural materials is an inevitable process, due to deleterious actions such as corrosion and fatigue. These phenomena are also typically random, with degradation rates and starting time of degradation process largely uncertain. In reinforced concrete structures, corrosion of reinforcing bars caused by chloride ions is one of the main pathological manifestations. Past studies on the time-variant reliability of reinforced concrete structures subject to corrosion have relied on simplified analytical models for estimating the depassivation time. This study contributes with an accurate modelling of chloride diffusion through concrete using the boundary element method, which is employed for the first time within a time-variant reliability framework. Cumulative failure probabilities are evaluated in time by considering random depassivation times, random corrosion evolution, and random load processes. The time-variant reliability problem is solved using Monte Carlo simulation. An application example is presented, demonstrating the capabilities of the proposed framework.

Resumen: en este trabajo se presenta un método de diferencias finitas escalonado para analizar y simular la generación y el comportamiento de ondas sonoras en el interior de un tubo. Luego, se describe un tratamiento numérico especial de las condiciones de frontera que modelan fenómenos de reflexión y transmisión a partir del concepto de impedancia acústica. Mediante un muestreo exhaustivo de frecuencias y la transformada rápida de Fourier (FFT), se realiza un análisis modal cuando el aire en el interior del tubo es sometido a perturbaciones armónicas y aleatorias. Por último, se analiza el comportamiento del factor de calidad del sistema acústico y se confirma su carácter exponencial, así como su dependencia de la impedancia acústica. Los resultados muestran la utilidad del método en la simulación de fenómenos acústicos como reflexión, transmisión, disipación de ondas sonoras y resonancia en dominios acotados. El método propuesto permite analizar casos generales como la dispersión de ondas sonoras no armónicas.

Abstract: In this work, we introduce a staggered finite difference method to analyze and simulate the generation and behavior of sound waves inside a tube. We describe a special numerical treatment on the boundary conditions which model reflection and transmission phenomena by means of the acoustic impedance concept. Through an exhaustive sampling of frequencies and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) a modal analysis is performed when the air inside the tube is subjected to both harmonic and random disturbances. Finally, we analyze the quality factor behavior of the acoustic system to confirm its exponential character as well as its dependence on the acoustic impedance. The results show the utility of the method in the acoustic phenomena simulation such as reflection, transmission, dissipation of sound waves and resonance in bounded domains. The propose method allows analyzing general cases such as the dispersion of non-harmonic sound waves.