ABSTRACT Amazonia (defined herein as the Amazon basin) is home to the greatest concentration of biodiversity on Earth, providing unique genetic resources and ecological functions that contribute to ecosystem services globally. The lengthy and complex evolutionary history of this region has produced heterogeneous landscapes and riverscapes at multiple scales, altered the geographic and genetic connections among populations, and impacted rates of adaptation, speciation, and extinction. In turn, ecologically diverse Amazonian biotas promoted further diversification, species coexistence, and coevolution, with biodiversity accumulating over tens of millions of years. Important events in Amazonian history included: (i) late Cretaceous and early Paleogene origin of major rainforest plant and animal groups; (ii) Eocene-Oligocene global cooling with rainforests contracting to tropical latitudes separating Atlantic coastal and Amazonian rainforests; (iii) Miocene uplift of central and northern Andes that separated Pacific coastal and Amazonian rainforests, spurred formation of mega-wetlands in the western Amazon, and contributed to the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River; (iv) late Neogene formation of the Panamanian Isthmus that facilitated the Great American Biotic Interchange; (v) Pleistocene climate oscillations followed by late Pleistocene-Holocene human colonization and megafaunal extinctions; and (vi) modern era of widespread anthropogenic deforestation, defaunation, and ecological transformations of regional landscapes and global climates. Amazonian conservation requires decade-scale investments into biodiversity documentation and monitoring to leverage existing scientific capacity, and strategic habitat planning to allow continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes now and into the future. defined basin Earth globally scales populations adaptation speciation extinction turn diversification coexistence coevolution years included i (i groups ii (ii EoceneOligocene Eocene Oligocene iii (iii megawetlands mega wetlands River iv (iv Interchange v (v PleistoceneHolocene Holocene extinctions vi (vi deforestation defaunation climates decadescale decade scale capacity future

RESUMEN La Amazonía (definida como la cuenca amazónica) concentra la mayor biodiversidad de la Tierra, proporcionando recursos genéticos y funciones ecológicas únicas que contribuyen a los servicios ecosistémicos a nivel mundial. La compleja historia evolutiva de esta región produjo paisajes heterogéneos a múltiples escalas geográficas, alteró las conexiones geográficas y genéticas entre las poblaciones e influyó en las tasas de adaptación, especiación y extinción. Las biotas amazónicas, ecológicamente diversas, promovieron una mayor diversificación, coexistencia de especies y coevolución, acumulando biodiversidad a lo largo de decenas de millones de años. Acontecimientos importantes en la historia de la Amazonía incluyeron: (i) orígenes durante el Cretácico tardío y el Paleógeno temprano de los principales grupos de plantas y animales; (ii) enfriamiento global del Eoceno-Oligoceno, contrayendo los bosques a latitudes tropicales y separando los de la costa Atlántica de los amazónicos; (iii) levantamiento de los Andes centrales y del norte en el Mioceno, separando las selvas tropicales de la costa del Pacífico y de la Amazonía, estimulando la formación de megahumedales en la Amazonía occidental y contribuyendo al origen del moderno Río Amazonas transcontinental; (iv) formación del istmo de Panamá durante el Neógeno tardío, facilitando el Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano; (v) oscilaciones climáticas del Pleistoceno seguidas por la colonización humana y las extinciones de megafauna; (vi) era moderna de deforestación antropogénica generalizada, defaunación y transformaciones ecológicas de paisajes regionales y climas globales. La conservación de la Amazonía requiere inversiones por décadas en la documentación y el seguimiento de la biodiversidad para impulsar la capacidad científica existente, así como la planificación estratégica del hábitat para permitir la continuidad de los actuales y futuros procesos evolutivos y ecológicos. definida amazónica Tierra mundial adaptación extinción amazónicas diversas diversificación coevolución años incluyeron i (i animales ii (ii EocenoOligoceno, EocenoOligoceno Eoceno Oligoceno, Oligoceno Eoceno-Oligoceno amazónicos iii (iii Mioceno transcontinental iv (iv Americano v (v megafauna vi (vi generalizada globales existente ecológicos

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: En este trabajo se presenta una revisión del género Emmanuelia en el norte de Argentina, con el fin de incrementar el conocimiento de este grupo de líquenes en el país. Las especies pertenecientes a este género, descripto recientemente, se encontraban previamente dentro de Lobaria. M&M: Se estudiaron muestras depositadas en el herbario CTES coleccionadas en las selvas del norte de Argentina. Se realizó un análisis morfológico y anatómico, mediante microscopio estereoscópico y óptico, y análisis químico del material, mediante reacciones puntuales de color, con hidróxido de potasio al 10% (K), hipoclorito de sodio (C) y K seguido de C (KC), y cromatografía en capa delgada (CCD). Resultados: Mediante el estudio del material, se determinó la presencia de tres especies en las selvas del norte argentino: Emmanuelia elaeodes y E. erosa representan nuevas citas para el país, y E. tenuis amplía su distribución para la provincia de Corrientes. Cada especie es descripta y fotografiada, y se presenta una clave dicotómica de las especies presentes en Argentina. Conclusiones: Este trabajo permitió ampliar y actualizar el conocimiento acerca de este grupo de líquenes en Argentina, con la adición de especies previamente no conocidas para el país. Además, se pudo confirmar la presencia de E. tenuis y determinar que E. cuprea y E. patinifera no se encontrarían en Argentina.

ABSTRACT The development of scaly buds (= cataphylls) has been traditionally associated with seasonally cold climates, although only few species from the southern hemisphere were investigated in this regard. The present work focuses on apical and axillary buds of seven tree species native to the South-American Temperate Rainforests (STR). Due to differences in the lineages from which these species derived, high levels of inter-specific variation in bud structure were expected. Apical and axillary buds were dissected under stereomicroscope, and the sizes of their parent shoots were evaluated. Cataphylls and leaf primordia were counted, and the presence of colleters and/or trichomes registered. Both intra- and inter-specific variations in bud structure were found. The apical buds were scaly in two out of seven species, and naked in the other species. Axillary buds were scaly in all but one species. In general terms, larger shoots developed buds with more organs. The presence of colleters (in four species) was not restricted to those buds lacking an outer cover of cataphylls. Further studies should focus on the relevance at a broader scale of colleters and trichomes as protective structures in tree buds. = ( cataphylls climates regard SouthAmerican South American STR. STR . (STR) derived interspecific inter specific expected stereomicroscope evaluated counted andor or registered intra found terms organs (STR

ABSTRACT The Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (SSF) is one of the phytophysiognomies from the Atlantic rainforest’s biome, which is one of the most threatened and fragmented biomes within Brazil. In spite of that, the Atlantic rainforest possesses one of the highest degrees of biological richness and rates of endemism among worldwide biomes. The aim of this study is to diagnose and discuss the species and familie’s compositions of seasonal forests in southeastern Brazil, providing subsidies for lawmakers to conserve these forests. This study took place in 4 fragments of SSF in Boituva, SP, varying in size from 17.3 to 97.7 ha. It was collected woody plant individuals with CAP (Circumference at Breast Height) of 15 cm or more within 12 plots of 100 m2 per fragment (10x10 m, total of 1200 m2 each), sampling a total of 4800 m² area. 120 species from 43 families were sampled. From this total of species, 8 (6.7%) face some level of threat, 74 (61.7%) were defined as non-pioneer species and 72 (60%) as being animal-dispersed species. The occurrence of late and threatened tree species as peroba-rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg), jequitibá-rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze), guarantã (Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl.), catiguá (Trichilia casaretti C.DC.) and fig trees (Ficus ssp), which are barely or not sampled in the region, proves the urgency and the importance for conserving these forest fragments in Boituva, therefore contributing for regional biodiversity conservation. In conclusion, we’re able to say that Boituva’s SSF is relatively well preserved, since there is a great ratio of late (non-pioneer), animal-dispersed and threatened species (IUCN). (SSF rainforests s biome Brazil familie Boituva SP 173 17 3 17. 977 97 7 97. ha Circumference Height 1 10 m 10x10 x (10x1 each, each , each) 480 area 6.7% 67 6 (6.7% threat 61.7% 617 61 (61.7% nonpioneer non pioneer 60% 60 (60% animaldispersed animal dispersed perobarosa peroba rosa Aspidosperma Müll.Arg, MüllArg Müll.Arg Müll Arg Müll.Arg) jequitibárosa jequitibá Cariniana Mart. Mart (Mart. Kuntze, Kuntze Kuntze) Esenbeckia Engl., Engl Engl. Engl.) Trichilia C.DC. CDC C DC Ficus ssp, ssp ssp) region conservation conclusion we re Boituvas preserved nonpioneer, (non-pioneer) IUCN. IUCN . (IUCN) 9 10x1 (10x 48 6.7 (6.7 61.7 (61.7 (60 (Mart C.DC (non-pioneer (IUCN 10x 6. (6. 61. (61. (6 (61 (

RESUMO A Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) é uma das fitofisionomias do Bioma Mata Atlântica. É considerada a mais ameaçada e fragmentada do Brasil. Apesar disso, a Mata Atlântica possui um dos mais elevados graus de riqueza e taxas de endemismos entre os biomas do mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi diagnosticar e discutir a composição de espécies e famílias em fragmentos florestais de florestas estacionais semideciduais no sudeste brasileiro, fornecendo subsídios para políticas públicas de conservação destas florestas. Este estudo foi realizado em 4 fragmentos de FES em Boituva, SP, com tamanho variando entre 17.3 a 97.7 ha. Foram amostrados indivíduos lenhosos com CAP (circunferência à altura do peito) maior ou igual a 15 cm, dentro de uma área de 12 parcelas de 10x10m, totalizando 1200 m² em cada um dos fragmentos estudados, totalizando 4800m2 amostrados. Foram amostradas 120 espécies pertencentes a 43 famílias. Do total das espécies amostradas, 8 (6,7%) apresentam algum grau de ameaça à extinção, sendo 74 (61.7%) identificadas como espécies tardias (não pioneiras) e 72 (60%) como espécies zoocóricas. A presença de espécies arbóreas, tardias e ameaçadas, como peroba-rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg), jequitibá-rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.), Kuntze), guarantã (Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl.), catiguá (Trichilia casaretti C.DC.) e espécies de figueiras (Ficus ssp), as quais são pouco ou não amostradas na região, demonstram que a conservação dos fragmentos florestais de Boituva é indispensável, contribuindo assim para conservação da biodiversidade regional. Pode-se concluir que a FES do município de Boituva encontra-se relativamente bem conservada, pois existe uma grande proporção de espécies tardias, zoocóricas e ameaçadas (IUCN). (FES Brasil disso mundo brasileiro SP 173 17 3 17. 977 97 7 97. ha circunferência peito 1 cm 10x10m xm x m estudados 4800m 6,7% 67 6 (6,7% extinção 61.7% 617 61 (61.7% pioneiras 60% 60 (60% arbóreas perobarosa peroba rosa Aspidosperma Müll.Arg, MüllArg Müll.Arg , Müll Arg Müll.Arg) jequitibárosa jequitibá Cariniana Mart., Mart Mart. (Mart.) Kuntze, Kuntze Kuntze) Esenbeckia Engl., Engl Engl. Engl.) Trichilia C.DC. CDC C DC Ficus ssp, ssp ssp) região indispensável regional Podese Pode se encontrase encontra conservada IUCN. IUCN . (IUCN) 9 6,7 (6,7 61.7 (61.7 (60 (Mart. C.DC (IUCN 6, (6, 61. (61. (6 (Mart (61 (

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the structure, diversity, composition and drivers of AMF communities in succession areas of Atlantic Forest. Soil and root samples were collected in three natural ecosystems (mature rainforests, early and late secondary forests) with three areas on each ecosystem. In total, 38 AMF taxa were identified in field samples and three more in trap cultures with a greater richness of Acaulospora and Glomus. Based on a richness estimator, 70% of the AMF species were identified. Highest rates of root colonization and number of glomerospores were recorded in the early secondary forest. AMF species diversity differed between early and late forests. The main drivers of AMF distribution were coarse and fine sand, silt, Al, P, Na, pH and base saturation. The greatest number of exclusive species was recorded in the mature rainforests. The distribution of AMF communities was influenced by different successional stages and some soil attributes. structure Forest rainforests forests ecosystem total 3 Glomus estimator 70 forest sand silt Al P Na saturation attributes 7

ABSTRACT Society relies on technology and innovation (T&I) to tackle some of its great challenges, and it has been given even more importance since the increasing concern over sustainability issues. A particular concern is the Amazon rainforest’s impact on sustainability and what this means for the planet. The paper analyzes how research on technology and innovation in the Amazon region is addressing sustainability issues. This wide-ranging intentional approach has led to an integrative picture, providing the first systematic literature review that connects these themes within a specific region, resulting in 222 academic publications from 1992 to 2020. The main findings indicate that: (1) 40.1% of the studies relate to the management field, which percentage increased significantly after 2015; (2) the dispersion of the studied themes confirms the plurality of Amazonian environmental wealth, but their lack of integration represents a constraint to the development of public policies; (3) market and public policies are both powerful but conflicting innovation drivers; (4) although studies on innovations address greenhouse gas emissions, innovation also includes forest degradation activities; and (5) there are different drivers and applications behind initiatives in technology and innovation, which depend on the local context. T&I TI T I (T&I challenges issues rainforests rainforest s planet wideranging wide ranging picture 22 199 2020 1 (1 401 40 40.1 field 2015 2 (2 wealth 3 (3 4 (4 emissions activities 5 (5 context 19 202 ( 40. 201 20

Resumen Se determinan las relaciones biogeográficas entre áreas aisladas de bosque tropical húmedo de México a partir de sus faunas de mariposas. Los análisis se hicieron a partir de los registros de 676 especies pertenecientes a las familias Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae y Nymphalidae en unidades geográficas de Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí y Campeche, mediante el uso de algoritmos de parsimonia y similitud. Ambos métodos corroboraron que las unidades mejor estudiadas forman un grupo consistente: Sierra de Juárez-Los Tuxtlas-Chajul-Huichihuayán, mientras que Soconusco representa el área más diferenciada.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to determine the biogeographical relationships between isolated areas of tropical rainforests in Mexico from their butterfly faunas. The analysis were made from the records of 676 species belonging to the families Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae in 12 geographic units in Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí and Campeche, through the use of parsimony and similarity algorithms. Both methods corroborated that the best studied units form a consistent group: Sierra de Juárez–Los Tuxtlas–Chajul–Huichihuayán, while Soconusco represents the most differentiated area.

RESUMEN Se sabe que la expansión de la frontera agropecuaria y la praderización han causado deforestación y fragmentación de los bosques Amazónicos. Sin embargo, no se ha determinado si ingreso de ganado a pastorear degrada los bosques. Por lo cual, establecimos transectos borde-interior en tres ambientes contrastantes de bosques húmedos tropicales del norte de la Amazonia Colombiana, correspondientes a: áreas boscosas con presión ganadera (pastoreo), bosques adyacentes a cobertura de pastos sin uso y bosques adyacentes a plantaciones de caucho. En cada transecto se analizaron las variaciones de los atributos de composición, estructura y diversidad de la regeneración natural. Se encontró que los bosques sin pastoreo poseen hay mayor diversidad en la regeneración natural y presencia de especies trascendentales en la dinámica sucesional. En comparación a los bosques con pastoreo, en los cuales se observaron patrones específicos de ambientes perturbados, como la presencia de especies generalistas, heliófitas, de hábitos herbáceos y de rápida colonización que pueden dificultar el reclutamiento de especies forestales. En los bosques adyacentes a plantaciones de caucho, se registró una mayor diversidad de especies forestales de gremios heliófilos y esciofitos. Esta caracterización aporta una mayor comprensión a la interacción de la actividad ganadera con recursos como la biodiversidad, mostrando la necesidad de direccionar el manejo ganadero a prácticas que limiten el pastoreo en las áreas boscosas para no afectar drásticamente su dinámica ecológica.

ABSTRACT It is known that the expansion of the agricultural frontier and the expansion of the grazing frontier have caused deforestation and fragmentation of the Amazonian forests. However, it has not been determined whether cattle grazing degrades forests. Therefore, we established edge-to-interior transects in three contrasting environments of tropical rainforests of the northern Colombian Amazon, corresponding to: forested areas with cattle pressure (grazing), forests adjacent to unused pasture cover, and forests adjacent to rubber plantations. In each transect, variations in the attributes of composition, structure and diversity of natural regeneration were analyzed. It was found that ungrazed forests have greater diversity in the natural regeneration and presence of transcendental species in the successional dynamics. In comparison to the grazed forests, in which specific patterns of disturbed environments were observed, such as the presence of generalist species, heliophytes, herbaceous habits and rapid colonization that can hinder the recruitment of forest species. In forests adjacent to rubber plantations, a greater diversity of forest species of heliophyte and sciophyte guilds was recorded. This characterization provides a better understanding of the interaction of livestock activity with resources such as biodiversity, showing the need to direct livestock management to practices that limit grazing in forested areas so as not to drastically affect their ecological dynamics.

Resumen Los escarabajos gigantes de la tribu Dynastini (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) reúnen en Colombia tres géneros y 14 especies. Megasoma Kirby o escarabajos elefante, está representado por cuatro especies; no obstante, lo carismáticas y famosas, han permanecido poco exploradas en su biología, por lo que esta investigación se propuso describir los estados inmaduros y realizar los ciclos de vida de Megasoma actaeon, M. elephas y M. janus ramirezorum en Colombia. En el marco de varios proyectos institucionales, se confinaron parentales de las tres especies en diferentes momentos (1998-2012 y 2017-2019), implementando protocolos de cría, en un laboratorio de bioensayos (Palmira, Valle, 24o C, 980 msnm); la toma de datos se realizó cada quince días e incluyó información sobre ancho de cabeza, ancho a nivel del tórax y longitud corporal; en el proceso algunos ejemplares fueron fijados para el estudio de caracteres larvales, descripción, fotografía y elaboración de artes gráficos; los ciclos de vida de las tres especies se desarrollaron de huevo a adulto, compilándose en tablas los datos de los tiempos y medidas de crecimiento de los estados de huevo, L1, L2, L3, prepupa, pupa y adultos; los resultados evidenciaron ciclos de vida muy largos, de varios años: Megasoma actaeon 3.2-3.3 años, M. elephas 2.4-2.6 años y M. janus ramirezorum 3.1-3.2 años; las larvas de tercer instar (L3), pupas macho y hembra fueron descritas e ilustradas, presentándose las claves taxonómicas respectivas. En cuanto a la morfología larval, la redescripción de M. actaeon discrepó (maxila con 4-5 dientes estriduladores), M. elephas fue más coincidente (con diferencias menores en la quetotaxia cefálica y del dorsum del segmento abdominal I, quizás por razones geográficas), mientras que M. janus ramirezorum se describe por primera vez y se incorporó a la clave en el grupo de especies grandes con 4-5 dientes estriduladores en la maxila, ancho cefálico entre 11-18 mm, con el diámetro de los espiráculos abdominales agrandados progresivamente y bulla poco convexa, casi vertical. Finalmente, se deja como recomendación continuar las investigaciones en estas especies de supervivencia frágil, dados los ciclos de vida muy largos y la intensa deforestación de su hábitat.

Abstract The giant beetles of the Dynastini tribe (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) gather three genera and 14 species in Colombia. Megasoma Kirby or elephant beetles, is represented by four species which, despite being charismatic and famous species, have remained little explored in their biology reason why this research aimed at describing the immature stages and carrying out the life cycles of Megasoma actaeon M. elephas and M. janus ramirezorum in Colombia. Within the framework of several institutional projects, parent species of the three were confined at different times (1998-2012 and 2017-2019), implementing breeding protocols in a bioassay laboratory (Palmira, Valle, 24o C, 980 m.a.s.l.). Data collection was carried out every fifteen days and included data on head width, chest width and body length. In the process some specimens were fixed for the study of larval characters, description, photography and elaboration of graphic arts. The life cycles of the three species were developed from egg to adult and the data of the times and growth measurements of the egg L1, L2, L3, prepupa, pupa and adult stages were compiled in tables. The results showed very long life cycles, of several years: Megasoma actaeon 3.2-3.3 years, M. elephas 2.4-2.6 years and M. janus ramirezorum 3.1-3.2 years. Third instar larvae (L3), male and female pupae were described and illustrated presenting the respective taxonomic keys. Regarding larval morphology, the redescription of M. actaeon disagreed (maxilla with 4-5 stridulatory teeth), M. elephas was more consistent (with minor differences in cephalic and dorsum chaetotaxy of abdominal segment I, perhaps for geographical reasons), while M. janus ramirezorum is described for the first time and was incorporated into the key in the group of large species with 4-5 stridulatory teeth in the maxilla, head width between 11-18 mm with the diameter of the abdominal spiracles progressively enlarged and bulla slightly convex, almost vertical. Finally, it is recommended to continue research on these species given their very long life cycles and the intense deforestation of their habitat.

Abstract Background: Lianas are an important woody component of tropical rain forests. We described and compared the composition, structure, and diversity of the liana community in one of the northernmost neotropical rain forests. Question: How much does this liana community differ in attributes with global patterns documented in other tropical and subtropical rain forests? Study site and dates: Los Tuxtlas Tropical Biology Station, Veracruz, Mexico. 2015-2018. Methods: We censused all lianas ≥ 1 cm in diameter in a 1-ha plot and determined dominant families and species, diametric distribution, and diversity of order q. Results: We recorded 396 liana stems individuals, 42 species, and 20 families. Basal area was 6619.2 cm2. Order 1 and 2 diversity was 21.9 and 13.4, respectively. Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, Celastraceae, and Malpighiaceae accounted for about 60 % of abundance and basal area, and 45.2 % of species richness. The 10 most abundant species included more than 60 % of stems and basal area. Conclusions: Species richness, abundance, and basal area were low compared with other tropical and subtropical sites worldwide. It was noteworthy the coincidence of some dominant species and families across the Neotropics and the absence of Fabaceae among the most important families. Latitudinal location and some key climatic factors such annual average rainfall and dry season length may explain, in part, our findings.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las lianas son un componente leñoso importante en los bosques tropicales. En este estudio describimos y comparamos sus atributos comunitarios en uno de los bosques húmedos neotropicales con distribución más septentrional. Preguntas: ¿Cuánto difiere esta comunidad de lianas con patrones globales en composición, estructura, y diversidad documentados al respecto en otros bosques tropicales y subtropicales húmedos? Sitio y años de estudio: Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. 2015-2018. Métodos: Censamos las lianas con diámetro ≥ 1 cm en una parcela de 1 ha y se determinaron las familias y especies dominantes, la distribución diamétrica, y la diversidad de orden q. Resultados: Registramos 396 tallos, 42 especies y 20 familias. El área basal fue de 6619.2 cm2. La diversidad de orden 1 y 2 fue de 21.9 and 13.4, respectivamente. Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, Celastraceae y Malpighiaceae incluyeron cerca del 60 % de la abundancia y área basal y el 45.2 % de la riqueza de especies. Las 10 especies más abundantes incluyeron más del 60 % de los individuos y del área basal. Conclusiones: La riqueza de especies, la abundancia y el área basal fueron bajas comparadas con otros sitios tropicales y subtropicales en el mundo. Destacamos la coincidencia de algunas de las especies y familias dominantes a lo largo del Neotrópico y la ausencia de Fabaceae entre las familias más importantes. La ubicación latitudinal y algunos factores climáticos clave como la precipitación anual promedio y la duración de la época seca explican, parcialmente, los resultados.

Resumen Colombia contiene una notable diversidad de escarabajos longicornios (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), una inmensa familia de la cual incluye en su geografía grupos emblemáticos como son los longicornios de los géneros Chalcoprionus Bates, 1875 (Macrodontiini) y Braderochus Buquet, 1852 (Prionini), los cuales resaltan por su rareza en las colecciones nacionales y por lo fraccionario de sus registros geográficos, razón por la cual esta investigación se propuso aportar nuevos datos sobre la distribución de las especies colombianas. La metodología articuló revisión de literatura y de algunos ejemplares de colecciones nacionales (la del autor CFPL-COL y la del Museo de Historia Natural-HN Universidad de Caldas). Sobre Chalcoprionus badeni Bates 1875, se ilustra por primera vez el macho, junto a la hembra; se registran datos de tres ejemplares colectados en selvas muy húmedas de la quebrada La Cristalina, cuenca Calima (1400-1600 msnm), municipio de Darién, Cordillera Occidental, Valle del Cauca, discutiendo además los registros originales en Antioquia y la prioridad de conservación de esta magnífica especie; Braderochus, estuvo representada por cuatro especies así: B. dentipes (Chemsak, 1979) (Chocó), B. hovorei (Santos-Silva & Martins, 2005) (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Boyacá, Santander), B. levoiturieri (Buquet, 1842) (Caldas, Boyacá, Santander) y B. retrospinosus (Lameere, 1916) (Meta, Caquetá); los nuevos datos, además de novedosos, reiteran un precario estado de conocimiento y un mapa de distribución muy relictual, estimándose en la mayoría de las especies una expectativa de supervivencia bastante incierta. La conservación de todas estas notables y endémicas especies, incluidas entre los pilares de la genealogía de los Prioninae neotropicales, se constituye en un aspecto prioritario, que debe articular el estudio, establecimiento y manejo de áreas de conservación.

Abstract Colombia exhibits a remarkable diversity of long horned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an immense family which includes in its geography emblematic groups such as the longicorn of the genera Chalcoprionus Bates, 1875 (Macrodontiini) and Braderochus Buquet, 1852 (Prionini) that stand out for their rarity in national collections and for the fractional nature of their geographic records, which is why this research set out to provide data on the distribution of Colombian species. The methodology included a review of the literature and of some copies of national collections (that of the author CFPL-COL and the MHN Universidad de Caldas). On Chalcoprionus badeni Bates, the male is illustrated for the first time, next to the female. Data are recorded from three specimens collected in very humid forests of La Cristalina stream, Calima basin (1400-1600 masl), Municipality of Darien, Western Cordillera, Valle del Cauca, and the original records in Antioquia and the conservation priority for this magnificent species are also discussed. Braderochus Buquet was represented by four species as follows: B. dentipes (Chemsak, 1979) (Chocó), B. hovorei (Santos-Silva & Martins, 2005) (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Boyacá, Santander), B. levoiturieri (Buquet, 1842) (Caldas, Boyacá, Santander) and B. retrospinosus (Lameere, 1916) (Meta, Caquetá). The new data, in addition to being novel, reiterates a precarious state of knowledge and a very relictual distribution map, estimating a uncertain survival expectation. The conservation of all these remarkable and endemic species, included among the pillars of the genealogy of the Neotropical Prioninae, constitutes a priority aspect, which should articulate the study, establishment and management of conservation areas.

ABSTRACT This study examines the new fossiliferous site Huapilacuy II of Mid-Holocene age (7,344±51-6,865±58 cal years BP.) located in the northwestern coast of the Isla Grande de Chiloé. This area was not affected by the successive Pleistocene glaciations, and therefore it presents a biogeographic relevance as a potential area of refugia and stability for the vegetation. The presence of plant macrofossils contained in a sedimentary sequence of ca. 300 cm thick, confers a special interest to the site, due to the scarce information available on this type of indicator in paleoenvironmental studies of southern Chile. Additionally, several pollen-based reconstructions from the southern Lake District of Chile (40-44˚ S), document the Holocene sequence of recolonization by the different temperate rainforests types that today occupy this region, although there are non-Holocene records for the Pacific coast of the region. The aim of this study is to reconstruct the local environmental conditions and paleoecology based on the stratigraphic context and the analysis of plant macrofossils at the site Huapilacuy II. In addition, based on the pollen analysis of the deposit, we provide new information to reconstruct the regional characteristics of the vegetation during the Middle-Holocene. In particular, the plant macrofossil record of marsh species contained in the sediments of the lower section of the studied sedimentary sequence, together with the pollen analysis of the same sequence, document a first phase of plant colonization at 7,344±51 cal yrs. BP, with predominance of Poaceae, ferns, and trees with regeneration capacity in open areas, such as Embothrium coccineum and Drimys winteri. The analysis of leaf macrofossils and palynomorphs recovered from several intercalated layers, from the middle section of the sedimentary sequence, show the local and regional development of dense and very humid forests dominated by Aextoxicon punctatum, associated with several species of Myrtaceae. The presence of soil moisture indicator species, such as Luma chequen, Myrceugenia sp. and Myrtaceae Blepharocalyx-type is consistent with the sedimentary environment and the local development of swamp or riverine forests. This hygrophile forest environment is also consistent with the assemblage of fossil mosses, dominated by species that grow today in dense closed-canopy forests, such as Weymouthia, Ptychomnium, Rigodium, Porothamnium and Eucamptodon. The regional correlation of the pollen spectra from Huapilacuy II and other records from the Lake District allows us to establish latitudinal and longitudinal differences of tree composition in the temperate-rainforests that expanded during the Early to Mid-Holocene. In particular, this study established for the northwestern coast of the Isla Grande de Chiloé the presence of the coastal association of the valdivian forest (As. Lapagerio-Aextoxiconetum), currently distributed along the Chilean coastline between 30˚- 43˚S. In contrast, the Valdivian associations recorded in other areas of the region exhibit the dominance of Eucryphia cordifolia, Caldcluvia paniculata, Weinmannia trichosperma and different species of Nothofagus. Despite the differences in tree composition, the fossil bryophyte species recorded in several of the sites compared are common with those reported for Huapilacuy II, thus showing the wide ecological range of Chilean bryophytes associated with closed-canopy temperate-rainforests.

RESUMEN En este estudio se examina el sitio fosilífero Huapilacuy II de edad del Holoceno Medio (7.344±51-6.865± 58 años cal. AP), situado en la costa noroccidental de la isla Grande de Chiloé. Esta área no fue afectada directamente por las sucesivas glaciaciones del Pleistoceno, lo que le otorga relevancia biogeográfica como potencial área de refugio y estabilidad para la vegetación. La presencia de macrofósiles vegetales, contenidos en una secuencia sedimentaria de alrededor de 300 cm de espesor, confiere un especial interés al depósito, debido a la escasa información disponible sobre este tipo de indicadores en los estudios paleoambientales del sur de Chile. Aunque numerosos registros polínicos de la región de Los Lagos (40-44˚ S) documentan, a partir del Holoceno, la recolonización de los distintos bosques templado-lluviosos que hoy ocupan este territorio, no existen registros para el Holoceno en el litoral pacífico de esta región. El objetivo de este trabajo es reconstruir las condiciones ambientales y paleoecológicas locales con base en el contexto estratigráfico y el análisis de los macrofósiles vegetales del sitio Huapilacuy II. Adicionalmente, a partir del análisis polínico del depósito, aportar nuevos antecedentes para la reconstrucción de las características regionales de la vegetación durante el Holoceno Medio. El registro de macrofósiles de especies palustres contenidos en los sedimentos de la parte inferior de la secuencia sedimentaria estudiada, junto con el análisis polínico de la misma, documentan una primera fase de colonización vegetal fechada en 7.344±51 años cal. AP, con predominio de Poaceae, helechos y árboles con capacidad de regeneración en áreas abiertas, como Embothrium coccineum y Drimys winteri. El análisis de los macrofósiles foliares contenidos en varias capas intercaladas en la parte media de la secuencia sedimentaria y el registro polínico del depósito evidencian el desarrollo local/regional de bosques densos, muy húmedos dominados por Aextoxicon punctatum, asociado a varias especies de Myrtaceae. Destaca la presencia de especies indicadoras de humedad edáfica, como Luma chequen, Myrceugenia sp. y Myrtaceae tipo Blepharocalyx, ensamble concordante con las condiciones de sedimentación y desarrollo local de bosques pantanosos o ribereños. Este ambiente de bosque higrófilo es, además, consistente con el ensamble de los musgos fósiles del sitio, en el que predominan taxa correspondientes a los géneros Weymouthia, Ptychomnium, Rigodium, Porothamnium y Eucamptodon, característicos de bosques densos con dosel cerrado. La correlación regional del espectro polínico del sitio Huapilacuy II con otros registros de la región de Los Lagos permite establecer diferencias latitudinales y longitudinales en la composición arbórea de los bosques templado-lluviosos que se expandieron durante el Holoceno Temprano a Medio. En particular, para la costa noroccidental de la isla Grande de Chiloé se establece la presencia de la asociación costera del bosque valdiviano (As. Lapagerio-Aextoxiconetum), distribuida actualmente en el litoral chileno entre los 30 y 43˚ S. En contraste, para otras áreas de la región las asociaciones valdivianas registradas exhiben dominancia de Eucryphia cordifolia, Caldcluvia paniculata, Weinmannia trichosperma y distintas especies de Nothofagus. No obstante, las diferencias en la composición arbórea, las especies de briófitas fósiles registradas en varios de los sitios comparados son comunes con las reseñadas para los bosques de la costa noroccidental de Chiloé, lo que muestra la amplitud ecológica de las briófitas chilenas asociadas a bosques templado-lluviosos perennes con dosel cerrado.

Abstract Background: Habitat fragmentation and degradation processes affect biodiversity by reducing habitat quantity and quality, with differential effects on the resident species. However, their consequences are not always noticeable as some ecological processes affected involve idiosyncratic responses among different animal groups. The Valdivian temperate rainforests of southern Chile are experiencing a rapid fragmentation and degradation process despite being a biodiversity hotspot. Deforestation is one of the main threats to these forests. There inhabits the arboreal marsupial Dromiciops gliroides , an iconic species from the Valdivian rainforest, it is the only extant representative of the ancient Microbiotheria order, and it is currently threatened by habitat loss. Here we tested the effects of habitat configuration on D. gliroides occurrence and abundance along 12 landscapes of southern Chile with different disturbance levels. Methods: We estimated D. gliroides occurrence and abundance using camera traps and related those metrics with landscape configuration indices obtained from FRAGSTATS (i.e., forest %, connectivity, patch number, contiguity, and distance to the nearest patch) using Bayesian linear mixed models. Results: We found that D. gliroides occurrence was not influenced by landscape configuration, while its abundance was positively influenced by forest contiguity. Conclusions: Although this arboreal marsupial is present in disturbed forests, its restricted movement capabilities and high dependency on the forest three-dimensional structure may affect its long-term persistence. We urge to rethink native forest conservation and management policies to improve habitat connectivity with possible positive consequences for native fauna.

ABSTRACT Non-indigenous communities are particularly insightful in terms of understanding the process of healing plant acquisition and loss. This study explores the traditional medicinal plant knowledge and use of a long-isolated, African-descended community in the Atlantic rainforests of northeastern Brazil. We investigated the primary plant species used and their therapeutic applications. We hypothesized that women and the oldest members of the community would be the most knowledgeable about medicinal plants. We carried out semi-structured interviews and walk-in-the-woods plant collecting techniques with 74 informants. We identified 133 ethnospecies of plants used to treat a wide variety of illnesses. The most commonly used plant parts were leaves; the most common form of preparation was as infusion. As anticipated, medicinal plant knowledge generally increased with age. However, there was no significant gender difference in plant knowledge. We attribute this to the increasingly similar livelihood roles and geographical spaces occupied by men and women in the community. There was, however, a trend for women to be more knowledgeable about the healing properties of herbaceous and cultivated plants. Increasing contact with the outside world has resulted in a confluence of traditional, often African-derived healing therapies, with the novel healing plant knowledge and allopathic medicine of outsiders.

Resumen El cambio de uso de suelo afecta la permanencia de los bosques tropicales perennifolios (BTP) y provoca la alteración de las propiedades químicas, físicas y biológicas del suelo. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar los cambios en la comunidad de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA) asociados a sistemas manejados (cultivos y potreros) en Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz. Se seleccionaron 5 sitios por uso de suelo. Para esporas se recolectaron 5 muestras de suelo por sitio y de éstas se seleccionaron al azar 3 para cuantificar las estructuras extrarradicales, el ácido graso 16:1ω5 y la respiración fúngica; estas variables se asociaron a los cambios en las propiedades edáficas mediante un análisis de correspondencia canónica. La diversidad y riqueza de HMA fueron menores en el BTP con respecto al potrero y al cultivo. La tasa de respiración fúngica y la concentración del marcador de HMA de ácidos grasos fueron menores en los sistemas manejados, contrario a la producción del micelio extrarradical. Hubo un decremento de la concentración de nutrientes y pH en cultivos y potreros. Estos resultados muestran que los cambios en la comunidad de HMA en los sitios modificados pueden detectarse mediante variables funcionales y estructurales de estos simbiontes.

Abstract Land use change affects the permanence of tropical rainforests (TRF) and causes the alteration of the chemical, physical and biological soil properties. The aim of this work was to analyze the changes in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community associated with managed systems (crops and pastures). We selected 5 sites by land use in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz. For spores, 5 soil samples were collected per site. Three of them were used for quantification of extra-radical structures and, fatty acid 16: 1ω5 concentration, and for estimation of fungal respiration. These variables were associated with changes in soil properties by a canonical correspondence analysis. Diversity and richness were lower in the TRF than in pasture and crops. The fungal respiration rate and the concentration of fatty acids were lower in the managed systems, contrary to the production of the extraradical mycelium. There was a decrease in the nutrient content and pH in crops and pastures. These results showed that changes in the AMF community in the modified sites could be associated with the functional and structural variables of the AMF community.