The training of Chemistry teachers in Brazil has been researched for a few decades and studies point out to training gaps that reverberate in teaching, especially in basic education. One of the contents covered in this step and which is part of the high school curriculum is radioactivity, which is related, among other things, to radiological and radioactive accidents that occur around the world. Thus, this research sought to investigate how the training provided to Chemistry undergraduates in the state of Goiás is in relation to the subject of radioactivity, since in 1987 a radiological accident occurred in Goiânia with a Cesium 137 source. This is a qualitative research, data were collected via questionnaire and the analytical technique used was discursive textual analysis (ATD). The results showed that due importance was not given to the radiological accident, since there is evidence of training gaps in relation to the topic of radioactivity in Chemistry degree courses in the state of Goiás, where the accident occurred, and the contents on radioactivity are either not addressed, or the approach is superficial. This fact directly impacts the teacher’s performance in basic education, when working on this content with their students. teaching education related things world Thus 198 13 source ATD. ATD . (ATD) addressed superficial teacher s students 19 1 (ATD

RESUMEN La presencia de uranio en los reservorios carbonatados de petróleo se ha relacionado con zonas de buena permeabilidad, por la existencia de fracturas abiertas por donde han circulado aguas ricas en sales de uranio. Por otra parte, el uranio se relaciona con la materia orgánica en ambientes reductores. Este trabajo se propone arrojar luz sobre la naturaleza del uranio en los reservorios carbonatados que aparecen en las formaciones gasopetrolíferas cubanas. Para ello se seleccionaron, de la Provincia Gasopetrolífera Norte Cubana, pozos contentivos de estos reservorios que poseyeran registros geofísicos de pozo con imágenes eléctricas de pared de pozo, radiactividad natural de muestras medidas en cámara de bajo fondo y contenido de carbono orgánico total por interpretación de registros de pozo. Se evidenció que la presencia de uranio no puede considerarse un índice directo de permeabilidad al aparecer este asociado lo mismo a fracturas abiertas que cerradas. También se reveló su asociación con la materia orgánica en zonas donde no hay fracturación; de ahí que, en el modelo resultante no pueda ser considerada la presencia de uranio como índice de fracturación y permeabilidad en los carbonatos cubanos. La integración de los datos de los registros geofísicos de pozo convencionales, la herramienta de imágenes de pared de pozo FMI junto a los trabajos de laboratorio, conforma la clave para definir la naturaleza del uranio en los carbonatos.

ABSTRACT Presence of uranium in carbonated petroleum reservoirs has been linked to areas of good permeability, due to the existence of open fractures through which uranium-rich salt waters have circulated. Moreover, uranium is related to organic matter in reducing environments. This paper aims to shed light on nature of uranium in carbonated reservoirs that appear in Cuban gas-controlled formations. For this purpose, wells containing these reservoirs possessing geophysical well logs with electrical images of well wall, natural radioactivity of samples measured in low bottom chamber and total organic carbon content by interpretation of well logs were selected in the North Cuban Petroleum Gas Province. There is evidence that the presence of uranium cannot be considered a direct index of permeability when it appears associated with open fractures as well as closed. It was also showed its association with organic matter in areas where there is no fracturing; hence, in the resulting model, the presence of uranium cannot be considered as index of fracturing and permeability in Cuban carbonates. Integrating data from conventional geophysical well logs, the FMI well wall-imaging tool alongside laboratory work, forms the key to defining the nature of uranium in carbonates.

The discovery of the massive vectorial bosons Z0 and W was a milestone in the development of the Standard Model of Elementary Particles and provided a comprehension of a wide range of experimentally measured production mechanisms. This article presents an overview of the theory and instrumentation which led to the discovery of the massive vector boson Z0 in 1983, one of the mediators of the weak force and responsible for neutral current interactions. A brief historical context of the the development of the Theory of Weak Interactions is done, from the discovery of radioactivity to its unification with the Quantum Electrodynamics, as well as a description of the key experiments involved and a discussion of the obtained results. Finally, the results obtained by the UA1 and UA2 experiments at S p p ¯ S are presented, which resulted in the 1984 Nobel Prize. Z mechanisms 1983 interactions done Electrodynamics Finally UA presented 198 Prize 19 1

A descoberta dos bósons vetoriais massivos Z0 e W foi um marco na construção do Modelo Padrão das Partículas Elementares e permitiu a compreensão de uma gama de mecanismos de produção medidos em laboratório. Este artigo apresenta os aspectos gerais sobre teoria e instrumentação que levaram à descoberta do bóson vetorial massivo Z0 em 1983, uma das partículas mediadoras da Força Fraca e responsável pelas interações de correntes neutras. Uma breve contextualização histórica da construção da Teoria das Interações Fracas é feita, desde a descoberta da radioatividade até a proposta de sua unificação com a Eletrodinâmica Quântica, bem como a descrição dos principais experimentos envolvidos e discussão dos resultado obtidos. Por fim, os resultados obtidos nos experimentos UA1 e UA2 do S p p ¯ S são apresentados, os quais levaram ao Prêmio Nobel de 1984. Z laboratório 1983 neutras feita Quântica fim UA apresentados 1984 198 19 1

Abstract: Background: Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) are an important type of pulse whose production is hindered by poor weed control. Objective: To assess lactofen selectivity levels and to uncover tolerance mechanisms in commercial genotypes. Methods: Four genotypes and weed species were grown under controlled-environment conditions and subjected to lactofen dose-response assays (11.2–2,880 g a.i. ha−1). Visual evaluations performed until 35 days after application, when biomass was quantified and selectivity indexes obtained using regression analysis. Following 14C-lactofen application, absorption and translocation were assessed until 168h after treatment (HAT), when chickpea plants were washed to remove the unabsorbed herbicide or subjected to autoradiography and tissue combustion. Lastly, 14C-lactofen was applied and metabolites extracted at 96 HAT, and their retention factors (Rf) determined by thin layer chromatography and radioscanner reading. Results: Tridax procumbens and Amaranthus spinosus were highly susceptible to lactofen. Chickpea genotypes tolerated lactofen at the highest labelled used rate in soybeans (180 g a.i. ha−1). Lactofen absorption was high (88.1%–94.6%) and translocation was limited (< 2.5%) across genotypes - a similar trend observed in susceptible species, and hence are not implicated in lactofen tolerance. One main metabolite was found in chickpea genotypes, accounting for 12.5%–19.4% of applied radioactivity; the chickpea genotype with the highest tolerance level (BRS Cicero) was the only one in which two metabolites were quantified. Altogether, these results suggest that lactofen tolerance in chickpeas could be conferred by enhanced herbicide metabolism. Conclusions: Lactofen could become an option for selective, post-emergence weed control in chickpeas. Abstract Background Cicer arietinum Objective Methods controlledenvironment controlled environment doseresponse dose response 11.2–2,880 1122880 11 2 880 (11.2–2,88 ai i a.i ha−1. ha1 ha ha−1 . 1 ha−1) 3 application analysis 14Clactofen Clactofen 14C C h HAT , (HAT) combustion Lastly 9 Rf (Rf reading Results 180 (18 88.1%–94.6% 881946 88 94 6 (88.1%–94.6% < ( 2.5% 25 5 125194 12 19 4 12.5%–19.4 radioactivity BRS Cicero Altogether metabolism Conclusions selective postemergence post emergence 11.2–2,88 112288 (11.2–2,8 ha− (HAT 18 (1 88.1%–94.6 88194 8 (88.1%–94.6 2.5 12519 12.5%–19. 11.2–2,8 11228 (11.2–2, 88.1%–94. 8819 (88.1%–94. 2. 1251 12.5%–19 11.2–2, 1122 (11.2–2 88.1%–94 881 (88.1%–94 125 12.5%–1 11.2–2 112 (11.2– 88.1%–9 (88.1%–9 12.5%– 11.2– (11.2 88.1%– (88.1%– 12.5% 11.2 (11. 88.1% (88.1% 12.5 11. (11 88.1 (88.1 12. 88. (88. (88 (8

Resumen En el contexto bélico actual y ante la creciente preocupación de la población a un posible evento nuclear, cobra importancia una revisión bibliográfica como la presente en la que se recogen los actuales y potenciales tratamientos que la Farmacia Hospitalaria debería tener disponible tanto para paliar como para prevenir los posibles daños derivados de la radiación. Así, se detallan los seis medicamentos comercializados y cuatro fórmulas magistrales que deberían formar parte de un stock de emergencia en lugares cercanos amenazados por la exposición a radionúclidos de yodo, cesio, talio, galio, polonio, tecnecio y uranio. Por otra parte, se recogen nuevos compuestos naturales que, por sus propiedades antioxidantes, antiinflamatoria y/o potencial quelante de metales, podrían llegar a utilizarse como radioprotectores en este tipo de eventos, estando la mayoría disponibles como materia prima y siendo por tanto valorable su elaboración como formulación magistral.

Summary In the current war context and given the growing concern of the population in a possible nuclear event, a bibliographic review such as the current one is important, in which the present and potential treatments that the Hospital Pharmacy should have available both to palliate and to prevent possible damage from radiation. This review includes the 6 marketed drugs and 4 compounding drugs that should form part of an emergency stock in nearby places threatened by exposure to radionuclides of iodine, cesium, thallium, gallium, polonium, technetium and uranium. On the other hand, we describe 9 natural compounds that, due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and/or metal-chelating potential properties, could be used as radioprotectors in this type of event, most of them being available as active pharmaceutical ingredients and their elaboration being therefore valuable as compounded drugs.

Taxas de mortalidade maiores para os cânceres mais frequentes foram registradas entre 1996 e 2000 em Guarapari, um município do Espírito Santo, Brasil, onde se localizam praias com alta radioatividade natural. Para verificar a existência desse excesso de mortalidade por câncer em Guarapari, taxas de mortalidade por todas as causas, todos os cânceres e pelos cânceres mais prevalentes no município foram estudadas entre 2000 e 2018 e comparadas com aquelas observadas no estado. Dados de mortalidade por todas as causas, por câncer e por câncer de esôfago, estômago, laringe, traqueia, brônquios e pulmão, próstata, mama e leucemias foram coletados no Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS) de 2000 a 2018. As taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas pelo método direto. As taxas padronizadas ajustadas por idade (TPAI) foram calculadas com base na população mundial padrão da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Foram calculadas taxas brutas de mortalidade para cada município e as TPAI para o estado e para os nove municípios onde foi avaliada a radioatividade natural. A mortalidade por todas as causas, todos os cânceres e pelos diferentes cânceres investigados em Guarapari não diferiu significativamente daqueles observados no estado ou em municípios com mais de 100 mil habitantes. Não houve correlação entre os níveis de radioatividade e as taxas de mortalidade nos nove municípios onde a radioatividade natural era conhecida. Em conclusão, os resultados mostraram que a mortalidade por câncer e por todas as causas em Guarapari não diferiu daquelas observadas no restante do estado. Além disso, não houve correlação entre os níveis de radioatividade natural e a mortalidade por câncer nas áreas onde a radioatividade natural foi avaliada.

Las mayores tasas de mortalidad por cáncer se registraron entre 1996 y 2000 en Guarapari, un municipio del estado de Espírito Santo, Brasil, donde existen playas con alta radiactividad natural. Para verificar la existencia de mayor mortalidad por cáncer en Guarapari, se estudiaron las tasas de mortalidad por distintas causas, por los tipos de cáncer y por los tipos más prevalentes en este municipio entre 2000 y 2018, y se las compararon con las observadas en todo el estado. Los datos sobre la mortalidad por distintas causas, por cáncer y por cáncer de esófago, estómago, laringe, tráquea, bronquios y pulmón, próstata, mama y leucemias se recogieron del Departamento de Informática de SUS (DATASUS) sobre el periodo de 2000 a 2018. Las tasas de mortalidad se calcularon utilizando el método directo. Las tasas estandarizadas ajustadas por edad (TEAE) se calcularon con base en las de la población mundial estándar de la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS). Se calcularon las tasas brutas de mortalidad para cada municipio y las TEAE para el estado y para los nueve municipios donde se evaluó la radiactividad natural. La mortalidad por distintas causas, por los tipos de cáncer y por los diferentes tipos de cáncer investigados en Guarapari no difirió significativamente de la observada en el estado o en los municipios con más de 100.000 habitantes. No hubo correlación entre los niveles de radiactividad y las tasas de mortalidad en los nueve municipios donde existe radiactividad natural. Se concluye que la mortalidad por cáncer y por distintas causas en Guarapari no difiere de los resultados observados en todo el estado. Además, no hubo correlación entre los niveles de radiactividad natural y la mortalidad por cáncer en las áreas donde se evaluó la radiactividad natural.

Guarapari, a municipality of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, reported higher mortality rates for the most common cancers from 1996 to 2000. This municipality has beaches with high natural radioactivity. To verify whether this excessive cancer mortality rate still exist in Guarapari, mortality rates for all causes, cancers, and the most prevalent cancers in this municipality were studied from 2000 to 2018 and compared with those observed in the state. Data on all-cause mortality, all-cancer mortality, and mortality from cancer of the esophagus, stomach, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lung, prostate, breast, and leukemias were collected in Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS) from 2000 to 2018. Mortality rates were calculated by direct method. Standardized age-adjusted rates (SAAR) were calculated based on standard of the World Health Organization (WHO) world population. Crude mortality rates were calculated for each municipality and SAAR for the state and nine municipalities where natural radioactivity was evaluated. Mortality rates from all causes, all cancers, and different cancers observed in Guarapari did not differ significantly from those observed in the state or municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Radioactivity levels and mortality rates showed no correlation in nine municipalities where natural radioactivity was known. In conclusion, results showed that mortality from cancer and all causes in Guarapari did not differ from those observed in the state and that there was no correlation between the levels of natural radioactivity and mortality from cancer in areas where natural radioactivity was evaluated.

Las mayores tasas de mortalidad por cáncer se registraron entre 1996 y 2000 en Guarapari, un municipio del estado de Espírito Santo, Brasil, donde existen playas con alta radiactividad natural. Para verificar la existencia de mayor mortalidad por cáncer en Guarapari, se estudiaron las tasas de mortalidad por distintas causas, por los tipos de cáncer y por los tipos más prevalentes en este municipio entre 2000 y 2018, y se las compararon con las observadas en todo el estado. Los datos sobre la mortalidad por distintas causas, por cáncer y por cáncer de esófago, estómago, laringe, tráquea, bronquios y pulmón, próstata, mama y leucemias se recogieron del Departamento de Informática de SUS (DATASUS) sobre el periodo de 2000 a 2018. Las tasas de mortalidad se calcularon utilizando el método directo. Las tasas estandarizadas ajustadas por edad (TEAE) se calcularon con base en las de la población mundial estándar de la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS). Se calcularon las tasas brutas de mortalidad para cada municipio y las TEAE para el estado y para los nueve municipios donde se evaluó la radiactividad natural. La mortalidad por distintas causas, por los tipos de cáncer y por los diferentes tipos de cáncer investigados en Guarapari no difirió significativamente de la observada en el estado o en los municipios con más de 100.000 habitantes. No hubo correlación entre los niveles de radiactividad y las tasas de mortalidad en los nueve municipios donde existe radiactividad natural. Se concluye que la mortalidad por cáncer y por distintas causas en Guarapari no difiere de los resultados observados en todo el estado. Además, no hubo correlación entre los niveles de radiactividad natural y la mortalidad por cáncer en las áreas donde se evaluó la radiactividad natural. 199 200 Santo Brasil 2018 esófago estómago laringe tráquea pulmón próstata DATASUS (DATASUS directo (TEAE OMS. OMS . (OMS) 100000 100 000 100.00 habitantes Además 19 20 201 (OMS 10000 10 00 100.0 1 2 1000 0 100.

Guarapari, a municipality of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, reported higher mortality rates for the most common cancers from 1996 to 2000. This municipality has beaches with high natural radioactivity. To verify whether this excessive cancer mortality rate still exist in Guarapari, mortality rates for all causes, cancers, and the most prevalent cancers in this municipality were studied from 2000 to 2018 and compared with those observed in the state. Data on all-cause mortality, all-cancer mortality, and mortality from cancer of the esophagus, stomach, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lung, prostate, breast, and leukemias were collected in Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS) from 2000 to 2018. Mortality rates were calculated by direct method. Standardized age-adjusted rates (SAAR) were calculated based on standard of the World Health Organization (WHO) world population. Crude mortality rates were calculated for each municipality and SAAR for the state and nine municipalities where natural radioactivity was evaluated. Mortality rates from all causes, all cancers, and different cancers observed in Guarapari did not differ significantly from those observed in the state or municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Radioactivity levels and mortality rates showed no correlation in nine municipalities where natural radioactivity was known. In conclusion, results showed that mortality from cancer and all causes in Guarapari did not differ from those observed in the state and that there was no correlation between the levels of natural radioactivity and mortality from cancer in areas where natural radioactivity was evaluated. Santo Brazil 199 200 201 allcause cause allcancer esophagus stomach larynx trachea lung prostate breast DATASUS (DATASUS method ageadjusted age adjusted (SAAR WHO (WHO population evaluated 100000 100 000 100,00 inhabitants known conclusion 19 20 10000 10 00 100,0 1 2 1000 0 100,

Taxas de mortalidade maiores para os cânceres mais frequentes foram registradas entre 1996 e 2000 em Guarapari, um município do Espírito Santo, Brasil, onde se localizam praias com alta radioatividade natural. Para verificar a existência desse excesso de mortalidade por câncer em Guarapari, taxas de mortalidade por todas as causas, todos os cânceres e pelos cânceres mais prevalentes no município foram estudadas entre 2000 e 2018 e comparadas com aquelas observadas no estado. Dados de mortalidade por todas as causas, por câncer e por câncer de esôfago, estômago, laringe, traqueia, brônquios e pulmão, próstata, mama e leucemias foram coletados no Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS) de 2000 a 2018. As taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas pelo método direto. As taxas padronizadas ajustadas por idade (TPAI) foram calculadas com base na população mundial padrão da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Foram calculadas taxas brutas de mortalidade para cada município e as TPAI para o estado e para os nove municípios onde foi avaliada a radioatividade natural. A mortalidade por todas as causas, todos os cânceres e pelos diferentes cânceres investigados em Guarapari não diferiu significativamente daqueles observados no estado ou em municípios com mais de 100 mil habitantes. Não houve correlação entre os níveis de radioatividade e as taxas de mortalidade nos nove municípios onde a radioatividade natural era conhecida. Em conclusão, os resultados mostraram que a mortalidade por câncer e por todas as causas em Guarapari não diferiu daquelas observadas no restante do estado. Além disso, não houve correlação entre os níveis de radioatividade natural e a mortalidade por câncer nas áreas onde a radioatividade natural foi avaliada. 199 200 Santo Brasil 201 esôfago estômago laringe traqueia pulmão próstata DATASUS (DATASUS direto (TPAI OMS. OMS . (OMS) 10 habitantes conhecida conclusão disso 19 20 (OMS 1 2

Resumen El estudio de los sellos y reservorios es el objetivo principal de la petrofísica, dentro de la cual, los registros geofísicos de pozo cumplen un papel importante. La mejor opción para caracterizar las formaciones en los pozos es la descripción litológica de los núcleos y las muestras de canal, lo cual se complementa con la información continua que brindan los registros de pozos. Entre las rocas sellantes, se destacan mayormente las que son arcillosas, y se caracterizan por tener valores de resistividad baja, porosidad muy alta, valores elevados de radiactividad natural y presencia de derrumbes en los registros convencionales, mientras que, en los registros de imágenes de pared de pozo, lo típico son los colores más oscuros de la gama. En la práctica, estas características no son tan evidentes en todas las rocas que se definen como sellos arcillosos, ya que su composición y propiedades varían, y constituye un problema, en muchas ocasiones, identificar, a partir de la visualización de los registros, la formación a la que pertenecen esas rocas. La Unidad Tectónica Estratigráfica Placetas, dentro de la Provincia Norte Petrolífera Cubana, está constituida por una serie de formaciones. La Formación Constancia se considera como una transición entre las rocas clásticas sinrift y las rocas carbonatadas propias de las formaciones que constituyen reservorios dentro de la Unidad, mientras que Vega Alta es la cubierta sinorogénica que preserva los hidrocarburos de las formaciones productivas. Las formaciones Constancia y Vega Alta, suelen confundirse en los pozos, en la geología compleja de mantos y escamas en que aparecen. En este trabajo se integran los elementos geólogo-geofísicos disponibles para estudiar las diferencias y similitudes que presentan las rocas arcillosas en diferentes contextos y se analiza la identificación con las formaciones señaladas. Los gráficos de propiedades cruzadas de registros geofísicos ayudan en la identificación litológica en conjunto con la representación de los registros compuestos. Un rol destacado en la caracterización, lo juega el registro de imágenes, porque permite definir la textura de las rocas. Por último, la variación de los distintos registros geofísicos puede resumirse en los gráficos de estrella como estudio estadístico de cada paquete analizado. Como resultado se caracterizaron cuatro grupos litológicos de rocas arcillosas, a los que se les llamó electrotipos por su relación con los perfiles de pozo, gráficos e imágenes, y su relación las formaciones Vega Alta, Constancia u otra formación arcillosa en otras unidades tectónicas estratigráficas.

Abstract The study of seals and reservoirs is the main objective of petrophysics, in which borehole geophysical logs play an important role. The best option to characterize formations in wells is the lithological description of cores and channel samples, which is complemented by the continuous information provided by the well logs. Among the sealing rocks, clays are the mostand those that are mostly clayey, and also are characterized by low resistivity values, very high porosity, high natural radioactivity values, and the presence of landslides in conventional logs, whereas, in borehole image logs, the darkest colors of the range are typical. In practice, these characteristics are not as evident in all rocks that are defined as clay seals because their composition and properties vary, and it is often a problem to identify from the log display the formation to which these rocks belong. The Placetas Tectonic Stratigraphic Unit within the North Cuban Oil Province is made up of a series of formations. The Constancia Formation is considered a transition between the synrift clastic rocks and the carbonate rocks of the formations that constitute reservoirs within the Unit, while Vega Alta is the synorogenic cover that preserves the hydrocarbons of the productive formations. The Constancia and Vega Alta formations are usually confused in the wells, in the complex geology of mantles and scales in which they appear. In this work, the available geological-geophysical elements are integrated to study the differences and similarities of the clay rocks in different contexts, and the identification with the mentioned formations is analyzed. The cross-property plots of geophysical logs help in the lithological identification in conjunction with the representation of the composite logs. A prominent role in the characterization is played by the image log because it allows for defining the texture of the rocks. Finally, the variation of the different geophysical logs can be summarized in the star plots as a statistical study of each analyzed package. As a result, four lithological groups of clayey rocks were characterized and were called electrotypes because of their relationship with the well profiles, graphs, and images and their relationship with the Vega Alta, Constancia, or other clayey formations in other tectonostratigraphic units.

Abstract Metal mining deeply modifies local environmental dynamics and produces large volumes of waste rock and residues, which is expected to be carefully disposed in order to prevent soil, water, and environment degradation. The Osamu Utsumi mine was a pioneer uranium ore exploitation site in Brazil, located in the State of Minas Gerais. The open pit and the high concentration of sulfide in waste rock piles are nowadays a dispendious concern to the Nuclear Industries of Brazil (INB, in Portuguese), due to sulfide oxidation and the resultant acid mine drainage (AMD). The objective of this research is to analyze the correlation between gamma-ray spectrometry data and the generation of AMD in a waste rock pile, locally known as BF-04. Potassium concentrations can be used to distinguish zones of rock depletion, lowest concentrations, and radioelement sedimentation. The radiometric data acquisition combined with previous studies indicates that high uranium and thorium concentrations are associated with high sulfide zones. The mineralized uranium ore includes sulfides that are rapidly destroyed by surface hydration conditions, responsible for generating acid mine drainage. In this sense, superficial zones in the waste rock pile with high levels of eU and eTh are areas exposed to oxidation and hydration of sulfides, and, therefore, their recognition and neutralization can contribute to decrease AMD generation in the study site and areas with similar characteristics. The gamma-ray spectrometry results can subsidize more effective and low-cost remediation techniques.

Resumen La minería de metales modifica profundamente la dinámica ambiental local y produce grandes volúmenes de roca y residuos, los cuales se espera sean eliminados cuidadosamente para evitar el deterioro del suelo, el agua y el medio ambiente. La mina Osamu Utsumi fue un sitio de explotación de mineral de uranio pionero en Brasil, ubicado en el estado de Minas Gerais. La mina abierta y la alta concentración de sulfuro en las capas de material estéril son hoy en día un tema de preocupación para las Industrias Nucleares de Brasil (INB), debido a la oxidación del sulfuro y el drenaje ácido de la mina resultante (AMD, por sus siglas en inglés). El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los datos de espectrometría de rayos gamma y la generación de AMD en una capa de material estéril, BF-04, en el sitio. La adquisición de datos radiométricos combinada con estudios previos indica que las altas concentraciones de uranio y torio están asociadas con zonas de alto contenido de sulfuro. El mineral de uranio mineralizado incluye sulfuros que se destruyen rápidamente por las condiciones de hidratación de la superficie y son responsables de generar el drenaje ácido de la mina. En este sentido, las zonas superficiales de la capa de material estéril con altos niveles de eU y eTh son áreas expuestas a la oxidación e hidratación de sulfuros y, por lo tanto, su reconocimiento y neutralización pueden contribuir a disminuir la generación de AMD en el sitio de estudio y áreas con condiciones similares. Los resultados de la espectrometría de rayos gamma pueden ser de interés para una remediación de bajo costo en el entorno local.

Abstract Radioactive trivalent chromium (51Cr3+) is a known radiopharmaceutical used to tag plasma proteins, platelets and also for estimation of blood volume. Nevertheless, there exist insufficient reports with limited sample sizes concerning its clearance from blood and its biodistribution after intravenous administration. This study focused to understand clearance rate of 51Cr3+ from blood and analyze its biodistribution. For biodistribution, six adult New Zealand white albino rabbits were injected with 51Cr3+ through their marginal vein. Percentage clearance of 51Cr3+ from blood was calculated by recording radioactive counts obtained at 1, 58, 61, 120, 180 and 240 minutes post-administration in thirty-three adult New Zealand white albino rabbits. For evaluating 51Cr3+ biodistribution, organs were surgically removed from the rabbits and weighed. Radioactivity of the organs and urine were counted in a nucleonix gamma-ray spectrometer with a NaI scintillation detector. Data were expressed as cps/g. Average clearance of 51Cr3+ was 34% from the first to the 58 minute. Subsequent measurements for hourly clearance at 120, 180 and 240 minutes showed percentage reduction of radioactivity of 33, 14 and 8, respectively. Minimal specific activities were found in the muscle and brain. Spleen, lungs, liver and kidneys exhibited moderate radioactivity. Urine tracer-concentrations were found to be ten times more than that of plasma. From this study, it has been observed that clearance of 51Cr3+ from blood was faster initially which slowed down progressively and there displayed moderate uptake of 51Cr3+ by certain organs. Understanding pharmacokinetics of 51Cr3+ is relevant for its potential use as a diagnostic tool.

O artigo examina os relatórios das expedições à Guarapari e outras publicações (1956–1967) do Padre Francisco Xavier Roser S.J. com o objetivo de caracterizar sua produção científica em trabalhos de campo em radiação ambiental, bem como identificar sua rede de colaboração. Este trabalho discute os levantamentos radiométricos das áreas com elevada radioatividade de solo, os exames dosimétricos da população local e as medidas de radioatividade atmosférica realizados no litoral sul capixaba. A partir dessas atividades são apresentadas as técnicas, os métodos de investigação empregados pelo grupo de cientistas, reunidos em torno de Roser, os resultados das pesquisas e as colaborações interinstitucionais estabelecidas na realização desse programa de pesquisa.

The article describes the reports of expeditions to Guarapari and other publications (1956–1967) written by Father Francisco Xavier Roser S.J. with the aim of characterizing his scientific production on environmental radiation We try to elucidate his scientific network. Our contribution also discusses the radiometric surveys of areas with high soil radioactivity, the dosimetric exams of the local population, and the measurements of atmospheric radioactivity carried out on the south coast of Espírito Santo. Finally, we explain the techniques, the research methods employed by the group of scientists, gathered around Roser, the research results and the inter-institutional collaborations.

Abstract: In this work 99mTc-MIBI cardiac scintigraphs are quantitively analyzed with the aim to determine the radiopharmaceutical uptake in the heart (organ of interest) and in the liver. The impact of the radioactivity distribution in the diagnostic quality of the images is discussed.

Resumen: En este trabajo se analizan cuantitativamente centellogramas cardíacos realizados con 99mTc-MIBI con el objetivo de determinar la relación de captación del radiofármaco en el corazón (órgano de interés) y en el hígado. Se discute el impacto que la distribución de la marca radiactiva tiene en la capacidad diagnóstica de los estudios realizados.

Environmental isotopes have been used for decades as natural tracers in studies aimed at understanding complex hydrogeological processes such as groundwater and surface water interactions. Radon (Rn222) is a naturally occurring, radioactive isotope which is produced from radium (Ra226) during the radioactive decay series of uranium (U238). Since U238 is present in most geological substrates, Rn222 is produced in various lithological structures and subsequently transported with groundwater through fractures and pore spaces in an aquifer towards surface water discharge points in rivers and springs. This study aimed to determine (i) the concentration of Rn222 within both surface water and groundwater in Table Mountain Group (TMG) aquifer systems, and (ii) the feasibility of using Rn222 isotopes as a natural tracer in groundwater-surface water interaction studies. This study was conducted in a highly fractured TMG aquifer system near Rawsonville, South Africa. Surface water from two perennial rivers (i.e. Gevonden and Molenaars), together with groundwater from a nearby borehole, were sampled and their corresponding Rn222 concentrations measured. Our study found median Rn222 concentrations in the Gevonden River of 76.4 Bq-L-1 and 67.2 Bq-L-1 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Nearly '2% of surface water samples exceeded '00 Bq-L-1. These abnormally high Rn222 concentrations can only be attributed to the influx of groundwater with extremely high Rn222 concentrations. Under ambient (no pumping) conditions, Rn222 concentrations in groundwater range between '30-270 Bq-L-1. However, when the borehole was pumped, and inflowing water from the surrounding aquifer was sampled, even higher Rn222 concentrations (39'-593 Bq-L-1) were measured. These extremely high Rn222 concentrations in groundwater are believed to be attributed to the underlying granitic geology and the prevalence of faults. The use of Rn222 isotopes as an environmental tracer in groundwater-surface water interaction studies is therefore regarded as a feasible option in similar highly fractured aquifer systems.

Apresentamos os resultados de um estudo que analisa o uso do filme Radioactive como vetor de popularização da ciência e como recurso didático para a discussão de aspectos sociológicos da atividade científica e da natureza da ciência na formação inicial de professores de física. Para tanto, analisamos o filme sob o ponto de vista de sua correspondência com os fatos históricos e discutimos como os alunos o perceberam durante sua exibição em um curso de licenciatura em física. A análise evidencia que a cinebiografia apresenta equívocos históricos que podem gerar uma compreensão errônea do contexto abordado na obra. A presente intervenção didática indica que o enredo de Radioactive pode ser usado para a introdução de discussões sobre um conteúdo da física do século 20 e para o debate de elementos da natureza da ciência, na medida em que envolveu os estudantes em formação inicial na apreciação do conteúdo histórico e científico apresentado, bem como na reflexão e comparação sobre as ideias que possuíam sobre a radioatividade e aquelas apresentadas no filme. Os licenciandos consideraram o filme um recurso potencialmente útil, desde que se leve em consideração a contextualização da obra no cenário dos registros históricos.

This paper presents the results of a study whose aim was to analyze the use of the movie Radioactive both as a vector for popularizing science and as a didactic resource for discussing the sociological aspects of the scientific activity and the nature of science in the initial training of teachers of Physics. We analyzed the film in relation to the historical facts and discussed how the students perceived it during its exhibition. The analysis suggests that the biopic presents historical misinterpretations that may generate erroneous understanding of the context approached. The didactic intervention indicates that the Radioactive storyline can be used for introducing discussions about one of the 20th century physics content and debating about elements of the nature of science. The engagement of students in the appreciation of historical and scientific contents presented in the movie as well as the reflection and comparison among ideas they had about radioactivity and those presented in the film were fundamental. The students considered the movie resourceful, as long as one takes into account the relationship between the work and the scenario of historical records.

O novo ensino médio permite ao estudante, num currículo de vários tópicos, que escolha a área de ciência e tecnologia, onde estão presentes habilidades sobre radiações/radioatividade. Trata-se de um tema que envolve diversas aplicações para a sociedade, como para a área médica, onde é possível diagnosticar e tratar doenças, bem como aplicações industriais e a produção de energia elétrica livre da emissão de gases estufa. No entanto, a forma como a radiação ionizante tem sido tratada pela mídia tende a afastar o jovem estudante do ensino médio dessa área da ciência. Devido à importância do tema, este trabalho traz uma proposta alternativa para o novo ensino médio, onde o ensino vai se dar de uma forma crítica, relativamente aprofundada e não tendenciosa. O material pode ser acessado online através do link https://sites.google.com/unicamp.br/radschool/.

The new high school allows the student, in a curriculum of various topics, to choose the area of science and technology, where skills on radiation/radioactivity are present. It is an issue that involves several applications for society, such as for the medical area, where it is possible to diagnose and treat diseases, as well as industrial applications and the production of electricity free from the emission of greenhouse gases. However, the way in which ionizing radiation has been treated by the media tends to drive young high school students away from this area of science. Due to the importance of the theme, this work presents an alternative proposal for the new high school, where teaching will take place in a critical, relatively in-depth and non-biased way. The material can be accessed through the link https://sites.google.com/unicamp.br/radschool/.