Two novel alkyl thiophene-modified pyrene derivatives (1)-(2) were created and synthesized using palladium-catalyzed Stille coupling processes and Friedel-Crafts reaction of pyrene. The polycyclic aromatic groups of the thiophene-modified pyrene were oxidized with Ag[Al(OC(CF3)3)4] to provide the insensitive radical cations 1•+-2•+ based on the alkyl thiophene-modified pyrene derivatives. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, were used to investigate their structures and properties. The pyrene moieties were the primary location of the electron spin distribution, with a little overflow onto the outer thiophene moieties. Due to the different substituent groups, free radicals 1•+ 2•+ exhibit some different properties. Compound 1•+ is the most extensive thiophene-modified pyrene radical cation that has been reported. These species are anticipated to have wide-ranging potential in the areas of optoelectronic materials and semiconductors. thiophenemodified modified 12 1 2 (1)-(2 palladiumcatalyzed palladium catalyzed FriedelCrafts Friedel Crafts AgAlOCCF334 AgAlOCCF Ag Al OC CF3 3 4 CF Ag[Al(OC(CF3)3)4 1•+2•+ 1•+-2• NMR, NMR , (NMR) EPR, EPR (EPR) UVVis UV Vis spectroscopy DFT (DFT calculations properties distribution 1• 2• reported wideranging wide ranging semiconductors (1)-( AgAlOCCF33 Ag[Al(OC(CF3)3) 1•+2• 1•+-2 (NMR (EPR (1)- AgAlOCCF3 Ag[Al(OC(CF3)3 1•+2 1•+- (1) Ag[Al(OC(CF3) (1 Ag[Al(OC(CF3 ( Ag[Al(OC(CF

Abstract Introduction. In Mexico, 85 % of the crops are white maize, 10 % white yellow and 5 % other colors. Biochemical studies of pigmented native maize have been carried out, but there is little information on colour-improved maize. Objective. To evaluate the phytochemical content and antimicrobial capacity of two pigmented maize hybrids grown at the Tecnológico Nacional de México-Valle del Yaqui. Materials and methods. Extraction of biocompounds from a portion of the maize grains grown in southern Sonora, Mexico, during the summer-winter 2020 cycle was performed on red and purple maize hybrids. A thirty-part solution of ethanol, acetic acid and water was used. Proximal composition, anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid content were determined by standardized methods. Antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methodologies. In addition, antimicrobial capacity and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined. Results. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins (340.98±5.21 mg/100 g) and polyphenols (173.68±24.23 mg gallic acid/100 g) compared to red maize. Flavonoids are more abundant in purple maize (575.10±27.88 mg quercetin/100 g). Both maize hybrids exhibited more than 50 % antioxidant capacity against ABTS and DPPH radicals. Regarding antimicrobial activity, higher inhibition was observed for Escherichia coli and Salmonella (18 % and 47 %), and lower for Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella (19 % and 34 %) compared to gentamicin. Conclusion. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins, polyphenols and flavonoids. Both hybrids had an antioxidant capacity higher than 50 %. Antimicrobial activity was higher against E. coli and Salmonella, than against S. aureus and Shigella.

Resumen Introducción. En México, el 85 % de las siembras son maíces blancos, el 10 % amarillo blancos y el 5 % de otros colores. Se han realizado estudios bioquímicos de maíces nativos pigmentados, pero existe poca información en maíces mejorados en color. Objetivo. Evaluar el contenido de fitoquímicos y capacidad antimicrobiana de dos híbridos de maíz pigmentado cultivados en el Tecnológico Nacional de México, Valle del Yaqui. Materiales y métodos. En granos de híbridos de maíz de color rojo y morado se realizaron las extracciones de biocompuestos a partir de una porción del maíz cultivado en el sur de Sonora, México, durante el ciclo verano-invierno 2020. Se utilizó una solución de etanol, ácido acético y agua en una proporción de treinta partes. La composición proximal, contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides se determinaron mediante métodos estandarizados. La capacidad antioxidante se evaluó mediante las metodologías ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) y DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo). Además, se determinó la capacidad antimicrobiana y la concentración mínima inhibitoria. Resultados. El maíz morado presentó mayor contenido de antocianinas (340,98±5,21 mg/100 g) y polifenoles (173,68±24,23 mg de ácido gálico/100 g), en comparación con el maíz rojo. Los flavonoides son más abundantes en el maíz morado (575,10±27,88 mg de quercetina/100 g). Ambos híbridos de maíz exhibieron una capacidad antioxidante superior al 50 % frente a los radicales ABTS y DPPH. Respecto a la actividad antimicrobiana, se observó mayor inhibición para Escherichia coli y Salmonella (18 % y 47 %), y menor para Staphylococcus aureus y Shigella (19 % y 34 %) en comparación con la gentamicina. Conclusión. El maíz morado mostró mayor contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides. Ambos híbridos tuvieron una capacidad antioxidante mayor al 50 %. La actividad antimicrobiana fue mayor contra E. coli y Salmonella, que contra S. aureus y Shigella.

Abstract: This article analyzes the discussions in the Preliminary Councils of the XXVII Legislature regarding the legitimacy of popular representatives, a discussion in which two political blocks confronted each other: that of the presumed deputies close to President Venustiano Carranza, known as the renovators, and the opposition block, known as the radicals, some of whom were close to Álvaro Obregón or Pablo González, two of the most important Constitutionalist leaders. This discussion reveals the emergent fractures in the triumphant current of the Mexican Revolution, which could first be seen in the Constitutional Congress of 1916-1917, a divide that would hold over into the XXVII Legislature and the one that followed. This division provoked fierce political struggles between congress and the Carranza administration and reduced the latter’s efficacy, as several of its most important initiatives, such as the law on the suspension of guarantees to combat the rebellions against his government, were blocked by the opposition, as they constituted the majority legislative block.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la discusión en las Juntas Preliminares de la XXVII Legislatura acerca de la legitimidad de los representantes populares, discusión en la cual se enfrentan dos bloques, el de los presuntos diputados más cercanos al presidente Venustiano Carranza, conocidos como renovadores, y el de un bloque opositor, conocido como radical, algunos de cuyos miembros eran cercanos a Álvaro Obregón o a Pablo González, dos de los más importantes líderes del constitucionalismo. Esa discusión muestra la fractura que se estaba produciendo en la corrien te triunfadora de la Revolución, cuyos primeros signos se habían mostrado en el Congreso Constituyente de 1916-1917, división que continuó en la XXVII Legislatura y que se prolongaría también en la siguiente. Esa escisión provocó fuertes disputas políticas del Congreso con el gobierno de Venustiano Carranza y le restó eficacia a éste, pues varias de sus iniciativas más importantes, como la Ley de Suspensión de Garantías para poder combatir las rebeliones que estallaron en su gobierno, se vieron obstaculizadas por la oposición de un sector mayoritario de legisladores.

Resumen: El gel de Aloe vera es considerado una fuente natural de múltiples beneficios, originados por la acción combinada de vitaminas, aminoácidos, compuestos fenólicos, enzimas, minerales, ácidos orgánicos, lípidos y carbohidratos, que se relacionan con la mejora de enfermedades neuro-degenerativas como Alzheimer. Los ensayos in vitro e in silico permiten confirmar e identificar posibles beneficios de esta planta y sus compuestos en enfermedades. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante del gel de A. vera y mediante análisis in silico, establecer el potencial terapéutico de sus compuestos bioactivos en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se obtuvieron hojas de A. vera, de las que se extrajo el gel, retirando el exocarpio, se liofilizó y almacenó hasta su uso. Se caracterizó la capacidad antioxidante, se cuantificaron los compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides y se analizó la relación que existe entre los parámetros mediante correlación de Pearson. Mediante análisis in silico se evaluó el potencial de interacción de 8 compuestos del gel con la proteína gamma secretasa. El gel de A. vera obtuvo alta capacidad antioxidante por ABTS, DPPH, radical OH y poder reductor, usando bajas concentraciones para inhibir el 50 % de los radicales, y correlaciones positivas con fenoles totales y flavonoides. En el estudio in silico el compuesto que presentó mejor unión con gamma secretasa fue aloe-emodina, con menor energía libre de unión y menor concentración de constante de inhibición, sugiriendo su potencial uso como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

Abstract: Aloe vera gel is considered a natural source of multiple benefits, originated by the combined action of vitamins, amino acids, phenolic compounds, enzymes, minerals, organic acids, lipids and carbohydrates, which are related to the improvement of neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. In vitro and in silico tests allow us to confirm and identify possible benefits of this plant and its compounds in diseases. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of A. vera gel and, through in silico analysis, to establish the therapeutic potential of its bioactive compounds in Alzheimer’s disease. A. vera leaves were obtained, from which the gel was extracted, removing the exocarp, lyophilized and stored until use. The antioxidant capacity was characterized, the phenolic compounds and flavonoids were quantified, and the relationship between the parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The interaction potential of 8 compounds in the gel with the gamma secretase protein was evaluated through in silico analysis. The A. vera gel obtained high antioxidant capacity due to ABTS, DPPH, OH radical and reducing power, using low concentrations to inhibit 50 % of the radicals, and positive correlations with total phenols and flavonoids. In the in silico study, the compound that showed the best binding with gamma secretase was aloe-emodin, with lower binding free energy and lower inhibition constant concentration, suggesting its potential use as an adjuvant in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Abstract The germination of quinua improves the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, amino acids, dietary fiber, vitamin E, antioxidants and other bioactive compounds, making this pseudocereal a nutritious and healthy source for the preparation of functional foods. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of the germination of quinua on the nutritional, biological and functional properties, in turn to be able to analyze the potential that this golden grain has in the food industry. For the systematic review, the databases (Scopus, Scielo and Science Direct) were used, following the PRISMA guideline and the PIO strategy (Population, Intervention, Outputs), which helped to formulate the search equations and to identify the most relevant articles of the last 5 years. The results of the bibliometric analysis showed that the germination of quinua improves the nutritional properties and the content of secondary metabolites, also represents a potential source for the development of food products with functional and nutraceutical properties. A recent study confirms that after 4 days of germination the total phenolic content of various types of quinua ranges between 39.29 and 782.15 mg/100 g, indicating a powerful ability to eliminate free radicals, turning this pseudocereal into a raw material with the ability to be applied in the formulation of various food products such as bread, cookies, pizzas, beverages, yogurt, cheeses, etc.

Resumen La germinación de la quinua mejora el contenido de polifenoles, flavonoides, aminoácidos, fibra dietética, vitamina E, antioxidantes y otros compuestos bioactivos, convirtiendo a este pseudocereal en una fuente nutritiva y saludable para la elaboración de alimentos funcionales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la germinación de quinua sobre las propiedades nutricionales, biológicas y funcionales, a su vez poder analizar el potencial que tiene este grano de oro en la industria alimentaria. Para la revisión sistemática, se empleó las bases de datos (Scopus, Scielo y Science Direct), siguiendo la directriz PRISMA y la estrategia PIO (Población, Intervención, Outputs), los cuales ayudaron a formular las ecuaciones de búsqueda y a identificar los artículos más relevantes de los últimos 5 años. Los resultados del análisis bibliométrico, evidenciaron que la germinación de quinua mejora las propiedades nutricionales y el contenido de metabolitos secundarios, también representa una fuente potencial para el desarrollo de productos alimentarios con propiedades funcionales y nutraceúticas. Un estudio reciente confirmo que después de 4 días de germinación el contenido fenólico total de varios tipos de quinua oscila entre 39,29 y 782,15 mg/100 g, lo que indica una potente capacidad de eliminación de radicales libres, convirtiendo a este pseudocereal en una materia prima con capacidad de ser aplicada en la formulación de diversos productos alimentarios como panes, galletas, pizzas, bebidas, yogurt, quesos, etc.

Abstract In the field of non-thermal food processing technologies, the application of cold plasma stands out for its rapid growth and broad prospects. Cold plasma is generated by applying energy to ionize a specific gas, producing highly reactive species such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as ozone, ions, free radicals, and ultraviolet radiation. The most common configurations for generating cold plasma include dielectric barrier discharge and corona discharge. Key applications and effects include the destruction of biofilms, inactivation of microorganisms, decontamination of mycotoxins, degradation of pesticides, and modification of starches, among others. Proposed mechanisms of action range from chemical and molecular modifications to cellular lysis and genetic damage. This article provides an updated overview of the principles, generation, and applications of cold plasma technology in the food industry.

Resumen En el ámbito de las tecnologías no térmicas para el procesamiento de alimentos, la aplicación de plasma frío destaca por su rápido crecimiento y amplias proyecciones. El plasma frío se genera aplicando energía que ioniza un gas específico, lo que produce especies altamente reactivas como las reactivas de oxígeno y nitrógeno, además de ozono, iones, radicales libres y radiación ultravioleta. Las configuraciones más comunes para su generación incluyen la descarga de barrera dieléctrica y la descarga corona. Sus aplicaciones y efectos clave abarcan la destrucción de biofilms, inactivación de microorganismos, descontaminación de micotoxinas, degradación de pesticidas y modificación de almidones, entre otros. Los mecanismos de acción propuestos varían desde modificaciones químicas y moleculares hasta lisis celular y daño genético. Este artículo proporciona una visión general actualizada sobre los principios, generación y aplicaciones del plasma frío en la industria alimentaria.

Résumé Cet article vise à fournir des éléments pour comprendre la structure du partisanisme au Brésil en examinant les composantes socio-économiques, attitudinales, idéologiques et comportementales des différents types d’électeurs dans le pays. En utilisant la méthode Grade of Membership , une typologie multidimensionnelle des électeurs a été élaborée, identifiant trois profils extrêmes : celui des «Radicaux sceptiques politiquement sophistiqués», celui des «Apathiques socialement défavorisés» et celui des «Modérés politiquement engagés». L’analyse a révélé des indications selon lesquelles une partie importante des électeurs brésiliens montre une disposition à s’engager en politique et à s’identifier à des partis, tandis que l’apathie et l’insatisfaction politique sont également des phénomènes tangibles. Cependant, maintenir des attitudes positives ou négatives envers les partis semble être associé à des niveaux plus élevés de sophistication cognitive. socioéconomiques, socioéconomiques socio économiques, économiques socio-économiques attitudinales délecteurs d pays élaborée Radicaux sophistiqués sophistiqués» Apathiques défavorisés Modérés engagés engagés» Lanalyse L analyse sengager s engager sidentifier identifier lapathie l apathie linsatisfaction insatisfaction tangibles Cependant cognitive

Resumen Este artículo busca proporcionar elementos para la comprensión de la estructura del partidismo en Brasil, investigando los componentes socioeconómicos, actitudinales, ideológicos y comportamentales de los diferentes tipos de electores en el país. Utilizando el método Grade of Membership , se construye una tipología multidimensional de electores en la cual que se identificaron tres perfiles extremos: el de los “Radicales escépticos políticamente sofisticados”, el de los “Apáticos socialmente desfavorecidos” y el de los “Moderados políticamente comprometidos”. El análisis evidenció que una parte relevante de los electores brasileños tiene disposición a participar en política e identificarse con partidos políticos, mientras que la apatía e insatisfacción política son, paralelamente, fenómenos palpables. Sin embargo, el mantenimiento de actitudes partidarias positivas tanto como negativas parecen estar asociadas a mayores niveles de sofisticación cognitiva. Brasil socioeconómicos actitudinales país extremos Radicales sofisticados, sofisticados sofisticados” Apáticos desfavorecidos Moderados comprometidos. comprometidos . comprometidos” políticos son paralelamente palpables embargo cognitiva

Abstract This article aims to provide elements for understanding the structure of partisanship in Brazil, investigating the socioeconomic, attitudinal, ideological, and behavioral components of the different kinds of voters in the country. It uses the grade of membership method to create a multidimensional typology of voters, outlining three extreme profiles: the politically sophisticated skeptical radicals, the socially disadvantaged apathetic, and the politically engaged moderates. The analysis suggested that a significant part of Brazilian voters shows some willingness to get involved in politics and identify with a party, despite existing and perceptible apathy and political dissatisfaction. However, it seems that both positive and negative attitudes towards political parties are associated with higher levels of cognitive sophistication. Brazil socioeconomic attitudinal ideological country profiles radicals apathetic moderates party dissatisfaction However sophistication

Resumo Este artigo busca fornecer elementos para a compreensão da estrutura do partidarismo no Brasil, investigando os componentes socioeconômicos, atitudinais, ideológicos e comportamentais dos diferentes tipos de eleitores no país. Utilizando o método Grade of Membership , construiu-se uma tipologia multidimensional de eleitores em que foram delineados três perfis extremos: o dos “Radicais céticos politicamente sofisticados”, o dos “Apáticos socialmente desfavorecidos” e o dos “Moderados politicamente engajados”. A análise apontou indícios de que uma parte relevante dos eleitores brasileiros mostra disposição a se engajar na política e se identificar com partidos, enquanto a apatia e a insatisfação política são, paralelamente, fenômenos palpáveis. Contudo, tanto a manutenção de atitudes partidárias positivas quanto negativas parecem estar associadas a maiores níveis de sofisticação cognitiva. Brasil socioeconômicos atitudinais país construiuse construiu extremos Radicais sofisticados, sofisticados sofisticados” Apáticos desfavorecidos Moderados engajados. engajados . engajados” partidos são paralelamente palpáveis Contudo cognitiva

Gamma radiation is an effective method for microbial decontamination of plant materials. However, this treatment can induce changes in the chemical structure of plant constituents. Stem barks of Luehea ochrophylla were exposed to different doses of gamma radiation to evaluate decontamination efficiency and changes in chemical composition of plant material including phenolic fraction. The major microbial contaminants of non-irradiated samples were isolated and identified as the fungal species Eurotium chevalieri L. Mangin and Lecythophora decumbens. The dose of 5.0 kGy was effective to achieve total decontamination of the stem barks of L. ochrophylla. The formation of free radicals was verified in the plant material using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and was supposed to be related to the trans-aconitic acid, a plant constituent. It was the only secondary metabolite to have its concentration significantly altered with radiation in phenolic fraction, as observed by liquid chromatography with diode array detector coupled to mass spectroscopy (LC-DAD-MS). The trans-aconitic acid was isolated and exposed to gamma radiation in aqueous medium. Its concentration decreased after exposition to a dose of 3.0 kGy, corroborating the supposition of its degradation. Citric acid was the main radiolytic product formed by irradiation of trans-aconitic acid in the presence of water. materials However constituents fraction nonirradiated non irradiated L decumbens 50 5 0 5. transaconitic trans aconitic constituent LCDADMS. LCDADMS LC DAD MS . (LC-DAD-MS) medium 30 3 3. degradation water (LC-DAD-MS

Abstract This review provides the current state of knowledge regarding the use of nutritional nanocompounds on exercise performance. The reviewed studies used the following nanocompounds: resveratrol-loaded lipid nanoparticles, folic acid into layered hydroxide nanoparticle, redox-active nanoparticles with nitroxide radicals, and iron into liposomes. Most of these nutritional nanocompounds seem to improve performance in endurance exercise compared to the active compound in the non-nanoencapsulated form and/or placebo. Nutritional nanocompounds also induced the following physiological and metabolic alterations: 1) improved antioxidant activity and reduced oxidative stress; 2) reduction in inflammation status; 3) maintenance of muscle integrity; 4) improvement in mitochondrial function and quality; 5) enhanced glucose levels during exercise; 6) higher muscle and hepatic glycogen levels; and 7) increased serum and liver iron content. However, all the reviewed studies were conducted in animals (mice and rats). In conclusion, nutritional nanocompounds are a promising approach to improving exercise performance. As the studies using nutritional nanocompounds were all conducted in animals, further studies in humans are necessary to better understand the application of nutritional nanocompounds in sport and exercise science. resveratrolloaded resveratrol loaded nanoparticle redoxactive redox radicals liposomes nonnanoencapsulated non nanoencapsulated andor or placebo alterations 1 stress 2 status 3 integrity 4 quality 5 6 7 content However mice rats. rats . rats) conclusion science

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o efeito de Raphanus raphanistrum (rabanete) nos danos da doença renal crônica por espécies reativas de oxigênio ou radicais livres em ratos modelo animal. Um total de 18 taxas foi utilizado neste estudo, divididas em 3 grupos e cada grupo consistia em 6 ratos. Grupo 1 controle (C), grupo 2 modelo (M) e grupo 3 teste (T). O modelo e o grupo de teste foram tratados com álcool para produzir doença renal crônica por meio de especiarias reativas de oxigênio por 9 semanas, uma dose de 1 ml. Após esse teste, o grupo foi tratado com suco de Raphanus raphanistrum por 4 semanas 80 mg / kg de peso corporal para determinar seu efeito. Efeito do suco de Raphanus raphanistrum no comportamento de ratos por meio do aumento da atividade locomotora e ansiedade. A creatinina sérica e o nível de ácido úrico melhoraram significativamente no grupo T. O teste da enzima oxigênio reativa mostra que a Super Óxido Dismutase (SOD) e a Glutationa Peroxidase (GPx) aumentaram no grupo T. O nível das enzimas Glutationa S-Transferases (GST) e Catalase (CAT) foi quase o mesmo nos grupos C e T. Este estudo conclui que o composto 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil encontrado no suco de Raphanus raphanistrum possui forte atividade antioxidante na doença renal crônica induzida pelo etanol por meio de espécies reativas de oxigênio. Há necessidade de mais pesquisas para determinar o uso de compostos naturais no tratamento de diferentes doenças.

Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Raphanus raphanistrum (radish) on chronic kidney disease damage by reactive oxygen species or free radicals in animal model rats. Total of 18 rats were used in this study, divided into 3 groups and each group consist of 6 rats. Group 1 control (C), group 2 model (M) and group 3 test (T). Model and test group were treated with alcohol to produce chronic kidney disease by reactive oxygen spices for 9 weeks a dose of 1 ml. After that test group was treated with Raphanus raphanistrum juice for 4 weeks 80mg/kg body weight to determine it effect. Raphanus raphanistrum juice effect on behavior of rats through increases the locomotor activity and anxiety. The serum creatinine and uric acid level were significantly improved in T group. The reactive oxygen enzyme test shows that Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) was increase in T group. The Glutathione S-Transferases (GST) and Catalase (CAT) enzyme level was nearly same in C and T groups. This study concludes that compound 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl found in Raphanus raphanistrum juice and possess strong antioxidant activity on Chronic kidney disease induce by ethanol through reactive oxygen species. There is need of more researches to determine the use of natural compound to treat different disease.

Resumo Os antioxidantes são materiais que eliminam ou removem os radicais livres dos sistemas vivos. O processo de oxidação termina na produção de radicais livres. Esses radicais livres são o principal local de nascimento das células cancerosas. Os agentes antioxidantes removem os intermediários dos radicais livres ao encerrar os processos de oxidação ao serem eles próprios oxidados. Por outro lado, as doenças infecciosas afetam o mundo em grande escala. Para combater essas doenças, diversos compostos sintéticos têm sido utilizados. Os medicamentos à base de plantas desempenham um papel importante a este respeito. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa atual é investigar o efeito antibacteriano e antioxidante do extrato da casca da raiz de Berberis lycium Royle (BLR). Berberis lycium Royle foi utilizado para análises fitoquímicas e também como agentes antimicrobianos e antioxidantes. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada pelo método de difusão em ágar em poço. A partir do estudo atual, observou-se que o BLR era rico em fitoquímicos e tóxico contra bactérias patogênicas testadas. BLR apresentou maior atividade contra S. pyogenes (13,3 ± 0,8 mm). A menor atividade antibacteriana foi relatada contra E. coli (0 ± 0 mm). No caso de concentração inibitória mínima, observou-se que BLR com concentração de 10 μg / mL apresentou maior atividade, enquanto BLR 2,5 μg / mL apresentou menor atividade inibitória. A maior atividade antioxidante in vitro foi registrada como 65% a 100 µg / mL. No caso do nível de atividade antioxidante in vivo de CAT, GSH e SOD diminuiu, enquanto o de MDA aumentou nos grupos tratados com CCl4 em comparação com o grupo controle. O tratamento com extrato de BLR reverteu todas essas mudanças significativamente. Os resultados atuais indicam que o BLR é eficaz contra patógenos bacterianos e também tem atividade antioxidante.

Abstract Antioxidants are materials that scavenge or remove free radicals from living systems. The oxidation process ends in the production of free radicals. These free radicals are the chief birthplace of cancerous cells. Antioxidizing agents remove free radical intermediates by terminating oxidation processes by being oxidized themselves. On the other hand, infectious diseases affect the world on a large scale. To fight these diseases several synthetic compounds have been used. Plant based medications play important role in this regard. So, the current research aimed to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant effect of Berberis lycium Royle root bark (BLR) extract. Berberis lycium Royle was used for phytochemical analysis and also as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method. Current study revealed that BLR was rich in phytochemicals and toxic against tested pathogenic bacteria. BLR showed the highest activity against S. pyogenes (13.3±0.8 mm). The lowest antibacterial activity was reported against E. coli (0±0 mm). In case of minimum inhibitory concentration, it was observed that BLR with 10 μg/mL concentration showed the highest activity while 2.5 μg/mL of BLR showed the least inhibitory activity. The highest In vitro antioxidant activity was recorded as 65% at 100 µg/mL. In case of in vivo antioxidant activity level of CAT, GSH and SOD were decreased while that of MDA was enhanced in groups treated with CCl4 as compared to the control group. BLR extract treatment reversed all these changes significantly. Current results indicate that BLR is effective against bacterial pathogens and also has antioxidant potential.

Resumo Em razão dos graves efeitos colaterais causados pela maioria dos medicamentos antidiabéticos atualmente utilizados, continua a busca por novos medicamentos seguros para o controle do diabetes. As naftoquinonas, que possuem fortes propriedades antioxidantes, têm sido empregadas como candidatas à terapia do diabetes. O presente estudo visa encontrar o potencial antioxidante e hipoglicemiante de alguns novos derivados de 2-fenilamino-1,4-naftoquinonas (PAN), incluindo derivados de cloro, nitro, metil e bromo (5a-d) sintetizados por experimento em pote único. Os cristais do produto foram purificados por TLC e caracterizados por FT-IR. O potencial antioxidante dos compostos foi testado por meio de atividades de sequestro de radicais DPPH e redução de energia observada como absorção no UV-vis. O ensaio DPPH mostrou a poderosa atividade antioxidante dos derivados nitro e bromo, enquanto o derivado nitro mostrou o potencial de redução significativo para o ensaio FRAP. O potencial hipoglicêmico dos compostos foi estudado em modelo animal de rato. Todos os compostos sintetizados revelaram melhor atividade hipoglicemiante; no entanto, o derivado cloro apresentou atividade hipoglicêmica mais potente, com redução de 43% nos níveis médios de glicose no sangue dos animais tratados. Como a biorredução de naftoquinonas pode ser influenciada pela alteração de suas propriedades redox, notou-se que o efeito da doação eletrônica por ressonância (+R) do grupo “cloro” tem sido significativo na atividade biológica por meio da estabilização de sua forma imina, que limita o potencial de geração de radicais livres durante a biorredução de quinonas, e, portanto, tem sido proposto como a razão de sua atividade hipoglicemiante. Estudos futuros empregando as propriedades de grupos de doação eletrônica de PAN podem otimizar a interação droga-receptor para melhor planejamento de medicamentos e estratégias de desenvolvimento de medicamentos contra o diabetes e também para os ensaios clínicos.

Abstract Due to the severe side effects revealed by most of the currently used antidiabetic medicines, search for finding new and safe drugs to manage diabetes is continued. Naphthoquinones possessing strong antioxidant properties have been employed as candidates for diabetes therapy. Present study is aimed at finding the antioxidant and hypoglycaemic potential of some novel derivatives of 2-phenylamino-1,4-naphthoquinones (PAN) including chloro, nitro, methyl and bromo (5a-d) derivatives synthesized by single pot experiment. Product crystals were purified by TLC and characterized by FT-IR. The antioxidant potential of the compounds was assayed through DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power activities noted as UV-vis. absorbance. The DPPH assay has showed the powerful antioxidant activity of nitro and bromo derivatives, while the nitro derivative showed the significant reduction potential towards FRAP assay. Hypoglycaemic potential of the compounds was studied in rat animal model. All synthesized compounds revealed better hypoglycaemic activity; however, the chloro-derivative exhibited the more potent hypoglycaemic activity showing about 43% reduction in the mean blood glucose levels of the treated animals. As the bioreduction of naphthoquinones may be influenced by changing its redox properties, it has been noticed that the e-donating resonance effect (+R) of ‘chloro’ group has shown the significant effects on biological activity through stabalization of its imine form which limits the potential of generation of free radicals during bioreduction of quinones and thus has been proposed as the reason of its hypoglycaemic activity. Future studies employing the properties of e-donating groups of PAN may optimize the drug-receptor interaction for better drug designing and drug development strategies against diabetes and also for the clinical trials.

Abstract Objective To identify the impact of redox imbalance on the clinical evolution of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and carry out a qualitative and quantitative projection of the benefits of vitamin D supplementation. Data sources Combinations of the keywords polycystic ovary syndrome, vitamin D, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant, and free radicals were used in PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases. The last search was conducted on August 22, 2023.Selection of studies: Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, studies were selected considering a low risk of bias, published in the last 5 years in English, which investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation in women with PCOS, focusing on oxidative stress markers. Of the 136 articles retrieved, 6 intervention studies (445 women) were included. Data collection The risk of bias in included studies was assessed using the Jadad scale, and analysis and visualization of continuous data were performed using Review Manager 5.4.1, summarized as standardized mean differences (SMD) with confidence intervals (CI) of 95%. Data synthesis Vitamin D effectively reduced malondialdehyde (P=0.002) and total testosterone (P=0.0004) levels and increased total antioxidant capacity levels (P=0.01). Although possible improvements in the modified Ferriman–Gallwey hirsutism score, levels of sex hormone-binding globulin, and free androgen index were identified and the results were not statistically significant. Conclusion Vitamin D is a promising alternative for the treatment of PCOS with a positive influence on the oxidative, metabolic, and endocrine disorders of this syndrome. species PubMed Library LILACS EMBASE databases 22 2023Selection Selection 2023 criteria English markers 13 retrieved 445 (44 scale 541 4 1 5.4.1 SMD (SMD CI (CI 95 95% P=0.002 P0002 P 0 002 (P=0.002 P=0.0004 P00004 0004 (P=0.0004 P=0.01. P001 P=0.01 . 01 (P=0.01) FerrimanGallwey Ferriman Gallwey score hormonebinding hormone binding globulin significant metabolic 2 202 44 (4 54 5.4. 9 P=0.00 P000 00 (P=0.00 P=0.000 P0000 000 (P=0.000 P00 P=0.0 (P=0.01 20 ( 5.4 (P=0.0 P0 P=0. 5. (P=0. P=0 (P=0 P= (P= (P

This study aimed to develop a healthy and antioxidant-rich mixed juice. The effect of the vegetables combination on the juice characteristics was evaluated and, to optimize the proportion components of the mixture, chemometric modeling was used. The maximum antioxidant activity was considered as a variable response. The mixed juice was evaluated for technological parameters (content of soluble solids, titratable acidity, density, viscosity, sedimentation, and color parameters). The phenolic compounds present in the vegetables were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectometry (UHPLC-MS) technique. The special cubic model was considered significant (p < 0.05), with low dispersion and homogeneous antioxidant activity data (coefficient of variation (C.V.) = 3.73%) and the most appropriate for statistical data analysis (R2 = 0.9937). The optimal formulation consisted of a blend (m/m) with orange (73.37%), apple (20.45%), kale (5.58%), and ginger (0.59%) with greater desirability, 12534.2 μmol mL-1 of validated antioxidant activity and adequate physicochemical characteristics. The addition of orange juice resulted in a product with better functionality, due to the increased antioxidant capacity. This innovative study resulted in a functional formulation that involves the combination of low-cost vegetables with the maximum possible antioxidant action, capable of helping to protect against damage caused by free radicals. antioxidantrich rich mixture used response content solids acidity density viscosity sedimentation parameters. . parameters) ultrahigh ultra high chromatographymass chromatography mass UHPLCMS UHPLC MS (UHPLC-MS technique p 0.05, 005 0.05 , 0 05 0.05) coefficient C.V. CV C V (C.V. 3.73% 373 3 73 R2 R (R 0.9937. 09937 0.9937 9937 0.9937) m/m mm m (m/m 73.37%, 7337 73.37% 37 (73.37%) 20.45%, 2045 20.45% 20 45 (20.45%) 5.58%, 558 5.58% 5 58 (5.58%) 0.59% 059 59 (0.59% desirability 125342 12534 2 12534. mL1 mL 1 mL- functionality capacity lowcost cost action radicals 00 0.0 C.V (C.V 3.73 7 0993 0.993 993 733 73.37 (73.37% 204 20.45 4 (20.45% 55 5.58 (5.58% 0.59 (0.59 1253 0. 3.7 099 0.99 99 73.3 (73.37 20.4 (20.45 5.5 (5.58 0.5 (0.5 125 3. 09 0.9 9 73. (73.3 20. (20.4 5. (5.5 (0. 12 (73. (20. (5. (0 (73 (20 (5 ( (7 (2

RESUMEN Los debates en la Cámara de los Comunes de Gran Bretaña entre 1839 y 1846 revelan cuatro posiciones distintas sobre las controversiales Leyes del Trigo. Los radicales, liderados por Richard Cobden, luchaban por el libre cambio. Los Whigs moderados, encabezados por Lord John Russell, se inclinaban a favor de una tarifa fija sobre el trigo importado. Los conservadores Peelites unidos a Robert Peel, apoyaban el prevalente sistema tarifario de escala móvil, mientras que los Tories relacionados con la tierra, los cuales estaban juntos a Lord George Bentinck, lidiaban por un proteccionismo general. El artículo analiza cómo los principios de la economía política se vieron envueltos con consideraciones políticas en los discursos de los líderes de las facciones parlamentarias mencionadas. Las conclusiones resaltan el papel de la economía política, notablemente la doctrina del libre comercio, de la evidencia material y del precedente histórico como los factores decisivos en la supresión de las Leyes del Trigo en 1846. 183 184 radicales Cobden cambio moderados Russell importado Peel móvil tierra Bentinck general mencionadas comercio 18 1

ABSTRACT Debates in the British House of Commons between 1839 and 1946 revealed four distinct positions on the controversial Corn Laws. The Radicals, led by Richard Cobden, fought for overall free trade. The moderate Whigs, headed by Lord John Russell, leaned toward a fixed duty on imported corn. The Conservative Peelites, rallied behind Robert Peel, supported the prevailing sliding-scale system, while the landed Tories, who coalesced around Lord George Bentinck, wished protection all around. This article analyzes how the principles of political economy got entangled with political considerations in the speeches delivered by the leaders of each parliamentary faction. It concludes by highlighting the crucial role of political economy, especially the free trade doctrine, along with material evidence and historical precedent, as the key concurring factors in the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. 183 194 Radicals Cobden Whigs Russell corn Peelites Peel slidingscale sliding scale system Tories Bentinck faction doctrine precedent 1846 18 19 184 1

RESUMO Os debates na Câmara dos Comuns da Grã-Bretanha entre 1839 e 1846 revelam quatro posições distintas sobre as controversas Leis do Trigo. Os radicais, liderados por Richard Cobden, lutavam pelo livre cambismo. Os Whigs moderados, encabeçados por Lord John Russell, inclinavam-se a favor de uma tarifa fixa sobre o trigo importado. Os conservadores Peelites, unidos em torno de Robert Peel, apoiavam o prevalecente sistema tarifário de escala móvel, enquanto os Tories ligados à terra, os quais convergiram em torno de Lord George Bentinck, ambicionavam por um protecionismo geral. O artigo analisa como os princípios de economia política viram-se envolvidos com considerações políticas nos discursos dos líderes das facções parlamentares indicadas. As conclusões ressaltam o papel da economia política, notadamente a doutrina do livre comércio, da evidência material e do precedente histórico como os fatores decisivos na supressão das Leis do Trigo em 1846. GrãBretanha Grã Bretanha 183 184 radicais Cobden cambismo moderados Russell inclinavamse inclinavam se importado Peelites Peel móvel terra Bentinck geral viramse viram indicadas comércio 18 1