This research aims to develop a precise and efficient dispersive solid-phase microextraction (DSPE) technique using third-generation polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer-grafted nanoparticles to quantify benzoylurea pesticides in green tea, black tea, and oolong tea infusions. The extraction efficiency is optimized through single-factor adjustments of key parameters, including adsorbent quantity (5-20 mg), adsorption duration (5-20 min), desorbent identity (methanol, acetonitrile), volume (100-600 μL), sodium chloride concentration (0-10%, m/v), and sample solution pH (3-8). The optimized method demonstrates linearity in the range of 2-500 μg L-1, with limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 0.6-1.5 μg L-1 and limits of quantification (LOQs) from 2.0 5.0 μg L-1. Recovery rates of 81.2-96.0% are achieved, with intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.4-2.8% and inter-day relative standard deviations of 2.0-3.9%, indicating high accuracy and repeatability. The successful application of detecting residues in commercial tea samples underscores the strong potential of the technique to determine benzoylurea analyte levels. solidphase solid phase DSPE (DSPE thirdgeneration third generation PAMAM (PAMAM dendrimergrafted dendrimer grafted infusions singlefactor single factor parameters 520 5 20 (5-2 mg, mg , mg) min, min min) methanol, methanol (methanol acetonitrile, acetonitrile acetonitrile) 100600 100 600 (100-60 μL, μL μL) 010%, 010 0 10%, 10 (0-10% m/v, mv m/v m v m/v) 38. 38 3 8 . (3-8) 2500 2 500 2-50 L1, L1 L 1, 1 LODs (LODs 0.61.5 0615 0.6 1.5 6 0.6-1. L- LOQs (LOQs 2. 50 5. L1. 1. 81.296.0% 812960 81.2 96.0% 81 96 81.2-96.0 achieved intraday intra day RSDs (RSDs 1.42.8% 1428 1.4 2.8% 4 1.4-2.8 interday inter 2.03.9%, 2039 3.9%, 9 2.0-3.9% repeatability levels 52 (5- 10060 60 (100-6 010% 01 10% (0-10 (3-8 250 2-5 61 0.61. 061 06 0. 15 0.6-1 296 81.296.0 81296 812 81. 960 96.0 81.2-96. 42 1.42.8 142 14 28 2.8 1.4-2. 03 2.03.9% 203 39 3.9% 2.0-3.9 (5 1006 (100- (0-1 (3- 25 2- 0.61 0.6- 29 81.296. 8129 96. 81.2-96 1.42. 1.4-2 2.03.9 3.9 2.0-3. ( (100 (0- (3 81.296 81.2-9 1.42 1.4- 2.03. 3. 2.0-3 (10 (0 81.29 81.2- 2.03 2.0- (1

Nanoparticles of TiO2 doped with low amount of Fe were synthesized from natural ilmenite obtained from alluvial gold mine wastes. The obtained TiO2 were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results confirm the formation of mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles in anatase phase with 0.05 wt.% of iron possibly replacing some titanium places. All the characterizations were performed to the synthesized solid and the reference materials (TiO2 anatase and Degussa P25). The photocatalytic activity of both the synthesized solid and references were evaluated in the photo-oxidation of cyanide in aqueous medium under UV illumination. An experimental design type Box-Behnken was performed choosing three different parameters: the initial concentration of cyanide (50, 150 and 250 ppm) the catalyst load (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g L-1) and the oxygen source. The percentage of cyanide conversion was chosen as response in the design obtaining as optimal conditions [CN-]0 = 50 ppm, catalyst load = 0.6 g L-1 and air bubbling. Under these conditions it was reached 32, 32 and 89% of cyanide conversion for Fe-TiO2 synthesized, TiO2 anatase and Degussa P25, respectively. TiO wastes Xray X ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) XRF, XRF (XRF) Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) UVVis Vis reflectance analysisdifferential analysis differential TGA/DSC, TGADSC TGA/DSC TGA DSC (TGA/DSC) N adsorptiondesorption adsorption desorption isotherms TEM (TEM XPS. XPS . (XPS) 005 0 05 0.0 wt wt. places (TiO P25. P25 P P25) photooxidation photo oxidation illumination BoxBehnken Box Behnken parameters 50, (50 15 25 ppm 0.1, 01 1 (0.1 5 0. 10 1. L1 L source CN0 CN [CN-] 06 6 L- bubbling 3 89 FeTiO2 FeTiO Fe-TiO respectively (XRD (XRF (FTIR (TGA/DSC (XPS 00 P2 (5 2 0.1 (0. [CN- 8 ( (0 [CN

ABSTRACT The estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water requirements are crucial for the proper management and allocation of water resources in terms of quantity, quality, and timeliness. Therefore, remote sensing estimation of ET using the SEBAL algorithm (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) can provide spatio-temporal, non-punctual data, unlike traditional calculations relying on the nearest meteorological station. This research analyzed ET using SEBAL, based on ten Landsat 8 satellite images processed with a program developed in the Model Builder of ArcGis® version 10.2. The analysis was conducted during the vegetative period of starchy corn from May to October 2016. Validation of the results happened with a drainage lysimeter installed in a monitoring plot. Additionally, the statistical indices - such as percentage relative error (PRE) (0,09), root mean square error (RMSE) (0,30), R2 (0,92), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NASH) (0,91) - indicated a good correlation of ET for starchy corn in the central highlands of Peru. The ET identified at ten monitoring points ranged from 1,05 to 7,79 mm d-1. (ET quantity quality timeliness Therefore Surface Land spatiotemporal, spatiotemporal spatio temporal, temporal spatio-temporal nonpunctual non punctual data station ArcGis 102 10 2 10.2 2016 plot Additionally PRE (PRE 0,09, 009 0,09 , 0 09 (0,09) RMSE (RMSE 0,30, 030 0,30 30 (0,30) R 0,92, 092 0,92 92 (0,92) NashSutcliffe Nash Sutcliffe NASH (NASH 0,91 091 91 (0,91 Peru 105 1 05 1,0 779 7 79 7,7 d1. d1 d 1. d-1 10. 201 00 0,0 (0,09 03 0,3 3 (0,30 0,9 9 (0,92 (0,9 1, 77 7, d- 20 0, (0,0 (0,3 (0, (0 (

The increase in the average temperature of the Earth due to excess CO2 and other greenhouse gases has caused glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise. The burning of fossil fuels is one of the main causes of this problem, so the use of biofuels is important for mitigating this environmental impact. In Brazil, biodiesel is mixed with mineral; however, irregularities have been detected, reducing the expected positive effects. Therefore, this study proposes the use of multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR ALS) to quantify the content of methyl palm oil biodiesel in diesel blends and determine the concentration of the adulterant automotive lubricating oil in the blend. The model for quantifying biodiesel in diesel obtained R2 = 0.9997, root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) = 0.56% (v v-1) and prediction (RMSEP) = 0.65% (v v-1), while the determination of adulteration in the biodiesel-diesel blend showed RMSEC = 0.67% (v v-1), RMSEP = 0.81% (v v-1) and R2 = 0.9992. These results demonstrate the ability of the models developed to predict both the content and quantity of possible adulterants in blends of palm oil biodiesel and mineral diesel, contributing to the quality control of this fuel. CO rise problem impact Brazil however detected effects Therefore MCR ALS R 09997 0 9997 0.9997 (RMSEC 056 56 0.56 v v1 1 v-1 (RMSEP 065 65 0.65 v1, , biodieseldiesel 067 67 0.67 081 81 0.81 09992 9992 0.9992 fuel 0999 999 0.999 05 5 0.5 v- 06 6 0.6 08 8 0.8 099 99 0.99 0. 09 9 0.9

Resumen El presente artículo centra su atención en las migraciones suizas durante la década de 1920 y tiene como objetivo analizar la figura del profesor Andreas Sprecher von Bernegg como nexo fundamental para la conformación y articulación de una red migratoria vinculada a la yerba mate, “el oro verde”. A partir del abordaje microhistórico y prosopográfico, la metodología empleada es esencialmente cualitativa con análisis de fuentes obtenidas de archivos particulares y estatales, memorias de inmigrantes, relatos de viajeros y entrevistas para la creación de fuentes orales y entrevistas etnográficas. La llegada de sus alumnos al territorio de Misiones fue fundamental para transformar la economía local y propiciar el pasaje de una economía extractiva a una productiva en torno al cultivo de la yerba mate, con la visión de que prime la calidad más que la cantidad.

Abstract This article focuses on Swiss migration during the 1920s and aims to analyze the figure of Professor Andreas Sprecher von Bernegg as a fundamental link in the formation and articulation of a migratory network linked to yerba mate, “the green gold.” Based on a microhistorical and prosopographical approach, the methodology employed is essentially qualitative, with the analysis of sources from private and state archives, immigrants’ memories, travellers’ accounts, and interviews for the creation of oral sources and ethnographic interviews. The arrival of his students in Misiones was fundamental in transforming the local economy and promoted the transition from an extractive economy to a productive one based on the growing of yerba mate, with the vision that quality rather than quantity should prevail.

Abstract: Background: Plants emit floral signals that are attractive to pollinators. Floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered a key signal in attracting pollinators. However, it has been scarcely explored whether flowers of the same color emit the same scent. Questions: Do different species of Salvia with white corolla flowers emit the same floral scent and attract the same floral visitors? Study species: Salvia assurgens and Salvia madrigalii, two species with white corolla but different floral morphology. Study site: Temperate forest southeast of Morelia, Michoacán. Methods: The floral scent was analyzed by gas/mass chromatography and floral visitor observations were carried out with video cameras. Results: The chemical profile of floral scent (composition and relative quantity) differed between S. assurgens and S. madrigalii. In S. madrigalii we found 16 VOCs and it was visited exclusively by the hummingbird Amazilia beryllina, and in S. assurgens we found 11 VOCs and it was visited by four species of insects, being the butterfly Thorybes dorantes the most frequent visitor. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that floral volatiles were significantly correlated with the visitation rate of floral visitors. Conclusions: Our study shows evidence that Salvia species with white corolla flowers with different morphology emit different floral scents and attract particular floral visitors.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las plantas emiten señales florales que resultan atractivas para los polinizadores. Los compuestos volátiles orgánicos florales (COVs), son considerados como una señal clave en la atracción de polinizadores. Sin embargo, ha sido escasamente explorado si las flores de especies del mismo género con el mismo color emiten el mismo aroma y atraen a los mismos visitantes florales. Preguntas: ¿Las especies de Salvia con flores de corola blanca, emiten el mismo aroma floral y a su vez atraen a los mismos visitantes florales? Especie de estudio: Salvia assurgens y S. madrigalii, dos especies de corola blanca pero con distinta morfología floral. Sitio de estudio: Bosque templado al sureste de Morelia, Michoacán. Métodos: El aroma floral se analizó por cromatografía de gases/masas y la observación de visitantes florales se realizó con cámaras de video. Resultados: El perfil químico del aroma floral (composición y cantidad relativa de COVs) difirió significativamente entre S. assurgens y S. madrigalii. En S. madrigalii encontramos 16 COVs y fue visitada exclusivamente por el colibrí Amazilia beryllina y en S. assurgens encontramos 11 COVs y fue visitada por cuatro especies de insectos, siendo el más frecuente la mariposa Thorybes dorantes. El análisis de correspondencia canónica (ACC) mostró que los volátiles florales se correlacionaron significativamente con la frecuencia de visita de los visitantes florales. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio muestra evidencia que las flores blancas de Salvia de distintas especies con distinta morfología emiten diferente aroma floral y a su vez atrae a visitantes florales particulares.

Abstract In Mexico, the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has great sociocultural and economic importance for generating more than a million jobs, being part of cultural traditions and preserving the dietary identity of the population; however, the productive-commercial structure of this legume faces problems that justify identifying whether the price of the grain associated with that of corn tortillas and chicken meat or the income of the population are the factors that affected its competitiveness. during the period 1980-2004. Methodologically, a simultaneous equations model is structured from two supply equations, one for demand and two for price transmission, a total production identity and a foreign trade balance identity. The r2 values produced by the regressions reveal no correlation between the quantity of beans produced under irrigation and the expected price and a low correlation between these two variables over time. The elasticities obtained from the econometric model classify beans as an inferior good on the demand side because they respond to changes in the price of tortillas and because they can be converted into a substitute food for chicken meat, and on the production side supply, it was identified that the price of beans produced in irrigation is more sensitive than that of rainfed, since, when associated with corn, production depends on rainfall. The results provide valuable information that allows us to know the response of bean consumers to changes in price and how it affects competitiveness.

Resumen En México, el frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tiene gran importancia sociocultural y económica al generar más de un millón de empleos, formar parte de tradiciones culturales y preservar la identidad alimentaria de la población; no obstante, la estructura productivo-comercial de esta leguminosa enfrenta problemáticas que justifican identificar si el precio propio del grano asociado con el de la tortilla de maíz y el de la carne de pollo o el ingreso de la población son los factores que afectaron su competitividad durante el período 1980-2004. Metodológicamente se estructura un modelo de ecuaciones simultáneas a partir de dos ecuaciones de oferta, una de demanda y dos de transmisión de precios, una identidad de producción total y una de saldo de comercio exterior. La estimación econométrica se realizó por el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios con el procedimiento SYSLIN del paquete SAS. Los valores de r2 arrojados por las regresiones revelan nula correlación entre la cantidad de frijol producida en riego y el precio esperado y, correlación baja entre estas dos variables en temporal. Las elasticidades obtenidas del modelo econométrico clasifican por el lado de la demanda al frijol como un bien inferior, ya que responde a cambios en el precio de la tortilla y porque se puede convertir en un alimento sustituto de la carne de pollo y, por el lado de la oferta se identificó que el precio del frijol producido en riego es más sensible que el de temporal, ya que, al asociarse con el maíz, la producción depende de la precipitación pluvial. Los resultados aportan información valiosa que permite conocer la respuesta de los consumidores del frijol ante cambios en el precio y la forma en cómo afecta la competitividad.

Resumo No México, o feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tem grande importância sociocultural e econômica por gerar mais de um milhão de empregos, fazer parte das tradições culturais e preservar a identidade alimentar da população; No entanto, a estrutura produtivo-comercial desta leguminosa enfrenta problemas que justificam identificar se o preço do grão associado ao das tortilhas de milho e da carne de frango ou o rendimento da população são os factores que afectaram a sua competitividade durante o período 1980-2004. . Metodologicamente, um modelo de equações simultâneas é estruturado a partir de duas equações de oferta, uma para demanda e duas para transmissão de preços, uma para produção total e outra para balança comercial exterior. A estimação econométrica foi realizada pelo método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários com o procedimento SYSLIN do pacote SAS. Os valores de r2 produzidos pelas regressões não revelam nenhuma correlação entre a quantidade de feijão produzido sob irrigação e o preço esperado e uma baixa correlação entre estas duas variáveis ao longo do tempo. As elasticidades obtidas no modelo econométrico classificam o feijão como um bem inferior do lado da demanda, pois responde às variações do preço das tortilhas e porque pode ser convertido em alimento substituto da carne de frango e, por outro lado, do abastecimento identificou-se que o preço do feijão produzido na irrigação é mais sensível do que o do sequeiro, uma vez que, quando associado ao milho, a produção depende das chuvas. Os resultados fornecem informações valiosas que nos permitem conhecer a resposta dos consumidores de feijão às mudanças de preço e como isso afeta a competitividade.

Resumo Projetos de construção são sistemas altamente complexos que apresentam recorrentemente discrepâncias entre o trabalho planejado e o trabalho realizado. Tecnologias digitais, como a fotogrametria com VANTs (drones), são ferramentas de suporte promissoras nesse contexto. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os procedimentos de desenvolvimento e qualidade de um modelo 3D gerado por fotogrametria através de imagens capturadas por drone, comparando-o ao modelo as-designed BIM. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo de caso em uma habitação de interesse social localizada em Camaçari-BA. Comparado ao modelo BIM projetado, o modelo fotogramétrico apresentou um desvio dimensional médio de -1,68%. O modelo também apresentou inconsistências como oclusões e deformações. O estudo mostra que tanto esse desvio como a qualidade do modelo fotogramétrico obtido podem ser consideravelmente influenciados pela forma de coleta dos dados (ex. baixa quantidade e resolução das fotos). A principal contribuição do estudo é apresentar o potencial do uso do VANT para captura de imagens para geração de um modelo de fotogrametria. realizado digitais drones, drones , (drones) contexto Assim D drone comparandoo comparando asdesigned as designed isso realizouse realizou se CamaçariBA. CamaçariBA Camaçari BA. BA Camaçari-BA projetado 1,68%. 168 1 68 -1,68% deformações ex. ex (ex fotos. fotos . fotos) (drones 1,68% 16 6 -1,68 1,68 -1,6 1,6 -1, 1, -1 -

Abstract Construction projects are highly complex systems that recurrently present discrepancies between work-as-imagined and work-as-done. Digital technologies, such as photogrammetry using UAVs (drones), are promising support tools to cope with this problem. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the procedures for developing and assessing the quality of a 3D model generated through photogrammetry from images captured by a drone, comparing it to the as-designed BIM model. Thus, a case study was carried out in a residential low-income housing construction project in Camaçari, Brazil. Compared to the as-designed BIM 3D model, the photogrammetric model presented an average dimensional deviation of -1.68%. The model also presented issues such as occlusions and deformations. The study highlights that both this deviation and the quality of the photogrammetric model can be significantly influenced by the data collection method (e.g., quantity and resolution of photos). The study's primary contribution lies in presenting the potential of UAV usage for image capture in photogrammetry model generation. workasimagined work imagined workasdone. workasdone done. done work-as-done technologies drones, drones , (drones) problem Therefore D drone asdesigned designed Thus lowincome low income Camaçari Brazil 1.68%. 168 1 68 -1.68% deformations e.g., eg e g (e.g. photos. photos . photos) studys s generation (drones 1.68% 16 6 -1.68 e.g. (e.g 1.68 -1.6 e.g 1.6 -1. 1. -1 -

Abstract The study aimed to analyze how the use of staking influences the production of cut flowers of three varieties of Hypericum spp. A randomized complete block design with split plots was used, where the main plots represented management with and without staking, and the subplots included three varieties of Hypericum spp. (Vulcano, Rubí, and Code V71), distributed across four blocks, with 10 plants per block as the experimental unit. Regarding the variable of stem lodging, Vulcano presented an average of 2.5 stems per plant. The number of induced axillary buds in the three varieties was not affected by staking. The estimation of Leaf Area Index [LAI] placed V71 with the best index of 0.66, with no influence of the use or absence of tutoring meshes. The straightness of stems was observed in Rubí and V71, showing a tendency for straight stem growth while Vulcano, due to its growth habit, presented various curvatures in the stem. Regarding the number of berries, Rubí exhibited up to 60 % of stems with more than 12 berries, indicating outstanding quality for commercialization. The marketable stems for Rubí and V71 were 140 and 136 stems m-2, respectively, demonstrating their yield potential compared to Vulcano. In contrast, for non-marketable stems, the V71 variety exhibited a higher quantity, with an average of 49.25 stems m-2. Nevertheless, staking is recommended only for the Vulcano variety due to its lower performance. These results underscore the importance of studying and applying staking specifically according to the characteristics of each Hypericum spp. variety intended for export.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue analizar cómo el uso de tutoreo influye en la obtención de flores de corte de Hypericum spp. Se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con parcelas divididas, donde las parcelas principales representaron el manejo con y sin tutoreo, y las subparcelas incluyeron tres variedades de Hypericum spp. (Vulcano, Rubí y Código V71), distribuidas en cuatro bloques, con diez plantas/bloque como unidad experimental. En relación con la variable de acame de tallos, Vulcano presentó una media de 2,5 tallos por planta. El número de yemas axilares inducidas en las tres variedades no se vio afectado por el tutoreo. La estimación del IAF ubicó a V71 con el mejor índice de 0,66, sin que el uso o no de mallas tutoras tuviera influencia en esta variable. La rectitud de tallos se observó en Rubí y V71, con disposición a un crecimiento de tallos rectos, mientras que Vulcano, debido a su hábito de crecimiento, presentó diversas curvaturas en los tallos. En cuanto al número de bayas, Rubí exhibió hasta el 60 % de tallos con más de 12 bayas, indicando una calidad destacada para la comercialización. Los tallos comerciables de Rubí y V71 fueron de 140,63 y 136,13 tallos m-2, respectivamente, y demostraron su potencial de rendimiento en comparación con Vulcano. En contraste, en el caso de tallos no comerciales, la variedad V71 exhibe una mayor cantidad con un promedio de 49,25 tallos m-2. No obstante, se recomienda aplicar el tutoreo únicamente en la variedad Vulcano debido a su rendimiento más bajo. Estos resultados demuestran la relevancia de estudiar y aplicar el tutoreo de manera específica según las características de cada variedad de Hypericum spp. destinada a la exportación.

One of the consequences of large-scale opencast mining for coal is the disposal of an enormous volume of overburden material that needs to be removed. With the enlargement of opencast mines and associated high stripping ratios, the volume of overburden extraction is rising. Overburden from the initial mine cut has to be necessarily dumped outside the mining area until enough void is created inside the mine for back-filling operations. The quantity of overburden placed outside the mining area normally varies from 10% to 30% of the total overburden removal. The stability of these dumps placed outside the mining area is of prime importance from the point of view of smooth operations of the mines and safety of persons in and around the dumping area. Owing to increasing pressure on land use, mine operators do not have any other option other than to place the waste dumps very near to the surface edge of the pit, which may lead to failure of the topsoil benches of the working pit. This study identified major controlling parameters that influence a stable but economic combination of height and slope angle of external dumps located close to the edge of an open coal pit.

Abstract A basic iron profile often provides a useful approach to ferropenic or iron-sequestered inflammatory conditions, but sometimes also to the primary suspicion of iron overloading pathologies, which may or may not, at last, harbor a real iron overload. Therefore, a thoughtful interpretation of the results is mandatory to avoid misdiagnosis. The serum iron concentration reflects the quantity of iron moving at one moment from ferroportin- to transferrin receptor-1-expressing cells, while the transferrin concentration reflects the organism avidity for iron. But serum ferritin concentration may reflect iron deposits as well as inflammatory conditions, hence being difficult the interpretation of its normal or high values. In this paper I distinguish, among abnormal iron profiles, those with evident iron overload from those with hiperferritinemia without (clear) evidence of iron overload, although there is a frequent overlap between these two conditions. Secondary reactive hiperferritinemia is, by far, much more common than hiperferritinemia related to iron overload, as it is also frequent to deal with patients with more than one cause for their hiperferritinemia. "Reactive hiperferritinemia of unknown origin" should be the temporary diagnosis for patients with (yet) no evident etiology for their hiperferritinemia. Some patients have clearly absence or presence of iron overload, but in many cases this condition is doubtful, incomplete or intermittent. Hence, it is difficult in some cases to decide the need for chelation therapy. Iron overload, if present, may be secondary (basically to ineffective erythropoiesis) or primary. Primary iron overload may be, in turn, classified as hemochromatosic (HFE or non HFE) or non hemochromatosic. Although very rare, the non hemochromatosic primary iron overloads have confounding iron profiles, but with an easy approach if suspected. One of them, the ferroportin disease, just the opposite of hemochromatosis, deserves some attention, for it is not very infrequent. Finally, the diagnosis of hemochromatosis must be supported by an unequivocal typical iron profile and by biallelic severe HFE mutations or, rarer, mutations in non-HFE genes. The last but not the least, mild HFE mutations, as H63D, either mono o biallelic, do not justify by themselves any typical iron overload. In presence of such a genetic diagnosis, other cause(s) of iron overload must be looked for: non-HFE hemochromatosis if the iron profile is typically hemochromatosic, non-hemochromatosic iron overload (primary o secondary) if not. The risk of considering a mild HFE mutation (even in the case of HFE C282Y/H63D double heterozygous) as responsible for an iron overload or a hiperferritinemia is to overlook other causes for these conditions that may deserve particular and, eventually, more imperative attention and treatment.

Resumen Con frecuencia un perfil básico de hierro orienta hacia condiciones ferropénicas o de secuestro inflamatorio del hierro, pero a veces también hacia la sospecha de patologías con sobrecarga de hierro, que pueden o no terminar confirmándose. Por lo tanto, es necesaria una interpretación precisa de los resultados para evitar errores diagnósticos. La ferremia refleja la cantidad de hierro en tránsito en un momento determinado desde células que expresan la ferroportina hacia las que expresan el receptor de transferrina-1, mientras que la transferrinemia refleja la avidez del organismo por el hierro. Pero la ferritinemia puede ser reflejo tanto de los depósitos de hierro como de condiciones inflamatorias, con la consiguiente dificultad para interpretar sus resultados normales o elevados. En este articulo diferencio, entre los perfiles de hierro sugestivos de sobrecarga, los que cursan con una sobrecarga de hierro evidente de los que presentan sólo una hiperferritinemia sin evidencia (franca) de sobrecarga de hierro, aunque la superposición entre ambas situaciones es frecuente. La hiperferritinemia secundaria reactiva es, por mucho, más frecuente que la vinculada a sobrecarga de hierro, así como es común encontrar pacientes con más de una causa de hiperferritinemia. "Hiperferritinemia reactiva de origen desconocido" puede ser un rótulo diagnóstico provisorio para aquellos pacientes sin una causa (hasta el momento) evidente de su hiperferritinemia. Algunos pacientes tienen claramente presencia o ausencia de sobrecarga de hierro, pero en muchos casos la situación es dudosa, incompleta o intermitente. En consecuencia, es a veces difícil decidir sobre la indicación o no de una terapia quelante. La sobrecarga de hierro, de estar presente, puede ser secundaria (básicamente a patologías con eritropoyesis inefectiva) o primaria. Ésta, a su vez, puede ser clasificada como hemocromatósica (HFE o no HFE) o no hemocromatósica. Aunque muy raras, las sobrecargas de hierro primarias no hemocromatósicas tienen perfiles de hierro confundentes, pero fácilmente interpretables si se las sospecha. Una de ellas, la enfermedad por ferroportina, en las antípodas de las hemocromatosis, merece ser tenida en cuenta, ya que no es muy infrecuente. Finalmente, el diagnóstico de una hemocromatosis debe estar apoyado en un perfil de hierro inequívoco y confirmado por mutaciones HFE severas bialélicas o, más raramente, por mutaciones en genes no HFE. Por el contrario, mutaciones HFE leves, como la H63D, tanto en condición mono como bialélica, no justifican por sí solas una sobrecarga de hierro típica. Frente a esta situación debemos investigar otra(s) causa(s) de sobrecarga de hierro: hemocromatosis no HFE si el perfil de hierro es típicamente hemocromatósico, o sobrecargas de hierro no hemocromatósicas (primarias o secundarias) en caso contrario. El riesgo de considerar una mutación HFE leve (aún en la condición doble heterocigota HFE C282Y/H63D) como responsable única de la sobrecarga de hierro o de una hiperferritinemia, es dejar de lado otras condiciones que pueden merecer atención y tratamiento quizás más prioritarios.

The Zandvlei Estuary is the only functioning estuary along the False Bay coastline of Cape Town and is therefore of extreme local ecological importance. The most significant problems are eutrophication and siltation caused by the increased total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and soluble ready phosphorus (SRP) levels due to urban development and the associated increased impervious surface area in the catchment that drains into it. In South Africa, stormwater drainage systems conventionally channel everything they collect into receiving water bodies without significant treatment. Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) provide an alternative approach to managing stormwater runoff. They are designed to manage both stormwater quality and quantity while potentially improving biodiversity and amenity. This project modelled the potential improvement in the quality of the water entering Zandvlei Estuary resulting from the implementation of selected SuDS control measures in Zandvlei's Diep River catchment using the software program, PCSWMM. SRP, TIN, total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) were selected as pollutant indicators. Treatment trains that included a large, constructed wetland at the bottom of the catchment will likely provide the greatest improvements to the water quality entering Zandvlei -potentially reducing SRP, TIN, TP and TSS by approximately 59%, 53%, 53%, and 66%, respectively - as well as potentially reducing the runoff by 48%.

Objetivo: comparar el número de citologías oncóticas planificadas y las realizadas en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro entre los años 2013 y 2022 . Métodos: utilizando la población femenina de Río de Janeiro, se estimó cuántas pruebas se deberían realizar si se recomienda el tamizaje. realizado por el Ministerio de Salud se realizó de manera ideal y luego se comparó con la cantidad de pruebas disponibles en la base de datos pública. Resultados: En este periodo se realizaron 1.364.325 frente a una estimación de 7.886.720. Después del ajuste por el uso de asistencia sanitaria complementaria, la pandemia y los exámenes fuera de la edad recomendada, se observó el 36% del ideal. Conclusión: la cantidad realizada está muy por debajo de lo ideal, incluso después de ajustes, lo que aumenta los costos para el servicio público de salud, haciendo necesarias nuevas políticas públicas para mejorar el seguimiento.

Objetivo: comparar a quantidade de colpocitologias oncóticas ideias e a realmente realizadas no município do Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 2013 e 2022. Métodos: através da população feminina do Rio de Janeiro, foi feita estimativa de quantos exames deveriam ser realizados caso o rastreio preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde fosse feito de forma ideal e posteriormente foi comparado com a quantidade de exames disponíveis na base de dados pública. Resultados: foram realizados 1.364.325 nesse período comparado a 7.886.720 estimados. Após ajuste pelo uso de saúde suplementar, pandemia e exames fora da idade recomendada, observou-se 36% do ideal. Conclusão: a quantidade realizada está muito abaixo da ideal, mesmo após os ajustes, o que aumenta custos para o serviço de saúde pública, sendo necessárias novas políticas públicas para melhorar o rastreamento.

Objective: to compare the number of planned oncotic smear tests and those actually performed in the city of Rio de Janeiro between the years 2013 and 2022 . Methods: using the female population of Rio de Janeiro, an estimate was made of how many tests should be carried out if screening recommended by the Ministry of Health was done in an ideal way and was subsequently compared with the number of tests available in the public database. Results: 1,364,325 were carried out in this period compared to an estimated 7,886,720. After adjustment for the use of supplementary healthcare, the pandemic and exams outside the recommended age, 36% of the ideal was observed. Conclusion: the quantity carried out is far below ideal, even after adjustments, which increases costs for the public health service, making new public policies necessary to improve tracking.

Resumen Antecedentes: Existen reportes de que los Hongos Micorrizógenos Arbusculares (HMA) incrementan la producción de metabolitos secundarios en plantas medicinales. El género Croton ha sido poco estudiado en este aspecto. C. draco es una especie etnomedicinal, conocer la relación y naturaleza de los HMA, puede contribuir a obtener plantas en cultivo con mayor calidad y cantidad de metabolitos secundarios. Preguntas: ¿Las raíces de C. draco pueden ser colonizadas por HMA? ¿Qué especies de HMA se encuentran en la rizósfera de C. draco? ¿La diversidad de especies de HMA varía dependiendo del ambiente? Sitios de estudio y periodo de investigación: El estudio se hizo en tres localidades del estado de Veracruz, en el año 2019. Métodos: Raíces terciarias de árboles adultos se procesaron y observaron al microscopio compuesto buscando esporas, hifas y arbúsculos de HMA. La diversidad y densidad esporas en la rizosfera de C. draco, se determinó en muestras de suelo, comparando tres sitios de estudio. Los datos se normalizaron y se hicieron pruebas paramétricas. Resultados: Se observaron esporas, hifas y arbúsculos en las raíces de C. draco. La abundancia de esporas y diversidad de HMA fue diferente entre los sitios evaluados. Con base en la morfología de las esporas se reconocieron 14 taxones, de los cuales, solo dos están presentes en los tres sitios. Conclusión: C. draco presentó en sus raíces estructuras propias de los HMA. Basado en los resultados concluimos que las condiciones ambientales influyen en la abundancia de esporas y en la diversidad de especies de HMA.

Abstract Background: There are reports that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) increase the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The Croton genus has not been widely studied in this aspect. C. draco is an ethnomedicinal species, knowing the relationship and nature of AMF can contribute to obtaining plants in crops with a good quality and quantity of secondary metabolites. Questions: Can the roots of C. draco be colonized by AMF? What type of AMF species can be found in the rhizosphere of C. draco? Could the diversity of AMF species vary depending on the environment? Study sites and dates: The study was carried out in three locations in the state of Veracruz, in 2019. Methods: Tertiary roots of adult trees were processed and observed under a compound microscope looking for AMF spores, hyphae and arbuscules. The diversity and density of spores in the rhizosphere of C. draco was determined in soil samples, comparing the two sites. Data were normalized and parametric tests were performed. Results: Spores, hyphae and arbuscules were observed on the roots of C. draco. The abundance of spores and AMF diversity was different between the evaluated sites. Based on the morphology of the spores, fourteen taxa were recognized, and among them, only two were found in the three sites. Conclusions: C. draco showed structures typical of AMF in its roots. Based on these results we can say that environmental conditions influence the abundance of spores and the diversity of AMF species.

Abstract The aim of this work is to identify the main taphonomic processes that contribute to the degradation and contamination of collagen in faunal remains from archaeological sites located in fluvial-lacustrine environments. This problem has made it difficult to radiocarbon date bones and therefore to chronologically assign human occupations. The first results of the diagenetic analyses of bone samples from the archaeological sites Cerro Tapera Vázquez, Calera and Las Brusquillas 4, located in central-east Argentina, are presented. Protein content, collagen quality, porosity, crystallinity, carbon/phosphorus content and calcite percentage were analyzed. The results indicated that chemical hydrolysis and dissolution generated modifications in the bones, which led to low preservation in the quantity and quality of collagen, a fundamental material to guarantee radiocarbon dating.

Resumen El objetivo general de este trabajo es identificar los principales procesos diagenéticos que contribuyen a la degradación y contaminación del colágeno de los restos faunísticos de sitios arqueológicos emplazados en ambientes fluvio-lacustres. Este problema ha dificultado la realización de fechados radiocarbónicos sobre huesos y, por tanto, la asignación cronológica de las ocupaciones humanas. Se dan a conocer los primeros resultados del análisis diagenético de muestras óseas provenientes de los sitios arqueológicos Cerro Tapera Vázquez, Calera y Las Brusquillas 4, ubicados en el centro-este de Argentina. Se analizó el contenido de proteína, la calidad del colágeno, la porosidad, la cristalinidad, el contenido de carbono/fósforo y el porcentaje de calcita. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la hidrólisis química y la disolución generaron modificaciones en los huesos, lo que condujo a una baja preservación en la cantidad y calidad del colágeno, material fundamental para garantizar la realización de dataciones radiocarbónicas y otros estudios isotópicos.