The ability to argue is essential for the education of students, as it is fundamental to the presentation of ideas on a given topic. Several methods have been proposed in studies that support the development of argumentation in different teaching contexts, such as the heuristic diagram. It allows the organization and recording of activities that enable critical reflection through the analysis of the language used to express ideas. In this perspective, the diagrams produced for solving problems in an experimental chemistry subject offered in an undergraduate chemistry course were analyzed. Toulmin’s argument pattern was used as a basis to identify the structure of the arguments produced, and then, the quality of the arguments was evaluated. The results of the analysis showed a principle of progress in the argumentative capacity of undergraduates with the development of activities, verified by the presence of elements in students’ texts that, when present, validate an argument. Thus, the results can contribute to other researches in the field of chemical education by favoring a teaching process that considers the development of initial argumentative ability in the formation of students. students topic contexts diagram perspective analyzed Toulmins Toulmin s then evaluated present Thus

Abstract Purpose: To describe the participatory process of community monitoring using aquatic insects as a tool to assess environmental quality in Cuitzmala y Purificacion basins. Methodological design: A participatory environmental monitoring model is proposed, which involves key actors, covering the upper, middle and lower part of each basin. A workshop was designed in appropriate way to the context of local actors and basin characteristics. The workshop consisted of four stages, involving theory and practice. Field diary was developed thought descriptive notes about what is seen and doing the participants. Results: Six community groups were formed, five in schools and one a Citizen Environmental Committee. Most participants found the workshop beneficial and expressed a desire for an increased number of monitoring sessions and additional monitoring sites. Participants successfully assessed their river section using aquatic insects, and it is recommended to provide technical support to strengthen monitoring skills and long-term monitoring. Research limitations: Still this action is considered an extracurricular activity. For this reason, is necessary work with professor to integrate these activities in the education program of the schools. Findings: Aquatic insects community monitoring strength and complement the scientific monitoring. The methodology used can be replicated in other coastal basins.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir el proceso participativo para el monitoreo comunitario a fin de evaluar la calidad ambiental de los ríos de las cuencas Cuitzmala y Purificación mediante un índice biótico multimétrico con insectos acuáticos previamente desarrollado para esta región. Diseño metodológico: Se propone un modelo de proceso participativo para el monitoreo ambiental. Con actores clave se seleccionaron localidades que abarcaron parte alta, media y baja de cada cuenca. Se diseñó un taller con base en protocolos para monitoreo, adecuado al contexto de las cuencas y actores elegidos. El taller consistió en cuatro etapas, en las que se capacitó con teoría y práctica. En un diario de campo se tomaron notas descriptivas respecto a lo que dijeron e hicieron los participantes. Resultados: Se conformaron seis grupos comunitarios, en cinco escuelas, y un Comité Ciudadano Ambiental. A la mayoría de los participantes les pareció bien el taller y les gustaría ampliar el número de monitoreos y los sitios a monitorear. Los participantes lograron evaluar su tramo de río con los insectos acuáticos y recomendaron continuar el acompañamiento técnico para fortalecer sus habilidades y asegurar el monitoreo a largo plazo. Limitaciones de la investigación: Aún esta actividad es considerada como extracurricular, por lo que es necesario trabajar con los docentes para que quede integrada en las materias del programa curricular de cada grado. Hallazgos: El monitoreo comunitario de los insectos acuáticos fortalece y complementa al monitoreo científico. Esta metodología puede ser replicada en otras cuencas costeras.

Abstract Purpose: To describe the participatory process of community monitoring using aquatic insects as a tool to assess environmental quality in Cuitzmala y Purificacion basins. Methodological design: A participatory environmental monitoring model is proposed, which involves key actors, covering the upper, middle and lower part of each basin. A workshop was designed in appropriate way to the context of local actors and basin characteristics. The workshop consisted of four stages, involving theory and practice. Field diary was developed thought descriptive notes about what is seen and doing the participants. Results: Six community groups were formed, five in schools and one a Citizen Environmental Committee. Most participants found the workshop beneficial and expressed a desire for an increased number of monitoring sessions and additional monitoring sites. Participants successfully assessed their river section using aquatic insects, and it is recommended to provide technical support to strengthen monitoring skills and long-term monitoring. Research limitations: Still this action is considered an extracurricular activity. For this reason, is necessary work with professor to integrate these activities in the education program of the schools. Findings: Aquatic insects community monitoring strength and complement the scientific monitoring. The methodology used can be replicated in other coastal basins.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir el proceso participativo para el monitoreo comunitario a fin de evaluar la calidad ambiental de los ríos de las cuencas Cuitzmala y Purificación mediante un índice biótico multimétrico con insectos acuáticos previamente desarrollado para esta región. Diseño metodológico: Se propone un modelo de proceso participativo para el monitoreo ambiental. Con actores clave se seleccionaron localidades que abarcaron parte alta, media y baja de cada cuenca. Se diseñó un taller con base en protocolos para monitoreo, adecuado al contexto de las cuencas y actores elegidos. El taller consistió en cuatro etapas, en las que se capacitó con teoría y práctica. En un diario de campo se tomaron notas descriptivas respecto a lo que dijeron e hicieron los participantes. Resultados: Se conformaron seis grupos comunitarios, en cinco escuelas, y un Comité Ciudadano Ambiental. A la mayoría de los participantes les pareció bien el taller y les gustaría ampliar el número de monitoreos y los sitios a monitorear. Los participantes lograron evaluar su tramo de río con los insectos acuáticos y recomendaron continuar el acompañamiento técnico para fortalecer sus habilidades y asegurar el monitoreo a largo plazo. Limitaciones de la investigación: Aún esta actividad es considerada como extracurricular, por lo que es necesario trabajar con los docentes para que quede integrada en las materias del programa curricular de cada grado. Hallazgos: El monitoreo comunitario de los insectos acuáticos fortalece y complementa al monitoreo científico. Esta metodología puede ser replicada en otras cuencas costeras.

Resumen: La pandemia por COVID-19 influyó en el proceso de educación superior generando una transición entre la modalidad presencial a la modalidad en línea-emergente en la que se identificaron varias dificultades para el acceso debido a la inequidad, problemas tecnológicos, crisis de salud y económica a nivel mundial, y en Ecuador a nivel de docentes y estudiantes. El descubrimiento de conocimiento en bases de datos de KDD - Educacional, el análisis de técnicas de minería de datos de clasificación y agrupación, y el complemento de análisis de datos con la inteligencia de negocios determinaron los factores desde la perspectiva de la institución, del docente y de los estudiantes que inciden en el proceso de educación en línea, donde se demuestra además, la importancia del modelo de educación, la metodología del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, el entorno de aprendizaje y el bienestar de los docentes y estudiantes que garantizan una educación superior en línea de calidad con igualdad de oportunidades en el acceso.

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted higher education, forcing a rapid transition from face-to-face modality to the emerging online learning modality. This transition exposed several challenges, including, inequitable access to technology, global health and economic crisis, and specific difficulties faced by both teachers and students in Ecuador. Knowledge discovery in KDD - Educational databases, the analysis of classification and clustering data mining techniques and the complement of data analysis with business intelligence determined the factors from the perspective of the institution, teachers and students that influence the online education process. In addition, the importance of the education model, the teaching-learning process methodology, the learning environment, and the well-being of teachers and students that guarantee quality online higher education with equal access opportunities is demonstrated.

Abstract: The bioclimatic quality of three buildings by architect Gilberto Gatto Sobral at Universidad Central del Ecuador was evaluated with two objectives: to find problems that might affect users’ health and productivity, and to establish if climate had a significant role in the design of these buildings The buildings included two faculties: Law and Economics, and the General Administration. Bioclimatic quality was established by comparing existing levels of temperature, relative humidity, and natural light against comfort standards and the local climate. Data were measured over two years in space samples using data loggers. It was concluded that all buildings have spaces outside of comfort being too cold and dark; and climate played a minor role because despite attempts to control natural light, the thermal behavior of materials and the sun's apparent movement were ignored.

Resumen: Se hizo una evaluación de la calidad bioclimática de tres edificios del arquitecto Gilberto Gatto Sobral en la Universidad Central del Ecuador con dos objetivos: encontrar evidencia sobre posibles problemas en los espacios que podrían afectar la salud y productividad de sus usuarios, y determinar si el clima tuvo un papel significativo en el diseño de estos edificios. Los edificios eran dos facultades: Jurisprudencia y Economía, y la Administración General. La calidad bioclimática se estableció a través de la comparación de los niveles existentes de temperatura, humedad relativa y luz natural contra estándares de confort y el clima local. Los datos fueron medidos en muestras de espacios usando data-loggers. Se concluyó que todos los edificios tienen espacios fuera del confort siendo demasiado fríos y oscuros; y el clima tuvo un rol menor debido a que se ignoró el comportamiento térmico de los materiales y el movimiento aparente del sol, pero se intentó controlar la luz natural.

Resumo Introdução: O processo de desnutrição-inflamação é uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade em pacientes com DRC, influenciando a qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o estado inflamatório e nutricional de idosos em hemodiálise (HD) e sua associação com qualidade de vida. Métodos: Estudo realizado em serviços de saúde de três cidades diferentes. O Escore de Desnutrição-Inflamação (MIS, por sua sigla em inglês) foi utilizado para avaliar estado inflamatório e nutricional, com medidas antropométricas, estado proteico, massa magra e funcionalidade. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada com KDQOL-SFTM. Os dados foram analisados utilizando análise multivariada e modelo de Poisson para avaliar fatores que aumentaram o risco de desenvolver desnutrição e inflamação. Resultados: O MIS identificou prevalência de 52,2% de desnutrição e inflamação na população. Na análise univariada, a maioria dos domínios do KDQOL-SFTM apresentou escores maiores para idosos nutridos. Medidas antropométricas associadas à massa muscular e funcionalidade foram menores em idosos desnutridos. A modelagem multivariada revelou maior risco nutricional de 50,6% para mulheres e idosos pois o risco de desnutrição aumentou em 2,4% para cada ano adicional de vida e em 0,4% para cada mês adicional de HD. Maior circunferência muscular do braço (CMB) e maior albumina sérica foram fatores de redução da desnutrição em 4,6% e 34,7%, respectivamente. Conclusão: Demonstrou-se que albumina sérica mais elevada e CMB preservada são bons indicadores de melhor estado nutricional. Maior MIS foi associado a pior qualidade de vida, idade mais avançada, menor renda e escolaridade, maior tempo em diálise e presença de comorbidades. Introdução desnutriçãoinflamação DRC HD (HD Métodos diferentes DesnutriçãoInflamação Desnutrição Inflamação MIS, (MIS inglês proteico KDQOLSFTM. KDQOLSFTM KDQOL SFTM. SFTM Resultados 522 52 2 52,2 população univariada nutridos desnutridos 506 50 6 50,6 24 4 2,4 04 0 0,4 (CMB 46 4,6 347 34 7 34,7% respectivamente Conclusão Demonstrouse Demonstrou se avançada escolaridade comorbidades 5 52, 50, 2, 0, 4, 3 34,7 34,

Abstract Introduction: The malnutrition-inflammation process is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), influencing quality of life. The aim of this study was to identify the inflammatory and nutritional status of elderly hemodialysis (HD) and its association with quality of life. Methods: This study was carried out in health services in three different cities. The Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS) was used to assess the inflammatory and nutritional status, with anthropometric measurements, protein status, lean mass and function. The quality of life was assessed using KDQOL-SFTM. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis and the Poisson model to evaluate the factors that increased the risk of developing malnutrition and inflammation. Results: The MIS identified a 52.2% prevalence of malnutrition and inflammation in the population. In univariate analysis, most KDQOL-SFTM domains presented higher scores for nourished elderly. Anthropometric measures associated with muscle mass and functionality were lower in the malnourished elderly. Multivariate modeling revealed a higher nutritional risk of 50.6% for women and older age, since with each additional year of life the risk of malnutrition increased by 2.4% and by 0.4% with each additional month on HD. Greater arm muscle circumference (AMC) and higher serum albumin were factors for reducing malnutrition by 4.6% and 34.7%, respectively. Conclusion: Higher serum albumin and preserved AMC have been shown to be good indicators of better nutritional status. Higher MIS was associated with poorer quality of life, older age, lower income and education, longer time on dialysis, and presence of comorbidities. Introduction malnutritioninflammation CKD, CKD , (CKD) HD (HD Methods cities MalnutritionInflammation Malnutrition Inflammation (MIS measurements function KDQOLSFTM. KDQOLSFTM KDQOL SFTM. SFTM Results 522 52 2 52.2 population 506 50 6 50.6 age 24 4 2.4 04 0 0.4 (AMC 46 4.6 347 34 7 34.7% respectively Conclusion education dialysis comorbidities (CKD 5 52. 50. 2. 0. 4. 3 34.7 34.

Abstract Introduction Permanent education in health aims to ensure that professionals are constantly learning in the workplace and in the last few years institutions resorted to the technology-mediated education modality and new teaching possibilities were explored. In Brazil, between 2017 and 2021, only six articles and five monographs were published about listening effort. Objective The objective of this study was to develop a website with scientific content on the topic listening effort for Speech -Language Therapist and Audiologist with free online access. Methods The study was carried out in five stages: Analysis, contemplating the search for scientific materials to prepare the material. Design, in which the writing and design of the website was carried out. Development, carrying out the adequacy of the online material. Implementation, a stage in which professionals in the area evaluated the quality of the material after consenting to participation through a free and informed consent term. Review, stage in which the researcher analyzed the evaluators' responses. Results The five stages of elaboration of the website were carried out, which was evaluated by professionals in the area. The average of responses to all applied questions rated the website as "superior". Conclusion The website development was validated for online availability. technologymediated technology mediated explored Brazil 201 2021 Language access Analysis Design Development Implementation term Review evaluators superior. superior . "superior" availability 20 202 "superior 2

Resumen La cirugía es una parte indispensable en la atención médica, siendo el componente quirúrgico y el anestésico fundamentales dentro del sistema de salud en países de todos los niveles de desarrollo. Anualmente, se realizan alrededor de 230 millones de procedimientos quirúrgicos en todo el mundo, siendo la cirugía pediátrica un porcentaje, ya que alrededor del 85 % de los niños requiere un procedimiento quirúrgico; sin embargo, la prestación de servicios quirúrgicos y anestésicos seguros desde la formación y entrenamiento de los actores involucrados en la atención quirúrgica infantil en países de medianos y bajos ingresos ha estado ausente del discurso de salud global. El desarrollo del campo de la anestesia en pediatría enfrenta múltiples retos: es una especialidad relativamente nueva, presenta desafíos clínicos relacionados con las diferencias anatómicas, fisiológicas, psicológicas y procedimentales, así como existen pocas oportunidades de entrenamiento con el consecuente número limitado de especialistas en anestesiología pediátrica capacitados y calificados. Para América latina, las posibilidades de aplicar a una especialización en anestesiología pediátrica son limitadas y específicamente para Colombia no ha sido posible crear la subespecialidad de anestesiología pediátrica, por lo que se debe fomentar la formación formal e informal en esta disciplina, con el fin de ofrecer una atención anestésica segura y con calidad para los niños. Este artículo hace un recuento del desarrollo de la formación en anestesiología pediátrica en el mundo y en Colombia, visibilizando la relación con la incidencia de complicaciones anestésicas y la necesidad de formación en esta disciplina.

Abstract Surgery is a key pillar in medical care, and both the surgical as well as the anesthetic components are essential within the health systems in countries of all levels of development. Every year, close to 230 million surgical procedures are performed worldwide, with pediatric surgery being representative, as around 85% of children require a surgical procedure. However, the issue of education and training of the people involved in pediatric surgery who can provide safe surgical and anesthetic care in medium and low income countries has been absent from the global health debate. The development of anesthesia in pediatrics faces many challenges: it is a relatively new specialty, it has to deal with clinical challenges associated with anatomical, physiological, psychological and procedure-related differences, while it faces the reality of few training opportunities which results in a limited number of duly trained and qualified specialists in pediatric anesthesiology. In Latin America, the possibility of applying to a specialization in pediatric anesthesia is limited. In particular in Colombia it has not been possible to establish a pediatric anesthesia subspecialty, creating the need to promote formal and informal training in this discipline in order to ensure that safe, good quality anesthetic care is provided to children. This article describes the development of pediatric anesthesia training in the world and in Colombia, highlighting the relationship between the incidence of anesthetic complications and the need for training in this discipline.

ABSTRACT The study is aimed at understanding to meet the inclusion needs of students with visual disability during the practice of futsal in Physical Education classes, to reduce their fear of sport, improve their self-esteem and raise awareness among the family and teaching staff in their radius of action and that they are accepted in each of their training sessions. The objective focuses on developing a methodology for teaching-learning of adapted futsal, for students with visual disability who, from an education inclusive guarantees a better quality of life; in this way, their performance is improved and their physical and mental well-being is promoted. During the research, documentary review, scientific observation and interviews were used as empirical methods, which allowed to gain in-depth knowledge of the background, current and prospective state of the problem, as well as to design the possible solution. The results obtained are oriented towards a transformation from the curricular adjustments of the psychological, social, communicative and physical needs of the students; thus, the methodology makes it clear how to work from the different contexts, the methodological recommendations and the requirements to take into account, based on the visual disability presented and the way of evaluating. Such efforts favor equality of opportunities and cooperation as social beings in the educational environment where he/she is developed.

RESUMO O estudo tem como objetivo compreender como atender as necessidades de inclusão dos alunos com deficiência visual durante a prática do futsal nas aulas de Educação Física, diminuir o medo da prática esportiva, melhorar sua autoestima e conscientizar a família e o corpo docente. raio de atuação e que sejam aceitos em cada uma de suas sessões de treinamento. O objetivo centra-se no desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de ensino-aprendizagem do futsal adaptado, para alunos com deficiência visual que, através da educação inclusiva, garanta uma melhor qualidade de vida; Desta forma, o seu desempenho melhora e o seu bem-estar físico e mental é promovido. Durante a investigação foram utilizados como métodos empíricos a revisão documental, a observação científica e as entrevistas, que nos permitiram conhecer a fundo o contexto, o estado atual e prospectivo do problema, bem como desenhar a possível solução. Os resultados obtidos orientam-se para uma transformação a partir dos ajustes curriculares das necessidades psicológicas, sociais, comunicativas e físicas dos alunos; Assim, a metodologia deixa claro como trabalhar a partir dos diferentes contextos, as recomendações metodológicas e os requisitos a ter em conta, com base na deficiência visual apresentada e na forma de avaliar. Tais esforços favorecem a igualdade de oportunidades e a cooperação como seres sociais no ambiente educacional onde atuam.

RESUMEN El estudio está dirigido a la comprensión para atender las necesidades de inclusión de estudiantes con discapacidad visual durante la práctica del futsal en las clases de Educación Física, poder disminuir su miedo hacia el deporte, mejorar su autoestima y sensibilizar a la familia y al personal docente en su radio de acción y que sean aceptados en cada uno de sus entrenamientos. El objetivo se centra en elaborar una metodología para la enseñanza-aprendizaje del futsal adaptado, para estudiantes con discapacidad visual que desde una educación inclusiva garantice una mejor calidad de vida; de esta forma se mejora su rendimiento y se promueve su bienestar físico y mental. Durante la investigación se utilizaron como métodos empíricos la revisión documental, la observación científica y la entrevista que permitieron conocer a profundidad los antecedentes, el estado actual y prospectivo del problema, así como diseñar la posible solución. Los resultados obtenidos están orientados hacia una transformación desde los ajustes curriculares de las necesidades psicológicas, sociales, comunicativas y físicas de los estudiantes; así, la metodología deja claro cómo trabajar desde los diferentes contextos, las recomendaciones metodológicas y los requisitos a tener en cuenta, a partir de la discapacidad visual presentada y la manera de evaluar. Tal empeño favorece la igualdad de oportunidades y cooperación como seres sociales en el contorno educacional donde se desenvuelven.

ABSTRACT The need to look for alternatives that allow the inclusion of students with different disabilities in the practice of Physical Education leads to the use of contemporary dance as body expression, since it impacts development and improves the quality of life, physically and psychologically, when emotions and feelings are expressed through movement. The purpose of the work presented is to design an inclusion strategy for students with multiple disabilities where Physical Education uses contemporary dance as body expression in specialized classrooms, in the “Dolores Cacuango ” educational unit of the Pascuales parish, Guayas-Guayaquil. For the study, scientific methods such as documentary review, interviews, surveys and observations were applied to collect information about students with different disabilities, and teachers involved in Physical Education classes and their combination with contemporary dance. As results, an inclusion strategy is designed for students with multiple disabilities where Physical Education uses contemporary dance as body expression. It was concluded that the dynamics of the dance activities proposed in the strategy were based on scientific bases, and in correspondence with the relationship between physical activity, physical condition and health, to strengthen muscles, improve balance, coordination of movement, inclusion in society, and sharing the same human project.

RESUMO A necessidade de buscar alternativas que permitam a inclusão de alunos com diferentes deficiências na prática da Educação Física leva à utilização da dança contemporânea como expressão corporal, uma vez que impacta o desenvolvimento e melhora a qualidade de vida, física e psicológica, quando as emoções e os sentimentos são expressos através do movimento. O objetivo do trabalho apresentado é desenhar uma estratégia de inclusão de alunos com deficiência múltipla onde a Educação Física utiliza a dança contemporânea como expressão corporal em salas de aula especializadas, na unidade educacional “Dolores Cacuango” da freguesia de Pascuales, Guayas-Guayaquil. Para o estudo foram aplicados métodos científicos como revisão documental, entrevista, levantamento e observação para coletar informações sobre alunos com diferentes deficiências e professores envolvidos nas aulas de Educação Física e sua combinação com a dança contemporânea. Como resultado, desenha-se uma estratégia de inclusão para alunos com deficiência múltipla onde a Educação Física utiliza a dança contemporânea como expressão corporal. Concluiu-se que a dinâmica das atividades de dança propostas na estratégia foram baseadas em bases científicas, e em correspondência com a relação entre atividade física, condição física e saúde, para fortalecer os músculos, melhorar o equilíbrio, a coordenação do movimento, a inclusão na sociedade, e compartilhando o mesmo projeto humano.

RESUMEN La necesidad de buscar alternativas que permitan la inclusión de los estudiantes con diferentes discapacidades en la práctica de la Educación Física induce a que se utilice la danza contemporánea como expresión corporal, pues impacta en el desarrollo y mejora la calidad de vida, en lo físico y psicológico, al expresarse emociones y sentimientos a través del movimiento. El trabajo que se presenta tiene como finalidad diseñar una estrategia de inclusión para estudiantes con discapacidades múltiples donde la Educación Física utilice la danza contemporánea como expresión corporal en las aulas especializadas, en la unidad educativa “Dolores Cacuango” de la parroquia Pascuales, Guayas-Guayaquil. Para el estudio se aplicaron métodos científicos como la revisión documental, la entrevista, la encuesta y la observación para recopilar información acerca de los estudiantes con diferentes discapacidades, y de los docentes involucrados en las clases de Educación Física y su combinación con la danza contemporánea. Como resultados, se diseña una estrategia de inclusión para estudiantes con discapacidades múltiples donde la Educación Física utiliza la danza contemporánea como expresión corporal. Se concluyó que las dinámicas de las actividades danzarías propuestas en la estrategia, se fundamentaron sobre bases científicas, y en correspondencia con la relación entre actividad física, condición física y salud, para fortalecer los músculos, mejorar el equilibrio, la coordinación del movimiento, la inclusión a la sociedad, y el compartir un mismo proyecto humano.

ABSTRACT Free time and its adequate use through recreation constitute a problem that has been given great attention in recent years by some institutions and authors from different parts of the world, which acquires greater significance when it is approached in the context of educational centers, due to its evident relation with the integral formation and quality of life of these schoolchildren. Within the educational centers, the schools of the sports education and training system deserve special attention, where the demands become more complex when academic education is harmoniously combined with sports practice and training. That is why the objective of this article focuses on assessing the importance of the use of Recreation in an educational and creative free time, from the context of the Basic Sports Formation, in terms of the integral formation of student-athletes. Starting from the analysis of published works related to the subject, the article makes an assessment in the context of the reality of student-athletes in these educational-sports centers. The need to deepen in the study of this population, their particularities and needs to provide them with an adequate use of their free time through varied recreational activities that contribute to their recreational satisfaction, integral formation and improvement of their quality of life is glimpsed.

RESUMO O tempo livre e seu aproveitamento adequado por meio da recreação é um tema que tem recebido grande atenção nos últimos anos por inúmeras instituições e pesquisadores de diversas partes do mundo; que adquire maior significado quando abordado no contexto educacional, devido à sua evidente relação com a formação integral e qualidade de vida dos estudantes. Dentre os centros educacionais, merecem especial atenção as escolas do sistema de educação e treinamento esportivo, onde as demandas tornam-se mais complexas quando a academia, a prática e o treinamento esportivo se combinam harmoniosamente. Por esse motivo, o objetivo deste artigo centrou-se em avaliar a importância da utilização da recreação nos tempos livres educativos e criativos, a partir do contexto das Escolas de Iniciação Esportiva, a partir da formação integral dos alunos atletas. O ponto de partida foi a análise de trabalhos publicados que abordavam o tema em centros de ensino esportivo, para fazer uma avaliação. Como resultados, viu-se a necessidade de se aprofundar nas particularidades e necessidades de promover o uso adequado do tempo livre, com atividades recreativas variadas que contribuam para a satisfação recreativa, a formação integral e a melhoria da qualidade de vida.

RESUMEN El tiempo libre y su adecuada utilización por medio de la recreación constituye una temática a la que se le ha conferido gran atención en los últimos años, por numerosas instituciones e investigadores de diferentes partes del mundo; lo que adquiere mayor significación cuando se aborda en el contexto educativo, por su evidente relación con la formación integral y la calidad de vida de los estudiantes. Entre los centros educativos, merecen singular atención las escuelas del sistema de enseñanza y formación deportiva, donde se complejizan las exigencias al combinarse de forma armónica la academia, la práctica y la formación deportiva. Es por ello, que el objetivo del presente artículo se centró en valorar la importancia de la utilización de la recreación en el tiempo libre educativo y creativo, desde el contexto de las Escuelas de Iniciación Deportiva, en función de la formación integral de los estudiantes-atletas. Se partió del análisis de trabajos publicados que abordaron la temática en los centros de enseñanza deportiva, para efectuar una valoración. Como resultados, se vislumbró la necesidad de profundizar en las particularidades y necesidades para propiciar un aprovechamiento adecuado del tiempo libre, con actividades recreativas variadas que contribuyan a la satisfacción recreativa, la formación integral y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida.

Abstract This paper employs a panel data model to study the impact of six key variables, three of them directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, on Mexican manufacturing exports. The panel comprises the 21 manufacturing subsectors and monthly data during the January 2020-December 2022 period. Moreover, the model specification entails supply- as well as demand-side variables. The two estimation techniques are ordinary least squares and two- stage least squares. The second estimation procedure corrects for endogeneity problems and is complemented by remedial measures to achieve more efficient parameter estimates. Along these lines, the evidence is robust in showing that manufacturing exports respond positively to an increase in external demand, a real currency depreciation, a drop in unit labor costs (ULC), a wider coverage of vaccination campaigns, and a relaxation of social distancing measures. Given that ULC fall as labor productivity rises, there is a valid rationale to conclude that investing in high- quality formal education, training and skill development could be an effective measure to raise exports. Likewise, the effects of the vaccination efforts highlights the relevance of coordinating economic policy with health policy.

Resumen En este trabajo se emplea un modelo de datos en panel para estudiar el impacto de seis variables clave, tres de ellas relacionadas con la pandemia del COVID-19, sobre las exportaciones manufactureras mexicanas. El panel comprende los 21 subsectores de la industria manufacturera y observaciones mensuales para el período enero de 2020 - diciembre de 2022. Para estimar el modelo, que incluye tanto variables de demanda como de oferta, se utilizan dos métodos: mínimos cuadrados ordinarios y mínimos cuadrados en dos etapas. El segundo método corrige problemas de endogeneidad y se complementa con medidas para acrecentar la eficiencia. La evidencia obtenida indica que las exportaciones manufactureras responden positivamente frente a un incremento en la demanda externa, una depreciación real del peso, un descenso en los costos laborales unitarios (CLU), una mayor cobertura de los programas de vacunación, y un relajamiento de las medidas de distanciamiento social. Dado que los CLU descienden conforme aumenta la productividad laboral, procede concluir que una mayor inversión en educación formal de calidad, en capacitación y adiestramiento es una medida efectiva para exportar más. Asimismo, los efectos de los esfuerzos de vacunación subrayan la importancia de coordinar la política económica con la política de salud.

Resumen: La política y la responsabilidad social son aspectos fundamentales que impulsan una educación de calidad, equitativa y comprometida con el desarrollo integral de los estudiantes y la sociedad. Por consiguiente, se planteó como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática para identificar y analizar los estudios más relevantes sobre las políticas y la responsabilidad social en el sistema educativo peruano. Metodológicamente se siguieron los postulados de la declaración PRISMA, por lo que se recuperaron los documentos a partir de los motores de búsqueda SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet y Google Scholar y de la selección a partir de las consideraciones: investigaciones con fecha de publicación entre 2013-2023, artículos científicos y tesis en repositorios institucionales, documentos en español o inglés y de acceso libre. Los resultados permitieron reconocer un total de veinticinco (n = 25) documentos a revisar. Se concluye que la formulación de políticas efectivas y el compromiso con la responsabilidad social en las instituciones educativas son fundamentales para lograr una educación inclusiva, equitativa y de calidad. Asimismo, se ha identificado la necesidad de establecer estrategias que promuevan una mayor integración de la tecnología en la educación, así como una formación docente acorde a las demandas del siglo XXI.

Abstract: Politics and social responsibility are fundamental aspects that promote a quality education, equitable and committed to the integral development of students and society. Therefore, the objective was to carry out a systematic review to identify and analyze the most relevant studies on policies and social responsibility in the Peruvian educational system. Methodologically, the postulates of the PRISMA declaration were followed, so the documents were retrieved from the SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet and Google Scholar search engines and from the selection based on the considerations: research with a publication date between 2013-2023, scientific articles and theses in institutional repositories, documents in Spanish or English and of free access. The results allowed to recognize a total of twenty-five (n = 25) documents to be reviewed. It is concluded that the formulation of effective policies and the commitment to social responsibility in educational institutions are fundamental to achieve an inclusive, equitable and quality education. Likewise, the need has been identified to establish strategies that promote a greater integration of technology in education, as well as teacher training according to the demands of the XXI century.

Resumen: En los sistemas educativos, los modelos de gestión se adaptan con la finalidad de fortalecer el sistema en su conjunto, mejorar la calidad educativa y propender al desarrollo del conocimiento. Por lo tanto, las instituciones de educación superior (IES) deben adoptar nuevos modelos de gestión que permita una administración eficiente para alcanzar sus metas. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido analizar tres modelos de gestión: Garvin, Deming e ISO 21001:2018, mediante un enfoque analítico-sintético-deductivo. Además, se ha buscado hacer una triangulación de información que permita realizar un análisis comparativo, considerando que no existe como regla general un modelo de gestión aplicable debido a que cada institución presenta diversas características, procesos estructuración institucional propia. Por esta razón, se ha planteado una propuesta dirigida a establecer nuevas perspectivas en la gestión de instituciones de educación superior en el que se recogen las mejores prácticas y dimensiones adaptadas a los requerimientos a los que se ven abocados las IES. La propuesta se ha basado en cinco categorías del modelo: procesos, funciones, objetivos-metas, mejora continua y liderazgo, en base a la vigencia, pertinencia y adaptabilidad para las IES, considerando aspectos científicos, tecnológicos y demandas de la sociedad.

Abstract: In educational systems, management models are adapted with the aim of strengthening the system as a whole, improving educational quality and promoting the development of knowledge. Therefore, higher education institutions (HEIs) must adopt new management models that allow efficient administration to achieve their goals. The objective of this study is to analyze three management models: Garvin, Deming and ISO 21001:2018 through an analytical-synthetic-deductive approach, in addition to a triangulation of information that allows for a comparative analysis, considering that there is no general rule of thumb. applicable management model because each institution presents various characteristics, its own institutional structuring processes, which is why a proposal is proposed aimed at establishing new perspectives in the management of higher education institutions in which the best practices and dimensions adapted to the requirements to which HEIs are faced. The proposal is based on five categories of the model: processes, functions, objectives-goals, continuous improvement and leadership, based on validity, relevance and adaptability for HEIs, considering scientific, technological aspects and demands of society.

ABSTRACT To improve the quality of the educational service, changes in pedagogical direction are required. This implies the presence of committed teacher leaders who can guide the rest of the team towards the improvement of educational experiences. The objective of the research was to propose a pedagogical management model for teacher leadership in an educational institution in the state. The study, of a quantitative nature and with a non-experimental, descriptive and propositional design, involved the participation of 47 teachers, to whom a questionnaire was applied in order to evaluate their level of teacher leadership, according to the dimensions: professional development, inclusive school improvement and collaborative culture. The results indicated that 87.2% of the teachers surveyed indicated that their teaching leadership was at a medium level and a lower percentage, representing 12.8%, stated that it was at a high level. The dimensions evaluated are also at a medium level: professional development 87.2%, inclusive school improvement 78.7% and collaborative culture 85.1%. Subsequently, the theoretical foundations supporting the proposal were presented and the pedagogical management model was designed and validated by a group of experts. The conclusion of the study highlights the need to implement a pedagogical management model that encourages greater participation of teachers in various educational activities through better leadership.

RESUMEN Para mejorar la calidad del servicio educativo, se requiere implementar cambios en la dirección pedagógica. Esto implica la presencia de maestros líderes comprometidos que puedan orientar al resto del equipo hacia la mejora de las experiencias educativas. El objetivo de la investigación fue proponer un modelo de gestión pedagógica para el liderazgo docente en una institución educativa del estado. El estudio, de naturaleza cuantitativa y con un diseño no experimental, descriptivo propositivo, involucró la participación de 47 docentes; a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario con la finalidad de evaluar su nivel de liderazgo docente, de acuerdo a las dimensiones: desarrollo profesional, mejora escolar inclusiva y cultura colaborativa. Los resultados indicaron que el 87,2% de los profesores encuestados señalaron que el liderazgo docente se sitúa en un nivel medio y en un menor porcentaje, que representa el 12,8%, afirmaron estar en un nivel alto. Las dimensiones evaluadas también se encuentran en un nivel medio: desarrollo profesional 87,2%, mejora escolar inclusiva 78,7% y cultura colaborativa 85,1%. Posteriormente, se expusieron los fundamentos teóricos que respaldan la propuesta y se diseñó el modelo de gestión pedagógica, el cual fue validado por un grupo de expertos. La conclusión del estudio resalta la necesidad de implementar un modelo de gestión pedagógica que fomente una mayor participación de los docentes en diversas actividades educativas mediante un mejor liderazgo.