In the Amazon, Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí), is part of the identity of traditional communities, and the fruit is integrated into their everyday sociocultural dynamics. Hydrolysis and pyrolysis of residual biomass can be alternatives to yield sugars, ethanol, biochar and bio-oil. The açaí seeds subjected to oxidative pretreatment followed by acid hydrolysis increased cellulose to fermentable sugars (reaching 23.5%) and second-generation ethanol production (17.441 L t−1). Açaí oil (ca. 30%) was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus (using hexane as solvent) and detected through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), where acids accounted for 82.43% of the total composition, while alcohols comprised only 13.15%. For pyrolysis, temperatures (500 and 550 °C), time (20 and 30 min), and activation temperature (750 and 800 °C) were evaluated, resulting in yields of ca. 22% for biochar and 30% for bio-oil. For the bio-oil, the main compounds detected by GC-MS were acids (16.3%), aldehydes (13.08%), amides (12.19%), alcohols (6.72%), and phenols (4.64%). The obtained biochar displayed surface area values of 553.7 m2 g−1 and 10% crystallinity, indicating its more amorphous nature. Amazon Mart açaí, , (açaí) communities dynamics biooil. biooil bio oil. bio-oil reaching 23.5% 235 23 5 secondgeneration second generation 17.441 17441 17 441 (17.44 t−1. t1 t t−1 . 1 t−1) ca (ca solvent GCMS, GCMS GC MS (GC-MS) 8243 82 43 82.43 composition 1315 13 15 13.15% 500 (50 55 °C, C °C 20 (2 3 min, min min) 750 (75 80 evaluated 22 biooil, oil, 16.3%, 163 16.3% 16 (16.3%) 13.08%, 1308 13.08% 08 (13.08%) 12.19%, 1219 12.19% 12 19 (12.19%) 6.72%, 672 6.72% 6 72 (6.72%) 4.64%. 464 4.64% 4 64 (4.64%) 5537 553 7 553. m g1 g g− 10 crystallinity nature (açaí 23.5 2 17.44 1744 44 (17.4 t− (GC-MS 824 8 82.4 131 13.15 50 (5 ( 75 (7 16.3 (16.3% 130 13.08 0 (13.08% 121 12.19 (12.19% 67 6.72 (6.72% 46 4.64 (4.64% 23. 17.4 174 (17. 82. 13.1 16. (16.3 13.0 (13.08 12.1 (12.19 6.7 (6.72 4.6 (4.64 17. (17 13. (16. (13.0 12. (12.1 6. (6.7 4. (4.6 (1 (16 (13. (12. (6. (4. (13 (12 (6 (4

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the energy storage capacity of the material obtained from cocoa husks in a capacitor configuration. The lignocellulosic material comes from Ecuadorian cocoa harvests used in agro-industrial processes. Analysis of the volatiles generated during instant pyrolysis was conducted using GC/MS technique. Additionally, a comparison of the capacitor with two different electrolytes was made: sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The material processing involved carbonization and chemical activation processes, carried out in a pyrolysis reactor under an inert nitrogen (N2) atmosphere at a heating rate of 20 °C min-1, and activated at 850 °C in the same atmosphere for 4 hours. Electrodes were prepared from this material and tested using cyclic voltammetry to assess energy storage at different scan rates for five cycles. The results of the GC/MS analysis and cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the prepared secondary raw material can be used to obtain high-value added products. The main identified volatile compounds include phenols, acetic acid, and alcohols. The maximum potential was 1,1 kW kg-1 with NaCl electrolyte, and the maximum durability was achieved with H2SO4 electrolyte with a power of 0,29 kW kg-1; these values were obtained at a scan rate of 100 mV s-1.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la capacidad de almacenamiento energético del material obtenido de cascarilla de cacao en configuración de capacitor. El material lignocelulósico proviene de la cosecha de cacao ecuatoriano utilizado en procesos agroindustriales. Se realizó el análisis de los volátiles generados durante la pirólisis instantáneo mediante la técnica GC/MS; además, de la comparación del capacitor con dos electrólitos diferentes: ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4) y cloruro de sodio (NaCl). El procesamiento del material se realizó mediante un proceso de carbonización y otro de activación por vía química, los cuales se llevaron a cabo en un reactor de pirólisis en atmósfera inerte de nitrógeno (N2) a una velocidad de calefacción de 20 oC min-1 y se activaron a 850 oC en la misma atmósfera por 4 horas. A partir de este material se prepararon los electrodos y se probó mediante voltametría cíclica el almacenamiento de energía a diferentes velocidades de barrido para cinco ciclos. Los resultados del análisis GC/MS y de voltametría cíclica demostraron que la materia prima secundaria preparada puede utilizarse para obtener productos de alto valor agregado. Los principales compuestos volátiles identificados corresponden a fenoles, ácido acético y alcoholes. El máximo potencial fue de 1,1 kW kg-1 con electrolito de NaCl y, la máxima durabilidad se logró con electrolito de H2SO4 con una potencia de 0,29 kW kg-1 estos valores fueron obtenidos a una velocidad de 100 mV s-1.

Abstract The constant growth in global urban waste generation has led to an increasing need to address its management sustainably. Despite the proven effectiveness of converting this waste into energy in various countries, its implementation in Colombia is still in its early stages. In this study, a bibliometric analysis and systematic review of the literature was conducted to assess urban solid waste valorization technologies and their potential integration into biorefineries in the Colombian context. Among the identified technologies, incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery stand out. Anaerobic Digestion emerges as an attractive option due to its versatility. However, there is a recognized imperative to dynamically choose technologies, considering the diversity of contexts and specific conditions in Colombia. Additionally, gasification and pyrolysis appear as viable options, each with its own advantages and challenges, reflecting the complexity and variability in waste management. Concerning landfill gas recovery, its significance as an essential installation in controlled landfills is emphasized, dismissing its consideration as an independent alternative. While the literature suggests that incineration is perceived as less favorable in social, economic, and environmental terms, it is crucial to recognize the dynamics and specificity of each situation. The choice of technologies must be adaptive and guided by a contextual approach that considers the heterogeneity in waste composition, available infrastructure, and other factors that vary significantly from one scenario to another. This dynamic and adaptive approach is essential to address the complexity of urban waste management and find sustainable solutions in the Colombian context.

Resumen El crecimiento constante en la generación de residuos urbanos a nivel global ha generado una creciente necesidad de abordar su gestión de manera sostenible. A pesar de que la conversión de estos residuos en energía ha demostrado ser efectiva en varios países, su implementación en Colombia aún se encuentra en una etapa incipiente. En este estudio, se llevó a cabo un análisis bibliométrico y una revisión sistemática exhaustiva de la literatura con el propósito de evaluar las tecnologías de valorización de los residuos sólidos urbanos, así como su potencial integración en biorrefinerías en el contexto colombiano. Entre las tecnologías más relevantes identificadas se encuentran la incineración, la gasificación, la pirólisis, la digestión anaeróbica y la recuperación de gas de vertedero. La Digestión Anaerobia destaca como una opción atractiva debido a su versatilidad. No obstante, se reconoce la necesidad imperante de adoptar una elección dinámica de tecnologías, considerando la diversidad de contextos y condiciones específicas en Colombia. Además, la gasificación y la pirólisis emergen como opciones viables, cada una con sus propias ventajas y desafíos, reflejando la complejidad y variabilidad en la gestión de residuos. En relación con la recuperación de gas de vertedero, se subraya su importancia como instalación esencial en vertederos controlados, desestimando la consideración de una alternativa independiente. Si bien la literatura sugiere que la incineración se percibe como menos favorable en términos sociales, económicos y ambientales, es crucial reconocer la dinámica y especificidad de cada situación. La elección de tecnologías debe ser adaptativa y orientada por un enfoque contextual que considere la heterogeneidad en la composición de residuos, infraestructura disponible y otros factores que varían significativamente de un escenario a otro. Este enfoque dinámico y adaptativo es esencial para abordar la complejidad de la gestión de residuos urbanos y encontrar soluciones sostenibles en el contexto colombiano.

In this review, we present the versatility of biomass and its derivatives obtained through thermal conversion processes (biochar and hydrochar) for applications in the development of electrochemical devices. This work highlights the generation of carbonaceous materials through pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization, in addition to proposing strategies to modify their physicochemical properties through activation methodologies to enhance their application as electrode materials. The processes of monitoring and degrading chemical species are discussed based on the diversity of electrodes that can be obtained with these bioderived coals, according to recent contributions available in the literature (2020-2023), which show the wide applicability of these materials in the field of electrochemistry. review biochar hydrochar devices carbonization coals 20202023, 20202023 2020 2023 , (2020-2023) electrochemistry 2020202 202 (2020-2023 202020 20 (2020-202 20202 2 (2020-20 (2020-2 (2020- (2020 (202 (20 (2 (

The thermal degradation kinetics of avocado seed biomass (Persea americana) was investigated at the heating rates of 5, 15, 20 and 25 ºC min-1 using thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis techniques in the temperature range from ambient to 780 ºC. Chemical analysis of the avocado seed resulted in: 51.4% cellulose, 42.4% hemicellulose, 20.1% lignin, 2.1% ash, 5.6% extractives. The pyrolysis products were characterized via FTIR, SEM/EDS. The isoconversional methods of Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) have yielded activation energy, Eα, varying from 36-323 kJ mol-1, respectively. The calorific value of biochars produced in the present study in the range of 265 to 475 ºC was 16,17 to 20,24 MJ kg-1, respectively, which are comparable to those reported values in the literature. Analyzing the DTG simultaneously with the addition of thermal energy, it can be seen that low molecular weight compounds represent the first degradation curves, followed by hemicellulose, cellulose and, lignin. The results obtained in the present work indicate that its feasible to prepare biochars with tunable properties from residual avocado seeds using a slow pyrolysis process, adding commercial value and reducing the environmental impact caused by the inadequate disposal of lignocellulosic materials. Persea americana 5 15 2 min1 min 1 min- TGA (TGA (DTG 78 514 51 4 51.4 424 42 42.4 hemicellulose 201 20.1 lignin 21 2.1 ash 56 6 5.6 extractives FTIR SEMEDS SEM EDS SEM/EDS OzawaFlynnWall Ozawa Flynn Wall OFW (OFW KissingerAkahiraSunose Kissinger Akahira Sunose KAS (KAS energy Eα 36323 36 323 36-32 mol1, mol1 mol 1, mol-1 respectively 26 47 1617 16 17 16,1 2024 24 20,2 kg1, kg1 kg kg-1 literature curves process materials 7 51. 42. 20. 2. 5. 3632 3 32 36-3 mol- 161 16, 202 20, kg- 363 36-

ABSTRACT This study evaluated biochar influence on water retention in sandy soils with different source materials. Samples from Horizon A of six profiles of Neossolos Quartzarênicos (Salto das Nuvens, Utiariti, Pantanal, Coberturas Detrito Lateríticas Ferruginosas, Botucatu e Bauru formations), collected in different regions of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, were used to determine the hydro-physical characteristics with the addition of biochar. The biochars assessed were produced from two sources of raw material (sugarcane filter cake and cotton husks) under pyrolysis at a temperature of 400 °C. Retention curves for soils with and without biochar, the field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water in the soil, total porosity, macroporosity, and microporosity were determined. The results evidenced that the application of biochar increases the microporosity (86.7% with cotton husks biochar and 67.9% with filter cake biochar) and reduces the microporosity of sandy soils (38.2% with cotton husks biochar and 36.0% with filter cake biochar); also, there was a higher increase in water availability with biochar from cotton husks (57.1%). There was an increase in soil microporosity and a reduction in macroporosity due to the influence of biochar addition in the sandy soils from the Salto das Nuvens, Utiariti, Pantanal e Coberturas Detrito Lateríticas ferruginosas, with no changes in the Botucatu and Bauru Formations. Biochar increases water retention in sandy soils; however, this does not occur for all geological formations studied. materials Nuvens Utiariti Ferruginosas formations, , formations) Grosso Brazil hydrophysical hydro physical sugarcane 40 C °C capacity point porosity determined 86.7% 867 86 7 (86.7 679 67 9 67.9 38.2% 382 38 2 (38.2 360 36 0 36.0 also 57.1%. 571 57.1% . 57 1 (57.1%) ferruginosas Formations however studied 4 86.7 8 (86. 6 67. 38.2 3 (38. 36. 57.1 5 (57.1% 86. (86 38. (38 57. (57.1 (8 (3 (57. ( (57 (5

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do biocarvão na retenção de água em solos arenosos de diferentes materiais de origem. Foram utilizadas amostras do Horizonte A de seis perfis de Neossolos Quartzarênicos (formações: Salto das Nuvens, Utiariti, Pantanal, Coberturas Detrito Lateríticas ferruginosas, Botucatu e Bauru), coletadas em diferentes regiões do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, para determinação das características físico-hídricas com adição de biocarvão. Os biocarvões testados foram produzidos a partir de duas fontes de matéria prima (torta do filtro de cana‐de‐açúcar e capulho do algodão) sob pirólise em temperatura de 400° C. Foram determinadas curvas de retenção para solos com e sem biocarvão, a capacidade de campo, o ponto de murcha permanente, água disponível no solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade e microporosidade. Os resultados mostram que a aplicação de biocarvão aumenta a microporosidade (86,7% com biocarvão de resíduos de algodão, 67,9% com biocarvão de torta de filtro) e reduz a macroporosidade dos solos arenosos (38,2% com biocarvão de resíduos de algodão, 36,0% com biocarvão de torta de filtro), e a disponibilidade de água aumenta ainda mais com o biocarvão de resíduos de algodão (57.1%). Houve um aumento na microporosidade do solo e redução na macroporosidade pela influência da adição do biocarvão nos solos arenosos das Formações Salto das Nuvens, Utiariti, Pantanal e Coberturas Detrito Lateríticas ferruginosas, sem mudanças nas Formações Botucatu e Bauru. O biocarvão aumenta a retenção de água nos solos arenosos, no entanto isso não ocorre para os solos arenosos de todas as formações geológicas estudadas. origem (formações Nuvens Utiariti ferruginosas Bauru, Bauru , Bauru) Grosso Brasil físicohídricas físico hídricas canadeaçúcar cana açúcar 400 C campo permanente total 86,7% 867 86 7 (86,7 679 67 9 67,9 38,2% 382 38 2 (38,2 360 36 0 36,0 filtro, 57.1%. 571 57.1% . 57 1 (57.1%) estudadas 40 86,7 8 (86, 6 67, 38,2 3 (38, 36, 57.1 5 (57.1% 4 86, (86 38, (38 57. (57.1 (8 (3 (57. ( (57 (5

This work produced chemically activated sugarcane bagasse-based activated carbon (AC) for the controlled release of urea. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman analysis confirmed the presence of graphitic structures and multiple oxygen-containing functional groups. After the solid-state reaction that formed the material, their surface area reached 1401 m2 g-1 for the sample prepared with a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C, a concentration of sodium hydroxide equivalent to 11 mol L-1, and an activation temperature of 900 °C (AC 400-11-900). Zeta potential measures indicated negative charges at pH > 4, reaching almost (–50 mV) at pH 9. The adsorptive capacity of the AC with the highest surface area was equal to (758.7 ± 263.8) mg g-1. Nevertheless, the matrix did not release the urea molecules previously adsorbed into it, which is appealing for fertilizer-releasing purposes because the activated carbon would be able to re-adsorb the non-absorbed urea molecules, sustaining nutrient availability for longer periods. bagassebased bagasse based FTIR (FTIR oxygencontaining oxygen containing groups solidstate solid state material 140 m g1 g 1 g- 40 C L1, L1 L 1, L-1 90 40011900. 40011900 . 400-11-900) 4 –50 50 (–5 mV 9 758.7 7587 758 7 (758. 263.8 2638 263 8 g1. 1. Nevertheless it fertilizerreleasing fertilizer releasing readsorb re adsorb nonabsorbed non absorbed periods 14 L- 4001190 400-11-900 –5 5 (– 758. 75 (758 263. 26 400119 400-11-90 – ( (75 2 40011 400-11-9 (7 4001 400-11- 400-11 400-1 400-

ABSTRACT The use of biochar in agriculture remains controversial due to the amounts applied and the small size of the particles which can cause respiratory problems when inhaled. With the aim of evaluating the effects of cattle manure biochar (CMB) on the chemical attributes of the soil and on plant growth and nutrition, a greenhouse experiment was conducted, with Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’ grown in pots over five crop cycles, in weathered soil (Oxisol). CMB pellets, both enriched and not enriched with potassium phosphate (PK), were produced using cassava starch as the binder, in a ratio of 2:2:1 (biochar: PK fertiliser: binder) and 4:1 (biochar: binder), respectively. The CMB was produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 450 °C. The experimental design was completely randomised in a 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme, with five replications. The treatments were non-pelletised and pelletised CMB, with and without liming, and with and without PK, and an additional treatment with no fertiliser. The CMB improved the chemical properties of the soil, correcting acidity, increasing nutrient availability and improving the production of Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’. The use of CMB enriched with phosphorus and potassium behaved as a slow-release organomineral fertiliser in Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’. inhaled (CMB nutrition conducted BRS Paiaguás cycles Oxisol. Oxisol . (Oxisol) pellets , (PK) binder 221 2:2: (biochar 41 4 4: respectively 45 C °C scheme replications nonpelletised non liming acidity Paiaguás. slowrelease slow release (Oxisol (PK 22 2:2 2:

ABSTRACT This paper evaluates the mechanical behavior of nanocarbon modified asphalt binder. The nanocarbon was produced by a pyrolysis process of lignin. Three samples of asphalt binder were used as base for modification, a Pen 30/45, a Pen 50/70, and a SBS-polymer-modified 55/75. Different conditions of temperature, stirring speed, and modification time periods were evaluated to identify the best operational conditions. The characterization of nanocarbon was performed by different methodologies. Performance tests were conducted in a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) to determine dynamic shear modulus, phase angle, and parameters of the Linear Amplitude Sweep test (LAS) and Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery test (MSCR) on the modified and unmodified asphalt samples. Furthermore, tests were performed in a bending beam rheometer (BBR) to measure the flexural creep stiffness and m-value at low temperatures, as well as the ∆Tc parameter. The samples were submitted to short- and long-term aging, and then master curves were constructed from frequency sweep dynamical shear tests. The results indicated that small amounts (0.02% to 0.05%, w/w) of nanocarbon adopted in the research were enough to improve rutting, fatigue, and aging resistance. Finally, the results also revealed that the modified asphalt 55/75 was better homogenized with the nanocarbon than the neat asphalt cements 30/45 and 50/70. lignin 3045 30 45 5070 50 70 50/70 SBSpolymermodified SBS polymer 5575 55 75 temperature speed methodologies DSR (DSR modulus angle LAS (LAS MSCR (MSCR Furthermore BBR (BBR mvalue m value temperatures Tc parameter short longterm long term 0.02% 002 0 02 (0.02 005 05 0.05% w/w ww w rutting fatigue resistance Finally 55/7 30/4 304 3 4 507 5 7 50/7 557 0.02 00 (0.0 0.05 55/ 30/ 50/ 0.0 (0. 0. (0 (

ABSTRACT Background: Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus dunnii are species planted mainly for tannin and cellulose production. However, its woods have characteristics favorable to their use for energy generation, being commercialized in the form of firewood, chips or charcoal too. Biochar is a stable form of carbon that can be obtained by converting small particles of wood in the pyrolysis process and that can be used as solid fuel, among other applications as a soil conditioner. In this study, the properties of biochar produced in a horizontal reactor using wood of these species and under milder temperatures were evaluated. Results: Temperature of 350 oC and the reaction time of 30 minutes promoted an increase in higher calorific value of 33% for A. mearnsii and 51% for E. dunnii, with gravimetric yield of 39% and 32%, respectively. it was found that the 250 and 300 oC was not efficient to carbonize the wood of both species. An increase in specific surface area is observed with increasing carbonization temperature. Bigger increases were produced at temperatures of 350 oC for E. dunnii and 420 oC for A. mearnsii, with increase in porosity. At these temperatures, there was an increase in surface area and a decrease in pore size. Conclusion: In temperatures of 350 oC, the woods of both species provided a good quality biochar with porosity, surface area, pore size and pyrolysis yield suitable for energy use. For soil conditioning use, considering these aspects, suggested to test the appropriate temperatures for each species, between 350 and 420 oC. Background production However generation firewood too fuel conditioner study evaluated Results 35 3 33 A 51 E 39 32 32% respectively 25 temperature 42 porosity Conclusion aspects 5 2 4

RESUMO Uma maneira eficaz de se aproveitar os resíduos agrícolas é convertê-los na forma de carvão ativado, o qual possui diversas utilidades, incluindo a purificação de água. Com este objetivo o carvão ativado derivado do caroço de manga (Mangifera indica L.) foi utilizado como adsorvente para a remoção de íons chumbo presentes em soluções aquosas preparadas. A manga foi lavada, seca e teve seu caroço removido para ser preparado como carvão, através da pirolise s 400°C, seguido da ativação com H2SO4 1:1 (v/v) por 12 horas e lavagem do material para liberar os poros do material. O processo de adsorção foi realizado em batelada, introduzindo 30 mL de solução de Pb(II) 50 mg L-1 e uma determinada massa do carvão em tubos cônicos com tampa, submetidos a agitação orbital. Após o tempo estabelecido o adsorvente foi separado por filtração e o teor de Pb(II) restante no filtrado foi feita a determinação no FAAS. Os estudos mostraram uma remoção de 90% na concentração de Pb(II). O adsorvente proposto mostrou-se eficiente para remoção de Pb(II) em soluções aquosas, sendo viável sua aplicação no tratamento de efluentes químicos aquosos. convertêlos convertê los utilidades água Mangifera L. L preparadas lavada 400C C 400 400°C HSO H SO H2SO 11 1 1: v/v vv v (v/v batelada 3 PbII Pb II Pb(II 5 L1 L- tampa orbital FAAS 90 PbII. . mostrouse mostrou aquosos 40 9 4

ABSTRACT An effective way to utilize agricultural waste is to convert it into the activated form, which has several uses, including water purification. With this objective, activated carbon derived from mango seeds (Mangifera indica L.) was used as an adsorbent to remove lead ions present in prepared aqueous solutions. The mango was washed, dried and had its core removed to be prepared as charcoal, through pyrolysis at 400°C, followed by activation with H2SO4 1:1 (v/v) for 12 hours and washing the material to release the pores of the material. The adsorption process was carried out in batch, introducing 30 mL of Pb(II) solution 50 mg L-1 and a certain mass of charcoal into conical tubes with lids, subjected to orbital agitation. After the established time, the adsorbent was separated by filtration and the Pb(II) content remaining in the filtrate was determined using the FAAS. Studies showed a 90% removal in Pb(II) concentration. The proposed adsorbent proved to be efficient for removing Pb(II) in aqueous solutions, making its application viable in the treatment of aqueous chemical effluents. form uses purification objective Mangifera L. L solutions washed 400C C 400 400°C HSO H SO H2SO 11 1 1: v/v vv v (v/v batch 3 PbII Pb II Pb(II 5 L1 L- lids agitation time FAAS 90 concentration effluents 40 9 4

RESUMO A região do Alto Capibaribe, no semiárido brasileiro, enfrenta uma problemática ambiental devido a contaminação oriunda das atividades têxteis. O lançamento inadequado de corantes e outras substâncias tóxicas ameaça à saúde humana e os recursos hídricos, como as reservas aluvionares. Desse modo, o biochar, um adsorvente de baixo custo produzido pela pirólise de biomassa, auxilia a mitigar esses problemas, aumentando a capacidade de retenção dos solos. Deste modo, este estudo analisou o efeito da aplicação, nas proporções de 1% e 0,25%, do biochar, produzido a partir da casca de café, biomassa já consolidada na produção de biocarvão, na temperatura de 530 °C, com tempo de pirólise de 10 a 12 horas, em um forno metálico caseiro, resultando em um produto com 67,11% de carbono. Este biochar foi aplicado para avaliar a mobilidade do corante têxtil Vermelho Drimaren, na concentração de 25 mg.L-1, utilizado para tingimento de vestimentas em indústrias locais, em uma camada subsuperficial de um depósito aluvionar, localizado no leito seco do rio Capibaribe. Verificou-se, através da Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) que as maiores vibrações espectrais estão na faixa de 1400-1800 cm-1, indicando a presença dos grupos funcionais amina e amida, que favorecem o processo de biossorção. Que os pHs em água são superiores aos em KCl para todas as situações, sendo o biochar um produto básico e o solo aluvionar de natureza ácida. E, que os valores de ponto de carga zero são iguais a 6,96 e 7,96, para as proporções Solo+0,25%BC e Solo+1,00%BC, respectivamente. As camadas adicionadas de 0,25%BC e 1,00%BC tiveram acréscimo na capacidade adsortiva de 31,68% e 8,62%, respectivamente, em relação a capacidade de sorção do solo natural. Os dados cinéticos se ajustaram de melhor forma ao modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem e a difusão intra-partícula não foi o processo determinante da transferência de massa e ocorrência do processo de adsorção. Os modelos isotérmicos linear e de Freundlich descreveram de modo consistente o processo sob concentrações variáveis, e o modelo de Langmuir não demonstrou significado físico válido. Capibaribe brasileiro têxteis hídricos aluvionares problemas solos aplicação 1 025 0 0,25% café biocarvão 53 C °C horas caseiro 6711 67 11 67,11 carbono Drimaren 2 mg.L1, mgL1 mgL mg.L 1, mg L mg.L-1 locais Verificouse, Verificouse Verificou se, Verificou-se FTIR (FTIR 14001800 1400 1800 1400-180 cm1, cm1 cm cm-1 amida biossorção situações ácida E 696 6 96 6,9 796 7 7,96 Solo025BC SoloBC Solo BC Solo100BC 00 Solo+1,00%BC respectivamente 025BC 100BC 3168 31 68 31,68 862 8 62 8,62% natural pseudosegunda pseudo segunda intrapartícula intra partícula adsorção variáveis válido 02 0,25 5 671 67,1 L1 mg.L1 mg.L- 1400180 140 180 1400-18 cm- 69 9 6, 79 7,9 316 3 31,6 86 8,62 0,2 67, 140018 14 18 1400-1 7, 31, 8,6 0, 14001 1400- 8,

ABSTRACT The region of Alto Capibaribe, in the Brazilian semiarid, faces an environmental issue due to contamination from textile activities. Inadequate release of dyes and other toxic substances threatens human health and water resources, such as alluvial reserves. Thus, biochar, a low-cost adsorbent produced by biomass pyrolysis, helps mitigate these problems by increasing soil retention capacity. This study analyzed the effect of applying biochar, produced from coffee husks, a biomass already established in biochar production, at temperature of 530 °C with a pyrolysis time of 10 to 12 hours, in a homemade metallic furnace, resulting in a product with 67.11% carbon. This biochar was applied to evaluate the mobility of the textile dye Red Drimaren, at a concentration of 25 mg.L-1, used for garment dyeing in local industries, in a subsurface layer of an alluvial deposit located in the dry bed of the Capibaribe River. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the highest spectral vibrations are in the range of 1400-1800 cm-1, indicating the presence of amine and amide functional groups, favoring the biosorption process. The pH in water is higher than in KCl for all situations, with biochar being basic and the alluvial soil being acidic. The zero charge point values are equal to 6.96 and 7.96 for the proportions Soil+0.25%BC and Soil+1.00%BC, respectively. Layers with 0.25%BC and 1.00%BC added had an increase in adsorptive capacity of 31.68% and 8.62%, respectively, compared to the natural soil sorption capacity. Kinetic data best fit the pseudo-second-order model, and intra-particle diffusion was not the determining mass transfer process nor the occurrence of the adsorption process. Linear and Freundlich isotherm models consistently described the process under varying concentrations, and the Langmuir model did not show a valid physical significance. semiarid activities resources reserves Thus lowcost low cost husks production 53 C 1 hours furnace 6711 67 11 67.11 carbon Drimaren 2 mg.L1, mgL1 mgL mg.L 1, mg L mg.L-1 industries River FTIR (FTIR 14001800 1400 1800 1400-180 cm1, cm1 cm cm-1 groups situations acidic 696 6 96 6.9 796 7 7.9 Soil025BC SoilBC Soil 0 BC Soil100BC 00 Soil+1.00%BC respectively 025BC 100BC 3168 31 68 31.68 862 8 62 8.62% pseudosecondorder pseudo second order intraparticle intra particle concentrations significance 5 671 67.1 L1 mg.L1 mg.L- 1400180 140 180 1400-18 cm- 69 9 6. 79 7. 316 3 31.6 86 8.62 67. 140018 14 18 1400-1 31. 8.6 14001 1400- 8.

ABSTRACT Alternative materials can be used to reduce reliance on mining for P-based fertilizers. In this sense, the pyrolysis process of bovine bones produces the “bone char”, which can be used as a source of P. This study aimed to characterize bone char and conduct a comparative analysis with both soluble (triple superphosphate) and non-soluble (Bayóvar phosphate rock) phosphate fertilizers, specifically examining its behavior in soil and uptake by plants. Bone char characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive (SEM-EDS). The XRD analyses have shown the presence of hydroxyapatite in the bone char, bands assigned to P-O stretching from phosphate have been observed in ATR-FTIR, and Ca, P, C, and O elements were identified in the materials by EDS analyses. Solubility from fertilizer extractants was higher for bone char compared to Bayóvar, and both sources showed lower solubility compared to triple superphosphate. Cumulative amount of P released from bone char was higher than Bayóvar and lower than triple superphosphate. Amount of total dry matter, total shoot P uptake, and total shoot Ca uptake were higher for triple superphosphate compared to bone char and Bayóvar. Release profile of P from bone char strongly suggests this material can be used as a slow-release P source, with intermediate solubility between soluble and non-soluble commercialized sources. Pbased based fertilizers sense , char” nonsoluble non rock plants Xray X ray XRD, (XRD) ATRFTIR, ATRFTIR ATR FTIR (ATR-FTIR) energydispersive energy dispersive SEMEDS. SEMEDS SEM . (SEM-EDS) PO FTIR, ATR-FTIR C matter slowrelease slow release (XRD (ATR-FTIR (SEM-EDS

Brazil has abundant agro-industrial residues, such as cassava peel, opening the opportunity to produce high-added value chemicals by catalytic fast pyrolysis, in which the desirable products can be tailored. Aiming to provide an application of cassava peel residues, as well as to produce high-value BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), beta zeolite-supported nickel (3 and 5 wt.%) catalysts were evaluated in fast pyrolysis. Without any catalyst, large amounts of high-value oxygenated compounds (ketones, carboxylic acid and phenolics) were produced while no BTEX was formed. This was related to the higher amount of cellulose and hemicellulose, as compared to lignin in cassava peel. However, over beta zeolite, these oxygenated compounds go on oligomerization, decarboxylation and decarbonylation producing aromatics (BTEX and polyaromatics), indicating a new reaction route provided by the catalyst. The amount of BTEX and other aromatics increased even more over zeolite-supported nickel, suppressing polyaromatics formation. This is related to the increased strength and amount of acidity of Lewis sites. The most selective catalyst (3% Ni) produces 67% of BTEX and no polyaromatics. Cassava peel and beta zeolite-supported nickel thus proved to be a promising combination to produce BTEX generating a new application of cassava peel residues. agroindustrial agro industrial residues highadded high added pyrolysis tailored highvalue benzene, benzene (benzene toluene xylenes, xylenes , xylenes) zeolitesupported zeolite supported 3 ( wt.% wt ketones, ketones (ketones phenolics formed hemicellulose However oligomerization polyaromatics, polyaromatics) formation sites 3% Ni 67 wt. 6

ABSTRACT This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis (MA) of systematic review data on poultry litter biochar (PLB) to answer the following questions: (i) What are the major studies regarding this worldwide? (ii) Which soil chemical attributes are the most affected? and (iii) Does PLB improve soil quality and crop productivity? MA revealed that the application of PLB significantly changed several key soil attributes, including pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and nitrogen, carbon, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum content. Specifically, MA showed that PLB decreased Al3+ in the soil by 71% while increasing pH, N, C, and CEC by 16, 20, 36, and 82%, respectively. This significant increase in CEC was associated with the addition of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ cations by 43, 202, and 636%, respectively. It was verified that PLB serves a dual function: it corrects soil acidity and pH while also enhancing the content of key nutrients, such as C and N. This study broadens the understanding of the potential of reusing poultry litter in biochar production, offering valuable data for developing strategies to improve both soil health and fertility. metaanalysis meta analysis (MA (PLB questions i (i worldwide ii (ii affected iii (iii productivity CEC, , (CEC) nitrogen carbon potassium calcium magnesium Specifically Al3 Al 71 N 16 20 36 82 82% respectively Ca2 Ca Ca2+ Mg2 Mg Mg2+ K 43 202 636 636% function nutrients production fertility (CEC 7 1 2 3 8 4 63 6

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma meta-análise (MA) de dados de revisão sistemática sobre biochar de cama de aves (BCA) para responder: (i) Quais são os principais estudos no mundo? (ii) Quais atributos químicas do solo são mais afetadas? (iii) O PLB melhora a qualidade do solo e a produtividade das culturas? A MA revelou que o BCA mudou significativamente várias propriedades-chave do solo, incluindo pH, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), nitrogênio, carbono, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e teor de alumínio. Especificamente, a MA mostrou que o BCA diminuiu Al3+ no solo em 71%, enquanto aumentou o pH, N, C e CTC em 16, 20, 36 e 82%, respectivamente. Este aumento significativo na CTC foi associado à adição de cátions Ca2+, Mg2+ e K+ em 43, 202 e 636%, respectivamente. Foi verificado que o BCA tem uma função dupla: corrige a acidez e o pH do solo, enquanto também aumenta o teor de nutrientes-chave como C e N. A pesquisa expande o entendimento do potencial de reutilização da cama de aves na produção de biochar, oferecendo dados valiosos para o desenvolvimento de estratégias para melhorar a saúde e a fertilidade do solo. metaanálise meta análise (MA (BCA responder i (i mundo ii (ii afetadas iii (iii culturas propriedadeschave propriedades chave CTC, , (CTC) nitrogênio carbono potássio cálcio alumínio Especificamente Al3 Al 71 71% N 16 20 3 82 82% respectivamente Ca2 Ca Ca2+ Mg2 Mg K 43 636 636% dupla nutrienteschave nutrientes (CTC 7 1 2 8 4 63 6