RESUMEN Jules Lefort (1816-1889) fue un farmacéutico y químico francés que se dedicó a la toxicología y ensayos forenses, especialmente de la morfina y el fósforo. Reportó la coloración generada por diversos reactivos con la morfina, narcotina, brucine y estricnina, así como los efectos químicos y toxicológicos producidos por la morfina durante su pasaje por la economía animal. La morfina resistía sin alteración la putrefacción más activa y extensa del material animal. Las sales del sesquióxido de fierro eran el mejor reactivo para asegurar la presencia de morfina en polvo o en soluciones concentradas. El ácido yódico con amoníaco era capaz de detectar morfina en un líquido conteniendo 1/10.000 partes de alcaloide, y la morfina, consumida en forma continua y en dosis variable, aparecía en la orina y no en el sudor. Demostró que el HCl gaseoso era el mejor reactivo para detectar la presencia de digitalina en un líquido incoloro y que este compuesto podía ser separado en forma nítida por diálisis. Leroy reportó las diferencias entre la ipecacuanha proveniente de Brasil y la de Nueva Granada; esta última contenía 23% menos de emetina. También desarrolló un proceso muy eficiente para separar este principio. Leroy encontró que el olor desprendido por los cuerpos en putrefacción, así como su débil fosforescencia, se debían a un derivado sulfurado y a una combinación de fósforo e hidrógeno. También determinó la cantidad de atropina presente en las hojas y las raíces de la belladona y propuso un método eficiente para su extracción.

ABSTRACT Jules Lefort (1816-1889) was a French pharmacist and chemist who did extensive research on toxicology and forensic tests, particularly for morphine and phosphorus. He studied the coloration produced by different reagents with morphine, narcotine, brucine, and strychnine, and the chemical and toxicological effects produced by morphine during its passage through the animal economy. Morphine resisted without alteration the most active and extended putrefaction of animal matter. Salts of iron sesquioxide were the best reagent for assuring the presence of morphine in powder or concentrated solution; iodic acid with ammonia could detect morphine in a liquid containing 1/10,000 part of the alkaloid, and morphine ingested in a continuous manner and in variable doses, would appear in the urine but not in the sweat. He proved that HCl gaseous was the best reagent for detecting the presence of digitaline in colorless liquids and that this compound could be neatly separated by dialysis. Leroy reported the differences between the ipecacuanhas originating from Brasil and from New Granada; the latter contained 23% less emetine. He also developed a very efficient procedure for the separation of this principle. Leroy found that the odor released by putrefying bodies, as well as their slight emission of light, were caused by a sulfur derivative and a combination of hydrogen and phosphorus. He also determined the amount of atropine present in the leaves and roots of belladonna and proposed an efficient method for its extraction.

Summary: Orange cultivation occurs mainly in the State of Veracruz. In Martínez de la Torre and San Rafael municipalities, two of the three most important orange juice producing companies operate in Mexico. The orange bagasse generated by each of these corporations ranges from 112 500 - 187 500 tons per production cycle. Managing large orange bagasse quantities is a major economic and environmental problem for this area of Veracruz. The juice producing companies in the area handle bagasse through heat treatments (dehydration for animal feed and combustion for heat generation). However, when the bagasse handling capacity exceeds, companies choose to deposit it in open dumping sites, posing a risk of contaminating soil, water and air due to biomass putrefaction and leachate generation. Therefore, the objective of this trial is to examine the orange bagasse management practices utilized by the juice producing companies installed in the central area of Veracruz. For this purpose, a literature review was performed together with an internship with one of these companies to collect first-hand data. All management strategies have economic-environmental advantages and disadvantages. Theoretically, the most sustainable alternative is the production and use of natural gas from the bagasse anaerobic digestion. Nevertheless, a life cycle assessment of bagasse management strategies should be performed to determine which alternative is the most appropriate based on economic profitability, environmental impact mitigation and energy efficiency.

Resumen: El cultivo de naranja se produce principalmente en el estado de Veracruz. En los municipios de Martínez de la Torre y San Rafael operan dos de las tres empresas productoras de jugo de naranja más importantes de México. La generación de bagazo de naranja por parte de cada una de estas corporaciones oscila entre 112 500 - 187 500 toneladas por ciclo productivo. El manejo de grandes cantidades de bagazo de naranja es un problema económico y ambiental importante para esta zona de Veracruz. Las empresas productoras de jugo de la zona manejan el bagazo a través de tratamientos térmicos (deshidratación para alimentación animal y combustión para la generación de calor). No obstante, cuando la capacidad de manejo del bagazo se ve rebasada, las empresas optan por depositarlo en tiraderos a cielo abierto. Esto representa un riesgo de contaminación para el suelo, el agua y el aire debido a la putrefacción de la biomasa y la generación de lixiviados. El objetivo de este ensayo fue examinar las prácticas de manejo de bagazo de naranja empleadas por parte de las empresas productoras de jugo instaladas en la zona centro de Veracruz. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión de literatura aunado con una estancia de vinculación con una de estas empresas para recabar datos de primera mano. Todas las estrategias de manejo presentan ventajas y desventajas económico-ambientales. Teóricamente, la alternativa más sostenible es la producción y aprovechamiento de gas natural a partir de la digestión anaerobia del bagazo. No obstante, es recomendable realizar un análisis de ciclo de vida de las estrategias de manejo de bagazo con el propósito de determinar que alternativa es la más adecuada en función de la rentabilidad económica, mitigación del impacto ambiental y eficiencia energética.

Abstract This study aimed to develop an alternative biological osteotechnical method using lesser mealworms (Alphitobius diaperinus), a scavenging insect found in poultry production systems. Ten small to medium-sized animal cadavers of different species and two isolated bone pieces were used. After the soft tissues were removed, the bones were accommodated with the insects until they were thoroughly cleaned. Next, the pieces were evaluated, bleached, dried, and the skeletons assembled. The use of lesser mealworms in the biological preparation of skeletons has shown very promising results since this insect is easy to acquire, maintain, and handle; it does not emit unpleasant odors into the environment; it provides complete cleaning of the skeletons, reaching places that are difficult to access. In addition, they present great agility in cleaning the carcasses, dispensing the previous fixation of the soft tissues to prevent putrefaction or the appearance of microorganisms, such as fungal colonies. Alphitobius diaperinus, diaperinus , diaperinus) systems mediumsized medium sized used removed cleaned Next evaluated bleached dried assembled acquire maintain handle environment access addition carcasses microorganisms colonies

Resumo Buscou-se com o presente estudo desenvolver um método alternativo de osteotécnica biológica baseado no uso de cascudinhos (Alphitobius diaperinus), um inseto de comportamento necrófago encontrado nos sistemas de produção avícola. Foram utilizados dez cadáveres de animais de pequeno a médio porte e de diferentes espécies, e duas peças ósseas isoladas. Após a retirada dos tecidos moles, os ossos foram acomodados junto aos insetos até a sua limpeza completa. Na sequência, as peças foram avaliadas, clareadas, secas e os esqueletos montados. A utilização dos cascudinhos na preparação biológica de esqueletos demonstrou resultados bastantes promissores, visto que este inseto é de fácil aquisição, manutenção e manipulação, não emite odores desagradáveis ao ambiente, proporciona uma limpeza completa dos esqueletos, atingindo lugares de difícil acesso. Além disso, apresentam grande agilidade na limpeza das carcaças, sendo dispensável a fixação prévia dos tecidos moles para prevenir a putrefação ou o aparecimento de microrganismos, como colônias de fungos. Buscouse Buscou se Alphitobius diaperinus, diaperinus , diaperinus) avícola espécies isoladas sequência avaliadas clareadas montados promissores aquisição manipulação ambiente acesso disso carcaças microrganismos fungos

ABSTRACT Jules Lefort (1816-1889) was a French pharmacist and chemist who did extensive research on toxicology and forensic tests, particularly for morphine and phosphorus. He studied the coloration produced by different reagents with morphine, narcotine, brucine, and strychnine, and the chemical and toxicological effects produced by morphine during its passage through the animal economy. Morphine resisted without alteration the most active and extended putrefaction of animal matter. Salts of iron sesquioxide were the best reagent for assuring the presence of morphine in powder or concentrated solution; iodic acid with ammonia could detect morphine in a liquid containing 1/10,000 part of the alkaloid, and morphine ingested in a continuous manner and in variable doses, would appear in the urine but not in the sweat. He proved that HCl gaseous was the best reagent for detecting the presence of digitaline in colorless liquids and that this compound could be neatly separated by dialysis. Leroy reported the differences between the ipecacuanhas originating from Brasil and from New Granada; the latter contained 23% less emetine. He also developed a very efficient procedure for the separation of this principle. Leroy found that the odor released by putrefying bodies, as well as their slight emission of light, were caused by a sulfur derivative and a combination of hydrogen and phosphorus. He also determined the amount of atropine present in the leaves and roots of belladonna and proposed an efficient method for its extraction.

RESUMEN Jules Lefort (1816-1889) fue un farmacéutico y químico francés que se dedicó a la toxicología y ensayos forenses, especialmente de la morfina y el fósforo. Reportó la coloración generada por diversos reactivos con la morfina, narcotina, brucine y estricnina, así como los efectos químicos y toxicológicos producidos por la morfina durante su pasaje por la economía animal. La morfina resistía sin alteración la putrefacción más activa y extensa del material animal. Las sales del sesquióxido de fierro eran el mejor reactivo para asegurar la presencia de morfina en polvo o en soluciones concentradas. El ácido yódico con amoníaco era capaz de detectar morfina en un líquido conteniendo 1/10.000 partes de alcaloide, y la morfina, consumida en forma continua y en dosis variable, aparecía en la orina y no en el sudor. Demostró que el HCl gaseoso era el mejor reactivo para detectar la presencia de digitalina en un líquido incoloro y que este compuesto podía ser separado en forma nítida por diálisis. Leroy reportó las diferencias entre la ipecacuanha proveniente de Brasil y la de Nueva Granada; esta última contenía 23% menos de emetina. También desarrolló un proceso muy eficiente para separar este principio. Leroy encontró que el olor desprendido por los cuerpos en putrefacción, así como su débil fosforescencia, se debían a un derivado sulfurado y a una combinación de fósforo e hidrógeno. También determinó la cantidad de atropina presente en las hojas y las raíces de la belladona y propuso un método eficiente para su extracción.

ABSTRACT: Generally, primary methods of identification as the fingerprint analysis, dental analysis or DNA examination are indicated for the establishment of the identity of a corpse. In situations with poor body conservation, such as in advanced stage of putrefaction or skeletonization, imaging exams like medical and dental computed tomography can assist in the process of identification. The frontal sinuses present anatomical characteristics that allow the establishment of the identity of an in dividual. In this case report we used the technique of three-dimensional construction of the frontal sinuses through the generation of solid figures representative of the sinus morphology. After the comparative analysis of the antemortem and postmortem tomography of the alleged victim, we could establish similarities in both the variations in size, shape, symmetry and contour of borders, and the presence and number of septa, allowing us to infer that the two images described belong to the same individual, thus establishing the identity of the corpse found.

RESUMEN: Generalmente, los métodos primarios de identificación como el análisis dactiloscópico, el análisis dental o el examen de ADN están indicados para el establecimiento de la identidad de un cadáver. En situaciones de mala conservación del cuerpo, como en etapa avanzada de putrefacción o esqueletización, los exámenes de imagen como la tomografía computarizada médica y dental pueden ayudar en el proceso de identificación. Los senos frontales presentan características anatómicas que permiten establecer la identidad de un individuo. En este reporte de caso utilizamos la técnica de construcción tridimensional de los senos frontales a través de la generación de figuras sólidas representativas de la morfología sinusal. Tras el análisis comparativo de la tomografía antemortem y postmortem de la presunta víctima, pudimos establecer similitudes tanto en las variaciones de tamaño, forma, simetría y contorno de márgenes, como en la presencia y número de septos, lo que nos permite inferir que las dos imágenes descritas pertenecen al mismo individuo, estableciéndose así la identidad del cadáver encontrado.

ABSTRACT Frederick Crace-Calvert (1819-1873), an English chemist, carried extensive research on the on a wide variety of subjects (inorganic, organic, and biochemistry, materials science, coal chemistry, manufacture of steel, etc. He developed a novel method for separating the quinine and cinchonine in very high yield from quinidine, based on using a dilute solution of sodium chloride, instead of a mixture of calcium chloride and HCl. Together with Ferrand he studied the phenomenon of photosynthesis based on the analysis of the air contained in the hermetic seedpods of Colutea arborescens. Their results indicated that vegetables decomposed CO2 under the influence of diffuse and sunlight, that the decomposition of this gas was proportional to the intensity of the light and its duration, that the CO2 that disappeared was completely decomposed into carbon and oxygen, and that the absorption of the gas was proportional to the force of vegetation. His study of the phenomenon of putrefaction indicated that a new volatile alkaloid was released and that the elements N, S, and P were not eliminated as such but as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. He also found that the germs of fermentation and infection could be dispersed from their source by a current of atmospheric air and could be eliminated only under the action of strong disinfecting agents such as phenol and cresylic acid. He also studied the effect of different agents, such as heat, on microorganisms, under different conditions (dried before or after the action of heat). Crace-Calvert, single-handed, may be considered the scientist that led to establish phenol as an excellent disinfecting agent in therapeutic uses and as a chemical source of additional valuable chemicals. He also studied the adulteration of important commodities, such as tobacco and oils.

RESUMEN Frederick Crace-Calvert (1819-1873), un químico inglés English chemist, que llevo a cabo una variedad de investigaciones en química inorgánica, orgánica, bioquímica, ciencias de los materiales, química del carbón, fabricación de acero, etc. Desarrolló un nuevo método para separar la quinina y la cinconina en alto rendimiento de la quinidina basado en el uso de una solución diluida de NaCl en vez de una mezcla de cloruro de calcio y HCl. Junto con Ferrand estudió el fenómeno de fotosíntesis basándose en el análisis del sire contenido en las vainas herméticas de Colutea arborescens. Sus resultados indicaron que los vegetales descomponían el CO2 bajo la influencia de la luz difusa y la luz solar, que esta descomposición era proporcional a la intensidad de la luz y su duración y que el CO2 que desaparecía era descompuesto totalmente en carbón y oxígeno, y que la absorción del gas era proporcional a la fuerza vegetativa. se estudio del fenómeno de putrefacción señalo que un nuevo alcaloide volátil era liberado y que los elementos N, S, y P no eran eliminados como tales sino como amoníaco y sulfuro de hidrógeno También encontró que los gérmenes de la fermentación y la infección podían ser dispersados de su fuente por una corriente de aire atmosférico y que podían ser eliminados solo bajo la acción de desinfectantes fuertes como el fenol y el ácido cresílico. También estudió el efecto de diferentes medios, como el calor, sobre los microorganismos bajo condiciones diferentes (secados antes o después de la acción del calor) Crace-Calvert, por si solo, puede ser considerado como el científico que promovió el uso del fenol como un excelente agente desinfectante en medicina, y como fuente de otros productos químicos valiosos. También estudió la falsificación de productos comerciales importantes como el tabaco y los aceites.tal grado que podía ocultar totalmente los efectos de la respiración. Corenwinder estudió en detalle el cultivo d la betarraga, incluso el uso de fertilizantes como el nitrato de sodio. También estudió varias plantas tropicales, como la banana y la nuez de Brasil.

Abstract Nearly all of the rejected frozen carcasses in Asian countries are due to their high amount of total volatile nitrogen (TVN). The main aim of this study was evaluating red meat putrefaction based on putrescine and cadaverine content in red meat as major biogenic amines that contributed in TVN content during long-term storage in freezing condition. For this, 48 samples were collected from local slaughterhouse from neck, flank, sirloin and rib set of beef meat and analyzed for the biogenic amine and TVN content during 12 months storage in freezing condition. The results showed no sensible organoleptic changes but the amount of cadaverin and putrescine had highly-significant (p < 0.05) and no significant (p > 0.05) changes after fifth month of storage, respectively. The mean concentration of putrescine and cadaverine were increased from zero up to 118.98 and 1121.48 µg/gr after five months storage, respectively. Increasing the cadaverine content might be a good index for red meat deterioration and used as quality index after long time storage in freezing condition.

ABSTRACT In this paper the current regulations on cadaveric preservation practices required for the transfer of corpses in the different Autonomous Communities -Reglamentos de Policía Sanitaria Mortuoria- and national legislation are compared. The criteria taken into account have been: a) which sanitary practices are included in the regulations, b) which ones can be carried out in corpses posing a health risk, c) when they are compulsory to be carried out, d) when they can be carried out after death, and e) what professionals can carry them out and/or take responsibility for them. At the time of finishing the paper, a new mortuary regulation is being passed in Andalusia, as well as a decree from the Ministry of Health on technical and sanitary requirements concerning international transfer of corpses and human remains.

RESUMEN Se comparan las normativas vigentes sobre prácticas sanitarias de conservación cadavérica requeridas para el traslado de cadáveres, en las diferentes Comunidades autónomas y la legislación estatal. Los criterios tenidos en cuenta han sido: qué prácticas sanitarias se incluyen en la normativa, cuáles pueden llevarse a cabo en cadáveres de riesgo sanitario, cuándo se requiere su realización, en qué momento tras el fallecimiento pueden realizarse y qué profesionales las pueden llevarlas a cabo y/o responsabilizarse de las mismas. En el momento de finalizar el artículo se está tramitando la publicación del nuevo decreto de sanidad mortuoria de Andalucía, así mismo se está elaborando, por parte del Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social, un Real Decreto sobre “Condiciones técnico sanitarias básicas en materia de traslado internacional de cadáveres, restos humanos y restos cadavéricos”.

ABSTRACT In this paper the current regulations on cadaveric preservation practices required for the transfer of corpses in the different Autonomous Communities -Reglamentos de Policía Sanitaria Mortuoria- and national legislation are compared. The criteria taken into account have been: a) which sanitary practices are included in the regulations, b) which ones can be carried out in corpses posing a health risk, c) when they are compulsory to be carried out, d) when they can be carried out after death, and e) what professionals can carry them out and/or take responsibility for them. At the time of finishing the paper, a new mortuary regulation is being passed in Andalusia, as well as a decree from the Ministry of Health on technical and sanitary requirements concerning international transfer of corpses and human remains.

RESUMEN Se comparan las normativas vigentes sobre prácticas sanitarias de conservación cadavérica requeridas para el traslado de cadáveres, en las diferentes Comunidades autónomas y la legislación estatal. Los criterios tenidos en cuenta han sido: qué prácticas sanitarias se incluyen en la normativa, cuáles pueden llevarse a cabo en cadáveres de riesgo sanitario, cuándo se requiere su realización, en qué momento tras el fallecimiento pueden realizarse y qué profesionales las pueden llevarlas a cabo y/o responsabilizarse de las mismas. En el momento de finalizar el artículo se está tramitando la publicación del nuevo decreto de sanidad mortuoria de Andalucía, así mismo se está elaborando, por parte del Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social, un Real Decreto sobre “Condiciones técnico sanitarias básicas en materia de traslado internacional de cadáveres, restos humanos y restos cadavéricos”.

RESUMO: Os resultados deste estudo foram obtidos pelo exame macroscópico e histopatológico de 3.338 cérebros de bovinos examinados durante o programa de vigilância ativa da encefalopatia espongiforme bovina (BSE) do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), de 2001 a 2005. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) que, de 2001 a 2007, foi o laboratório nacional de referência para o diagnóstico da BSE e de outras encefalopatias espongiformes transmissíveis. Macroscopicamente, foram descritas estruturas anatômicas normais (não-lesões), mas que são, com frequência, interpretadas como lesões; lesões sem significado clínico; alterações pós-mortais e artefatos. Esses achados podem confundir e desviar a atenção do patologista durante o exame de rotina do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Da mesma forma, estruturas equivalentes foram descritas no exame histológico. As não-lesões observadas foram corpo pineal, remanescentes embrionários, como a camada germinativa externa do cerebelo, placas subependimárias e aglomerados de neuroblastos nos gânglios da base; ou estruturas circunventriculares, como área de postrema, órgão subcomissural e melanose em leptomeninges e paredes dos vasos. Lesões com pouca ou nenhuma importância relacionadas ao envelhecimento incluíram lipofuscina, hemossiderina, mineralização, hialinização das paredes dos vasos do encéfalo e das meninges. Corpora amylacea foram detectados em processos astrocíticos e corpora arenacea, no corpo pineal. Adicionalmente, foi observada vacuolização no citoplasma de neurônios do núcleo vermelho e do núcleo habenular. Sarcocystis sp. sem reação inflamatória correspondente foi raramente observado. Incluídos nos achados sem manifestação clínica estavam esferóides axonais e manguitos mononucleares perivasculares. Alterações no SNC causadas pelo método de abate, amostragem e fixação podem simular ou obscurecer lesões mais importantes. Aquelas relacionadas ao método de abate incluíram hemorragias causadas em bovinos dessensibilizados pelo dardo cativo ou por punção por faca da medula na articulação atlanto-occipital. Artefatos relacionados à amostragem e manuseio de tecido do SNC consistiram na inclusão de pó de osso no tecido neural em consequência do uso de serra para abrir a caixa craniana; neurônios escuros produzidos pelo manuseio excessivo do cérebro e micro-organismos que contaminaram os tecidos durante a amostragem ou processamento histológico. Alterações autolíticas pós-mortais ou de putrefação incluíram vacuolizações na bainha de mielina, halos claros em torno dos neurônios e oligodendrócitos, aglomerados de bacilos de putrefação dentro dos vasos ou dispersos em todo o tecido cerebral, relacionados ou não a halos claros. Uma alteração autolítica pós-mortal intrigante e relativamente frequente encontrada foi a dissolução parcial da camada de células granulares (CCG) do cerebelo, também referida como conglutinação da CCG ou “état glacé”. Devido à escassez de publicações abrangentes neste assunto, esta revisão pretende abordar as principais ciladas que possam aparecer no cérebro de bovinos, na esperança de ajudar outros patologistas a evitar interpretá-las erroneamente.

ABSTRACT: This study stems from the findings during the gross and histopathological exam of 3,338 cattle brains as part of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) active surveillance program of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply from 2001 to 2005. The work was carried out in the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria which at the time (2001-2007) was the national reference laboratory for the diagnosis of BSE and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both gross and histopathological aspects are described. Several gross aspects were annotated: anatomic normal structures not commonly recognized (non-lesions), lesions of no clinical significance, postmortem changes and artifacts; all these can amount to important pitfalls that distract the pathologist during the routine gross examination of the central nervous system (CNS). Accordingly, equivalent pitfalls were described in the histological examination. Non-lesions observed were the pineal body, embryo remnants such as the external germinal layer of the cerebellum, subependymal plates, and clusters of neuroblasts in the basal ganglia; or circumventricular structures such as area postrema, subcomisural organ, and melanosis in the leptomeninges and vessel walls. Lesions with little or no clinical importance included age-related changes as lipofuscin, hemosiderin, mineralization and hyalinization of vessel walls within the brain and meninges. Corpora amylacea and corpora arenacea were detected respectively in astrocyte processes and the pineal body. Cytoplasmic neuronal vacuolization was observed in the red nucleus and habenular nucleus. Sarcocystis sp. without a correspondent inflammatory reaction was rarely observed. Included within findings with no clinical manifestation were axonal spheroids and perivascular mononuclear cuffings. Changes in the CNS due to killing, sampling and fixation methods can obscure or distract from the more critical lesions. The ones related to the process of killing included hemorrhages caused in cattle destroyed by a captive bolt. Artifacts related to sampling and handling of CNS tissue consisted of inclusion of bone sand in the neural tissue from sawing the calvarium; dark neurons produced by excessive handling of the brain, and micro-organisms that contaminated the tissues during sampling or histological processing. Postmortem autolytic or putrefactive changes observed included vacuolar changes in the myelin sheath, clear halos surrounding neurons and oligodendrocytes, clusters of putrefaction bacilli within vessels or dispersed throughout the brain tissue associated or not to clear halos. One interesting, and somewhat frequent, postmortem autolytic change found in the bovine brain was the partial dissolution of the granule cell layer (GCL) of the cerebellum, also referred to as conglutination of the GCL or as the French denomination “état glace”. Due to the shortage of comprehensive publications in the subject, this review is intended to address the main pitfalls that can be observed in the brain of cattle hoping to help other pathologists avoiding misinterpret them.

La presencia de alcohol en la sangre en una autopsia médico legal tiene diversos matices de interpretación. Si se trata de un accidente de tránsito puede indicar uno de los factores que contribuyó a que ocurriera, si se trata de un suicidio puede sugerir que la persona no estaba dentro de sus facultades mentales usuales, lo cual contribuyó a que tomara una decisión tan drástica y peor aún, si se encuentra en un menor o lactante generará controversia. Este artículo pretende aclarar el mecanismo de producción endógeno de alcohol en el cuerpo humano en procesos como la digestión y la putrefacción para interpretar resultados de alcoholemias o de presencia de etanol en otros fluidos del organismo cuando no se pueden explicar por la ingesta usual.

The presence of alcohol in the blood in a forensic autopsy has different nuances of interpretation. If it is a traffic accident may indicate one of the factors that contributed to its occurrence, whether it is a suicide it may suggest that the person was not within their usual mental faculties, which helped to take such a drastic decision and even worse, if you are a child or infant will generate controversy. This article aims to clarify the mechanism of endogenous production of alcohol in the human body processes such as digestion and putrefaction to interpret results of blood alcohol or ethanol in the presence of body fluids when others can not be explained by the usual intake.

Introduction. The determination of ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a stable and sensitive marker that is specific to alcohol intake, finds many applications both in the forensic toxicology and clinical fields. Aim. The aim of the study is to examine the possibility of using a cadaveric biological matrix, vitreous humor (VH), to determine EtG as a marker of recent ethanol use. Methods. The blood, taken from the femoral vein, and the VH were obtained from 63 autopsy cases. Analysis of the EtG was performed using an LC/MS/MS system. Analyses of the ethanol and putrefaction biomarkers, such as acetaldehyde and n-propanol, were performed using the HS-GC/FID technique in both the matrices. Results. In 17 cases, both ethanol and EtG were absent in both matrices.Nineteen cases presented ethanol in blood from 0.05 to 0.30 g/L, EtG-Blood concentration from 0.02 to 3.27 mg/L, and EtG-VH concentration from 0.01 mg/L to 2.88 mg/L. Thirteen cases presented ethanol in blood > 0.05 g/L but EtG concentration in blood and VH lower than 0.01 mg/L, are part of these 8 samples presented acetic aldehyde and n- propanol in blood or VH, means identification of putrefaction indicators. Fourteen cases presented ethanol in blood > 0.46 and EtG concentration in blood and VH higher than 0.01 mg/L. Conclusions. The determination of EtG in biological material is important in those cases where the intake of ethanol appears doubtful, as it allows us to exclude the possibility of any post-mortem formation of ethanol.

Skins and hides are perishable resources that can be damaged by parasitic diseases and human error, which result in downgrading or rejection. This study was conducted to identify defect types and to determine their prevalence in pickled sheep and wet blue goat skins and wet blue hides. Each selected skin or hide was examined for defects in natural light and the defects were graded according to established quality criteria in Ethiopian standard manuals. Major defects were captured by digital photography. The major pre-slaughter defects included scratches (64.2%), cockle (ekek) (32.8%), wounds or scars (12.6%), lesions from pox or lumpy skin disease (6.1%), poor substance (5%), branding marks (2.3%) and tick bites (1.5%). The presence of grain scratches in wet blue hides (76.3%) was significantly higher than in pickled sheep (67.2%) and wet blue goat (59.1%) skins. The major slaughter defects included flay cuts or scores, holes, poor pattern and vein marks, with a higher occurrence in wet blue goat skins (28.7%; P < 0.001) than in wet blue hides (22.8%) and pickled sheep skins (11.1%). The most prevalent post-slaughter defects were grain cracks (14.9%), hide beetle damage (8%), damage caused by heat or putrefaction (3.7%) and machine-induced defects (0.5%). Grain cracks (27.04%) and hide beetle damage (13.9%) in wet blue goat skins were significantly more common than in wet blue hides and pickled sheep skins. These defects cause depreciation in the value of the hides and skins. Statistically significant (P < 0.001) higher rejection rates were recorded for wet blue hides (82.9%) than for pickled sheep skins (18.3%) and wet blue goat skins (8.5%). Improved animal health service delivery, effective disease control strategies and strong collaboration between stakeholders are suggested to enhance the quality of skins and hides.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar espécies de térmitas associados à degradação de cinco espécies florestais. Um estudo sobre durabilidade deste material foi realizado com cinco espécies vegetais de importância no setor florestal brasileiro. As espécies Tectona grandis, Azadirachta indica, Inga sp., Trattinnickia rhoifolia e Bagassa guianensis foram avaliadas por um período de 18 meses, para medir o nível de deterioração dessas madeiras, em função do ataque de térmitas nas partes aéreas e subterrâneas. A coleta de dados foi feita em função das partes aéreas e subterrâneas: para a primeira, as avaliações foram feitas a cada quatro meses, e para a segunda, a cada seis meses. Na parte aérea, as espécies de A. indica e T. rhoifolia apresentaram menor e maior suscetibilidade ao ataque por térmitas, respectivamente. Por outro lado, na parte subterrânea, as espécies A. indica e T. rhoifolia apresentaram maior e menor durabilidade natural, respectivamente.

The objective of this study was to identify termite species associated with the degradation of five forest tree species. A study on the durability of this material was accomplished with five important plant species in the Brazilian forest sector. Tectona grandis, Azadirachta indica, Inga sp., Trattinnickia rhoifolia, Bagassa guianensis species were evaluated for 18 months to measure wood deterioration degree according to the attack of termites in their aerial and underground parts. Data collection was performed according to the aerial and underground parts; wherein for the first, evaluations were carried out every four months, while the second was assessed every six months. Regarding the aerial part, A. indica and T. rhoifolia species presented lower and higher susceptibility to termite attack, respectively. On the other hand, concerning the underground part, A. indica and T. rhoifolia species presented higher and lower natural durability, respectively.

Abstract This analysis is based in Claude Duchet's socio-criticism theory, and it is intended to provide an answer to the question: How do the central characters and novel narrators describe, live, and represent themselves the space of Mexico City? The approach allows me to show the effectiveness of the novel in order to know Mexico City's reality during the 1950s, and the power of socio-criticism theory for interpreting the book. On the other hand, the novel shows a story of a misleading simplicity in which it is encrypted a vigorous denunciation of the social putrefaction that impregnated the imagery of the country's capital city under the governmental official discourse of the Mexican Revolution. It shows as well the foolish aspiration of modernity of the newly institutionalized bureaucracy in which the trap of new urban myths (power, money, fame, and pleasures) powerfully attracted the impoverished masses that saw migration to the city their only possibility for social advancement. Ojerosa y pintada shows a profound and moving coincidence with history and with the reality of the Mexican capital-city today, even half-a-century after it was published.

Resumen Este análisis está basado en la teoría socio-crítica según Claude Duchet y se propone responder a la pregunta: ¿cómo describen, cómo viven y cómo se representan el espacio de la ciudad de México los personajes centrales y los narradores de esta novela? El planteamiento me permite mostrar la eficacia de la novela para conocer la realidad de la ciudad de México de los años cincuenta y el poder de la teoría socio-crítica para interpretar la obra. Por otra parte, la novela muestra una historia de engañosa simpleza en cuyo fondo está cifrada una enérgica denuncia de la putrefacción social que impregnó el imaginario de la capital del país bajo el discurso oficialista de la Revolución; así como la necia aspiración de modernidad centrada en la burocracia de la nueva institucionalidad, donde la trampa de los nuevos mitos urbanos (poder, dinero, fama y placeres) fueron poderosos focos de atracción para la masa empobrecida que veía en la migración a la ciudad su única posibilidad de ascenso social. Ojerosa y pintada constituye una profunda y conmovedora coincidencia con la historia y con la realidad de la capital mexicana de hoy. Justo a medio siglo de que fue publicada.