RESUMEN La brecha digital hace referencia a la forma de exclusión social que afecta el uso de la tecnología e impacta en mayor medida a los pueblos originarios. En Oaxaca, por su alta densidad de población indígena, se observa un continuum histórico de desigualdad que se expresa en la pobreza, la marginación, la baja escolaridad y el bajo poder adquisitivo, barreras para el acceso a las tecnologías digitales. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores sociodemográficos, económicos, culturales y geográficos que inciden en el acceso a Internet por parte de la población indígena, así como una revisión de las políticas de inclusión digital emprendidas para la reducción de la brecha digital. Tal abordaje supuso el uso del modelo estadístico probit, utilizando datos del Censo de población y vivienda 2020. Las estadísticas arrojaron que la educación, el poder adquisitivo, el acceso a servicios básicos y el hecho de residir en lugares de mayor concentración poblacional son condicionantes para fomentar el acceso a Internet. Asimismo, se vislumbró la necesidad de diseñar y aplicar políticas digitales con la participación de los tres niveles gubernamentales (federal, estatal y municipal) y agentes sociales locales, bajo un marco del reconocimiento de la diversidad cultural; políticas que vayan más allá de lo instrumental y que promuevan la inversión pública-privada en telecomunicaciones, además de seguir avanzando en mejorar el bienestar de la población indígena.

ABSTRACT The digital divide refers to the form of social exclusion that affects the use of technology and has a greater impact on indigenous peoples. In Oaxaca, due to its high density of indigenous population, there is a historical continuum of inequality that is expressed in poverty, marginalisation, low schooling and low purchasing power, which are barriers to access to digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to analyse the socio-demographic, economic, cultural and geographic factors that affect access to the Internet by the indigenous population, as well as a review of the digital inclusion policies undertaken to reduce the digital divide. This approach involved the use of the probit statistical model, using data from the 2020 Population and Housing Census. The statistics showed that education, purchasing power, access to basic services and residing in places with a higher population concentration are conditioning factors for promoting access to the Internet. Likewise, the need to design and implement digital policies with the participation of the three levels of government (federal, state and municipal) and local social agents, within a framework of recognition of cultural diversity; policies that go beyond the instrumental and that promote public-private investment in telecommunications, in addition to continuing to make progress in improving the well-being of the indigenous population.

RESUMO A brecha digital refere-se à forma de exclusão social que afeta o uso da tecnologia e impacta em maior medida os povos indígenas. Em Oaxaca, devido à sua alta densidade de população indígena, observa-se um continuum histórico de desigualdade que se expressa na pobreza, na marginalização, na baixa escolaridade e no baixo poder de compra, barreiras ao acesso às tecnologias digitais. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os fatores sociodemográficos, econômicos, culturais e geográficos que afetam o acesso à Internet da população indígena, bem como uma revisão das políticas de inclusão digital empreendidas para reduzir a brecha digital. Esta abordagem envolveu o uso do modelo estatístico probit, utilizando dados do Censo Demográfico e Habitacional de 2020. As estatísticas mostraram que a escolaridade, o poder de compra, o acesso a serviços básicos e o fato de residir em locais com maior concentração populacional são fatores condicionantes para promover o acesso à internet. Da mesma forma, percebeu-se a necessidade de desenhar e aplicar políticas digitais com a participação dos três níveis de governo (federal, estadual e municipal) e dos agentes sociais locais, num quadro de reconhecimento da diversidade cultural; políticas que vão além do instrumental e promovam o investimento público-privado em telecomunicações, além de continuar avançando na melhoria do bem-estar da população indígena.

ABSTRACT: Agriculture plays a leading role in the economic growth and development process. Ensuring the continuity of production depends on the purchasing power of the producers. The sustainability of production and the development of the rural welfare index in favor of the producers will increase the driving role of the agricultural sector, which is also a resource for other sectors. This study determined the variables affecting the Domestic Terms of Trade of the greenhouse tomato producers in Antalya, Türkiye. The product price has been determined as the major factor affecting the Domestic Terms of Trade. In addition, it was concluded that a one-unit increase in the product price increases the Domestic Terms of Trade by 34.99 units. Interviews revealed that the continuity of consumption needs is more important than the continuity of production. It has been determined that the high and variable input costs cause erosion in the incomes of the producers. Agricultural policies will be more effective both in the short and long term when the aim is to improve the welfare and purchasing power of producers, rather than intervening in agricultural prices or reducing prices.

RESUMO: A agricultura tem um papel preponderante no processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico. Garantir a continuidade da produção depende do poder de compra dos produtores. A sustentabilidade da produção e o desenvolvimento do índice de bem-estar rural em favor dos produtores aumentarão o protagonismo do setor agropecuário, que também é um recurso para outros setores. O objetivo principal deste estudo é determinar as variáveis que afetam os Termos de Comércio Domésticos dos produtores de tomate de estufa em Antalya, Turquia. O preço do produto foi determinado como o principal fator que afeta os Termos de Comércio Domésticos. Além disso, concluiu-se que um aumento de uma unidade no preço do produto aumenta os Termos de Troca Domésticos em 34,99 unidades. As entrevistas revelaram que a continuidade das necessidades de consumo é mais importante do que a continuidade da produção. Constatou-se que os altos e variáveis custos dos insumos causam erosão na renda dos produtores. As políticas agrícolas serão mais eficazes, tanto no curto quanto no longo prazo, quando o objetivo for melhorar o bem-estar e o poder de compra dos produtores, em vez de intervir nos preços agrícolas ou reduzir os preços.

Abstract Objective: Characterize the markets for educational health services offered by Cuba. Material and Method: Study of technological development, using qualitative and quantitative techniques. Based on the bibliographic review, the dimensions in which the variables were grouped, their operationalization, scale, indicator or index were established. Questionnaires were constructed and validated to obtain the information, which was summarized in frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and range. To measure the coincidence between the observers, the Cohen's Kappa Index was used, the confidence interval for Kappa was calculated, the standard error was estimated and it was interpreted using the scale proposed by Landis and Koch. Results: A list of countries was obtained as current and potential markets, in which there is a coincidence by the key informants consulted, supported by statistical tests. The countries identified as current and potential markets have very similar characteristics; They only differ in the variables: associations, unions or groups in the health sector that have declared resistance or opposition to commercial health relations with Cuba and difficulties in purchasing power to access educational services personally or for their family. Conclusions: The information obtained, limited to the countries that currently demand or have requested educational services, guides to encourage the current market, concentrating resources on maintaining them. The elaborated methodology allows new studies to be carried out in greater depth to identify potential markets and their segmentation. Set guidelines for your employment in the public sector internationally.

Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar los mercados para los servicios educativos en salud que oferta Cuba. Material y Método: Estudio de desarrollo tecnológico, empleando técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas. Con base a la revisión bibliográfica, se establecieron las dimensiones en que se agruparon las variables, su operacionalización, escala, indicador o índice. Se construyeron y validaron cuestionarios para la obtención de la información, que se resumió en frecuencia, porciento, media, desviación estándar y rango. Para medir la coincidencia entre los observadores se empleó el Índice de Kappa de Cohen, se calculó el intervalo de confianza para Kappa, se estimó el error estándar y se interpretó usando la escala propuesta por Landis y Koch. Resultados: Se obtuvo una lista de países como mercados actuales y potenciales, en la que existe coincidencia por los informantes claves consultados, avalada por pruebas estadísticas. Los países identificados como mercados actuales y potenciales tienen características muy similares; solo se diferencian en las variables: asociaciones, gremio o grupo del sector salud que han declarado resistencia u oposición a las relaciones comerciales en salud con Cuba y dificultades en el poder adquisitivo para acceder de manera personal o para su familia a servicios educativos. Conclusiones: La información obtenida, limitada a los países que en la actualidad demandan o han solicitado servicios educativos, orienta a incentivar el mercado actual, concentrando los recursos en mantenerlos. La metodología elaborada, permite realizar nuevos estudios a mayor profundidad para identificar mercados potenciales y su segmentación. Sienta pautas para su empleo en el sector público a nivel internacional.

This article analyzes the short-term economic effects of a 3.02% minimum wage adjustment based on a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Brazil. The simulation exercises consider effects of income redistribution between different strata resulting from minimum wage increases by estimating the income multiplier effect, which uses different propensities to consume for each stratum. The simulated valorization is equivalent to the sum of the GDP variations in 2018 and 2019, representing a real gain in the purchasing power of the minimum wage if the adjustment in 2020 and 2021 considered the rule in force between 2011 and 2019. The results indicate possible combinations of minimum wage adjustment and fiscal policy that generate a positive net effect on economic activity (e.g., solutions mainly affecting the top of the income distribution).

Este artigo analisa os efeitos econômicos de curto prazo de um reajuste do salário mínimo de 3,02% a partir de uma Matriz de Contabilidade Social (MCS) para o Brasil. Os exercícios de simulação consideram efeitos de redistribuição de renda entre diferentes estratos resultantes de elevações de salário mínimo por meio da estimação do efeito multiplicador de renda, que utiliza diferentes propensões a consumir para cada estrato. A valorização simulada é equivalente à soma das variações do PIB em 2018 e 2019, representando o ganho real do poder de compra do salário mínimo caso o reajuste em 2020 e 2021 considerasse a regra vigente entre 2011 e 2019. Os resultados apontam combinações possíveis de reajuste de salário mínimo e política fiscal que geram efeito líquido positivo sobre a atividade econômica (e.g., soluções que afetem majoritariamente o topo da distribuição de renda).

Resumen (Introducción): La relación teórica entre crecimiento económico (medido a través de algún indicador de ingreso) y la generación de contaminantes explica que a cierto nivel de crecimiento empieza un decremento de los mismos, proceso conocido como desacoplamiento y que posiblemente indique la presencia de una Curva Ambiental de Kuznets (CAK). (Objetivo): Se estudió un posible desacoplamiento de residuos sólidos urbanos municipales en México en los años 2010 y 2015 para 2 183 municipios. (Metodología): Para ello se empleó como variable independiente el ingreso per cápita anual municipal en dólares expresados como paridades de poder de compra. Además, el modelo se controló a través de densidad poblacional y de escolaridad promedio municipales. (Resultados): Los resultados de modelos estimados por efectos aleatorios, efectos fijos y efectos fijos con errores estándar robustos de clúster evidencian probable desacoplamiento entre ingreso y niveles de residuos sólidos urbanos considerando los 2 183 municipios estudiados. (Conclusiones): Si bien es posible la existencia de una CAK, son necesarias nuevas investigaciones mexicanas y también latinoamericanas que contrasten dicha hipótesis dentro de un horizonte temporal largo a nivel nacional, regional y sectorial; y contemplar también el efecto de otras variables relacionadas con la recolección de residuos sólidos urbanos y de reciclaje.

Abstract (Introduction): The theoretical relationship between economic growth (measured through some income indicator) and the generation of pollutants explains that at a certain level of growth, a decrease in them begins, a process known as decoupling and that possibly indicates the presence of an Environmental Curve of Kuznets (CAK). (Objective): A possible decoupling of municipal solid waste in Mexico was studied for the years 2010 and 2015 in 2 183 municipalities. (Methodology): For this purpose, the independent variable used was the annual municipal income per capita in dollars expressed as purchasing power parities. In addition, the model was controlled by municipal population density and average municipal schooling. (Results): The results of models estimated by random effects, fixed effects, and cluster robust standard errors in fixed effects show the probable existence of decoupling between income and municipal solid waste in the 2 183 municipalities studied. (Conclusions): Although there is a possible CAK, new research is needed to contrast this hypothesis considering a long-time horizon at the national, regional, and sectorial levels in Mexico and Latin America too, as well as considering the effect of variables related to the collection of urban solid waste and recycling.

Abstract Lifestyles in the university student community have important implications for health and well-being. The objective of this study was to analyze the lifestyles and health of Ecuadorian university students. It was carried out through a descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional study. Six parameters were studied: socio-demographics, physical activity, alcohol consumption, tobacco, stress management and hours of sleep. The survey was applied online to a sample of 645 students. It was identified that men are more active than women and that they have a higher frequency of bad eating habits. Alcohol consumption is more frequent in male students with higher purchasing power and in terms of high stress levels and less sleep hours were attributed to students who associated alcohol and poor diet. These results allow us to infer that there is a high risk of suffering chronic non-communicable diseases without timely intervention. The Academy must formulate strategies that encourage its students to develop healthy habits and lifestyles, since these health professionals in training will be the role model for the population to which they will provide their services.

Resumen Los estilos de vida en la comunidad estudiantil universitaria tienen importantes implicaciones para la salud y el bienestar. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los estilos de vida y la salud de estudiantes universitarios ecuatorianos. Se realizó mediante un estudio descriptivo-correlacional, de corte transversal. Fueron estudiados seis parámetros: socio-demografía, actividad física, consumo de alcohol, tabaco, manejo del estrés y horas de sueño. La encuesta fue aplicada en línea, a una muestra de 645 estudiantes. Se identificó que los hombres son más activos que las mujeres y que estas tienen mayor frecuencia de malos hábitos alimentarios. El consumo de alcohol es más frecuente en los estudiantes masculinos con mayor poder adquisitivo y en cuanto a los niveles elevados de estrés y menos horas de sueño fueron atribuidos a los estudiantes que asociaban alcohol y mala alimentación. Estos resultados permiten inferir que existe un elevado riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles sin una intervención oportuna. La Academia debe formular estrategias que promuevan que sus estudiantes desarrollen hábitos y estilos de vida saludables, toda vez que estos profesionales de la salud en formación serán el modelo a seguir por la población a la que prestaran sus servicios.

RESUMEN El artículo realiza un análisis del contexto laboral en Ecuador durante la década 1930s con el propósito de contribuir con nueva información cuantitativa, legal y contextual. Esta información es importante en tanto añade tres elementos esenciales para entender el contexto laboral: población económicamente activa y poder adquisitivo; contexto legal sobre las condiciones laborales; y, una breve revisión sobre la implementación del salario mínimo. Este análisis se realizó a partir del método histórico-comparativo y analítico, tomando en cuenta tres grupos de trabajadores, a saber: trabajadores en el sector público e industrial; trabajadores en el interior y pequeña industria; y, trabajadores en sectores rurales. Se ha encontrado múltiples beneficios legales para el primer grupo como compensaciones por desalojo, por separación prematura, por maternidad, por discapacidad, por horas extras laboradas, además de un salario mínimo diferenciado por zonas y tipo de trabajo. Para el segundo grupo, los beneficios legales son aleatorios, y los salarios mínimos pagados se los asume como salarios diarios y pagos en especies. Para el tercer grupo, los beneficios legales son inexistentes en tanto viven dentro de condiciones culturales propias, lo que les excluye de la legalización de sistemas laborales, sus compensaciones salariales son en especie o en intercambio de alimentos.

ABSTRACT The article carries out an analysis of the labor context in Ecuador during the 1930s with the aim of contributing with new quantitative, legal and contextual information. This information is important as they add three essential elements to understand the work context: economically active population and purchasing power; legal context on labor conditions; and, a brief review on the implementation of the minimum wage. This analysis was carried out based on a historical-comparative and analytical method, taking into account three groups of workers, namely: workers in the public and industrial sector; workers in the interior and small industry; and, workers in rural sectors. Multiple legal benefits have been found for the first group, such as compensation for eviction, premature separation, maternity, disability, overtime worked, in addition to a minimum wage differentiated by zone and type of work. For the second group, the legal benefits are random, and the minimum wages paid are assumed to be daily wages and paid in kind. For the third group, the legal benefits are non-existent, as they live within their own cultural conditions, which excludes them from the legalization of labor systems, their salary compensations are in kind or in food exchange.

Abstract This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics associated with the consumption of in natura or minimally processed and ultra-processed foods (UPFs) by adolescents in the Metropolitan Region of Greater Vitória, in Espírito Santo, Brazil. The data were obtained between 2016 and 2017. Logistic regression was adopted for the multivariate analysis. A total of 2,285 adolescents aged between 15 and 19 participated in the study. Greater consumption of minimally processed foods was associated with the adolescent doing paid work (OR=1.27; 95%CI=1.04-1.56), a high family income (OR=1.5; 95%CI=1.10-2.17), and engagement in physical activity (OR=1.9; 95%CI=1.45-2.63). Having brown/black skin (OR=1.3; 95%CI=1.02-1.61) and the habit of eating while surfing the web (OR=1.4; 95%CI=1.02-1.88) increased the chances of consuming UPFs. Being enrolled in a private school and being in the third/fourth year of high school reduced UPF consumption by 41.7% and 37.2%, respectively. It is concluded that greater purchasing power and engagement in physical activity influenced the consumption of minimally processed foods. On the other hand, self-reporting as brown/black and internet use increased the chances of greater UPF consumption.

Resumo Este estudo transversal teve como objetivo analisar as características sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida associadas ao consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e ultraprocessados (AUP) por adolescentes da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória - Espírito Santo, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos entre 2016 e 2017. Adotou-se a regressão logística para a análise multivariada. Participaram do estudo 2285 adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos. O maior consumo de alimentos minimamente processados foi associado ao trabalho remunerado do adolescente (OR=1,27; IC95%: 1,04-1,56), a alta renda familiar (OR=1,5; IC95%=1,10-2,17) e a prática de atividade física (OR=1,9; IC95%=1,45-2,63). A cor da pele parda/preta (OR=1,3; IC95%=1,02-1,61) e o hábito de comer enquanto navega na internet (OR=1,4; IC95%=1,02-1,88) aumentaram as chances de consumir os AUP. Estar matriculados em escolas particulares e no terceiro/quarto ano do ensino médio reduziram em 41,7% e 37,2%, respectivamente, o consumo dos AUP. Conclui-se que o maior poder aquisitivo e a prática de atividade física influenciaram o alto consumo dos alimentos minimamente processados. Por outro lado, se declarar da cor da pele parda/preta e a utilização da internet ao comer aumentam as chances para a maior ingestão dos AUP.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Estimar la carga de la pérdida permanente de productividad causada por infecciones respiratorias agudas en países sudamericanos en el 2019. Métodos. Se analizaron los datos de mortalidad del estudio sobre carga mundial de enfermedad del 2019 para estimar la carga de enfermedad atribuible a las infecciones respiratorias agudas. Se empleó un enfoque basado en el método del capital humano para estimar el costo de las pérdidas permanentes de productividad relacionadas con las enfermedades respiratorias. Para ello, la suma de los años perdidos de vida productiva por cada muerte se multiplicó por la proporción de la fuerza de trabajo y la tasa de empleo y, a continuación, por el salario mínimo anual o la paridad del poder adquisitivo en dólares estadounidenses en los grupos etarios económicamente activos de cada país. Se realizaron cálculos separados para hombres y mujeres. Resultados. El número total de muertes por infecciones respiratorias agudas en el 2019 fue de 30 684 y se perdieron 465 211 años de vida productiva. El costo total de la pérdida permanente de productividad fue de aproximadamente US$ 835 millones según el salario mínimo anual y de US$ 2000 millones en cuanto a la paridad de poder adquisitivo, lo que representa el 0,024% del producto interno bruto de la región. El costo por muerte fue de US$ 33 226. El costo de la pérdida de productividad difirió sustancialmente entre los países y según el sexo. Conclusión. Las infecciones respiratorias agudas suponen una carga económica significativa para América del Sur en términos de salud y productividad. La caracterización de los costos económicos de estas infecciones puede ayudar a los gobiernos en la asignación de recursos para elaborar políticas e intervenciones que permitan reducir la carga de las infecciones respiratorias agudas.

RESUMO Objetivos. Estimar a carga de perdas permanentes de produtividade causadas por infecções respiratórias agudas em países da América do Sul em 2019. Métodos. Dados de mortalidade do estudo Carga Global de Doença 2019 foram analisados para estimar a carga de doença atribuível a infecções respiratórias agudas. Utilizou-se uma abordagem baseada no método do capital humano para estimar o custo das perdas permanentes de produtividade associadas às doenças respiratórias. Para calcular esse custo, a soma dos anos de vida produtiva perdidos devido a cada morte foi multiplicada pela proporção da força de trabalho e da taxa de emprego. Em seguida, esse valor foi multiplicado pelo salário mínimo anual ou pela paridade do poder de compra, em dólares dos Estados Unidos (US$), de cada país nas faixas etárias economicamente ativas. Foram feitos cálculos separados para homens e mulheres. Resultados. O número total de mortes por infecções respiratórias agudas em 2019 foi de 30 684, com 465 211 anos de vida produtiva perdidos. O custo total da perda permanente de produtividade foi de cerca de US$ 835 milhões com base no salário mínimo anual e US$ 2 bilhões em paridade de poder de compra, o que representa 0,024% do produto interno bruto da região. O custo por morte foi US$ 33 226. O custo da perda de produtividade diferiu substancialmente entre os países e por sexo. Conclusão. As infecções respiratórias agudas impõem uma carga econômica significativa à América do Sul em termos de saúde e produtividade. A caracterização dos custos econômicos dessas infecções pode fundamentar as decisões de alocação de recursos tomadas pelos governos para desenvolver políticas e intervenções com o intuito de reduzir a carga das infecções respiratórias agudas.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To estimate the burden of permanent productivity losses caused by acute respiratory infections in South American countries in 2019. Methods. Mortality data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 were analyzed to estimate the burden of disease attributable to acute respiratory infections. An approach based on the human capital method was used to estimate the cost of permanent productivity losses associated with respiratory diseases. To calculate this cost, the sum of the years of productive life lost for each death was multiplied by the proportion in the workforce and the employment rate, and then by the annual minimum wage or purchasing power parity in United States dollars (US$) for each country in the economically active age groups. Separate calculations were done for men and women. Results. The total number of deaths from acute respiratory infections in 2019 was 30 684 and the years of productive life lost were 465 211 years. The total cost of permanent productivity loss was about US$ 835 million based on annual minimum wage and US$ 2 billion in purchasing power parity, representing 0.024% of the region’s gross domestic product. The cost per death was US$ 33 226. The cost of productivity losses differed substantially between countries and by sex. Conclusion. Acute respiratory infections impose a significant economic burden on South America in terms of health and productivity. Characterization of the economic costs of these infections can support governments in the allocation of resources to develop policies and interventions to reduce the burden of acute respiratory infections.

Abstract This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics associated with the consumption of in natura or minimally processed and ultra-processed foods (UPFs) by adolescents in the Metropolitan Region of Greater Vitória, in Espírito Santo, Brazil. The data were obtained between 2016 and 2017. Logistic regression was adopted for the multivariate analysis. A total of 2,285 adolescents aged between 15 and 19 participated in the study. Greater consumption of minimally processed foods was associated with the adolescent doing paid work (OR=1.27; 95%CI=1.04-1.56), a high family income (OR=1.5; 95%CI=1.10-2.17), and engagement in physical activity (OR=1.9; 95%CI=1.45-2.63). Having brown/black skin (OR=1.3; 95%CI=1.02-1.61) and the habit of eating while surfing the web (OR=1.4; 95%CI=1.02-1.88) increased the chances of consuming UPFs. Being enrolled in a private school and being in the third/fourth year of high school reduced UPF consumption by 41.7% and 37.2%, respectively. It is concluded that greater purchasing power and engagement in physical activity influenced the consumption of minimally processed foods. On the other hand, self-reporting as brown/black and internet use increased the chances of greater UPF consumption.

Resumo Este estudo transversal teve como objetivo analisar as características sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida associadas ao consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e ultraprocessados (AUP) por adolescentes da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória - Espírito Santo, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos entre 2016 e 2017. Adotou-se a regressão logística para a análise multivariada. Participaram do estudo 2285 adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos. O maior consumo de alimentos minimamente processados foi associado ao trabalho remunerado do adolescente (OR=1,27; IC95%: 1,04-1,56), a alta renda familiar (OR=1,5; IC95%=1,10-2,17) e a prática de atividade física (OR=1,9; IC95%=1,45-2,63). A cor da pele parda/preta (OR=1,3; IC95%=1,02-1,61) e o hábito de comer enquanto navega na internet (OR=1,4; IC95%=1,02-1,88) aumentaram as chances de consumir os AUP. Estar matriculados em escolas particulares e no terceiro/quarto ano do ensino médio reduziram em 41,7% e 37,2%, respectivamente, o consumo dos AUP. Conclui-se que o maior poder aquisitivo e a prática de atividade física influenciaram o alto consumo dos alimentos minimamente processados. Por outro lado, se declarar da cor da pele parda/preta e a utilização da internet ao comer aumentam as chances para a maior ingestão dos AUP.

Abstract: In an uncertain economic situation marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, economic growth is difficult to predict, people's purchasing power is falling, and many companies have collapsed. However, some small business actors can survive and thrive. They carry out various innovations, strategies, and actions according to the situation, including digital transformation. This study investigates the role of culinary sector entrepreneurial leaders in digital transformation and their impact on business success. The research uses a confirmatory survey method. Research objects are the leaders of small businesses in the culinary field in Bandung, Indonesia. The number of samples is 168 culinary entrepreneurs, and the samples are collected through snowball sampling. The results of the study show that entrepreneurial leadership has a positive effect on business success and corporate digital transformation. Digital transformation also has a positive influence on business success. Simultaneously, entrepreneurial leadership and digital transformation positively affect business success. The role of entrepreneurial leaders is not only in business success but also in dominant changes in company operations, such as the use of digital technology.

Resumen En los últimos 20 años hemos duplicado las tasas de obesidad. Un 67 % de la población no tiene un peso adecuado y el 40 % de la población infantil sufre obesidad o sobrepeso en España. Esto deriva en graves enfermedades. Para evitarlo, es necesario un plan nacional de lucha contra la obesidad, con estrategias de prevención y terapéuticas para no seguir incrementando estos datos en 2030. Entre los factores causantes de la obesidad infantil se encuentran los malos hábitos de alimentación, además de la falta de actividad física y un uso excesivo de pantallas. Además, existe una brecha social importante. La obesidad infantil afecta especialmente a familias con menor poder adquisitivo (el 54 %), que no tienen acceso a una alimentación saludable ni las herramientas necesarias o el conocimiento para promover la salud a sus hijos e hijas a través de la alimentación. La Oficina Regional de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para Europa desarrolló un modelo de perfil de nutrientes en 2015, específicamente a efectos de restringir la comercialización de alimentos dirigida a los niños, un modelo que se plantea desde la comunidad científica como una herramienta de referencia a la hora de establecer políticas y mejoras en pro de la salud pública, con el fin de facilitar a las familias el acceso a alimentos con un mejor perfil y valor nutricional.

Abstract In the last 20 years we have doubled obesity rates. In Spain, 67 % of the population does not have an adequate weight and 40 % of the child population suffers from obesity or overweight. This leads to serious diseases. To avoid this, a national plan to fight obesity is required, with prevention and therapeutic strategies so as not to continue increasing these data in 2030. Among the factors that cause childhood obesity are poor eating habits as well as a lack of physical activity and excessive use of screens. In addition, there is a significant social gap. Childhood obesity especially affects families with lower purchasing power (54 %) who do not have access to a healthy diet or the necessary tools or knowledge to promote health to their sons and daughters through food. The World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe developed a nutrient profile model in 2015, specifically for the purpose of restricting the marketing of foods aimed at children. This model is considered by the scientific community as a reference tool when it comes to establish policies and improvements in favor of public health, in order to provide families with access to food with a better profile and nutritional value.

ABSTRACT For smallholder farmers, indigenous village chickens (IVCs) serve as a source of food, income, and ritual items. In practice, there is a high demand for IVC products, and when this demand is coupled with low investment in production inputs, it makes IVC production a rewarding rural business. Regardless of a lot of complaints about its efficacy, the marketing system of IVCs remains a viable transaction method and perfectly matches the extensive production system. This study documented the marketing system of IVCs operating in smallholder settings using a cross-sectional study. There is high volatility in the demand for IVC products, which is attributable to the demographic structure of the community and the weak purchasing power of consumers. The market price of live birds is fixed in line with the specifics of the multifaceted demand of the local community. Agroecology significantly affects the age at which the birds reach marketable size (t = 3.508, df = 113, p = 0.001, 95% CI -1.9359 to -0.5384). There is an inclined tendency to sell live birds rather than eggs (x-squared = 46.512, df = 1, p-value = 9.104e-12) and most of the home-hatched birds are sold out. Due to the involvement of hundreds of millions of smallholder farmers that are living in rural areas, millions of actors are needed to execute the market transaction, which significantly reduces the income accrued by smallholder farmers and the utility of consumers.

Abstract This research aims to analyse the influence of optimism on technology readiness and co-creation experiences in the consumption experiences of the millennial generation at Disney's theme parks as well as their relationship to customer delight. Quantitative research was carried out. The sample obtained 530 respondents, and the Structural Equation Modeling for data analysis was used. The results indicate that the consumption experiences of the Millenials are linked to factors not previously evidenced by other generations, such as the co-creation experiences and the optimism for technological readiness, which increase the degree of these experiences and can lead to consumer delight. On a practical level, it is worth highlighting the importance of theme park marketing teams understanding the behaviour of the millennial consumer, given his/her continuous growth in purchasing power compared to other generations.

Resumen Esta investigación pretende analizar la influencia del optimismo sobre la preparación tecnológica y las experiencias de co-creación en las experiencias de consumo de la generación millennial en los parques temáticos de Disney, así como su relación con el deleite del cliente. Se llevó a cabo una investigación cuantitativa. La muestra obtuvo 530 encuestados y se utilizó el Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales para el análisis de los datos. Los resultados indican que las experiencias de consumo de los millenial están vinculadas a factores no evidenciados anteriormente por otras generaciones, como las experiencias de co-creación y el optimismo por la preparación tecnológica, lo que aumenta el grado de estas experiencias y puede conducir al deleite del consumidor.

Resumo Esta pesquisa visa analisar a influência do otimismo na prontidão tecnológica e nas experiências de co-criação nas experiências de consumo da geração millenium nos parques temáticos da Disney, bem como sua relação com o encantamento do cliente. Foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa. A amostra obteve 530 respondentes e foi utilizada a Modelagem da Equação Estrutural para análise de dados. Os resultados indicam que as experiências de consumo dos Millenials estão ligadas a fatores não evidenciados anteriormente por outras gerações, tais como as experiências de co-criação e o otimismo para a prontidão tecnológica, o que aumenta o grau dessas experiências e pode levar ao encantamento do consumidor.

Abstract Objective: To identify and assess the current evidence available about the costs of managing hospitalized pediatric patients diagnosed with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PIV3) in upper-middle-income countries. Methods: The authors conducted a systematic review across seven key databases from database inception to July 2022. Costs extracted were converted into 2022 International Dollars using the Purchasing Power Parity-adjusted. PROSPERO identifier: CRD42020225757. Results: No eligible study for PIV3 was recovered. For RSV, cost analysis and COI studies were performed for populations in Colombia, China, Malaysia, and Mexico. Comparing the total economic impact, the lowest cost per patient at the pediatric ward was observed in Malaysia ($ 347.60), while the highest was in Colombia ($ 709.66). On the other hand, at pediatric ICU, the lowest cost was observed in China ($ 1068.26), while the highest was in Mexico ($ 3815.56). Although there is no consensus on the major cost driver, all included studies described that the medications (treatment) consumed over 30% of the total cost. A high rate of inappropriate prescription drugs was observed. Conclusion: The present study highlighted how RSV infection represents a substantial economic burden to health care systems and to society. The findings of the included studies suggest a possible association between baseline risk status and expenditures. Moreover, it was observed that an important amount of the cost is destinated to treatments that have no evidence or support in most clinical practice guidelines.