Resumen Introducción: el dengue es una enfermedad endémica en el municipio de San José del Guaviare. En el 2010, el 2014, el 2018 y el 2022 se registraron epidemias. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser endémico, este no cuenta con una focalización que permita priorizar acciones. Objetivo: estratificar el riesgo de dengue en el municipio de San José del Guaviare en 2022, mediante el uso de variables epidemiológicas, entomológicas, socioeconómicas y ambientales para la planificación de acciones de prevención y control. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se categorizó el nivel de riesgo para dengue de los barrios del municipio, integrando la persistencia e incidencia acumulada de dengue, índice pupal de Aedes aegypti, estrato socioeconómico y acceso de agua potable. La categorización de cada una de las variables se realizó por terciles, se calcularon medidas de tendencia central (promedio, mediana). Para su análisis la información fue procesada y organizadas en tablas y cartografía de riesgo. Resultados: en la variable entomológica, el 43,5% (10/23) de los barrios presentaron un alto índice de pupas Aedes aegypti. En la variable epidemiológica, el 52,3% (23/44) de los barrios se categorizaron en alta transmisión. En la variable ambiental, el 76,2% (32/42) de los barrios se categorizaron en nivel de riesgo medio. Según la variable socioeconómica, el 83,3% (35/42) de los barrios se categorizaron en riesgo alto. Al integrar las variables analizadas, los barrios se categorizaron para la transmisión de dengue en: riesgo muy alto 23,4% (11/47), riesgo alto 31,9% (15/47), riesgo medio 8,5% (4/47) y riesgo bajo 34,0% (16/47). Conclusiones: en la integración final de riesgo aquellos barrios que se clasificaron en muy alto y alto riesgo para la transmisión de dengue, se deben focalizar las acciones de control, promoción y prevención del municipio. Igualmente, se debe continuar con la estratificación en períodos estacionales por cambios en las condiciones ecológicas del vector y dinámicas de transmisión.

Background Dengue is an endemic disease in this municipality, epidemics were recorded in 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022. Despite being endemic, it does not have a focus that allows prioritizing actions. The objective of this research was to stratify the risk of dengue in the municipality of San José del Guaviare in 2022, through the use of epidemiological, entomological, socioeconomic and environmental variables for the planning of prevention and control actions. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The level of risk for dengue in the neighborhoods of the municipality was categorized, integrating the persistence and cumulative incidence of dengue, Aedes aegypti pupal index, socioeconomic stratum, and access to drinking water. The categorization of each of the variables was carried out by tertiles, measures of central tendency (mean, median) were calculated. For its analysis, the information was processed and organized into tables and risk cartography. Results: In the entomological variable, 43.5% (10/23) of the neighborhoods had a high rate of Aedes aegypti pupae. In the epidemiological variable, 52.3% (23/44) of the neighborhoods were categorized as having high transmission. In the environmental variable, 76.2% (32/42) of the neighborhoods were categorized as a medium risk level. According to the socioeconomic variable, 83.3% (35/42) of the neighborhoods were categorized as high risk. By integrating the variables analyzed, the neighborhoods were categorized for dengue transmission as: very high risk 23.4% (11/47), high risk 31.9% (15/47), medium risk 8.5% (4 /47) and low risk 34.0% (16/47). Conclusions: In the final integration of risk, those neighborhoods that were classified as very high and high risk for dengue transmission should focus on the control, promotion and prevention actions of the municipality. Continue with the stratification in seasonal periods due to changes in the ecological conditions of the vector and transmission dynamics.

RESUMEN Plutella xylostella es una plaga de las más importantes en los cultivos de brassicaceas alrededor del mundo. El indoxacarb se utiliza ampliamente para el control de larvas de lepidópteros plaga. Este insecticida presenta una actividad lenta y efectos residuales prolongados los cuales impactan los hábitos y la fisiología de las plagas. Como objetivo se estableció la evaluación del efecto de concentraciones subletales de indoxacarb en la biología y tiempo de desarrollo de la palomilla dorso de diamante. Se realizó presión de selección del insecticida indoxacarb sobre P. xylostella, aplicando la CL20 de la generación anterior por las siguientes diez generaciones, se calculó la CL20 de la línea resistente (G10) y posteriormente se aplicó esta concentración a larvas de L3. Se evaluó el efecto en el porcentaje y peso de pupas, emergencia de adultos y oviposición para dos generaciones; además, del tiempo de desarrollo de huevo, larva, pupa y adulto. Los resultados mostraron que la resistencia y la exposición a CL20 de indoxacarb provocaron cambios en la biología y el desarrollo de P. xyllostella. Esto se manifestó en un aumento del porcentaje y peso de pupas formadas y emergencia de adultos, junto con una prolongación del tiempo de desarrollo de más de 10 días. Sin embargo, se observó una disminución de más del 50% en el número de huevos por hembra.

ABSTRACT Plutella xylostella is one of the most important pests of brassicaceous crops around the world. Indoxacarb is widely used to control lepidopteran pest larvae. This insecticide has slow activity and prolonged residual effects which impact the habits and physiology of pests. The objective was to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of indoxacarb on the biology and development time of the diamondback moth. Selection pressure of the insecticide indoxacarb was carried out on P. xylostella, applying the LC20 of the previous generation for the next ten generations, the LC20 of the resistant line (G10) was calculated and this concentration was subsequently applied to L3 larvae. The effect on the percentage and weight of pupae, adult emergence and oviposition for two generations was evaluated; in addition, the development time of egg, larva, pupa and adult. The results showed that resistance and exposure to LC20 of indoxacarb caused changes in the biology and development of P. xyllostella. This was manifested in an increase in the percentage and weight of formed pupae and emergence of adults, along with a prolongation of development time of more than 10 days. However, a decrease of more than 50% in the number of eggs per female was observed.

Abstract In Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera), many species build shelters during their ontogeny which may be serve as a scape strategy to reduce attacks from natural enemies and dislodgment from the host plant. This paper provides bioecological information regarding host plant, natural parasitism, and distribution of Cynea (Cynea) diluta (Herrich-Schäffer) (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) collected near remnants of the Atlantic Forest "Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco" (CEPE), Northeast Region of Brazil. Larvae and pupae, the later showing signs of parasitism, were collected from a garden at the Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, State of Alagoas, Brazil. They were brought to the laboratory to record emergences and possible parasitoids. Data from distribution were obtained from labels of hesperiid deposited from the Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Curitiba, State of Paraná. The host plant was identified as Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae). From the 13 larvae and two pupae collected in the environment, 20 specimens of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) emerged from the pupae. This is the first report of parasitism on pupae of Cynea (C.) diluta.

Resumen En Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera), muchas especies construyen refugios durante su ontogenia que pueden servir como estrategia de escape para reducir los ataques de enemigos naturales y el desprendimiento de la planta huésped. Este artículo proporciona información bioecológica sobre la planta huésped, el parasitismo natural y la distribución de Cynea (Cynea) diluta (Herrich-Schäffer) (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) recolectada cerca de remanentes del Bosque Atlántico "Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco" (CEPE), región noreste de Brasil. Las larvas y pupas; estas últimas mostrando signos de parasitismo se recolectaron de un jardín de la Universidad Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Estas fueron llevadas al laboratorio para registrar emergencias y posibles parasitoides. Los datos de distribución se obtuvieron de etiquetas de hespéridos depositados en la Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Curitiba, Estado de Paraná. La planta huésped fue identificada como Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (Zingiberáceas). De las 13 larvas y dos pupas recolectadas en el ambiente, se identificaron 20 ejemplares de Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) que emergieron de las pupas. Este es el primer registro de parasitismo en pupas de Cynea (C.) diluta.

Abstract: Increasing concerns over the environmental impact of chemical pesticides have prompted the exploration of alternative, and eco-friendly solutions for controlling insect pests. The use of entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) as a biological control agent is of paramount importance. We aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations ofMetarhizium anisopliae(Metschnikoff) Sorokin on larval mortality and pupal formation, of sawfly larvae, a major pest of rose plants. Our study revealed a concentration-dependent effect ofM. anisopliaeon sawfly larvae. At 7 days after EPF exposure, the highest concentration (1 × 109conidia/ml) led to a mortality rate of 65.0% and at the 11th day, the larval mortality was reached up to 82.5%. The highest EPF concentration resulted in a minimal pupal formation (7.5%). This study demonstrates the potential ofM. anisopliaeas a valuable biological control agent against sawfly larvae infestations in rose plants.

Resumen: La creciente preocupación por el impacto ambiental de los pesticidas químicos ha impulsado la exploración de soluciones alternativas y ecológicas para controlar las plagas de insectos. El uso de hongos entomopatógenos (FPE) como agente de control biológico es de suma importancia. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones deMetarhizium anisopliae(Metschnikoff) Sorokin sobre la mortalidad larvaria y la formación de pupas de larvas de mosca sierra, una plaga importante de las plantas de rosas. Nuestro estudio reveló un efecto dependiente de la concentración deMetarhizium anisopliaesobre las larvas de mosca sierra. A los 7 días después de la exposición al EPF, la concentración más alta (1 × 109conidios/ml) condujo a una tasa de mortalidad del 65.0 % y al día 11 la mortalidad larvaria alcanzó hasta el 82.5 %. La concentración más alta de EPF resultó en una formación de pupas mínima (7.5 %). Este estudio demuestra el potencial deMetarhizium anisopliaecomo un valioso agente de control biológico contra las infestaciones de larvas de mosca sierra en plantas de rosas.

Resumen El minador sudamericano de la hoja del tomate (TLM), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), es una plaga importante del tomate, la papa y otras especies solanáceas de relevancia económica. El manejo de plagas de TLM basado en el uso de insecticidas convencionales puede ser problemático debido a diversas causas, entre ellas, la reducción de los beneficios económicos por los altos costos de los insecticidas, la destrucción de las poblaciones de enemigos naturales, la presencia de residuos de insecticidas en los frutos del tomate y el rápido desarrollo de resistencia a los insecticidas, especialmente cuando se alcanzan niveles elevados de infestación. La búsqueda de compuestos activos menos persistentes beneficiaría a la producción hortícola, así como al medio ambiente y a los consumidores. En el presente estudio, evaluamos la toxicidad de un extracto de hexano en diferentes concentraciones obtenido de frutos frescos del árbol del paraíso Melia azedarach L. (MA), sobre huevos de TLM, larvas de segundo estadio y pupas mediante pruebas de contacto en el laboratorio. Los resultados indicaron que, al aumentar las concentraciones, también aumentaba la mortalidad de huevos, larvas y pupas. El análisis de los datos probit mostró que la CL50 para el extracto de MA en huevos de TLM, larvas del segundo estadio y pupas fueron 948,93, 346,72 y 1,75 μl/ml, respectivamente. Concluimos que este extracto tiene potencial para controlar T. absoluta, pero se deben realizar más estudios ecotoxicológicos para concluir sobre su seguridad en otros organismos y el medio ambiente.

Abstract The South American tomato leaf miner (TLM), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important pest of tomato, potato and other solanaceous species of economic relevance. Pest management of TLM based on the use of conventional insecticides can be problematic due to various causes, among them, the reduced economical profits from high insecticide costs, the destruction of natural enemies’ populations, the presence of insecticide residues on tomato fruits and the rapid development of insecticide resistance, especially when high levels of infestation are reached. The search for less-persistent active compounds would benefit horticultural production, as well as the environment and consumers. In the current study, we evaluated the toxicity of a hexane extract at different concentrations obtained from the chinaberry tree Melia azedarach L. (MA) fresh fruits, on TLM eggs, 2nd instar larvae and pupae by means of contact tests in the laboratory. Results indicated that with increasing concentrations, mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae also increased. Analysis of probit data showed that LC50 for MA extract in TLM eggs, 2nd instar larvae and pupae were 948.93, 346.72 and 1.75 μl/ml, respectively. We conclude that this extract has potential for controlling T. absoluta but further ecotoxicological studies should be carried out to conclude on its safety in other organisms and the environment.

RESUMO A lagarta Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), destaca-se como uma das principais pragas desfolhadoras das brássicas. Para mitigar os danos e reduzir os impactos na saúde humana e no meio ambiente, decorrentes do uso persistente e indiscriminado de inseticidas químicos, é crucial considerar a utilização de inseticidas botânicos como uma alternativa fundamental para seu controle. Deste modo, o objetivo foi investigar o estímuloresposta do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de Ocimum campechianum e de sua fração diclorometano (DCM) sobre A. monuste orseis. Avaliou-se o consumo foliar (cm2) das lagartas expostas aos extratos, mortalidade de lagartas em 24 h, mortalidade total de lagartas, mortalidade de pupas, duração do período de pupa e malformação morfológica em adultos. A alimentação das lagartas de oito dias, com a couve impregnada com o extrato bruto e sua fração DCM, resultou em diminuição da alimentação das lagartas, aumento da mortalidade larval (90%), alongamento do período pupal (2 dias) e aumento da deformação em adultos (50%). Portanto, o extrato bruto e sua fração DCM de O. campechianum apresentam potencial para uso no controle alternativo de A. monuste orseis. Godart (Godart Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pieridae, Pieridae , Pieridae) destacase destaca se brássicas ambiente químicos modo (DCM Avaliouse Avaliou cm2 cm (cm2 extratos 2 h pupas dias 90%, 90 90% (90%) ( 50%. 50 50% . (50%) Portanto O (cm 9 (90% 5 (50% (90 (50 (9 (5

ABSTRACT The caterpillar Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) stands out as one of the main defoliating pests of brassicas. To mitigate the damage and reduce the impact on human health and the environment that results from the persistent and indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides, it is crucial to consider the use of botanical insecticides as a fundamental alternative for pest control. The aim was therefore to investigate the stimulus-response of the hydroalcoholic crude extract of Ocimum campechianum and of its dichloromethane (DCM) fraction on A. monuste orseis. Leaf consumption (cm2) of caterpillars exposed to the extract, caterpillar mortality in 24 h, total caterpillar mortality, pupal mortality, pupal period duration, and morphological malformation in adults were evaluated. Feeding the caterpillars for eight days with cabbage impregnated with the crude extract and its DCM fraction resulted in decreased caterpillar feeding, increased larval mortality (90%), lengthening of the pupal period (two days), and an increase in adult deformation (50%). Therefore, the crude extract of O. campechianum and its DCM fraction have potential for use in the alternative control of A. monuste orseis. Godart (Godart Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pieridae brassicas stimulusresponse stimulus response (DCM A cm2 cm (cm2 2 h duration evaluated feeding 90%, 90 90% , (90%) two days, days) 50%. 50 50% . (50%) Therefore O (cm 9 (90% 5 (50% (90 (50 (9 (5 (

RESUMO Duponchelia fovealis é uma praga severa no cultivo do morangueiro. Na busca de uma alternativa de agente de controle biológico, avaliamos o impacto de uma dieta composta por ovos de Ephestia kuehniella ou D. fovealis oferecidas às larvas de Chrysoperla externa em seu subsequente desenvolvimento e sobrevivência, sob condições controladas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros biológicos e reprodutivos de C. externa e a predação diária de ovos de D. fovealis por C. externa. Por fim, foi construída a tabela de vida de fertilidade. A duração do período do ovo à pupa diferiu significativamente entre as dietas. O peso das pupas de C. externa foi significativamente maior quando alimentadas com ovos de D. fovealis para machos de primeira e segunda geração. Os machos tenderam a viver mais tempo com uma dieta baseada em ovos de D. fovealis, mas não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre as dietas para as fêmeas. O período de oviposição tendeu a ser mais longo em C. externa alimentada com ovos de D. fovealis. A predação média diária da primeira geração de C. externa foi afetada pela dieta. O tempo entre cada geração e a taxa líquida de reprodução foram maiores para C. externa alimentada com ovos de D. fovealis do que quando alimentada com ovos de E. kuehniella. Nossos resultados comprovaram que os ovos de D. fovealis são uma dieta adequada para o desenvolvimento de C. externa. Esta informação é valiosa no desenvolvimento de protocolos para o uso de C. externa como agente de controle desta praga. morangueiro biológico D sobrevivência controladas C fim fertilidade fêmeas E

ABSTRACT Duponchelia fovealis is an important pest in strawberry crops. In search of an alternative biological control method, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of a diet composed of Ephestia kuehniella or D. fovealis eggs offered to Chrysoperla externa larvae on their subsequent development and survival under controlled conditions. Biological and reproductive parameters of C. externa were assessed. Additionally, the daily predation of D. fovealis eggs by C. externa was analyzed. Finally, a fertility life table was constructed. The egg-to-pupa development time differed significantly between diets. The weights of firstand second-generation male C. externa pupae were significantly higher when fed on D. fovealis eggs. Males tended to live longer on a diet based on D. fovealis eggs, but females presented no significant differences between diets. The oviposition period tended to be longer for C. externa fed on D. fovealis eggs. The time between generations and the net reproductive rate were greater for C. externa fed on D. fovealis eggs. The results showed that D. fovealis eggs are a suitable diet for the development of C. externa. This information is important for developing protocols for the use of C. externa as a biocontrol agent against this pest. crops method D conditions C assessed Additionally analyzed Finally constructed eggtopupa egg pupa diets secondgeneration second generation

RESUMO O mosquito da febre amarela, Aedes aegypti, tem sido associado a várias doenças humanas graves. As larvas e os adultos do Ae. aegypti foram amplamente estudados, mas as pupas não receberam muita atenção. Neste estudo, a morfologia externa e a caetotaxia das pupas de Ae. aegypti foram investigadas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) para determinar características morfológicas adicionais para a identificação adequada da espécie. As pupas de Ae. aegypti apresentam alta mobilidade com rápida submersão em resposta a distúrbios externos. As pupas entram em contato com o ar por meio de chifres respiratórios emparelhados. O corpo da pupa é coberto por uma cutícula translúcida composta por um cefalotórax e um abdômen estreito e articulado. A região anterior do cefalotórax é ocupada por peças bucais e uma cabeça achatada. Os olhos compostos do adulto são visíveis em ambos os lados da cabeça. Antes dos olhos compostos, as antenas emergem na parte superior e são dobradas em sentido inverso ao longo das laterais do tórax. O primeiro segmento abdominal tem dois feixes palmados retos, essenciais para manter o corpo da pupa acima da superfície da água. Comparado com os outros oito segmentos abdominais, o nono é relativamente pequeno; ele possui dois apêndices móveis chamados pás, que são órgãos fundamentais no movimento da pupa, e uma nervura mediana os sustenta. Essa análise morfológica dos atributos das pupas do Ae. aegypti é fundamental para o controle de doenças transmitidas por mosquitos e para a taxonomia. amarela graves Ae estudados atenção estudo MEV (MEV espécie externos emparelhados articulado achatada tórax retos água abdominais pequeno pás sustenta taxonomia

ABSTRACT Yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, has been associated with several severe human diseases. Larvae and adults of Ae. aegypti has been widely studied, but pupae have not received much attention. In this study, external morphology and chaetotaxy of Ae. aegypti pupae were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine additional morphological characteristics for proper species identification. Ae. aegypti pupae exhibit high mobility with rapid submergence in response to external disturbances. Pupae contact air through paired respiratory horns. A pupal body is covered with a translucent cuticle composed of a cephalothorax and a narrow, articulated abdomen. Anterior region of cephalothorax is occupied by mouthparts and a flattened head. Adult's compound eyes are visible on both sides of their head. Before compound eyes, antennae emerge in upper part and are bent in reverse along sides of thorax. First abdominal segment has two straightforward palmate bundles, essential for maintaining pupal body above water's surface. Compared to other eight abdominal segments, ninth is relatively tiny; it holds a couple of movable appendages called paddles which are fundamental organs in pupal movement, and a midrib supports them. This morphological analysis of pupae attributes of Ae. aegypti is critical for controlling mosquito-borne diseases and taxonomy. mosquito Ae studied attention study SEM (SEM identification disturbances horns narrow abdomen head Adults Adult s thorax bundles waters water surface segments tiny movement them mosquitoborne borne taxonomy

Resumo Zatrephina lineata (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) é um inseto fitófago, principalmente de plantas dos gêneros Ipomoea e Mikania. O objetivo foi estudar o desenvolvimento, a sobrevivência e descrever as fases de vida de Z. lineata alimentada com folhas de Ipomoea pes-caprae. Observações biológicas foram feitas diariamente com auxílio de microscópio estereoscópico e os ínstares desse inseto identificados pela exúvia deixada entre uma muda e outra. A duração do desenvolvimento e sobrevivência dos estágios de ovo, larva e pupa e dos primeiro, segundo, terceiro, quarto e quinto ínstares e do periodo ninfal de Z. lineata diferiu, mas não entre os sexos deste inseto. A duração do desenvolvimento de Z. lineata foi maior na fase larval e no quinto ínstar, e sua sobrevivência maior nas fases de ovo e pupa e no primeiro e quinto ínstares. Os ovos de Z. lineata, de cor creme, são elipsoides e depositados em grupos na superfície adaxial das folhas mais velhas de I. pes-caprae. As larvas desse inseto passam por cinco ínstares, sendo os três primeiros gregários com defesas quimio-comportamentais. As pupas exaradas de Z. lineata, de cor amarelo claro e formato oval achatado dorsoventralmente, fixam-se na superfície abaxial das folhas de I. pes-caprae. O formato dos adultos deste inseto é oval, de cor amarelo palha com listras longitudinais mais claras e as fêmeas são ligeiramente maiores que os machos. Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1787 Coleoptera (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae fitófago Mikania Z pescaprae. pescaprae pes caprae. caprae pes-caprae outra segundo terceiro diferiu ínstar creme I quimiocomportamentais. quimiocomportamentais quimio comportamentais. comportamentais quimio-comportamentais dorsoventralmente fixamse fixam se machos 178 17 1

Abstract Zatrephina lineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a phytophagous insect, mainly of plants of the genera Ipomoea and Mikania. The objective was to study the development, survival and to describe the life stages of Z. lineata fed on leaves of Ipomoea pes-caprae. Biological observations were made daily with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope and the instars of this insect identified by the exuvia left between one moulting and the next. The duration of development and survival of the egg, larva and pupa stages and the first, second, third, fourth and fifth instars and of the nymph stage of Z. lineata differed, but not between sexes of this insect. The duration of development of Z. lineata was longer in the larval stage and in the fifth instar, and its survival greater in the egg and pupa stages and in the first and fifth instars. Zatrephina lineata eggs, cream-colored, are ellipsoid and deposited in groups on the adaxial surface of older I. pes-caprae leaves. The larvae of this insect go through five instars, with the first three being gregarious with chemo-behavioral defenses. The exarated pupae of Z. lineata, light yellow in color and with an oval shape flattened dorsoventrally, attach to the abaxial surface of the I. pes-caprae leaves. The shape of adults of this insect is oval, straw yellow in color with lighter longitudinal stripes and females are slightly larger than males. Coleoptera (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Mikania Z pescaprae. pescaprae pes caprae. caprae next second third differed instar eggs creamcolored, creamcolored cream colored, colored cream-colored I chemobehavioral chemo behavioral defenses dorsoventrally males

Resumo: Objetivo estudar a composição e a dinâmica populacional de Chironomidae (Diptera) de um riacho tropical de altitude no Equador. Métodos As amostras foram coletadas no rio Saltana entre abril de 2009 e novembro de 2010. Os parâmetros físico-químicos como fluxo, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade, pH e temperatura foram medidos em cada campanha de amostragem. Larvas e pupas foram coletadas com um amostrador Hess em diferentes substratos. Já os adultos foram amostrados com armadilhas anfíbias de emergência por 24 horas durante cada campanha de amostragem. Todo o material coletado foi triado e identificado no laboratório. A biomassa foi calculada usando o peso individual das larvas de diferentes ínstares multiplicado pela densidade de cada ínstar em cada amostra. Resultados Um total de 18 táxons larvais foi encontrado em 14 gêneros diferentes nas amostras bentônicas. A subfamília Orthocladiinae apresentou a maior riqueza (12 gêneros), seguida por Podonominae, Diamesinae e Chironominae, com dois gêneros cada. Os táxons mais frequentes foram Cricotopus sp3, C. (Oliveiriella) rieradevallae e Genus 1 sp a. As densidades totais flutuaram muito de um mês para outro, seguindo as mudanças das espécies mais abundantes, e apenas uma espécie mostrou relação com os substratos. Os valores de biomassa são mais baixos de junho a agosto em ambos os anos, o que corresponde à estação de alto fluxo. Conclusões A temperatura fria do rio Saltana durante todo o ano (6-7 °C) e a variabilidade do fluxo determinam os baixos valores de riqueza e densidade. Não está claro se os indivíduos apresentaram ciclos de vida muito curtos ou longos devido à temperatura constante durante todo o ano. No entanto, há uma clara assincronia nos ciclos de vida devido à presença de adultos emergentes ao longo do ano. Resumo Diptera (Diptera Equador 200 2010 físicoquímicos físico químicos dissolvido condutividade amostragem substratos 2 laboratório amostra bentônicas 12 (1 gêneros, , gêneros) Podonominae Chironominae sp3 C Oliveiriella (Oliveiriella outro abundantes anos 67 6 7 (6- °C entanto 20 201 ( (6

Abstract: Aim To study the composition and population dynamics of Chironomidae (Diptera) from a high-altitude tropical stream in Ecuador. Methods Samples were taken at Saltana River between April 2009 and November 2010. Physico-chemical parameters, such as flow, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, and temperature, were measured in each sampling campaign. Larvae and pupae sampling was conducted with a Hess sampler in different substrates. During each sampling campaign, adults were sampled using amphibious emergence traps for 24 hours. All materials collected were separated and classified in the laboratory. The biomass was calculated using the individual weight of the larvae of different instars multiplied by the density of each instar at each sample. Results A total of 18 larval taxa were found in 14 different genera in the benthic samples. The subfamily Orthocladiinae showed the highest richness (12 genera), followed by Podonominae, Diamesinae, and Chironominae, with two genera each. The most frequent taxa were Cricotopus sp.3, C. (Oliveiriella) rieradevallae, and Genus 1 sp.a. Total densities fluctuate very much from one month to another following the changes of the most abundant species, and only one species showed a relationship with the substrates. Biomass values are lower from June to August of both years, which matches the high flow season. Conclusions The Saltana River’s cold temperature (6-7 °C) and the flow variability determine the low richness, density and biomass throughout the year. It is unclear if individuals showed very short or long-life cycles due to constant temperature throughout the year. However, there is a clear asynchrony in life cycles due to the presence of emerging adults throughout the year. Abstract Diptera (Diptera highaltitude altitude Ecuador 200 2010 Physicochemical Physico chemical parameters oxygen conductivity pH campaign substrates 2 hours laboratory sample samples 12 (1 genera, , genera) Podonominae Diamesinae Chironominae sp3 sp 3 sp.3 C Oliveiriella (Oliveiriella rieradevallae spa sp.a years season Rivers s 67 6 7 (6- °C year longlife long However 20 201 ( sp. (6

Resumen Entre julio-septiembre 2019 se realizaron recolectas de adultos y estados inmaduros (larvas y pupas) de ‘moscas negras’ (Diptera: Sciaridae) en viveros de producción en maceta de Lilium sp. (Liliaceae) en Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, México. El 100% de los ejemplares recolectados en campo correspondieron al género Bradysia Winertz, 1867 (Diptera: Sciaridae). El presente estudio representa el primer registro de este género en plantas de Lilium sp., en Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, México.

Abstract Adult and immature stages (larvae and pupae) of ‘black fungus gnats’ (Diptera: Sciaridae) were collected from July to September 2019 in nurseries of production of potted lily (Lilium sp.) in Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, Mexico. One hundred percent of the specimens collected in the field corresponded to the genus Bradysia Winertz, 1867 (Diptera: Sciaridae). The present study represents the first record of this genus in Lilium sp. plants in Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the main vector of human arbovirosis in tropical and subtropical areas.  Its adaptation to urban and rural environments generates infestations inside households. Therefore, entomological surveillance in association with spatio-temporal analysis is an innovative approach to vector control and dengue management. The main aim was to inspect immature pupal stages in households belonging to municipalities at high risk of dengue in Cauca, Colombia by implementing entomological indices and relating how they influence adult mosquito density. Here, we provide novel data for the geographical distribution of 3,806 immature pupal stages of Ae. aegypti. We also report entomological indices and spatial characterization. The results suggest that for Ae. aegypti species, pupal productivity generates high densities of adults in neighbouring households, evidencing seasonal behaviour. This dataset is of great importance as it provides an innovative strategy for vector-borne disease mitigation using vector spatial patterns and their association with entomological indicators and breeding sites in high-risk neighbourhoods.

Los mosquitos Aedes aegypti son el principal vector de las arbovirosis humanas en zonas tropicales y subtropicales. Su adaptación a entornos urbanos y rurales genera infestaciones en el intradomicilio de las viviendas. De aquí que, la vigilancia entomológica en asociación con el análisis espacial y el análisis espacio-temporal sean un enfoque innovador para el control de vectores y la gestión del dengue.El objetivo principal de la investigación fue realizar una comparación de la vigilancia entomológica, mediante el uso de índices cuantitativos de pupas y de adultos en tres municipios de alto riesgo de dengue Patía (El Bordo), Miranda y Piamonte del departamento del Cauca, con el fin de examinar cómo influye la productividad de pupas, entre índices entomológicos, en la densidad de mosquitos adultos y otros patrones espaciales y temporales. Ae. aegypti , sus índices entomológicos y su caracterización espacial. Los resultados sugieren que, para las especies de Ae. aegypti , la productividad de pupas genera altas densidades de adultos en las viviendas vecinas, evidenciando un comportamiento estacional.Estos resultados son de gran importancia ya que proporciona una estrategia innovadora para la mitigación de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores utilizando patrones espaciales de los vectores y su asociación con indicadores entomológicos y lugares de cría en barrios de alto riesgo para la transmisión del dengue.

Resumen Eurysthea sordida (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) es un coleóptero de distribución tropical en Sudamérica que ocasiona daño de importancia económica en Alnus acuminata Kunth en el valle del Mantaro, región de Junín, Perú. En la región, no hay un estudio completo como el ciclo de vida y el daño que ocasiona a Alnus acuminata. El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la morfología de los estadios biológicos de E. sordida recolectados en A. acuminata, así como caracterizar su daño. Para esto, se midió la longitud total (L) y el ancho (A) de huevos, larvas, pupas y adultos de E. sordida, así como el diámetro de las perforaciones en corteza y albura de A. acuminata. Adicionalmente, se realizó la descripción morfológica completa de los estadios biológicos de E. sordida para confirmar su identificación taxonómica y la descripción morfológica completa de los estados de huevo, larva, pupa y adulto de E. sordida. Se observaron seis estadios larvales con los siguientes parámetros, I (2,518 ± 0,421 mm), II (6,228 ± 1,858 mm), III (15,961 ± 2,752 mm), IV (23,048 ± 1,581 mm), V (28,301 ± 1,170 mm) y VI (33,055 ± 1,412 mm). Todos los ejemplares de A. acuminata evaluados resultaron atacados por individuos de E. sordida, mostrando daños leves hasta muy severos desde la base hasta el fuste medio, en la corteza, el cámbium y la albura. Esta investigación es el primer reporte de los estadios biológicos de E. sordida y sobre los daños a la corteza y la albura de A. acuminata para el valle del Mantaro.

Abstract Eurysthea sordida (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a coleopteran of tropical distribution in South America that causes damage of economic importance on Alnus acuminata Kunth in the Mantaro Valley, Junín region, Peru. In the region, there is no complete study of its life cycle and the damage it causes to Alnus acuminata. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the morphology of the biological stages of E. sordida on A. acuminata, as well as to characterize the damage caused by E sordida. For this, the total length (L) and width (W) of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of E. sordida were measured, as well as the diameter of the perforations in the bark and sapwood of A. acuminata. Additionally, a complete morphological description of the biological stages of E. sordida to confirm its taxonomic identification was performed. A complete morphological description of the egg, larval and adult pupal stages of E. sordida was carried out and its taxonomic identity was confirmed. Six larval stages were observed with the following parameters, I (2.518 ± 0.421 mm), II (6.228 ± 1.858 mm), III (15.961 ± 2.752 mm), IV (23.048 ± 1.581 mm), V (28.301 ± 1.170 mm), and VI (33.055 ± 1.412 mm). All the specimens of A. acuminata evaluated were attacked by E. sordida individuals, showing slight to very severe damage from the base to the mid-shaft, in the bark, cambium and sapwood. This research is the first report on the biological stages of E. sordida and on the damage to the bark and sapwood of A. acuminata for the Mantaro Valley.

Resumen Artemisia herba-alba (A. herba-alba) (Asteraceae) es ampliamente utilizada en fitoterapia ya que tiene una verdadera mina de moléculas naturales como la davanona, que es un producto muy interesante en el mercado internacional. La presente investigación propone un método para el control de los estadios preimaginarios de Culex pipiens (L4 y pupas) a base de aceite esencial de A. herba-alba. La parte aérea de esta planta fue extraída por hidrodestilación, luego fue analizada por cromatografía de gases acoplada a la espectrometría de masas (CPG/SM) para la determinación de su composición química. Se prepararon tres concentraciones (1, 5 y 10 μl/ml) y se probaron directamente en larvas (L4) y pupas en condiciones de laboratorio para medir los valores LC50, LC90, LT50 y LT90. El rendimiento obtenido en este estudio fue del 1,5%, además el análisis mostró que el aceite de A. herba-alba es un quimiotipo de davanona que consiste principalmente en davanona (48,8%). La eficiencia de este aceite esencial se expresa por los parámetros toxicológicos calculados en la CL50 y CL90, para larvas de 3,278 μl/ml y 7,573 μl/ml, y para pupas 1,213 μl/ml y 2,288 μl/ml, respectivamente. Este estudio muestra que el aceite esencial de A. herba-alba tiene propiedades tóxicas sobre larvas y pupas de Culex pipiens. Estos resultados son alentadores y abren interesantes y prometedores horizontes para su aplicación en la producción de bioinsecticidas.

Abstract Artemisia herba-alba Asso (A. herba-alba) (Asteraceae) is widely used in herbal medicine as it is a mine of natural molecules such as davanone, which is an interesting product on the international market. The present research proposes a method for controlling the late larval (L4) and pupal stages of Culex pipiens based on the essential oil of A. herba-alba. The aerial part of this plant was extracted by hydrodistillation and then analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (CPG/SM) to determine its chemical composition. Three concentrations (1, 5 and 10 μl/ml) were prepared and directly tested on larvae (L4) and pupae under laboratory conditions to measure LC50, LC90, LT50, and LT90 values. The yield obtained in this study was 1.5%. Further, the analysis showed that the oil of A. herba-alba is a davanone chemotype that consists mainly of davanone (48.8%). The efficiency of this essential oil for toxicological parameters (LC50 and LC90) were 3.278 μl/ml and 7.573 μl/ml for larvae, and 1.213 μl/ml and 2.288 μl/ml for pupae. This study indicates that the essential oil of A. herba-alba has toxic properties for Cx. pipiens larvae and pupae. These results are encouraging and open up exciting and promising horizons for its application in the production of bioinsecticides.

Resumen El uso de cutícula de insectos es una opción viable para inducir el crecimiento de hongos entomopatógenos. Se obtuvo polvo de pupas de Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf) y Heliothis virescens (Hv), el cual se adicionó para enriquecer al medio de cultivo Papa Dextrosa Agar (PDA) a concentraciones de 0,25, 0,5 y 1 %. El polvo se usó para inducir crecimiento radial de Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium robertsii. Se determinó el tiempo letal (TL) de M. robertsii inducido a una concentración de 108 esporas/mL y un control PDA. La mortalidad de larvas fue analizada mediante ANDEVA y una prueba Tukey (α = 0,05). El contenido de grasa de Sf fué 49,9 y el de Hv 41,9 %; el extracto libre de nitrógeno (ELN) 21,3 y 32,0 %; proteínas 15,7 y 13,5 %, y la energía 517,87 y 493,73(Kcal/g), respectivamente. Los nutrientes y la energía tuvieron efecto inductor en el crecimiento de M. robertsii con polvo de pupa de Sf y Hv al 1%, alcanzando 75,5 y 74,2 mm de crecimiento radial y en el control PDA 60 mm. B. bassiana con Hv 0,5 %, 55 mm y con Sf 0,25 %, 50 mm y en el control PDA 32,5 mm (α=0,05). M. robertsii inducido con Sf causó 91,6 % de mortalidad de larvas de Sf y en PDA 66,6 %, a los siete días (α = 0,05). El suplemento de insectos incrementó el crecimiento de hongos en medio PDA, esto contribuyó a la patogenicidad de la cepa inducida de M. robertsii sobre S. frugiperda.

Abstract The use of insect cuticle is a viable option to induce the growth of entomopathogenic fungi. Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf) and Heliothis virescens (Hv). Pupal powder was obtained, which was added to enrich the Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture medium at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 %. The powder was used to induce the radial growth of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii. The lethal time (TL) of M. robertsii induced at a concentration of 108 spores/mL and a PDA control. Larval mortality was analyzed by ANOVA and a Tukey test (α = 0.05). The fat content of Sf was 49.9 % and that of Hv 41.9 %; the extract free of nitrogen (ELN) 21.3 and 32.0 %; proteins 15.7 and 13.5 %, and energy 517.87 and 493.73 (Kcal/g), respectively. Nutrients and energy had inducer effect on the growth of M. robertsii with 1 % Sf and Hv pupal powder, reaching 75.5 and 74.2 mm of radial growth and 60 mm in the PDA control. B. bassiana with Hv 0.5 % 55 mm and with Sf 0.25 %, 50 mm and in the PDA control 32.5mm (α = 0.05). M. robertsii induced with Sf causing 91.6 % mortality of Sf larvae and 66.6 % in PDA, at seven days (α = 0.05). The supplementation of the insects increased the growth of the fungi in PDA medium, this contributed to the pathogenicity of the induced strain of M. robertsii on S. frugiperda.