Resumo Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é descrita com base em dados morfológicos, moleculares e ecológicos; esta nova espécie Chalcididae atua como hiperparasitoide de Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) em pupas de seu parasitoide Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Caracteres diagnósticos morfológicos e moleculares e ilustrações de H. camobiensis são fornecidos.

Abstract Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described based on morphological, molecular and ecological data; this new species of chalcid wasp acts as hyperparasitoid of Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in its parasitoid Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Diagnoses with morphological and molecular characters and illustrations are provided.

Egeria densa is a submerged aquatic weed that can grow into dense monocultures in rivers and dams in South Africa, which negatively affects ecosystem functioning and services. The biological control agent Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior (Diptera: Ephydridae) was first released against Egeria densa Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae) in South Africa in 2018. Biotic resistance in an introduced range can have negative impacts on the ability of a biological control agent to establish and exert top-down pressure. Dipteran and lepidopteran species that are used as biological control agents are often susceptible to higher levels of parasitism in their introduced range than biological control agents from other insect orders. In addition, ecological analogues that are present in South Africa, make H. egeriae particularly vulnerable to biotic resistance. Considering this, post-release surveys were conducted to investigate if native parasitoids will extend their host range to include H. egeriae. Chaenusa seminervata van Achterberg, C. anervata van Achterberg (Braconidae: Alysiinae: Dacnusini) and Ademon lagarosiphonae van Achterberg (Braconidae: Opiinae) were reared from field-collected H. egeriae pupae, within a year of its release. These braconid parasitoids were previously recorded from a native herbivore, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae). Parasitism levels of H. egeriae ranged from 50 to 74% in cold months and 0 to 60% in warmer months, with higher levels of parasitism at a site where H. lagarosiphon naturally occurs. This study also found that cumulative release events of the biological control agent increase the probability of parasitism of field populations, by directly increasing the host pool. However, biological control efficacy can potentially be increased by limiting release efforts to a maximum of two release events per site per season, with particular focus on releasing in warm (i.e. spring/summer) months. Continued post-release surveys are necessary to not only monitor H. egeriae's impact on E. densa, but also to obtain a better understanding of seasonal parasitism levels across E. densa-invaded sites in South Africa.

Resumen El minador del tomate, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), plaga clave del cultivo de tomate tanto en invernadero como en campo abierto, se ha extendido rápidamente por todo Irán. Este trabajo evaluó la eficacia de aislados nativos de tres especies de nematodos entomopatógenos (Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) contra larvas (fuera de la hoja y dentro de las galerías) y pupas de T. absoluta a varias concentraciones y tiempos en condiciones de laboratorio. Los experimentos se realizaron a 25 ± 2ºC, 65 ± 5% HR, y fotoperiodo 16L:8D h. El nematodo S. feltiae causó la mayor mortalidad para las larvas fuera de la galería (53,61%), seguido de una mortalidad del 45% para las larvas dentro de las galerías, y la menor mortalidad para las pupas (3,88%). El efecto de los juveniles infecciosos (JI) y del tiempo de exposición (TE) sobre la mortalidad larvaria en los diferentes tratamientos mostró una relación significativa (P< 0,01) entre JI y TE y sus interacciones. La mortalidad de las larvas y pupas de T. absoluta aumentó con más JI y más TE. La CL50 para S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae y H. bacteriophora fue de 156,01, 225,13 y 317,66 JIs/ml para las larvas de segundo estadio de T. absoluta (fuera de la galería) y de 296,31, 305,23 y 320,66 JIs/ml para larvas dentro de la galería, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, S. feltiae fue una especie más eficaz y puede sugerirse para estudios complementarios con el fin de encontrar un agente de biocontrol adecuado de la plaga.

Abstract The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) a key pest of tomato both in greenhouses and open-fields, has spread rapidly throughout Iran. The efficiency of native isolates of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) was evaluated against the tomato leafminer, T. absoluta larvae (outside leaf and inside galleries), and pupae at various concentrations and times in laboratory conditions. Experiments were conducted at 25 ± 2ºC, 65 ± 5% RH, and 16L:8D h photoperiod. S. feltiae nematode caused the highest mortality for larvae outside the gallery (53.61%), followed by 45% mortality for larvae inside galleries, and lowest mortality for pupae (3.88%). The effect of infective juveniles (IJ) and exposure time (ET) on larval mortality in different treatments showed a significant (P< 0.01) relationship between IJ and ET and their interactions. Mortality of the T. absoluta larvae and pupae rose with more IJ and longer exposure time. The LC50 for, S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora were 156.01, 225.13, and 317.66 IJs/ml for the second instar larvae of T. absoluta (outside the gallery), 296.31, 305.23 and 320.66 IJs/ml for inside gallery, respectively. Therefore, S. feltiae was a more effective species and can be suggested for complementary studies for finding a suitable biocontrol agent of the pest.

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar várias atividades mosquitocidas do extrato n-hexano de planta inteira de Chenopodium botrys contra Culex quinquefasciatus. O extrato mostrou atividades larvicida, pupicida, adulticida, dissuasora de oviposição e inibidora da emergência de adultos contra a Cx. quinquefasciatus. Durante as atividades larvicida e pupicida, a concentração letal de 24 horas (CL50) do extrato contra larvas de 2º estádio, larvas de 4º estádio e pupa foi de 324,6, 495,6 e 950,8 ppm, respectivamente. Durante o bioensaio com frasco do CDC (Centros para Controle e Prevenção de Doenças) para adulticida, o tempo médio de desativação (KDT50) na concentração de 1,25% foi de 123,4 minutos. Durante o bioensaio de impregnação com papel de filtro para a atividade adulticida do extrato, o valor KDT50 na concentração de 0,138 mg / cm2 foi de 48,6 minutos. O extrato foi fracionado em 14 frações através de cromatografia em coluna de gel de sílica que foram então combinadas em seis frações com base em um valor de fator de retenção (Rf) semelhante. Essas frações foram selecionadas quanto à atividade adulticida por meio da aplicação do bioensaio com garrafa do CDC. A fração obtida através da fase móvel de n-hexanos-clorofórmio 60:40% a 50:50% com valor de 0,5 Rf apresentou atividade adulticida de 100% na concentração de 0,2%. Durante a atividade de dissuasão da oviposição, a maior concentração de extrato (1000 ppm) apresentou repelência efetiva de 71,3 ± 4,4% e índice de atividade de oviposição de 0,6 ± 0,1. Durante a atividade de inibição da emergência de adultos, o valor médio de inibição da emergência (EI50) foi de 312,3 ppm. A partir do resultado da presente investigação, conclui-se que o extrato de n-hexano da planta inteira de C. botrys possui fortes atividades larvicida, pupicida, adulticida, dissuasora da oviposição e inibidora da emergência de adultos contra a Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Abstract This research aimed to investigate various mosquitocidal activities of Chenopodium botrys whole- plant n-hexane extract against Culex quinquefasciatus. The extract showed remarkable larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibitory activities against Cx. quinquefasciatus. During the larvicidal and pupicidal activities, the 24-hour lethal concentration (LC50) of extract against 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and pupae were 324.6, 495.6 and 950.8 ppm, respectively. During the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) bottle bioassay for adulticidal activity, the median knockdown times (KDT50) at 1.25% concentration was 123.4 minutes. During the filter paper impregnation bioassay for adulticidal activity, the KDT50 value at 0.138 mg/cm2 concentration was 48.6 minutes. The extract was fractionated into 14 fractions through silica gel column chromatography which were then combined into six fractions on the basis of similar retention factor (Rf) value. These fractions were screened for adulticidal activity by applying CDC bottle bioassay. The fraction obtained through 60:40 to 50:50% n-hexanes-chloroform mobile phase with 0.5 Rf value showed 100% adulticidal activity at 0.2% concentration. During oviposition deterrent activity, the highest concentration (1000 ppm) showed 71.3 ± 4.4% effective repellence and 0.6 ± 0.1 oviposition activity index. During adult emergence inhibition activity, the median emergence inhibition (EI50) value was 312.3 ppm. From the outcome of the present investigation, it is concluded that the n-hexane extract of C. botrys whole- plant possesses strong larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibitory activities against Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Resumo Por ser o vetor do vírus do Nilo Ocidental e da falaríase, o controle de Culex quinquefasciatus Say é provavelmente essencial. O tratamento com inseticida sintético parece ser mais eficaz para o controle dos mosquitos vetores. No entanto, esses produtos são tóxicos para o meio ambiente e organismos não visados. Consequentemente, o controle ecológico dos mosquitos vetores é necessário. Nesse sentido, o inseticida botânico parece mais produtivo. Portanto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a eficácia do extrato metanólico e de várias frações, incluindo n-hexano, acetato de etila, clorofórmio e fração aquosa, obtidos do extrato metanólico de Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. e Justicia adhatoda L. usando funil de separação contra os estágios larval, pupal e adulto de C. quinquefasciatus. As larvas e pupas de C. quinquefasciatus foram expostas a várias concentrações (31,25-1000 ppm) de extrato metanólico, e suas frações por 24 horas de período de exposição. Para o bioensaio knock-down (bioensaio de impregnação de papel de filtro), diferentes concentrações do extrato metanólico e suas várias frações (ou seja, 0,0625, 0,125, 0,25, 0,5 e 1 mg / mL) foram aplicadas por um período de exposição de 1 hora. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente usando desvio padrão, análise Probit e regressão linear. Os valores de R2 de larvas, pupas e adultos variaram de 0,4 a 0,99. Os valores de LC50 (concentração que causa 50% de mortalidade) para larvas de terceiro estádio tardio após 24 horas de período de exposição variaram de 93-1856,7 ppm, enquanto os valores de LC90 variaram de 424-7635,5ppm. Os valores de LC50 para pupas variaram de 1326,7-6818,4 ppm e os valores de LC90 variaram de 3667,3-17427,9 ppm, respectivamente. O KDT50 variou de 0,30 a 2,8% e os valores de KDT90 variaram de 1,2 a 110,8%, respectivamente. Por fim, a espécie J. adhatoda pôde ser eficaz para controlar populações de mosquitos vetores.

Abstract Being vector of West Nile Virus and falariasis the control of Culex quinquefasciatus is likely to be essential. Synthetic insecticide treatment is looking most effective for vectors mosquito control. However, these products are toxic to the environment and non-target organisms. Consequently, ecofriendly control of vectors mosquito is needed. In this regard botanical insecticide is looking more fruitful. Therefore, the present research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of methanolic extract and various fractions, including, n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, chloroform, and aqueous fraction, obtained from methanolic extract of Ailanthus altissima, Artemisia scoparia, and Justicia adhatoda using separating funnel against larval, pupal, and adult stages of Culex quinquefasciatus. The larvae and pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus were exposed to various concentrations (31.25-1000 ppm) of methanolic extract and its fractions for 24 hours of exposure period. For knock-down bioassay (filter paper impregnation bioassay) different concentration of the methanolic extract and its various fractions (i.e. 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1mg/mL) were applied for 1 hour exposure period. The results were statistically analysed using standard deviation, probit analysis, and linear regression. The R2 values of larvae, pupae, and adult range from 0.4 to 0.99. The values of LC50 (concentration causing 50% mortality) for late 3rd instar larvae after 24 hours exposure period range from 93-1856.7 ppm, while LC90 values range from 424 -7635.5ppm. The values of LC50for pupae range form 1326.7-6818.4ppm and and values of LC90 range from 3667.3-17427.9ppm, respectively. The KDT50 range from 0.30 to 2.8% and KDT90 values range from1.2 to 110.8%, respectively. In conclusion, Justicia adhatoda may be effective for controlling populations of vector mosquito.

ABSTRACT: Sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (F.) is the primary sugarcane pest in Brazil. To estimate the relationship between larvae in sugarcane stalks and captures of male adults of D. saccharalis, we collected samples weekly: (1) adults with one delta trap with three virgin females and three female pupae and (2) larvae in 120 stalks per plot of 12.6 hectares (355 × 355 m). The study was conducted in two sites with five plots each, in the municipalities of Nova Ponte and Tupaciguara, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from July 2016 to May 2017. Relationships between (1) males trapped per week and the number of larvae outside of stalks (LOS) were estimated and (2) we evaluated climate variables, namely average temperature, average relative air humidity, hours with relative air humidity below 30 %, rainfall and number of rainy days, and adults and larvae of D. saccharalis. We obtained generalized linear models for LOS in autumn and for larvae inside the stalks (LIS) in spring and autumn and trapped males in both sites. A significant and direct relationship between LIS and males trapped allows predicting larvae density based on captures of males. In addition, plant damage can be estimated based on accumulated captures of males. There was a negative relationship between hours of air humidity < 30 % and larvae outside of stalks. Densities of LIS can be estimated from male captures and by the humidity variables in the trapping week. Nevertheless, the models require validation in the field.

The leaf miner, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a polyphagous fly, which infests a wide range of vegetables and ornamental plants. However, scant knowledge exists of the biology and ecology of the pest in the Western Cape province of South Africa, both of which are essential components in developing an effective management programme. Several aspects of its biology and ecology were studied in two potato [Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae)] fields in the Sandveld region during both winter and summer months. The population densities of adult L. huidobrensis were monitored using yellow sticky traps, which were retrieved and counted once every two weeks (June 2019 to January 2020). The number of leaf miner adults caught throughout the summer and winter monitoring periods was significantly different. In addition, 50 randomly selected plants were assessed for leaf damage (in the form of punctures and mines) using presence/ absence sampling. Leaf miner persistence within the soil was confirmed through one-time soil sampling of the two fields, one month after harvesting. Leaf miner pupae were detected in the soil samples after the potatoes were harvested. However, no adult emergence was recorded among the collected pupae under laboratory conditions. The observed trend was that the traps, in both fields, caught an increasing number of leaf miners as the crops matured. Damage occurred in both the monitored fields as early as week four, after plant emergence. Of the five parasitoid species collected, Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was the most abundant.

Abstract Cordyceps militaris stromata on Antheraea pernyi pupae contain various active components, including cordycepin, adenosine, polysaccharides, and amino acids. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the liquid culture conditions for C. militaris before its injection into A. pernyi pupae. A pH of 7.56 ± 0.02, a culture temperature of 20.5 ± 0.1 °C, a culture time of 110.5 ± 0.5 h, and a KH2PO4 concentration of 1.11 ± 0.01 g l−1 resulted in a C. militaris dry weight of 1.0226 g l−1. Experimental and predicted values were similar. The RSM optimization increased the number of fruiting bodies (17 to 22) and the average fruiting body length (6.9 cm to 7.9 cm), while also deepening the yellow colouration of the fruiting bodies. The adenosine, cordycepin, polysaccharide, carotenoid, and cordycepic acid contents increased by 12.52%, 7.67%, 3.03%, 14.93%, and 0.02%, respectively, after the optimization. However, the optimization did not alter the number of different amino acids (18) or the total amino acid content, even though the contents of certain amino acids changed somewhat. These finding may be useful for increasing the yield of C. militaris stromata on A. pernyi pupae, which will increase the profitability of C. militaris production.

Abstract Larvae of Leucothyreus spp. have been reported causing damage to several crops in Brazil. From May 2012 to April 2013, adults and immatures of Leucothyreus alvarengai Frey (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Rutelinae) samples were obtained from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) (Poaceae) fields in the municipalities of Naviraí and Nova Andradina, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Adults were collected with the aid of light traps, whereas immatures were sampled by opening two trench sizes (30 x 30 x 30 cm and 80 x 50 x 40 cm) in the soil, beside the plants. The collected larvae were reared in laboratory conditions, fed by sugarcane seedlings. The biological cycle of L. alvarengai was completed in 230 days, displaying three larval instars with mean size of the cephalic capsule of 1.68, 2.46, and 3.00 mm for the first, second, and third instar, respectively. Adults were collected in greater numbers in December 2012, and first-instar larvae were observed as of January 2013. Conversely, pupae were observed in the field from July 2012 to January 2013. This is the first record of larvae and adults of L. alvarengai in sugarcane fields in Mato Grosso do Sul state, contributing with the knowledge about its biology and temporal distribution in the field.

Abstract Production and sale of botanical insecticides depend on knowing the potential opportunities for these products. Essential oils from plants secondary metabolism can control pests, especially in agricultural systems where synthetic insecticides are limited, as in organic agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of essential oils to Diaphania hyalinata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and to show regions with the potential to use Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus sinensis, and Syzygium aromaticum in the formulation and commercialization of insecticides to control this insect. The C. zeylanicum oil was more toxic to larvae and pupae and the S. aromaticum to eggs of D. hyalinata. Essential oils are an alternative for the management of D. hyalinata. The production of pesticides from essential oils of C. zeylanicum, C. sinensis, and S. aromaticum to control D. hyalinata has high potential in America. Also, Asia, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia can extract these plants to formulate insecticide molecules for the America countries. products pests limited agriculture Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Crambidae sinensis insect C S D Also Africa Europe East countries

Abstract In this work, we report for the first time the occurrence of the parasitoid wasp Brachymeria amenocles (Walker, 1846) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated with the larvae of the flesh fly, Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), in Brazil. This parasitoid species was collected together with the species Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius, 1787), in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, geographically located in the Southeast region of Brazil, in larvae of the same host species reared in the same attraction substrate, behaving as solitary parasitoids. A trap containing putrefying sardine was exposed for 48 h, in the upper part of a house, located in Vila Isabel, an urban area. The larvae collected were reared in the laboratory without control of environmental conditions. A total of three adult parasitoid wasps of the species B. podagrica, and nine adult parasitoid wasps of the species B. amenocles emerged from 12 host pupae, resulting in a prevalence of parasitoidism of 4.8% and 14.5%, respectively. Developing parasitoids at the pupal phase were observed in another 34 host pupae dissected.

ABSTRACT Caloptilia stigmatella (Fabricius) is recorded for the first time as part of the flora-mining microlepidoptera in the Chapala Riviera in Jalisco, Mexico on a climbing plant identified as Serjania recemosa Schumach, a new host plant. To obtain the adults, larvae, and pupae of Caloptilia stigmatella, collections of leaves with signs of damage due to mining caused by the larvae were made, which were placed in an incubation chamber with controlled temperature and humidity. This gracilarid was originally described in England and is currently distributed throughout Europe, Asia, Canada, and the United States of America feeding on several species of the Salicaceae family, mainly the Salix spp. and Populus spp. genera. Although reports indicate that Caloptilia stigmatella shows a Holarctic distribution, there may be a migration trend towards the Neotropical zone, and despite its preference for feeding on plants of the Salicaceae family, here we find it feeding on a species of Sapindaceae

RESUMEN Se registra por primera vez a Caloptilia stigmatella (Fabricius) como parte de la entomofauna de microlepidópteros minadores de la flora en la Rivera de Chapala en Jalisco, México, sobre una planta trepadora identificada como Serjania recemosa Schumach, nueva planta hospedera. Para la obtención de los adultos, larvas y pupas de Caloptilia stigmatella, se realizaron colectas de hojas con señales de daños por minaduras causadas por las larvas, las cuales fueron colocadas en una cámara de incubación con temperatura y humedad controladas. Este gracilárido fue originalmente descrito en Inglaterra y actualmente se distribuye por toda Europa, Asia, Canadá y en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, alimentándose en varias especies de la familia Salicaceae, principalmente en los géneros Salix spp. y Populus spp. Aunque los reportes indican que Caloptilia stigmatella muestra una distribución Holártica, es posible que exista una tendencia de migración hacia la zona Neotropical y a pesar de su preferencia de alimentación por plantas de la familia Salicaceae, aquí la encontramos alimentándose de una especie de Sapindaceae.

ABSTRACT Vector-borne diseases are a cause of concern all around the world, especially in Brazil. In the past few years, the Brazilian health system faced recurrent epidemics such as Dengue and Malaria as well as new cases of Chikungunya, Zika and Yellow Fever. Vector control continues to be one of the most important counter measures against these types of diseases. Mathematical models are important tools for planning vector control strategies. In this work we present an approach in order to calculate what is the minimum vector control intensity to obtain stability in a simple population’s dynamics model of mosquitoes. We combined numerical simulations with analytic results. Transcritical bifurcations appear in our analysis considering different control’s parameters values for the eggs, larvae, pupae and adults mosquitoes populations. A discussion about combined strategies of vector control was also showed. Vectorborne borne world Brazil years Chikungunya Fever populations population s results controls eggs larvae showed

Abstract Development of transgenic crops with stable gene inheritance and expression over generations is important for effective deployment at field level. In present study, T1 plants of pigeonpea cultivars AL15 and AL201 were evaluated for the presence and expression of cry1Ab gene and protection against Maruca pod borer. Cry1Ab protein in transgene carrying T1 plants ranged from 0.72 to 0.87 µg/g flower tissue. In vitro insect bioassay demonstrated up to 49.17 and 53.80% loss in larval body weight after four days of infesting T1 transgenic flowers and pods, respectively. Further, no adults emerged from the pupae of larvae fed on transgenic plants 15-537 and 201-344. All T2 progeny plants of 15-537 exhibited cry1Ab presence; likewise, all T3 progeny plants derived from homozygous T2 plant (15-537-5) displayed presence and expression of transgene, thus establishing stable transgene integration in T1 plants, followed by its stable inheritance and expression in T2 and T3 generations.

Abstract The Parachrysina paraparica larvae Deloya & Morón, 1988 is described for the first time based on specimens from the Tehuacan Valley, Santa Ana locality, Teloxtoc municipality, Puebla, Mexico. Larvae were collected from the roots of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) and reared to pupae and adults. Illustrations of important structures and comments on their biology are included.

Resumen La larva de Parachrysina parapatrica Deloya y Morón, 1988 se describe por primera vez con base a especímenes procedentes del Valle de Tehuacán, localidad de Santa Ana, municipio de Teloxtoc, Puebla, México. Las larvas se recolectaron en raíces de amaranto (Amaranthus hipochondriacus L.) y se criaron hasta obtener pupas y adultos. Se incluyen ilustraciones de las estructuras de importancia taxonómica y comentarios sobre su biología.