Resumen Introducción: el dengue es una enfermedad endémica en el municipio de San José del Guaviare. En el 2010, el 2014, el 2018 y el 2022 se registraron epidemias. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser endémico, este no cuenta con una focalización que permita priorizar acciones. Objetivo: estratificar el riesgo de dengue en el municipio de San José del Guaviare en 2022, mediante el uso de variables epidemiológicas, entomológicas, socioeconómicas y ambientales para la planificación de acciones de prevención y control. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se categorizó el nivel de riesgo para dengue de los barrios del municipio, integrando la persistencia e incidencia acumulada de dengue, índice pupal de Aedes aegypti, estrato socioeconómico y acceso de agua potable. La categorización de cada una de las variables se realizó por terciles, se calcularon medidas de tendencia central (promedio, mediana). Para su análisis la información fue procesada y organizadas en tablas y cartografía de riesgo. Resultados: en la variable entomológica, el 43,5% (10/23) de los barrios presentaron un alto índice de pupas Aedes aegypti. En la variable epidemiológica, el 52,3% (23/44) de los barrios se categorizaron en alta transmisión. En la variable ambiental, el 76,2% (32/42) de los barrios se categorizaron en nivel de riesgo medio. Según la variable socioeconómica, el 83,3% (35/42) de los barrios se categorizaron en riesgo alto. Al integrar las variables analizadas, los barrios se categorizaron para la transmisión de dengue en: riesgo muy alto 23,4% (11/47), riesgo alto 31,9% (15/47), riesgo medio 8,5% (4/47) y riesgo bajo 34,0% (16/47). Conclusiones: en la integración final de riesgo aquellos barrios que se clasificaron en muy alto y alto riesgo para la transmisión de dengue, se deben focalizar las acciones de control, promoción y prevención del municipio. Igualmente, se debe continuar con la estratificación en períodos estacionales por cambios en las condiciones ecológicas del vector y dinámicas de transmisión.

Background Dengue is an endemic disease in this municipality, epidemics were recorded in 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022. Despite being endemic, it does not have a focus that allows prioritizing actions. The objective of this research was to stratify the risk of dengue in the municipality of San José del Guaviare in 2022, through the use of epidemiological, entomological, socioeconomic and environmental variables for the planning of prevention and control actions. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The level of risk for dengue in the neighborhoods of the municipality was categorized, integrating the persistence and cumulative incidence of dengue, Aedes aegypti pupal index, socioeconomic stratum, and access to drinking water. The categorization of each of the variables was carried out by tertiles, measures of central tendency (mean, median) were calculated. For its analysis, the information was processed and organized into tables and risk cartography. Results: In the entomological variable, 43.5% (10/23) of the neighborhoods had a high rate of Aedes aegypti pupae. In the epidemiological variable, 52.3% (23/44) of the neighborhoods were categorized as having high transmission. In the environmental variable, 76.2% (32/42) of the neighborhoods were categorized as a medium risk level. According to the socioeconomic variable, 83.3% (35/42) of the neighborhoods were categorized as high risk. By integrating the variables analyzed, the neighborhoods were categorized for dengue transmission as: very high risk 23.4% (11/47), high risk 31.9% (15/47), medium risk 8.5% (4 /47) and low risk 34.0% (16/47). Conclusions: In the final integration of risk, those neighborhoods that were classified as very high and high risk for dengue transmission should focus on the control, promotion and prevention actions of the municipality. Continue with the stratification in seasonal periods due to changes in the ecological conditions of the vector and transmission dynamics.

ABSTRACT Plutella xylostella is one of the most important pests of brassicaceous crops around the world. Indoxacarb is widely used to control lepidopteran pest larvae. This insecticide has slow activity and prolonged residual effects which impact the habits and physiology of pests. The objective was to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of indoxacarb on the biology and development time of the diamondback moth. Selection pressure of the insecticide indoxacarb was carried out on P. xylostella, applying the LC20 of the previous generation for the next ten generations, the LC20 of the resistant line (G10) was calculated and this concentration was subsequently applied to L3 larvae. The effect on the percentage and weight of pupae, adult emergence and oviposition for two generations was evaluated; in addition, the development time of egg, larva, pupa and adult. The results showed that resistance and exposure to LC20 of indoxacarb caused changes in the biology and development of P. xyllostella. This was manifested in an increase in the percentage and weight of formed pupae and emergence of adults, along with a prolongation of development time of more than 10 days. However, a decrease of more than 50% in the number of eggs per female was observed.

RESUMEN Plutella xylostella es una plaga de las más importantes en los cultivos de brassicaceas alrededor del mundo. El indoxacarb se utiliza ampliamente para el control de larvas de lepidópteros plaga. Este insecticida presenta una actividad lenta y efectos residuales prolongados los cuales impactan los hábitos y la fisiología de las plagas. Como objetivo se estableció la evaluación del efecto de concentraciones subletales de indoxacarb en la biología y tiempo de desarrollo de la palomilla dorso de diamante. Se realizó presión de selección del insecticida indoxacarb sobre P. xylostella, aplicando la CL20 de la generación anterior por las siguientes diez generaciones, se calculó la CL20 de la línea resistente (G10) y posteriormente se aplicó esta concentración a larvas de L3. Se evaluó el efecto en el porcentaje y peso de pupas, emergencia de adultos y oviposición para dos generaciones; además, del tiempo de desarrollo de huevo, larva, pupa y adulto. Los resultados mostraron que la resistencia y la exposición a CL20 de indoxacarb provocaron cambios en la biología y el desarrollo de P. xyllostella. Esto se manifestó en un aumento del porcentaje y peso de pupas formadas y emergencia de adultos, junto con una prolongación del tiempo de desarrollo de más de 10 días. Sin embargo, se observó una disminución de más del 50% en el número de huevos por hembra.

Resumen El minador sudamericano de la hoja del tomate (TLM), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), es una plaga importante del tomate, la papa y otras especies solanáceas de relevancia económica. El manejo de plagas de TLM basado en el uso de insecticidas convencionales puede ser problemático debido a diversas causas, entre ellas, la reducción de los beneficios económicos por los altos costos de los insecticidas, la destrucción de las poblaciones de enemigos naturales, la presencia de residuos de insecticidas en los frutos del tomate y el rápido desarrollo de resistencia a los insecticidas, especialmente cuando se alcanzan niveles elevados de infestación. La búsqueda de compuestos activos menos persistentes beneficiaría a la producción hortícola, así como al medio ambiente y a los consumidores. En el presente estudio, evaluamos la toxicidad de un extracto de hexano en diferentes concentraciones obtenido de frutos frescos del árbol del paraíso Melia azedarach L. (MA), sobre huevos de TLM, larvas de segundo estadio y pupas mediante pruebas de contacto en el laboratorio. Los resultados indicaron que, al aumentar las concentraciones, también aumentaba la mortalidad de huevos, larvas y pupas. El análisis de los datos probit mostró que la CL50 para el extracto de MA en huevos de TLM, larvas del segundo estadio y pupas fueron 948,93, 346,72 y 1,75 μl/ml, respectivamente. Concluimos que este extracto tiene potencial para controlar T. absoluta, pero se deben realizar más estudios ecotoxicológicos para concluir sobre su seguridad en otros organismos y el medio ambiente.

Abstract The South American tomato leaf miner (TLM), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important pest of tomato, potato and other solanaceous species of economic relevance. Pest management of TLM based on the use of conventional insecticides can be problematic due to various causes, among them, the reduced economical profits from high insecticide costs, the destruction of natural enemies’ populations, the presence of insecticide residues on tomato fruits and the rapid development of insecticide resistance, especially when high levels of infestation are reached. The search for less-persistent active compounds would benefit horticultural production, as well as the environment and consumers. In the current study, we evaluated the toxicity of a hexane extract at different concentrations obtained from the chinaberry tree Melia azedarach L. (MA) fresh fruits, on TLM eggs, 2nd instar larvae and pupae by means of contact tests in the laboratory. Results indicated that with increasing concentrations, mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae also increased. Analysis of probit data showed that LC50 for MA extract in TLM eggs, 2nd instar larvae and pupae were 948.93, 346.72 and 1.75 μl/ml, respectively. We conclude that this extract has potential for controlling T. absoluta but further ecotoxicological studies should be carried out to conclude on its safety in other organisms and the environment.

Abstract To determine the species composition, relative abundance and seasonal variation of different mosquitoes Genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Culiseta) in different habitats the present research work was carried out in Entomology Research Laboratory of The University of Peshawar. Sampling performed from variety of permanent and temporary breeding habitats was carried out on monthly basis from targeted breeding sites for two consecutive years through dipping method. Species diversity in the survey sites was noted. Collection from these seventeen various types of potential larval habitats, yielded a total of 42,430 immature constituting 41,556 larvae and 874 pupae. Among these only 19,651 adult mosquitoes emerged comprising 11,512 female and 8,139 male mosquitoes. 78% (n= 15333) of mosquito larvae were from permanent and 22% (n=4318) were from temporary breeding sites. This study showed that Peshawar valley harbours 15 species from the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex and Culiseta. When the density of each species was examined, Culex quinquifasciatus was found to be dominant (79%) and constant in distribution. Among the temporary habitats Aedes albopictus was found as the most prevalent species particularly from tree holes and water cisterns. The highest intensity of mosquitoes was in June (2243 emerged adults) and November (2667 emerged adults) while the lowest was in January (203 emerged adults). A perfect positive correlation (r = +0.8) was found between temperature and population of mosquitoes (df 10 and α 0.05). The species diversity index for mosquitoes remained between 0.12 and 1.76. The Margalef’s richness components was noticeably low for bamboo traps (0.2) and fairly high for rice fields, Percolating water and Animal tracks (1.3) which shows the abundance of mosquito species in these habitats. Similarly Pielou’s Evenness was highest for bamboo traps (E=1) showing species uniform distribution. Animal tracks were presumed not only the diverse habitat rather also possessed high value for species richness and species evenness. Temperature, rainfall, humidity and other related attributes responsible for species variation and abundance need to be analysed further to pave way for controlling vector species in their oviposition targeted sites. composition (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta method noted 42430 42 430 42,43 41556 41 556 41,55 87 pupae 19651 19 651 19,65 11512 11 512 11,51 8139 8 139 8,13 78 n= n (n 15333 22 n=4318 n4318 4318 (n=4318 1 examined 79% 79 (79% distribution cisterns 2243 (224 adults 2667 (266 203 (20 adults. . r +0.8 08 0 df 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) 012 12 0.1 176 76 1.76 Margalefs Margalef s 0.2 02 2 (0.2 fields 1.3 13 3 (1.3 Pielous Pielou E=1 E1 E (E=1 evenness Temperature rainfall 4243 4 43 42,4 4155 55 41,5 1965 65 19,6 1151 51 11,5 813 8,1 7 1533 n=431 n431 431 (n=431 (79 224 (22 266 (26 20 (2 +0. 00 0.0 01 0. 17 1.7 (0. 1. (1. E= (E= 424 42, 415 5 41, 196 6 19, 115 11, 81 8, 153 n=43 n43 (n=43 (7 26 ( +0 (0 (1 (E n=4 n4 (n=4 +

Resumo Para determinar a composição de espécies, abundância relativa e variação sazonal de diferentes gêneros de mosquitos (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta) em diferentes habitats, o presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Entomologia da Universidade de Peshawar. A amostragem coletada a partir de uma variedade de habitats de reprodução permanentes e temporários foi realizada mensalmente a partir de locais de reprodução alvo por 2 anos consecutivos através do método de imersão. A diversidade de espécies nos locais de pesquisa foi anotada. A coleta desses 17 tipos diferentes de habitats larvais potenciais rendeu um total de 42.430 imaturos, constituindo 41.556 larvas e 874 pupas. Destes, emergiram apenas 19.651 mosquitos adultos, sendo 11.512 fêmeas e 8.139 machos. 78% (n = 15333) das larvas do mosquito eram de criadouros permanentes e 22% (n = 4318) de criadouros temporários. Este estudo mostrou que o vale de Peshawar abriga 15 espécies dos gêneros Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta. Quando a densidade de cada espécie foi examinada, Culex quinquifasciatus foi considerado dominante (79%) e constante na distribuição. Entre os habitats temporários, o Aedes albopictus foi encontrado como a espécie mais prevalente, principalmente em ocos de árvores e cisternas de água. A maior intensidade de mosquitos foi em junho (2.243 adultos emergidos) e novembro (2.667 adultos emergidos), enquanto a menor foi em janeiro (203 adultos emergidos). Uma correlação positiva perfeita (r = +0,8) foi encontrada entre temperatura e população de mosquitos (DF 10 e α 0,05). O índice de diversidade de espécies de mosquitos permaneceu entre 0,12 e 1,76. Os componentes de riqueza de Margalef foram visivelmente baixos para armadilhas de bambu (0,2) e razoavelmente altos para campos de arroz, água percolada e rastros de animais (1,3), o que mostra a abundância de espécies de mosquitos nesses habitats. Da mesma forma, a uniformidade de Pielou foi maior para armadilhas de bambu (E = 1), mostrando distribuição uniforme das espécies. As pegadas de animais foram presumidas não apenas como habitat diverso, mas também possuíam alto valor para riqueza e uniformidade de espécies. Temperatura, chuva, umidade e outros atributos relacionados responsáveis pela variação e abundância das espécies precisam ser analisados mais a fundo para abrir caminho para o controle de espécies de vetores em seus locais de oviposição alvo. (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta imersão anotada 1 42430 42 430 42.43 imaturos 41556 41 556 41.55 87 pupas Destes 19651 19 651 19.65 11512 11 512 11.51 8139 8 139 8.13 machos 78 n 15333 22 4318 examinada 79% 79 (79% prevalente 2.243 2243 243 (2.24 emergidos 2.667 2667 667 (2.66 emergidos, , 203 (20 emergidos. . r +0,8 08 0 DF 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) 012 12 0,1 176 76 1,76 0,2 02 (0,2 arroz 1,3, 13 1,3 3 (1,3) forma E 1, 1) diverso Temperatura chuva 4243 4 43 42.4 4155 55 41.5 1965 65 19.6 1151 51 11.5 813 8.1 7 1533 431 (79 2.24 224 24 (2.2 2.66 266 66 (2.6 20 (2 +0, 00 0,0 01 0, 1,7 (0, (1,3 424 42. 415 5 41. 196 6 19. 115 11. 81 8. 153 (7 2.2 (2. 2.6 26 ( +0 (0 (1, 2. + (1

Abstract Zatrephina lineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a phytophagous insect, mainly of plants of the genera Ipomoea and Mikania. The objective was to study the development, survival and to describe the life stages of Z. lineata fed on leaves of Ipomoea pes-caprae. Biological observations were made daily with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope and the instars of this insect identified by the exuvia left between one moulting and the next. The duration of development and survival of the egg, larva and pupa stages and the first, second, third, fourth and fifth instars and of the nymph stage of Z. lineata differed, but not between sexes of this insect. The duration of development of Z. lineata was longer in the larval stage and in the fifth instar, and its survival greater in the egg and pupa stages and in the first and fifth instars. Zatrephina lineata eggs, cream-colored, are ellipsoid and deposited in groups on the adaxial surface of older I. pes-caprae leaves. The larvae of this insect go through five instars, with the first three being gregarious with chemo-behavioral defenses. The exarated pupae of Z. lineata, light yellow in color and with an oval shape flattened dorsoventrally, attach to the abaxial surface of the I. pes-caprae leaves. The shape of adults of this insect is oval, straw yellow in color with lighter longitudinal stripes and females are slightly larger than males. Coleoptera (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Mikania Z pescaprae. pescaprae pes caprae. caprae next second third differed instar eggs creamcolored, creamcolored cream colored, colored cream-colored I chemobehavioral chemo behavioral defenses dorsoventrally males

Resumo Zatrephina lineata (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) é um inseto fitófago, principalmente de plantas dos gêneros Ipomoea e Mikania. O objetivo foi estudar o desenvolvimento, a sobrevivência e descrever as fases de vida de Z. lineata alimentada com folhas de Ipomoea pes-caprae. Observações biológicas foram feitas diariamente com auxílio de microscópio estereoscópico e os ínstares desse inseto identificados pela exúvia deixada entre uma muda e outra. A duração do desenvolvimento e sobrevivência dos estágios de ovo, larva e pupa e dos primeiro, segundo, terceiro, quarto e quinto ínstares e do periodo ninfal de Z. lineata diferiu, mas não entre os sexos deste inseto. A duração do desenvolvimento de Z. lineata foi maior na fase larval e no quinto ínstar, e sua sobrevivência maior nas fases de ovo e pupa e no primeiro e quinto ínstares. Os ovos de Z. lineata, de cor creme, são elipsoides e depositados em grupos na superfície adaxial das folhas mais velhas de I. pes-caprae. As larvas desse inseto passam por cinco ínstares, sendo os três primeiros gregários com defesas quimio-comportamentais. As pupas exaradas de Z. lineata, de cor amarelo claro e formato oval achatado dorsoventralmente, fixam-se na superfície abaxial das folhas de I. pes-caprae. O formato dos adultos deste inseto é oval, de cor amarelo palha com listras longitudinais mais claras e as fêmeas são ligeiramente maiores que os machos. Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1787 Coleoptera (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae fitófago Mikania Z pescaprae. pescaprae pes caprae. caprae pes-caprae outra segundo terceiro diferiu ínstar creme I quimiocomportamentais. quimiocomportamentais quimio comportamentais. comportamentais quimio-comportamentais dorsoventralmente fixamse fixam se machos 178 17 1

Resumo Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é descrita com base em dados morfológicos, moleculares e ecológicos; esta nova espécie Chalcididae atua como hiperparasitoide de Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) em pupas de seu parasitoide Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Caracteres diagnósticos morfológicos e moleculares e ilustrações de H. camobiensis são fornecidos.

Abstract Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described based on morphological, molecular and ecological data; this new species of chalcid wasp acts as hyperparasitoid of Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in its parasitoid Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Diagnoses with morphological and molecular characters and illustrations are provided.

ABSTRACT Duponchelia fovealis is an important pest in strawberry crops. In search of an alternative biological control method, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of a diet composed of Ephestia kuehniella or D. fovealis eggs offered to Chrysoperla externa larvae on their subsequent development and survival under controlled conditions. Biological and reproductive parameters of C. externa were assessed. Additionally, the daily predation of D. fovealis eggs by C. externa was analyzed. Finally, a fertility life table was constructed. The egg-to-pupa development time differed significantly between diets. The weights of firstand second-generation male C. externa pupae were significantly higher when fed on D. fovealis eggs. Males tended to live longer on a diet based on D. fovealis eggs, but females presented no significant differences between diets. The oviposition period tended to be longer for C. externa fed on D. fovealis eggs. The time between generations and the net reproductive rate were greater for C. externa fed on D. fovealis eggs. The results showed that D. fovealis eggs are a suitable diet for the development of C. externa. This information is important for developing protocols for the use of C. externa as a biocontrol agent against this pest. crops method D conditions C assessed Additionally analyzed Finally constructed eggtopupa egg pupa diets secondgeneration second generation

RESUMO Duponchelia fovealis é uma praga severa no cultivo do morangueiro. Na busca de uma alternativa de agente de controle biológico, avaliamos o impacto de uma dieta composta por ovos de Ephestia kuehniella ou D. fovealis oferecidas às larvas de Chrysoperla externa em seu subsequente desenvolvimento e sobrevivência, sob condições controladas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros biológicos e reprodutivos de C. externa e a predação diária de ovos de D. fovealis por C. externa. Por fim, foi construída a tabela de vida de fertilidade. A duração do período do ovo à pupa diferiu significativamente entre as dietas. O peso das pupas de C. externa foi significativamente maior quando alimentadas com ovos de D. fovealis para machos de primeira e segunda geração. Os machos tenderam a viver mais tempo com uma dieta baseada em ovos de D. fovealis, mas não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre as dietas para as fêmeas. O período de oviposição tendeu a ser mais longo em C. externa alimentada com ovos de D. fovealis. A predação média diária da primeira geração de C. externa foi afetada pela dieta. O tempo entre cada geração e a taxa líquida de reprodução foram maiores para C. externa alimentada com ovos de D. fovealis do que quando alimentada com ovos de E. kuehniella. Nossos resultados comprovaram que os ovos de D. fovealis são uma dieta adequada para o desenvolvimento de C. externa. Esta informação é valiosa no desenvolvimento de protocolos para o uso de C. externa como agente de controle desta praga. morangueiro biológico D sobrevivência controladas C fim fertilidade fêmeas E

ABSTRACT Great advances were made in recent years regarding the description of immatures of Cassidinae and their taxonomy as a whole, but many taxa remain undescribed. This study focuses on updating morphological data for Hybosa acutangula Spaeth, 1913 (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Ischyrosonychini), a tortoise beetle native of South America, which was collected in Fridericia florida (DC.) L. G. Lohmann in the Brazilian Cerrado. We provide descriptions and illustrations of the morphology of the larva, pupa, and genitalia of adults, all of which are novel for this genus. The main discerning features for this species among other Ischyrosonychini are the lack of dark patterns in the dorsum of either the larvae, being limited to the dark scoli and the cranium, or the pupae, and a much reduced anal fork. We also present the first record of parasitism by Chalcididae wasps, Brachymeria sp. Westwood, 1832 and Conura sp. Spinola, 1837. Morphological comparisons remain limited demanding further studies with other species of Ischyrosonychini, as to better understand the placement of this species within the taxonomy of tortoise beetles. whole undescribed Spaeth 191 Chrysomelidae (Chrysomelidae , Ischyrosonychini) America DC. DC (DC. L G Cerrado larva pupa adults genus larvae cranium pupae fork wasps sp Westwood 183 Spinola 1837 beetles 19 (DC 18 1

ABSTRACT Yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, has been associated with several severe human diseases. Larvae and adults of Ae. aegypti has been widely studied, but pupae have not received much attention. In this study, external morphology and chaetotaxy of Ae. aegypti pupae were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine additional morphological characteristics for proper species identification. Ae. aegypti pupae exhibit high mobility with rapid submergence in response to external disturbances. Pupae contact air through paired respiratory horns. A pupal body is covered with a translucent cuticle composed of a cephalothorax and a narrow, articulated abdomen. Anterior region of cephalothorax is occupied by mouthparts and a flattened head. Adult's compound eyes are visible on both sides of their head. Before compound eyes, antennae emerge in upper part and are bent in reverse along sides of thorax. First abdominal segment has two straightforward palmate bundles, essential for maintaining pupal body above water's surface. Compared to other eight abdominal segments, ninth is relatively tiny; it holds a couple of movable appendages called paddles which are fundamental organs in pupal movement, and a midrib supports them. This morphological analysis of pupae attributes of Ae. aegypti is critical for controlling mosquito-borne diseases and taxonomy. mosquito Ae studied attention study SEM (SEM identification disturbances horns narrow abdomen head Adults Adult s thorax bundles waters water surface segments tiny movement them mosquitoborne borne taxonomy

RESUMO O mosquito da febre amarela, Aedes aegypti, tem sido associado a várias doenças humanas graves. As larvas e os adultos do Ae. aegypti foram amplamente estudados, mas as pupas não receberam muita atenção. Neste estudo, a morfologia externa e a caetotaxia das pupas de Ae. aegypti foram investigadas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) para determinar características morfológicas adicionais para a identificação adequada da espécie. As pupas de Ae. aegypti apresentam alta mobilidade com rápida submersão em resposta a distúrbios externos. As pupas entram em contato com o ar por meio de chifres respiratórios emparelhados. O corpo da pupa é coberto por uma cutícula translúcida composta por um cefalotórax e um abdômen estreito e articulado. A região anterior do cefalotórax é ocupada por peças bucais e uma cabeça achatada. Os olhos compostos do adulto são visíveis em ambos os lados da cabeça. Antes dos olhos compostos, as antenas emergem na parte superior e são dobradas em sentido inverso ao longo das laterais do tórax. O primeiro segmento abdominal tem dois feixes palmados retos, essenciais para manter o corpo da pupa acima da superfície da água. Comparado com os outros oito segmentos abdominais, o nono é relativamente pequeno; ele possui dois apêndices móveis chamados pás, que são órgãos fundamentais no movimento da pupa, e uma nervura mediana os sustenta. Essa análise morfológica dos atributos das pupas do Ae. aegypti é fundamental para o controle de doenças transmitidas por mosquitos e para a taxonomia. amarela graves Ae estudados atenção estudo MEV (MEV espécie externos emparelhados articulado achatada tórax retos água abdominais pequeno pás sustenta taxonomia

ABSTRACT Nasonia vitripennis (Walker, 1836) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a parasitoid involved in the biological control of several insects, including blow flies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of economic importance. The aim of this study was to describe the morphological aspects of the immature stages of N. vitripennis and to record the postembryonic development time, using pupae of Chrysomya putoria (Wiedeman, 1830) as host. The experiment was conducted in a climatic chamber at 27°C/ day and 25°C/ night, with 60 ± 10% relative humidity and 14h photophase. Three experiment were conducted, each one with different host-parasitoid exposure times, of 12 hours, 16 hours and 24 hours respectively. In each experiment, the host:parasitoid relation applied was three host pupae of C. putoria to one parasitoid female. The experiment lasted 17 days, and it was used nine pupae per day totalizing 153 host pupae. The parasitoidism rate was 16.3% (12h), 40.5% (16h) and 94.1% (24h), respectively. The immature development duration of N. vitripennis with 16 and 24 hours of exposure, was as follows: egg stage (1st day), larvae (2nd to 6th day), prepupae (7th day), pupae (from 8th to 13th day) and pharate adult (14th day). The emergence of the adult parasitoids occurred on the 16th and 15th day with the exposure times of 16 and 24 hours, respectively. The exposure period of 24 hours was the ideal to observe the development time and to characterize the immature of N. vitripennis when compared to the 16 and 12 hours. Walker, Walker (Walker 1836 Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae insects Diptera, Diptera (Diptera Calliphoridae importance N Wiedeman, Wiedeman (Wiedeman 1830 27C C 27 27°C 25C 25 25°C night 6 10 h photophase hostparasitoid 1 2 respectively female days 15 163 3 16.3 12h, 12h , (12h) 405 40 5 40.5 16h (16h 941 94 94.1 24h, 24h (24h) follows 1st st day, 2nd nd th 7th from 14th day. . 183 16. (12h 4 40. 9 94. (24h 18

ABSTRACT The significant role of Aedes aegypti as a vector of several arboviruses has intensified studies on vector control tools, including Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits containing Pyriproxyfen (ATSB-PPF). PPF is an insect growth regulator (IGR) that has been used to control immature mosquitoes, but it also has direct effects on female reproduction. This study evaluated the effect of physical exposure of Ae. aegypti females with ATSB-PPF on fecundity and fertility at different times before and after blood meal. Females were confined in cages impregnated with ATSB-PPF at different concentrations (5, 50, and 500 ppm). One group of females was exposed to the baits 24 and 48 hours Before the Blood Meal (BBM), and in the other group, exposure occurred 24 and 48 hours After the Blood Meal (ABM). The number of eggs laid, larvae, and pupation rate were analyzed. Exposure of Ae. aegypti females to ATSB-PPF bait 24 hours after the blood meal was able to reduce the number of eggs laid, especially at the higher concentrations used, but the number of larvae obtained was reduced regardless of the exposure time to ATSB-PPF, i.e., 24 hours before or after the blood meal, or the concentration of PPF used. No changes were observed in the number of pupae from larvae obtained from eggs laid by mosquitoes exposed to ATSB-PPF. Physical exposure of mosquitoes to sugar baits is sufficient to reduce the investigated reproductive parameters of Ae. aegypti. tools ATSBPPF. ATSBPPF ATSB . (ATSB-PPF) IGR (IGR reproduction Ae 5, 5 (5 50 ppm. ppm ppm) 2 4 BBM, BBM , (BBM) ABM. ABM (ABM) analyzed ATSBPPF, PPF, ie i e i.e. PPF. (ATSB-PPF ( (BBM (ABM i.e

Resumo: Objetivo estudar a composição e a dinâmica populacional de Chironomidae (Diptera) de um riacho tropical de altitude no Equador. Métodos As amostras foram coletadas no rio Saltana entre abril de 2009 e novembro de 2010. Os parâmetros físico-químicos como fluxo, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade, pH e temperatura foram medidos em cada campanha de amostragem. Larvas e pupas foram coletadas com um amostrador Hess em diferentes substratos. Já os adultos foram amostrados com armadilhas anfíbias de emergência por 24 horas durante cada campanha de amostragem. Todo o material coletado foi triado e identificado no laboratório. A biomassa foi calculada usando o peso individual das larvas de diferentes ínstares multiplicado pela densidade de cada ínstar em cada amostra. Resultados Um total de 18 táxons larvais foi encontrado em 14 gêneros diferentes nas amostras bentônicas. A subfamília Orthocladiinae apresentou a maior riqueza (12 gêneros), seguida por Podonominae, Diamesinae e Chironominae, com dois gêneros cada. Os táxons mais frequentes foram Cricotopus sp3, C. (Oliveiriella) rieradevallae e Genus 1 sp a. As densidades totais flutuaram muito de um mês para outro, seguindo as mudanças das espécies mais abundantes, e apenas uma espécie mostrou relação com os substratos. Os valores de biomassa são mais baixos de junho a agosto em ambos os anos, o que corresponde à estação de alto fluxo. Conclusões A temperatura fria do rio Saltana durante todo o ano (6-7 °C) e a variabilidade do fluxo determinam os baixos valores de riqueza e densidade. Não está claro se os indivíduos apresentaram ciclos de vida muito curtos ou longos devido à temperatura constante durante todo o ano. No entanto, há uma clara assincronia nos ciclos de vida devido à presença de adultos emergentes ao longo do ano. Resumo Diptera (Diptera Equador 200 2010 físicoquímicos físico químicos dissolvido condutividade amostragem substratos 2 laboratório amostra bentônicas 12 (1 gêneros, , gêneros) Podonominae Chironominae sp3 C Oliveiriella (Oliveiriella outro abundantes anos 67 6 7 (6- °C entanto 20 201 ( (6

Abstract: Aim To study the composition and population dynamics of Chironomidae (Diptera) from a high-altitude tropical stream in Ecuador. Methods Samples were taken at Saltana River between April 2009 and November 2010. Physico-chemical parameters, such as flow, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, and temperature, were measured in each sampling campaign. Larvae and pupae sampling was conducted with a Hess sampler in different substrates. During each sampling campaign, adults were sampled using amphibious emergence traps for 24 hours. All materials collected were separated and classified in the laboratory. The biomass was calculated using the individual weight of the larvae of different instars multiplied by the density of each instar at each sample. Results A total of 18 larval taxa were found in 14 different genera in the benthic samples. The subfamily Orthocladiinae showed the highest richness (12 genera), followed by Podonominae, Diamesinae, and Chironominae, with two genera each. The most frequent taxa were Cricotopus sp.3, C. (Oliveiriella) rieradevallae, and Genus 1 sp.a. Total densities fluctuate very much from one month to another following the changes of the most abundant species, and only one species showed a relationship with the substrates. Biomass values are lower from June to August of both years, which matches the high flow season. Conclusions The Saltana River’s cold temperature (6-7 °C) and the flow variability determine the low richness, density and biomass throughout the year. It is unclear if individuals showed very short or long-life cycles due to constant temperature throughout the year. However, there is a clear asynchrony in life cycles due to the presence of emerging adults throughout the year. Abstract Diptera (Diptera highaltitude altitude Ecuador 200 2010 Physicochemical Physico chemical parameters oxygen conductivity pH campaign substrates 2 hours laboratory sample samples 12 (1 genera, , genera) Podonominae Diamesinae Chironominae sp3 sp 3 sp.3 C Oliveiriella (Oliveiriella rieradevallae spa sp.a years season Rivers s 67 6 7 (6- °C year longlife long However 20 201 ( sp. (6

Egeria densa is a submerged aquatic weed that can grow into dense monocultures in rivers and dams in South Africa, which negatively affects ecosystem functioning and services. The biological control agent Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior (Diptera: Ephydridae) was first released against Egeria densa Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae) in South Africa in 2018. Biotic resistance in an introduced range can have negative impacts on the ability of a biological control agent to establish and exert top-down pressure. Dipteran and lepidopteran species that are used as biological control agents are often susceptible to higher levels of parasitism in their introduced range than biological control agents from other insect orders. In addition, ecological analogues that are present in South Africa, make H. egeriae particularly vulnerable to biotic resistance. Considering this, post-release surveys were conducted to investigate if native parasitoids will extend their host range to include H. egeriae. Chaenusa seminervata van Achterberg, C. anervata van Achterberg (Braconidae: Alysiinae: Dacnusini) and Ademon lagarosiphonae van Achterberg (Braconidae: Opiinae) were reared from field-collected H. egeriae pupae, within a year of its release. These braconid parasitoids were previously recorded from a native herbivore, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae). Parasitism levels of H. egeriae ranged from 50 to 74% in cold months and 0 to 60% in warmer months, with higher levels of parasitism at a site where H. lagarosiphon naturally occurs. This study also found that cumulative release events of the biological control agent increase the probability of parasitism of field populations, by directly increasing the host pool. However, biological control efficacy can potentially be increased by limiting release efforts to a maximum of two release events per site per season, with particular focus on releasing in warm (i.e. spring/summer) months. Continued post-release surveys are necessary to not only monitor H. egeriae's impact on E. densa, but also to obtain a better understanding of seasonal parasitism levels across E. densa-invaded sites in South Africa.

Resumen La Reserva Natural Urutaú está ubicada en el suroeste de la provincia de Misiones, Argentina, entre los departamentos de Candelaria y Capital. Dicha provincia tiene un registro general de 194 especies de mosquitos incluyendo vectores de patógenos y parásitos que causan enfermedades al humano y animales. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la comunidad de mosquitos particularmente en el área de la reserva, comparar el desempeño de las técnicas de muestreo de adultos utilizada y considerar la importancia sanitaria de dicha comunidad. Se colectaron larvas, pupas y adultos. Comparando el número de especies e individuos adultos capturados con diferentes metodologías, red/aspirador fue la más eficaz para capturar diversidad de especies, mientras que la trampa de luz CDC lo fue para la variable número de individuos. Confirmamos 30 especies de mosquitos pertenecientes a nueve géneros, estando 12 de ellas implicadas en la transmisión de patógenos o parásitos. Entre ellas, Sabethes (Sabethes) albiprivus Theobald, la única especie de mosquito de la cual se ha aislado el Virus de la fiebre amarilla en Argentina. Adicionalmente, registramos Culex (Culex) lahillei Bachmann & Casal por primera vez en la provincia de Misiones, y tanto Aedes (Protomacleaya) terrens (Walker) como Culex (Melanoconion) ribeirensisForattini & Sallum son nuevas citas para el Departamento Capital, Misiones.

Abstract Urutaú Natural Reserve is a protected area in the southwest of Misiones province, Argentina. Regarding the mosquito fauna, 194 species have been recorded for Misiones province so far. It is known that many of them are vectors of pathogens and parasites that cause human and animal diseases. The objective of this work is to understand the mosquito community in order to consider their importance in pathogens and parasites transmission and compare different capturing techniques for mosquito diversity. Larvae, pupae and adults were collected. Comparing the number of species and individuals captured as adult with different methodologies, Net /insect hand aspirator was the most effective methodology capturing diversity of species while CDC light trap captured significantly higher number of individuals. We confirmed the presence of 30 mosquito species belonging to nine genera, of which 12 are suspected of being involved in pathogen transmission. Among them, Sabethes (Sabethes) albiprivus Theobald, the only mosquito from which the Yellow fever virus has been isolated in Argentina. Additionally, we recorded Culex (Culex) lahillei Bachmann & Casal for the first time in Misiones province, and Aedes (Protomacleaya) terrens (Walker) and Culex (Melanoconion) ribeirensis Forattini & Sallum are new citations for Capital Department, Misiones.

Resumen El minador del tomate, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), plaga clave del cultivo de tomate tanto en invernadero como en campo abierto, se ha extendido rápidamente por todo Irán. Este trabajo evaluó la eficacia de aislados nativos de tres especies de nematodos entomopatógenos (Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) contra larvas (fuera de la hoja y dentro de las galerías) y pupas de T. absoluta a varias concentraciones y tiempos en condiciones de laboratorio. Los experimentos se realizaron a 25 ± 2ºC, 65 ± 5% HR, y fotoperiodo 16L:8D h. El nematodo S. feltiae causó la mayor mortalidad para las larvas fuera de la galería (53,61%), seguido de una mortalidad del 45% para las larvas dentro de las galerías, y la menor mortalidad para las pupas (3,88%). El efecto de los juveniles infecciosos (JI) y del tiempo de exposición (TE) sobre la mortalidad larvaria en los diferentes tratamientos mostró una relación significativa (P< 0,01) entre JI y TE y sus interacciones. La mortalidad de las larvas y pupas de T. absoluta aumentó con más JI y más TE. La CL50 para S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae y H. bacteriophora fue de 156,01, 225,13 y 317,66 JIs/ml para las larvas de segundo estadio de T. absoluta (fuera de la galería) y de 296,31, 305,23 y 320,66 JIs/ml para larvas dentro de la galería, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, S. feltiae fue una especie más eficaz y puede sugerirse para estudios complementarios con el fin de encontrar un agente de biocontrol adecuado de la plaga.

Abstract The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) a key pest of tomato both in greenhouses and open-fields, has spread rapidly throughout Iran. The efficiency of native isolates of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) was evaluated against the tomato leafminer, T. absoluta larvae (outside leaf and inside galleries), and pupae at various concentrations and times in laboratory conditions. Experiments were conducted at 25 ± 2ºC, 65 ± 5% RH, and 16L:8D h photoperiod. S. feltiae nematode caused the highest mortality for larvae outside the gallery (53.61%), followed by 45% mortality for larvae inside galleries, and lowest mortality for pupae (3.88%). The effect of infective juveniles (IJ) and exposure time (ET) on larval mortality in different treatments showed a significant (P< 0.01) relationship between IJ and ET and their interactions. Mortality of the T. absoluta larvae and pupae rose with more IJ and longer exposure time. The LC50 for, S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora were 156.01, 225.13, and 317.66 IJs/ml for the second instar larvae of T. absoluta (outside the gallery), 296.31, 305.23 and 320.66 IJs/ml for inside gallery, respectively. Therefore, S. feltiae was a more effective species and can be suggested for complementary studies for finding a suitable biocontrol agent of the pest.