ABSTRACT This study aims to conduct a cytogenetic analysis on four South American feline species: the jaguar (Panthera onca), the puma (Puma concolor), the ocelot (Leopardus wiedii), and the domestic cat (Felis catus). We discovered that the jaguar and the puma mainly differ in their fundamental number of chromosomes. Furthermore, we observed a morphological difference in a pair of chromosomes between the jaguar and the domestic cat. This suggests that, over the course of evolution, there was a pericentric inversion in a pair of B4 group chromosomes, leading them to become part of the A group in the jaguar. When analyzing the puma, we noticed the presence of a fourth pair of chromosomes in the E group, along with a deletion in the F group. Additionally, we observed the presence of an additional pair of chromosomes in the C group in the ocelot. Another interesting aspect of the study was the location of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) on the chromosomes. To elucidate the origin of other chromosome pairs, we employed chromosomal banding techniques, allowing us to better understand the evolution of the C3 pair in the Leopardus genus and the E4 pair in the Puma genus. species Panthera onca, onca , onca) concolor, concolor concolor) wiedii, wiedii wiedii) Felis catus. catus . catus) Furthermore B Additionally NORs (NORs pairs techniques

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise citogenética em quatro espécies de felinos sul-americanos: a onça-pintada (Panthera onca), a suçuarana (Puma concolor), o gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus wiedii) e o gato doméstico (Felis catus). Descobriu-se que a onça-pintada e a suçuarana diferem principalmente em seu número fundamental de cromossomos. Além disso, notou-se uma diferença morfológica em um par de cromossomos entre a onça-pintada e o gato doméstico. Isso nos sugere que, ao longo da evolução, houve uma inversão pericêntrica em um par de cromossomos do grupo B4, que passou a fazer parte do grupo A na onça-pintada. Quando se analisou a suçuarana, observou-se a presença de um quarto par de cromossomos no grupo E, juntamente com uma deleção no grupo F. Isso sugere que, ao longo de sua evolução, a suçuarana também passou por uma inversão pericêntrica. A principal diferença entre o gato-do-mato-pequeno e o gato doméstico reside na ausência de cromossomos no grupo F devido à fusão de dois pares de cromossomos telocêntricos. Além disso, notou-se a presença de um par adicional de cromossomos no grupo C no gato-do-mato-pequeno. Outro aspecto interessante do estudo foi a localização das regiões organizadoras nucleolares (NOR) nos cromossomos. Descobriu-se que, tanto na onça-pintada quanto na suçuarana, as NORs estão localizadas no braço curto do par de cromossomos E1. Para elucidar a origem de outros pares de cromossomos, foram empregadas técnicas de bandamento cromossômico, o que permitiu entender melhor a evolução do par C3 no gênero Leopardus e do par E4 no gênero Puma. sulamericanos sul americanos sul-americanos onçapintada onça pintada Panthera onca, onca , onca) Puma concolor, concolor concolor) gatodomatopequeno mato pequeno wiedii Felis catus. catus . catus) Descobriuse Descobriu disso notouse notou B4 B onçapintada. pintada. observouse observou E telocêntricos gatodomatopequeno. pequeno. NOR (NOR E1 cromossômico

ABSTRACT: Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects animals and humans and is widespread among national ecological systems. We describe the anatomopathological and immunohistochemical findings of a case of rabies in a jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) found in a rural peri-domestic area after showing aggression and attacking two animals. Histopathology of brain tissue showed lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis associated with intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies in neurons, gliosis and neuronophagia. The diagnosis of rabies was based on the lesions and confirmed by immunohistochemistry and qPCR. In Brazil, rabies in wild felines of the genus Puma has only been described in animals through serological examinations. The pathological findings are essential for the diagnosis and elucidation of the participation of this species in the wild cycle of the disease, as well as in the maintenance and conservation of the balance of wild fauna. ABSTRACT systems Herpailurus yagouaroundi peridomestic peri domestic neurons neuronophagia qPCR Brazil examinations fauna

RESUMO: A raiva é uma doença viral fatal que afeta animais e o homem, estando disseminada entre os sistemas ecológicos nacionais. Descrevem-se os achados anatomopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de um caso de raiva em um jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), encontrado em área peridomiciliar rural, após apresentar agressividade e ataque a dois animais. Microscopicamente, observou-se meningoencefalite linfoplasmocítica associada a corpúsculos de inclusão intracitoplasmáticos eosinofílicos em neurônios, gliose e neuronofagia. O diagnóstico de raiva foi estabelecido pelos achados patológicos e confirmado por imuno-histoquímica e qPCR. A ocorrência de raiva em felinos silvestres do gênero Puma só foi descrita por meio de exames sorológicos. Os achados patológicos são essenciais para o diagnóstico e elucidação da participação desta espécie no ciclo silvestre da doença, bem como na manutenção e conservação do equilíbrio da fauna silvestre. RESUMO homem nacionais Descrevemse Descrevem se imunohistoquímicos imuno histoquímicos Herpailurus yagouaroundi, yagouaroundi , yagouaroundi) rural Microscopicamente observouse observou neurônios neuronofagia imunohistoquímica histoquímica qPCR sorológicos

Summary: Food insufficiency in corn and water and fertilizer crisis worldwide demand efficiency in the use of resources, increasing or conserving production. Thus, the objective of this research is to explore the response of four white maize hybrids released for valles Altos in two environments considering two population densities, two doses of fertilization and an unfertilized control group. Hybrids were evaluated in a factorial arrangement in Cuautitlan (FESC-UNAM) and Texcoco (CEVAMEX), Mexico State, at two planting densities (D1 = 75,000; D2 = 90,000 plants ha-1) with three fertilization treatments (F1 = 160-80-00, F2 = 120-40-00, F3 = 00-00-00). The completely randomized block design experiment was made up of the treatments and the combination of the factors 2×4×2×3 established in three repetitions. The means were compared with Tukey’s test (P < 0.05). In FESC-UNAM with less total water, the result of grain yield and water productivity was 5.96 Mg ha-1 and 1.29 kg m-3 in CEVAMEX 4.76 Mg ha-1 and 0.5 kg m-3; the Atziri Puma hybrid stood out with 6.52 Mg ha-1 and 1.09 kg m-3. No significant effect of planting density was observed and D1 resulted with 5.32 Mg ha-1 and 0.9 kg m-3 versus D2 with 5.40 Mg ha-1 and 0.9 kg m-3. In fertilization F1 was statistically higher with 5.64 Mg ha-1 and 0.94 kg m-3. Nevertheless, no difference was observed between F2 (5.24 Mg ha-1 and 0.88 kg m-3) and the control F3 (5.19 Mg ha-1 and 0.87 kg m-3), which showed the interaction of the environments with hybrids, of which Atziri Puma stood out at FESC-UNAM (7.3 Mg ha-1 and 1.58 kg m-3). The FESC-UNAM site has productive potential under rainfed conditions with the Puma and INIFAP hybrids.

Resumen: La insuficiencia alimentaria en maíz, la crisis de agua y fertilizantes a nivel mundial, demandan incrementar la eficiencia en el uso de recursos incrementando o conservando la producción. El objetivo del trabajo fue definir la respuesta de cuatro híbridos de maíz blanco (Tlaoli Puma, Atziri Puma, H-49 AE y H-47 AE) en dos ambientes con dos densidades de población y dos dosis de fertilización y testigo sin fertilizar. Como arreglo factorial, en los ambientes Cuautitlán (FESC-UNAM) y Texcoco (CEVAMEX), Estado de México, se evaluaron los híbridos con dos densidades de siembra (D1=75 000; D2=90 000 plantas ha-1) y tres tratamientos de fertilización (F1=160-80-00, F2=120-40-00, F3=00-00-00). El experimento en bloques completos al azar se conformó con los tratamientos y la combinación de los factores 2×4×2×3 establecidos en tres repeticiones. Las medias se compararon con el método Tukey (P < 0.05). Para el rendimiento de grano y productividad del agua, en la FESC-UNAM con menor agua total, resultaron de 5.96 Mg ha-1 y 1.29 kg m-3 en CEVAMEX 4.76 Mg ha-1 y 0.5 kg m-3; el híbrido Atziri Puma sobresalió con 6.52 Mg ha-1 y 1.09 kg m-3. No se observó efecto significativo de la densidad de siembra y D1 resultó con 5.32 Mg ha-1 y 0.9 kg m-3 contra D2 con 5.4 Mg ha-1 y 0.9 kg m-3. En la fertilización, F1 fue superior estadísticamente con 5.64 Mg ha-1 y 0.94 kg m-3, pero no hubo diferencia entre F2 (5.24 Mg ha-1 y 0.88 kg m-3) y el control F3 (5.19 Mg ha-1 y 0.87 kg m-3). Se presentó interacción de los ambientes con los híbridos y destacó el híbrido Atziri Puma en la FESC-UNAM (7.3 Mg ha-1 y 1.58 kg m-3). El sitio FESC-UNAM tiene potencial productivo en condiciones de temporal con los híbridos Puma e INIFAP.

Resumen Introducción: Los mamíferos medianos y grandes están amenazados globalmente debido a la pérdida y fragmentación de su hábitat. En Costa Rica, los fragmentos de bosque fuera de áreas protegidas pueden servir como refugio o sitio de paso para estos animales. La presencia de mamíferos en ambientes fragmentados puede estar influenciada por la disponibilidad de recursos, la cual puede variar ampliamente en sitios con una estacionalidad marcada. Objetivo: Determinar la riqueza de especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes en un fragmento de bosque, y examinar si la diversidad y detectabilidad de estas especies variaron entre la época seca y lluviosa. Métodos: Establecimos 26 estaciones de cámaras trampa en el Bosque Municipal de Atenas (Alajuela, Costa Rica), un fragmento de bosque de 26.4 ha, que brinda agua potable a cerca de 1 800 personas. Desde agosto de 2021 hasta abril de 2022, una cámara trampa estuvo activa en cada estación durante 12-21 días en cada época (seca y lluviosa), para un total de 810 días cámara trampa. Aplicamos curvas de rarefacción y extrapolación para caracterizar la diversidad de especies y compararla entre la época seca y lluviosa. Resultados: Registramos 19 especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes, siendo las más detectadas el pizote (Nasua narica; 0.254 detecciones/día cámara trampa) y la guatusa (Dasyprocta punctata; 0.163 detecciones/día cámara trampa). También, registramos cuatro especies consideradas en peligro de extinción en Costa Rica, tres felinos: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis y la nutria, Lontra longicaudis. No observamos un efecto de la estacionalidad en la diversidad, pero sí en la detectabilidad, la cual fue mayor durante la época lluviosa. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio demuestra cómo la protección de parches de bosque pequeños puede contribuir a la conservación de mamíferos en paisajes fragmentados.

Abstract Introduction: Medium and large-sized mammals are threatened globally due to habitat loss and fragmentation. In Costa Rica, forest fragments that remain outside protected areas may serve as a refuge or corridor for these animals. Mammal presence in fragmented landscapes may be influenced by resource availability, which varies greatly in seasonal regions. Objective: To determine the species richness of medium and large-sized mammals in a forest fragment, and to examine if species diversity and detectability varied between the wet and dry season. Methods: We established 26 camera trap stations throughout the Municipal Forest of Atenas (Alajuela, Costa Rica), a 26.4 ha forest fragment that provides water to about 1 800 people. From August 2021 to April 2022, one camera trap was active at each station for 12-21 days throughout each season (dry and wet), for a total of 810 camera trap days. We applied rarefaction and extrapolation curves to characterize mammal's species diversity and compare it between seasons. Results: We detected 19 species of mammals. The most frequently detected species were the White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica; 0.254 detections/camera trap day), and the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata; 0.163 detections/camera trap day). We also registered four species considered as endangered in Costa Rica, three felines: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis, and the Neotropical River Otter, Lontra longicaudis. Seasonality did not affect species diversity, but it influenced dominant species and detectability, which was greater during the wet season. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates how protecting small forest fragments, can help conserve endangered medium and large-sized mammals in human-dominated landscapes.

Resumen Los ecosistemas tropicales albergan una amplia diversidad de mamíferos medianos y grandes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la diversidad de especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes mediante fototrampeo en acahuales y Selva alta perennifolia del Sitio Experimental Las Margaritas, ubicado en la Sierra Nororiental de Puebla. Se muestrearon dos áreas de vegetación con diferentes grados de recuperación: vegetación secundaria (acahual) y Selva alta perennifolia. Se estimaron riqueza, abundancia, y diversidad alfa y beta de mamíferos medianos y grandes. Se registraron 19 especies de mamíferos silvestres pertenecientes a seis órdenes y 10 familias; las especies más abundantes fueron Nasua narica, Didelphis marsupialis y Dasypus novemcinctus, mientras que Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Potos flavus, Puma concolor, Leopardus wiedii, Urocyon cinereoargenteus y Conepatus leuconotus registraron la menor abundancia. El acahual y la Selva alta perennifolia presentaron una riqueza proporcional y una diversidad alfa con valores de H´=2.04 y 2.11, el Índice de Pielou fue de J’=0.94 y 0.89, el índice de Simpson tuvo valores de λ=0.14 y 0.16, respectivamente; la complementariedad fue de 32 %, lo que representa una escasa diferenciación de la equidad de las comunidades de especies existentes en las dos áreas. La diversidad beta correspondió a 68 % de similitud, ello indica una complementariedad intermedia entre hábitats. Los ecosistemas del Sitio Experimental “Las Margaritas” funcionan como refugio de una diversidad notable de mamíferos medianos y grandes que incluyen cuatro especies listadas en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010.

Abstract Tropical ecosystems are home to a wide diversity of medium-sized and large mammals. The objective of this research was to estimate the species diversity of medium-sized and large mammals by photo-trapping in the high grass and Evergreen tropical rain forest of the Las Margaritas Experimental Site, located in the Northeastern Sierra of Puebla. Two vegetation areas with different degrees of recovery were sampled: secondary vegetation (high grass) and Evergreen tropical rain forest. The richness, abundance, and alpha and beta diversity of medium-sized and large mammals were estimated. Nineteen species of wild mammals belonging to six orders and 10 families were recorded; the most abundant species were Nasua narica, Didelphis marsupialis, and Dasypus novemcinctus; Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Potos flavus, Puma concolor, Leopardus wiedii, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, and Conepatus leuconotus were the least abundant. The high grass and the Evergreen tropical rain forest presented a proportional richness and alpha diversity with values of H´=2.04 and 2.11, the Pielou index was J’=0.94 y 0.89, Simpson's index had values of λ=0.14 y 0.16, respectively; the complementarity rate was 32 %, which represents a low differentiation of the equity of the species communities existing in the two areas. The beta diversity corresponded to 68 % similarity, this indicates an intermediate complementarity between habitats. The ecosystems of the Las Margaritas Experimental Site serve as a refuge for a remarkable diversity of medium-sized and large mammals, including four species listed in the norm NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010.

Resumen La educación es uno de los sectores más afectados por la pandemia, lo que ha generado la necesidad de analizar el tema desde diversas perspectivas, incluyendo la de los usuarios. Por lo tanto, este artículo aborda dicha problemática desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes universitarios, con el objetivo de comprender el proceso de adaptación a la educación virtual e identificar las dificultades y experiencias resilientes que han enfrentado. La metodología utilizada fue cuantitativa, descriptiva y prospectiva de cohorte transversal. Se llevó a cabo en una universidad pública de Perú con una muestra de 190 estudiantes de Antropología, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario en línea mediante la plataforma de encuestas QuestionPro. Los resultados del estudio revelan que el 81.05 % de los estudiantes consideran la educación presencial tradicional como muy importante, mientras que el 40.53 % califica como buena la educación virtual recibida. En cuanto a las dificultades logísticas de los estudiantes, el 69.47 % manifestó haber recibido sus clases virtuales a través de un teléfono celular, el 57.37 % indica haber compartido su espacio de estudio con un familiar directo en su hogar, mientras que el 72.11 % y el 37.89 % simultáneamente apoyaron en actividades económicas de sus padres. En cuanto a la percepción de satisfacción en el uso de herramientas por parte de los docentes, entre el 55.84 % y el 61.04 % de los estudiantes consideran que el desempeño docente es bueno o aceptable. En conclusión, la mayoría de los estudiantes universitarios opina que la educación presencial tradicional es muy importante y califica como buena la educación virtual, aunque existen limitaciones logísticas y de conectividad que han afectado el proceso de aprendizaje. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de seguir investigando y mejorando las prácticas educativas en el contexto de pandemia.

Abstract This article explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education, specifically from the perspective of university students. The study, which used a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional cohort prospective methodology, was conducted at a public university in Peru and surveyed 190 Anthropology students using an online questionnaire through the QuestionPro survey platform. The results reveal that a large majority of the students surveyed (81.05%) consider traditional in-person education as very important, while 40.53% rate the virtual education received as good. The study also found that students face logistical difficulties such as limited access to technology and having to share their study space with family members. Despite these challenges, a majority of students still reported satisfaction with their teachers' performance in the virtual learning environment. Overall, the article emphasizes the need to continue investigating and improving educational practices in the context of the pandemic. The findings also highlight the importance of considering the experiences and perspectives of students in this process.

Resumo A educação é um dos setores mais afetados pela pandemia, portanto é necessário analisar a questão de vários ângulos, e em particular o do usuário, razão pela qual o artigo a aborda a partir desta perspectiva, com o objetivo de compreender o processo de adaptação à educação virtual dos estudantes universitários, identificando dificuldades e experiências resilientes. A metodologia utilizada é um estudo de coorte transversal quantitativo, descritivo e prospectivo, realizado em 190 estudantes de Antropologia de uma universidade pública do Peru, aos quais o questionário on-line foi aplicado através da plataforma de pesquisa QuestionPro. Os resultados mostram que 81,05% consideraram a educação tradicional presencial muito importante, e 40,53% mencionaram que a educação recebida é virtualmente boa. Quanto às dificuldades logísticas do aluno, 69,47% afirmaram ter recebido suas aulas virtuais via celular, 57,37% indicaram ter compartilhado com um parente direto em casa, 72,11% e 37,89% em paralelo apoiaram as atividades econômicas de seus pais. Quanto à percepção de satisfação no uso de ferramentas pelos professores, 55,84% a 61,04% mencionaram que o desempenho do ensino é bom ou aceitável. Conclui-se que a maioria dos estudantes considera a educação tradicional como muito importante e classifica a educação virtual como boa. Os resultados do estudo refletem uma alta avaliação do estudo presencial, devido às limitações logísticas e de conectividade que os estudantes têm.

Resumen Introducción: Actualmente, la biodiversidad está administrada principalmente por áreas protegidas, pero la proximidad con las actividades humanas genera conflictos, los cuales están poco estudiados en los trópicos. Objetivo: Estimar el conflicto entre humanos y vida silvestre en la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva Biológica Alberto Manuel Brenes, San Ramón, Costa Rica. Métodos: Entrevistamos a los propietarios o administradores de 59 fincas. Resultados: Registramos 540 incidentes, en su mayoría con mamíferos (N=479); los coyotes (Canis latrans) mataron 1 074 animales en 183 ataques en 12 granjas. También registramos conflictos con jaguar, Panthera onca, puma, Puma concolor, ocelote, Leopardus pardalis y tigrillo, Leopardus wiedii, que depredaron 261 animales domésticos. También se reportaron otros mamíferos y serpientes, especialmente la terciopelo, Bothrops asper. En seis ocasiones, los hechos se produjeron a más de 500m de una vivienda; sin embargo, la mayoría estaban a 0-25m de una casa (media 398m). Los campesinos han sacrificado pumas, coyotes, mapaches y serpientes y no hubo un control coordinado de instituciones, ONG y comunidades. Conclusión: Los coyotes son los animales salvajes más comúnmente involucrados y se necesita un esfuerzo coordinado que incluya tanto a las organizaciones como a las comunidades.

Abstract Introduction: Currently, biodiversity is mainly managed by protected areas, but proximity with human activities results in conflicts, which are poorly studied in the tropics. Objective: To estimate human-wildlife conflict in the buffer zone of the Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve, San Ramón, Costa Rica. Methods: We interviewed the owners or managers of 59 farms. Results: We recorded 540 incidents, mostly with mammals (N=479); coyotes (Canis latrans) killed 1 074 animals in 183 attacks at 12 farms. We also recorded conflicts with jaguar, Panthera onca, puma, Puma concolor, ocelot, Leopardus pardalis, and margay, Leopardus wiedii, which preyed on 261 domestic animals. Other mammals and snakes were also reported, especially the Fer-de-lance, Bothrops asper. In six occasions, the incidents took place over 500m from a house; however, most were 0-25m from a house (mean 398m). The farmers have sacrificed pumas, coyotes, raccoons and snakes and there was not a coordinated control effort from institutions, NGOs and communities. Conclusion: Coyotes are the most common wild animals involved and there is need for a coordinated effort that includes both organizations and communities.

Abstract The puma population is constantly decreasing, and cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer can be used to conserve the species. One of the factors determining the success of the development of cloned embryos is the cell cycle stage of the donor cells. We evaluated the effects of full confluency (~100%), serum starvation (0.5% serum), and roscovitine (15 µM) treatments on the cell cycle synchronization in G0/G1 of puma skin-derived fibroblasts by flow cytometric analysis. Also, we assessed the effects of these synchronization methods on morphology, viability, and apoptosis levels using microscopy tools. The results showed that culturing the cells to confluence for 24 h (84.0%), 48 h (84.6%), and 72 h (84.2%) and serum starvation for 96 h (85.4%) yielded a significantly higher percentage of cells arrested in the G0/G1 (P < 0.05) phase than cells not subjected to any cell cycle synchronization method (73.9%). Nevertheless, while serum starvation reduced the percentage of viable cells, no difference was observed for the full confluence and roscovitine treatments (P > 0.05). Moreover, roscovitine for 12 h (78.6%) and 24 h (82.1%) was unable to synchronize cells in G0/G1 (P > 0.05). In summary, full confluency induces puma fibroblast cell cycle synchronization at the G0/G1 stage without affecting cell viability. These outcomes may be valuable for planning donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer in pumas. decreasing species ~100%, 100 ~100% , (~100%) 0.5% 05 0 5 (0.5 serum, serum) 15 (1 µM G0G1 GG G0 G1 G G0/G skinderived skin derived analysis Also morphology viability tools 2 84.0%, 840 84.0% 84 (84.0%) 4 84.6%, 846 84.6% 6 (84.6%) 7 84.2% 842 (84.2% 9 85.4% 854 85 (85.4% P 0.05 005 73.9%. 739 73.9% . 73 (73.9%) Nevertheless 0.05. Moreover 1 78.6% 786 78 (78.6% 82.1% 821 82 (82.1% summary pumas 10 ~100 (~100% 0.5 (0. ( G0G 84.0 8 (84.0% 84.6 (84.6% 84.2 (84.2 85.4 (85.4 0.0 00 73.9 (73.9% 78.6 (78.6 82.1 (82.1 ~10 (~100 0. (0 84. (84.0 (84.6 (84. 85. (85. 73. (73.9 78. (78. 82. (82. ~1 (~10 (84 (85 (73. (78 (82 ~ (~1 (8 (73 (7 (~

ABSTRACT The mechanisms of ecological segregation involved in the coexistence between Neotropical felids are the key to support strategies for conservation. Due to their inconspicuous and elusive behavior, camera trapping constitute a strategic, non-invasive method to study these species. The present work aimed to evaluate the daily and seasonal activity patterns of four felid species: Leopardus guttulus (Hensel, 1872), L. pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758), L. wiedii (Schinz, 1821) and Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771), in the Papagaios-de-Altitude Private Protected Area, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Data were collected from January 2018 to December 2019, using 25 sites of camera traps among the study area. We collected 624 independent records from L. guttulus (108), L. pardalis (55), L. wiedii (77) and P. concolor (384) in a sampling effort of 12,266 camera-traps/day. All species analysed showed a non-uniform distribution of daily activity, when considering the two years. We report the peak of seasonal activity for all species between the months of June and September, coinciding with the Araucaria nut harvest in the study area, and with the increase in populations of small rodents. We also report a high overlap between the activity patterns of the four species. The daily and seasonal activity patterns of the species in this study seem to reflect the intrinsic dynamics of the Araucaria Forest, as well as possible adaptations to prey availability. conservation behavior strategic noninvasive non invasive Hensel, Hensel (Hensel 1872, 1872 , 1872) L Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758, 1758 1758) Schinz, Schinz (Schinz 1821 1771, 1771 1771) PapagaiosdeAltitude Papagaios de Altitude Area Catarina Brazil 201 2019 2 area 62 108, 108 (108) 55, 55 (55) 77 (77 P 384 (384 12266 12 266 12,26 cameratraps/day. cameratrapsday traps/day. day camera-traps/day nonuniform uniform years September rodents Forest availability 187 175 182 177 20 6 10 (108 5 (55 7 (7 38 (38 1226 1 26 12,2 cameratraps cameratraps/day trapsday traps/day 18 17 (10 (5 ( 3 (3 122 12, (1

RESUMO Os mecanismos de segregação ecológica envolvidos na coexistência entre felídeos neotropicais são a chave para subsidiar estratégias para sua conservação. Por apresentarem comportamento inconspícuo e esquivo, as armadilhas fotográficas constituem um método não invasivo estratégico para estudá-los. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar o padrão de atividade diário e sazonal de quatro espécies de felídeos: Leopardus guttulus (Hensel, 1872), L. pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758), L. wiedii (Schinz, 1821) e Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771), na RPPN Papagaios-de-Altitude, no estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Coletamos os dados através de 25 sítios de armadilhas fotográficas na área de estudo. Obtivemos 624 registros independentes de L. guttulus (108), L. pardalis (55), L. wiedii (77) e P. concolor (384) em um esforço amostral de 12.266 armadilhas/dia. Todas as espécies analisadas apresentaram distribuição de atividade diária não uniforme, quando considerados os dois anos. Relatamos o pico de atividade sazonal de todas as espécies entre os meses de junho a setembro, coincidindo com a safra de pinhão na região, e com o aumento nas populações de pequenos roedores. Também relatamos uma alta sobreposição entre os padrões de atividade das quatro espécies. A atividade diária e sazonal das espécies neste estudo parece refletir as dinâmicas intrínsecas da Floresta Ombrófila Mista, além de possíveis adaptações à disponibilidade de presas. conservação esquivo estudálos. estudálos estudá los. los estudá-los Hensel, Hensel (Hensel 1872, 1872 , 1872) L Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758, 1758 1758) Schinz, Schinz (Schinz 1821 1771, 1771 1771) PapagaiosdeAltitude, PapagaiosdeAltitude Papagaios Altitude, Altitude Papagaios-de-Altitude Catarina Brasil 2 62 108, 108 (108) 55, 55 (55) 77 (77 P 384 (384 12266 12 266 12.26 armadilhasdia dia armadilhas/dia uniforme anos setembro região roedores Mista presas 187 175 182 177 6 10 (108 5 (55 7 (7 38 (38 1226 1 26 12.2 18 17 (10 (5 ( 3 (3 122 12. (1

Abstract Background: Bungarus multicinctus is one of the most dangerous venomous snakes prone to cardiopulmonary damage with extremely high mortality. In our previous work, we found that glutamine (Gln) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in pig serum were significantly reduced after Bungarus multicinctus bite. In the present study, to explore whether there is a link between the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary injury and Gln metabolic changes induced by Bungarus multicinctus venom. We investigated the effect of Gln supplementation on the lung and heart function after snakebite. Methods: We supplemented different concentrations of Gln to mice that were envenomated by Bungarus multicinctus to observe the biological behavior, survival rate, hematological and pathological changes. Gln was supplemented immediately or one hour after the venom injection, and then changes in Gln metabolism were analyzed. Subsequently, to further explore the protective mechanism of glutamine on tissue damage, we measured the expression of heat-shock protein70 (HSP70), NF-κB P65, P53/PUMA by western blotting and real-time polymerase in the lung and heart. Results: Gln supplementation delayed the envenoming symptoms, reduced mortality, and alleviated the histopathological changes in the heart and lung of mice bitten by Bungarus multicinctus. Additionally, Gln increased the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutaminase (GLS) in serum. It also balanced the transporter SLC7A11 expression in heart and lung tissues. Bungarus multicinctus venom induced the NF-κB nuclear translocation in the lung, while the HO-1 expression was suppressed. At the same time, venom activated the P53/PUMA signaling pathway and the BAX expression in the heart. Gln treatment reversed the above phenomenon and increased HSP70 expression. Conclusion: Gln alleviated the glutamine metabolism disorder and cardiopulmonary damage caused by Bungarus multicinctus venom. It may protect lungs and heart against venom by promoting the expression of HSP70, inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and P53/PUMA, thereby delaying the process of snake venom and reducing mortality. The present results indicate that Gln could be a potential treatment for Bungarus multicinctus bite. Background mortality work (Gln GS (GS bite study snakebite Methods behavior rate injection analyzed Subsequently heatshock heat shock protein protein7 HSP , (HSP70) NFκB NF κB P65 P P53PUMA PPUMA P53 PUMA realtime real time Results symptoms Additionally GS, GDH (GDH GLS (GLS SLCA SLC A SLC7A1 tissues HO1 HO 1 HO- suppressed HSP7 Conclusion (HSP70 P6 P5 SLC7A (HSP7 (HSP

Abstract The cloud forest (CF) is one of the ecosystems with a great variety of biodiversity, however, it is also one of the most reduced in territorial surface with fragmentation among its distribution, which increases the probability of human disturbances and biodiversity loss. Our objective was to estimate alpha diversity and relative abundance of medium and large mammals present in the CF of El Cielo biosphere reserve (ECBR), Tamaulipas, Mexico. The study was carried out from January 2018 to December 2020. In this period, 20 sampling stations with one camera-trap were placed. We used the Hill series numbers method to estimate mammalian diversity during the rainy and dry seasons, and rarefaction curves to compare diversity between seasons. We estimated abundance with the relative abundance index (RAI). A total of 18 species of mammals were identified, corresponding to six orders and 12 families. The best represented order was Carnivora. The richness was 16 and 18 species, for the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between seasons. The species with the highest relative abundance in the rainy season was Mazama temama and the lowest Odocoileus virginianus. In the dry season, Didelphis sp. showed the highest IAR, and the lowest O. virginianus. Five species in danger of extinction were registered and and one threatened. The number of species described shows that it is one of the sites with the greatest richness of medium and large mammals in CF of Mexico and high abundances of M. temama, Ursus americanus and Leopardus wiedii stand out. In addition, the presence of species such as Panthera onca and Puma concolor shows that this type of vegetation is in a good state of conservation.

Resumen El bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM) es uno de los ecosistemas vegetales con una gran diversidad biológica, sin embargo, también es uno de los más reducidos en superficie territorial y su distribución es fragmentada, lo que incrementa su probabilidad de sufrir perturbaciones humanas y pérdida de la biodiversidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la diversidad alfa y la abundancia relativa de los mamíferos medianos y grandes presentes en el BMM de la reserva de la biosfera El Cielo (RBEC), Tamaulipas, México. El estudio se realizó de enero del 2018 a diciembre del 2020. En este periodo se colocaron 20 estaciones de muestreo con una cámara-trampa. Se estimó la diversidad de los mamíferos durante la temporada de lluvia y seca con los números de la serie Hill. La diversidad se comparó entre temporadas con las curvas de rarefacción y la abundancia se estimó con el índice de abundancia relativa (IAR) para cada especie. Se lograron identificar 18 especies de mamíferos y el orden mejor representado fue Carnivora. La riqueza fue de 16 y 18 especies, para la temporada de lluvia y seca, respectivamente. La especie con mayor abundancia relativa en la temporada de lluvia fue Mazama temama y la de menor Odocoileus virginianus. En la seca, Didelphis sp. fue la que presentó mayor IAR, y la menor fue O. virginianus. Se registraron cinco especies que se encuentran en peligro de extinción y una considerada como amenazada. El número de especies que se describen muestra que se trata de uno de los sitios con mayor riqueza de mamíferos medianos y grandes en BMM de México y destacan abundancias relativas altas de M. temama, Ursus americanus y Leopardus wiedii. A demás, la presencia de especies como Panthera onca y Puma concolor, muestran que este tipo de vegetación tiene un buen estado de conservación.

Abstract Introduction: Private protected areas are a valuable complement to national systems of protected areas. The Sierra Zapote Reserve in Abangares, Costa Rica, established in 2000, protects 70 ha of advanced secondary forest, regenerating secondary forest and primary riparian forest. It is expected to favor faunal communities, like medium and large mammals, which are among the species most threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation; nevertheless; there is a lack of recent faunal assessments at Sierra Zapote. Objective: To assess the richness, relative abundance and activity patterns of these mammals in the reserve. Methods: From May 2020 to July 2021, we kept five camera-traps at strategic sites and programmed them to be active 24 hours a day (0,3 seconds between shots). We checked the cameras every one or two months and also extracted temperature and moon phase data. Results: We obtained 758 independent records of mammals with a 2 135-day photo-trapping effort. The most abundant species were Nasua narica (relative abundance index RAI = 14,6, N= 312) and Didelphis marsupialis (RAI = 6,1, N= 130). The least abundant were Herpailurus yagouaroundi and Procyon lotor (RAI = 0,05, N= 1). Most species are nocturnal and only the peccary (Pecari tajacu), the coati (Nasua narica) and the agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) have mostly diurnal activity. The puma (Puma concolor) occurs at the reserve. Conclusion: The activity patterns were as expected; for the reserve size, a richness of 19 species is comparatively high. The presence of the puma, an indicator of good ecosystem health, hints at the importance of the reserve’s restoration process.

Resumen Introducción: Las áreas protegidas privadas son un complemento valioso para los sistemas nacionales de áreas protegidas. La Reserva Sierra Zapote en Abangares, Costa Rica, establecida en 2000, protege 70 ha de bosque secundario avanzado, bosque secundario en regeneración y bosque ribereño primario. Se espera que favorezca a las comunidades faunísticas, como los mamíferos medianos y grandes, que se encuentran entre las especies más amenazadas por la pérdida y fragmentación del hábitat; actualmente existe la necesidad de evaluaciones faunísticas en Sierra Zapote. Objetivo: Evaluar la riqueza, abundancia relativa y patrones de actividad de estos mamíferos en la reserva. Métodos: De mayo de 2020 a julio de 2021, mantuvimos cinco cámaras trampa en sitios estratégicos y las programamos para que estuvieran activas las 24 horas del día (0,3 segundos entre disparos). Revisamos las cámaras cada 1-2 meses y también extrajimos datos de temperatura y fase lunar. Resultados: Obtuvimos 758 registros independientes de mamíferos con un esfuerzo de fototrampeo de 2 135 días. Las especies más abundantes fueron Nasua narica (índice de abundancia relativa RAI = 14,6, N= 312) y Didelphis marsupialis (RAI = 6,1, N= 130). Los menos abundantes fueron Herpailurus yagouaroundi y Procyon lotor (RAI = 0,05, N= 1). La mayoría de las especies son nocturnas y solo el saíno (Pecari tajacu), el pizote (Nasua narica) y la guatusa (Dasyprocta punctata) tienen actividad mayoritariamente diurna. El puma (Puma concolor) también habita en la reserva. Conclusión: Los patrones de actividad fueron los esperados; para el tamaño de la reserva, una riqueza de 19 especies es comparativamente alta. La presencia del puma, indicador de buena salud del ecosistema, deja entrever la importancia del proceso de restauración de la reserva.

Resumen México importó 18 millones de toneladas de maíz de grano amarillo, en los dos últimos años. Es el mayor importador mundial. Por su importancia en la economía y la alimentación, conviene lograr la suficiencia y soberanía alimentaria en maíz. Es urgente incrementar la producción, por lo que se requieren variedades mejoradas públicas de maíz, con buena productividad. El híbrido Atziri Puma se generó en el Programa de Mejoramiento Genético de Maíz de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, con la colaboración de investigadores del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Valle de México. Es un híbrido trilineal, con androesterilidad tipo C y restauración de la fertilidad. Resuelve el problema en la producción de semilla híbrida de maíz, de eliminar espigas de las plantas hembra. Favorece la calidad genética de la semilla y ahorra de 24 a 50 jornales ha-1. Este híbrido es el primero con restauración de la fertilidad en 79 años de investigación pública en México. Es de ciclo intermedio, su floración masculina (espiga) aparece a los 86 días y la femenina (jilote) a los 88 días, en altitudes de 2 250 m. Llega a madurez fisiológica a los 164-167 días. Se puede cortar y posteriormente efectuar la pizca, si esta labor se hace manualmente, en cambio con maquinaria se puede trillar a los 179 días. Su rendimiento medio es de 10.5 t ha-1. Atziri Puma se recomienda para Valles Altos de México (2 200 a 2 600 msnm).

Abstract Mexico imported 18 million tons of yellow grain corn in the last two years. It is the world’s largest importer. Due to its importance in the economy and food, it is convenient to achieve food sufficiency and sovereignty in corn. It is urgent to increase production, so public improved corn varieties, with good productivity, are required. The Atziri Puma hybrid was generated in the Corn Genetic Improvement Program of the Cuautitlán Faculty of Higher Studies, with the collaboration of researchers from the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research, Valle de México Experimental Field. It is a trilinear hybrid, with C-type androsterility and restoration of fertility. It solves the problem of removing tassels from female plants in the production of hybrid corn seed. It favors the genetic quality of the seed and saves 24 to 50 daily wages ha-1. This hybrid is the first with fertility restoration in 79 years of public research in Mexico. It is of intermediate cycle, its male flowering (tassel) appears at 86 days and the female flowering (ear) at 88 days, at altitudes of 2 250 m. It reaches physiological maturity at 164-167 days. It can be cut and then harvested, if this work is done manually, on the other hand, with machinery it can be threshed at 179 days. Its average yield is 10.5 t ha-1. Atziri Puma is recommended for the High Valleys of Mexico (2 200 to 2 600 masl).

Abstract The legal system of the states is built on the basis of the uses and customs of the population; however, in the Peruvian legal system, the Greco-Roman tradition is imposed, leading to the clandestinity of customary law. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the academic formation of law in public and private universities in Peru through the analysis of the curricula. The method used was the documentary review available on the website of the National Superintendence of University Higher Education - SUNEDU. According to the results, in Peru, 29.8% of the faculties that train law professionals correspond to public universities and 70.2% to private universities. Of these, 70.24% state that Roman law and common law are mandatory subjects, while 71.4% do not consider courses on legal pluralism or common law. Therefore, the professional training in law and therefore, the administration of justice is not in accordance with the context, due to the fact that in recent years serious crises and social conflicts have been unleashed with backgrounds of cultural inequalities. Therefore, Andean customary law should be considered as a relevant subject in the Peruvian university education of future lawyers, who will impart justice in a population that self-identifies as indigenous.

Resumen El sistema jurídico de los Estados se construye sobre la base de los usos y costumbres de la población; no obstante, en el sistema jurídico peruano se impone la tradición greco-romana, que conduce a la clandestinidad al derecho de costumbre. El objetivo de esta investigación es evidenciar la naturaleza de la formación académica del derecho en las universidades públicas y privadas del Perú mediante el análisis de los currículos de estudios. Se utilizó como método la revisión documental de información disponible en la página web de la Superintendencia Nacional de Educación Superior Universitaria - SUNEDU. De acuerdo con los resultados, en el Perú, de las Facultades que forman profesionales en derecho 29.8% corresponde a universidades públicas y 70.2% a privadas. De ellas, 70.24% establecen que la materia de Derecho romano y Derecho anglosajón son de carácter obligatorio, mientras que 71.4% no consideran cursos referidos al pluralismo jurídico o derecho consuetudinario. Por lo tanto, la formación profesional en derecho y por ende, la administración de justicia no va acorde con el contexto. En los últimos años se han desencadenado graves crisis y conflictos sociales con trasfondos de inequidades culturales. Por lo cual se debe considerar el derecho consuetudinario andino como materia relevante en la formación universitaria peruana de los futuros abogados que impartirán justicia en una población que se autoidentifica como indígena.

ABSTRACT Felidae entered South America from North America during the Ensenadan Stage/Age (Early to Middle Pleistocene). For Uruguay their fossil record is scarce but informative, although mostly correspond to large felids (Smilodon, Panthera onca). In this work describes fossil remain of a skull and a mandible assigned, based on morphology and statistical analysis, to Puma concolor. These materials were unearthed from Late Pleistocene sediments (Sopas Formation) from northern Uruguay. Based on these remains some paleobiological and paleoecological aspects are discussed. This specimen had a body mass of about 45 kg, with the potential capacity to hunt animals over 200 kg, which is in agreement with previous reports for other fossil puma remains. During Late Pleistocene, in the current territory of Uruguay, Puma concolor would have shared ecological niche with other large carnivore such as sabre-tooth cats (Smilodon populator, S. fatalis), the jaguar Panthera onca, the canid Protocyon troglodytes, and short-faced bears Arctotherium, feeding upon medium-sized animals in diverse environment.

RESUMEN Los Felidae ingresaron al continente sudamericano provenientes de Norteamérica durante el Piso/Edad Ensenadense (Pleistoceno Temprano a Medio). En el Uruguay su registro fósil es escaso pero informativo, aunque mayormente corresponde a félidos de gran talla (Smilodon, Panthera onca). En este trabajo se describen restos fósiles de un cráneo y una mandíbula asignados, sobre la base de comparaciones anatómicas y análisis estadístico, a Puma concolor. Los mismos provienen de sedimentos del Pleistoceno Tardío (Formación Sopas) del norte de Uruguay. De acuerdo con estos restos se discuten aspectos relacionados con su paleobiología y paleoecología, entre otros. Este ejemplar poseía una masa corporal de unos 45 kg, con la capacidad potencial de cazar animales mayores de 200 kg, lo que coincide con reportes previos para otros restos fósiles de puma. Hacia el Pleistoceno Tardío, en el actual territorio de Uruguay, Puma concolor habría compartido nicho con otros grandes carnívoros como los félidos “dientes de sable” (Smilodon populator, S. fatalis), el jaguar Panthera onca, el cánido Protocyon troglodytes y los osos de rostro corto del género Arctotherium, alimentándose de animales de mediana talla en diversos ambientes.