Abstract The study analyzes the level of technical efficiency of public investment in Education at the primary and secondary level in Peru, 2016 to 2022. Data envelopment analysis - DEA was used and for the association between the provision of resources and educational quality. the panel data fixed effects model. The results indicate that there are relative differences in efficiency between the regions, registering an average score of 49% for the primary level and 38% for the secondary level, with the most efficient being Moquegua, Tacna, Arequipa and Ica, and the least efficient being Loreto, Huánuco, Ucayali, and San Martín. From the input-output association, classroom size, infrastructure in good condition and public investment have a direct relationship, while students per teacher and per computer, the relationship is inverse with respect to educational achievement in communication and mathematics at the primary and secondary level. This suggests that inefficient regions should increase educational attainment at the primary and secondary levels by an average of 51% and 62%, respectively, while maintaining the same level of spending. Therefore, to improve their efficiency within the framework of public policies, they can adopt the management implemented by regions such as Moquegua and Tacna.

Resumen El estudio analiza el nivel de eficiencia técnica de la inversión pública en Educación en el nivel primario y secundario en Perú, 2016 a 2022. Se utilizó el análisis envolvente de datos - DEA y para la asociación entre la dotación de recursos y la calidad educativa, el modelo panel data efectos fijos. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias relativas de eficiencia entre las regiones, registrando una puntuación promedio de 49 % para el nivel primario y 38 % para el nivel secundario, siendo los más eficientes Moquegua, Tacna, Arequipa e Ica, y los menos eficientes Loreto, Huánuco, Ucayali, y San Martín. De la asociación insumo - producto, tamaño del aula, infraestructura en buen estado e inversión pública tienen relación directa, en tanto que alumnos por docente y por computadora, la relación es inversa respecto al logro educativo en comunicación y matemática a nivel primario y secundario. Ello sugiere que las regiones ineficientes deben aumentar en promedio 51 % y 62 % los logros educativos en el nivel primario y secundario respectivamente, manteniendo el mismo nivel de gasto. Por tanto, para mejorar su eficiencia en el marco de políticas públicas, pueden adoptar la gestión implementada por las regiones como Moquegua y Tacna.

En un Brasil donde los indicadores de empobrecimiento de la población siguen aumentando, es preocupante el hecho de que las personas gasten dinero para comprar cigarrillo en lugar de usarlo en acciones para fortalecer los aspectos del bienestar de sus vidas y la de sus familias. A partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud brasileña realizada en 2019, se estimó la influencia del gasto en cigarrillo industrializado en el presupuesto familiar de los hogares donde vivía al menos un fumador, estratificado por características sociodemográficas. Los fumadores brasileños destinaron alrededor del 8% del ingreso per cápita mensual promedio del hogar para la compra de cigarrillos industrializados. El porcentaje del gasto mensual promedio en cigarrillos alcanzó casi el 10% de este ingreso entre los fumadores de 15 a 24 años y fue aún mayor para los que tenían educación primaria incompleta (aproximadamente el 11%). En el Norte y Nordeste del país, ese gasto superó el 9%. El estado con un mayor compromiso con los ingresos del hogar fue Acre (el 13,6%), seguido por Alagoas (el 11,9%), Ceará, Pará y Tocantins (todos con aproximadamente el 11%). Por lo tanto, nuestros resultados resaltan la importancia de fortalecer la implementación de medidas efectivas para reducir la proporción de fumadores, tal como la política tributaria. Así, el dinero que actualmente las personas destinan a la compra de cigarrillos podría utilizarse en la atención de sus necesidades básicas, contribuyendo a promover la salud y la mejora de la calidad de vida.

Em um Brasil no qual os indicadores de empobrecimento da população seguem aumentando, preocupa o fato de que indivíduos gastem dinheiro para comprar cigarro em vez de usarem esse recurso em ações que fortaleçam aspectos do bem-estar de suas jornadas de vida e de suas famílias. Estimou-se, a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019, a influência que o gasto com cigarro industrializado teve no orçamento familiar nos domicílios com pelo menos um fumante, estratificada por características sociodemográficas. Os fumantes brasileiros destinaram cerca de 8% do rendimento médio mensal domiciliar per capita para a compra de cigarros industrializados. O percentual do gasto médio mensal chegou a quase 10% desse rendimento, entre os fumantes de 15 a 24 anos, e foi ainda maior para aqueles com Ensino Fundamental incompleto (aproximadamente 11%). Nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do país, esse gasto ultrapassou os 9%. O estado com o maior comprometimento da renda domiciliar foi o Acre (13,6%), seguido por Alagoas (11,9%), Ceará, Pará e Tocantins (todos com aproximadamente 11%). Nossos achados reforçam, portanto, a importância de fortalecer a implementação de medidas efetivas de redução da proporção de fumantes, tal como a política tributária. Dessa forma, o dinheiro que atualmente é destinado pelos indivíduos à compra de cigarros poderá ser revertido no atendimento de suas necessidades básicas, contribuindo para a promoção da saúde e melhoria da qualidade de vida.

In a country whose indicators of population impoverishment continue to increase, it is concerning that individuals spend money to buy cigarettes instead of using this resource in actions that strengthen aspects of the well-being of their lives and that of their families. Based on the Brazilian National Health Survey conducted in 2019, the influence of spending on manufactured cigarettes on the family budget in households with at least one smoker was estimated, stratified by sociodemographic characteristics. Brazilian smokers allocated around 8% of their average per capita monthly household income to the purchase of manufactured cigarettes. The percentage of average monthly expenditure on cigarettes reached almost 10% of this income among smokers aged 15 to 24 and was even higher for those with incomplete elementary education (approximately 11%). In the North and Northeast regions of the country, this expenditure exceeded 9%. The state with the most significant impact on household income was Acre (13.6%), followed by Alagoas (11.9%), Ceará, Pará, and Tocantins (all with approximately 11%). Our findings, therefore, reinforce the importance of strengthening the implementation of effective measures, such as tax policy, to reduce the proportion of smokers. Thus, the money that individuals currently allocate to purchase cigarettes can be used to meet their basic needs, contributing to the promotion of health and improving the quality of life.

Free education policies usually represent the antithesis and the antidote toward the rising cost and the inequalities brought by fees and loans to higher education. But can free education policies transform neoliberalism in higher education? This article explores the transformative capacity of the free education policy introduced in Chile in 2016. The article examines the continuities and discontinuities between the higher education system before and after the introduction of the free education policy. The article exposes that the free education policy effectively increased public investment in the sector and reduced the costs of higher education for a limited number of students in the system. However, the policy was incapable of reversing the privatisation of the provision and costs dominant in the system. The policy created a regulated submarket with high public subsidies and higher regulations that coexist with an open university market, where high costs, low regulation and low public support remain dominant. The article is based on the qualitative analysis of policy documents and a descriptive analysis of quantitative data on public spending on higher education. The article finishes debating the challenges that the policy faces in the future and what aspects of higher education need to be changed to build public and free systems of higher education in Chile and other countries.

Resumen El artículo analiza los efectos del gasto social y sus componentes desagregados sobre la distribución del ingreso en México usando un panel de las 32 entidades federativas. Se especifica un modelo de determinantes que explica el comportamiento del coeficiente de Gini en términos del gasto social, la pobreza y el crecimiento del país. Se estima un panel dinámico en la modalidad Arellano-Bond para el periodo 2008-2020 y se identifica que los gastos públicos en educación y salud poseen importantes efectos en la reducción de la desigualdad más allá de los efectos de las transferencias condicionadas y del gasto en servicios básicos.

Abstract We analyze the effects of social expenditure components on income distribution in Mexico using a panel of the 32 states. A model of determinants is specified to explains the Gini coefficient behavior by means of social spending, poverty, and growth. We use a dynamic panel and the Arellano-Bond estimator for the period 2008-2020 and show that public expenditures on education and health have effects on reducing inequality that are greater than the effects of conditional transfers and spending on basic services.

Abstract Labor informality has become a recurring theme in the literature on labor markets, especially due to its persistence in developing countries. In the case of Mexico, in recent years its discussion has become relevant from various analytical perspectives. To answer the question of what factors, explain the phenomenon under study, Autoregressive Models of Distributed Lags (ARDL) are estimated, where labor informality is the variable of interest. Time series data are used for the period 2005-2019 in quarterly frequency. The estimation results indicate that in the long term, real per capita economic growth and secondary and higher education contribute to reducing informality. It is also found that the action of the government through public spending per capita, allows to mitigate informality. The results support the idea that it is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon.

Resumen La informalidad laboral se ha vuelto un tema recurrente en la literatura sobre mercados laborales, sobre todo por su persistencia en países en vías de desarrollo. Para el caso de México, en los últimos años ha tomado relevancia su discusión desde diversas perspectivas analíticas. Para responder la interrogante de qué factores explican el fenómeno de estudio, se estiman Modelos Autorregresivos de Rezagos Distribuidos, por sus siglas en inglés (ARDL), en donde la informalidad laboral es la variable de interés. Se utilizan datos de series de tiempo para el periodo de 2005-2019 en frecuencia trimestral. Los resultados de estimación indican que, en el largo plazo, el crecimiento económico per cápita real y la escolaridad de nivel medio y superior contribuyen a reducir la informalidad. También se encuentra que la acción del gobierno a través del gasto público per cápita, permite atenuar la informalidad. Los resultados permiten sostener la idea de que es un fenómeno complejo y multifactorial.

Resumo À luz da teoria pós-keynesiana, o propósito deste estudo foi determinar como os gastos públicos influenciam no impacto da incerteza bancária –avaliada pela preferência pela liquidez dos bancos– sobre o desempenho econômico das microrregiões brasileiras. Para tanto, empregou-se um modelo de painel de dados com variáveis interativas para o período de 2003 a 2014. Como variáveis de gastos, utilizaram-se despesas agregadas municipais em educação e transporte. Os resultados indicam que os gastos públicos são relevantes para determinar o nível de atividade econômica de forma direta e indireta, ao reduzir o impacto adverso da incerteza bancária sobre o desempenho econômico das microrregiões. Ademais, para determinar o produto, os gastos com educação se mostraram mais eficazes do que os gastos com transporte.

Abstract In accordance with the post-Keynesian theory, the purpose of this study was to determine how public spending influences the impact of banking uncertainty – assessed by banks’ liquidity preference – on the economic performance of Brazilian microregions. For this purpose, a data panel model with interactive variables was used for the period from 2003 to 2014. As expenditure variables, municipal aggregate expenditure on education and transportation was used. The results indicate that public expenditures are relevant to determine the level of economic activity in a direct way, and indirectly by reducing the adverse impact of bank uncertainty on the economic performance of microregions. In addition, spending on education proved to be more effective in determining output than transport spending.

This research used cross-section data, from 2016, to analyze the effect of public spending distribution and some economic, demographic and political preferences on municipalities’ development from Minas Gerais (i.e.: Índice Mineiro de Responsabilidade Social – IMRS) and their sub-dimensions (i.e.: education, health, social vulnerability, security, sanitation/housing/environment and culture/sport/leisure). Thus, the variables were selected by Extreme Bounds Analysis – EBA and econometric-spatial models were estimated. The results indicate that development is typical from smaller cities, far from the capital (safer), with higher elderly people proportion (less subject to crime), lower fertility (trait of safer and less vulnerable places), good tax autonomy (attribute of less vulnerable areas, with more sanitation and culture/leisure), lower spending on education and public administration and higher on housing. Furthermore, the results minimize the state (i.e.: municipal administration) and the local productive profile relevance on development and reveal negative externalities from the state capital.

Esta pesquisa usou dados cross-section, centrados em 2016, para analisar o efeito da distribuição dos gastos públicos e de certas preferências econômicas, demográficas e políticas no desenvolvimento dos municípios de Minas Gerais (i.e.: Índice Mineiro de Responsabilidade Social – IMRS) e suas subdimensões (i.e.: educação, saúde, vulnerabilidade social, segurança, saneamento/habitação/meio ambiente e cultura/esporte/lazer). Para tanto, as variáveis foram selecionadas via Extreme Bounds Analysis – EBA e estimaram-se modelos econométricos-espaciais. Os resultados indicam que o desenvolvimento é típico de cidades menores, afastadas da capital (mais seguras), com maior proporção de idosos (menos sujeitos à criminalidade), menor fecundidade (traço de locais seguros e menos vulneráveis), boa autonomia tributária (atributo das áreas menos vulneráveis, com mais saneamento e cultura/lazer), menores gastos em educação e administração pública e maiores em habitação. Ademais, os resultados minimizam a importância do Estado (i.e.: prefeituras) e do perfil produtivo local no desenvolvimento e revelam externalidades negativas associadas à capital estadual.

Abstract This paper attempts to contribute to the discussion on efficiency in Mexican public state universities. Based on the methodological approach of Simar and Wilson (2007), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and a truncated regression model with bootstrapping are used to evaluate the performance of 34 universities in 2015 and the determinants that explain changes in efficiency compared to 2017. The results provide evidence that GDP per capita, poverty rate and interstate migration rate are environmental aspects that exogenously impact institutional efficiency, while institutional aspects such as full-time professors, number of researchers, age of the institution and female enrollment affect efficiency levels.

Resumen Se busca contribuir a la discusión sobre la eficiencia en las Universidades Públicas Estatales (Upes) de México. Con base en el enfoque metodológico de Simar y Wilson (2007), se utiliza el Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA) y un modelo de regresión truncada con remuestreo (bootstrapping) para evaluar el desempeño de las 34 Upes en 2015 y los factores determinantes que explican cambios en la eficiencia comparando con 2017. Los resultados muestran evidencia de que el PIB per cápita, la tasa de pobreza y la tasa de migración interestatal son aspectos del entorno que impactan de manera exógena la eficiencia institucional; mientras que aspectos institucionales como profesores de tiempo completo, número de investigadores, antigüedad de la institución y matrícula de mujeres presentan efectos en los niveles de eficiencia.

Resumo Essa pesquisa teve o objetivo de investigar os determinantes do gasto público em Educação das cidades Sul Mato-Grossenses, no período de 2010-2018. A amostra contou com os 79 municípios analisados por meio de regressão com dados em painel de efeitos fixos. Os dados revelaram um desvio na distribuição das matrículas em relação ao quadro populacional, bem como a distribuição desproporcional do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) e dos gastos entre municípios. A análise evidenciou que o gasto em Educação é determinado pelo tamanho da população, pelo PIB per capita, e pelo ano eleitoral municipal. No entanto, distinto do fundamentado na literatura, as variáveis ano eleitoral geral e o quantitativo de matrículas não demonstraram influências no gasto em Educação, revelando limitações no financiamento da Educação em municípios menores devido à menor capacidade de obter recursos próprios, emendas parlamentares e descentralização central. Entre essas evidências, a pesquisa apresenta implicações para os gestores públicos, para a sociedade organizada e para os pesquisadores.

Abstract The objective of this research is to investigate the determinants of public spending on education in the Brazilian cities of Mato Grosso do Sul, in the period 2010-2018. The sample included the 79 municipalities analyzed using regression with data in a fixed effects panel. The data revealed a deviation in the distribution of enrollments in relation to the population, as well as the disproportionate distribution of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and spending among municipalities. The analysis showed that spending on education is determined by population size, GDP per capita, and municipal election year. However, contrary to what the literature shows, the variables general electoral year and the number of enrollments did not influence the spending on education, revealing limitations in the financing of education in smaller municipalities due to the lesser capacity to obtain own resources, parliamentary amendments, and central decentralization. Among these evidences, the research presents implications for public managers, organized society and researchers.

Resumen Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo investigar los determinantes del gasto público en educación en las ciudades de Mato Grosso do Sul - Brasil, en el período 2010-2018. La muestra incluyó los 79 municipios analizados mediante regresión con datos en un panel de efectos fijos. Los datos revelaron una desviación en la distribución de las matrículas en relación con la población, así como la distribución desproporcionada del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) y el gasto entre municipios. El análisis mostró que el gasto en educación está determinado por el tamaño de la población, por el PIB per cápita y por el año electoral municipal. Sin embargo, a diferencia de lo que se basa en la literatura, las variables año electoral general y el número de matrículas no mostraron ninguna influencia en el gasto en educación, revelando limitaciones en el financiamiento de la educación en municipios más pequeños debido a una menor capacidad para obtener recursos propios, enmiendas parlamentarias y descentralización central. Entre estas evidencias, la investigación tiene implicaciones para los administradores públicos, para la sociedad organizada y para los investigadores.

Abstract This research used cross-section data, from 2016, to analyze the effect of public spending distribution and some economic, demographic and political preferences on municipalities’ development from Minas Gerais (i.e.: Índice Mineiro de Responsabilidade Social - IMRS) and their sub-dimensions (i.e.: education, health, social vulnerability, security, sanitation/housing/environment and culture/sport/leisure). Thus, the variables were selected by Extreme Bounds Analysis - EBA and econometric-spatial models were estimated. The results indicate that development is typical from smaller cities, far from the capital (safer), with higher elderly people proportion (less subject to crime), lower fertility (trait of safer and less vulnerable places), good tax autonomy (attribute of less vulnerable areas, with more sanitation and culture/leisure), lower spending on education and public administration and higher on housing. Furthermore, the results minimize the state (i.e.: municipal administration) and the local productive profile relevance on development and reveal negative externalities from the state capital.

Resumo Esta pesquisa usou dados cross-section, centrados em 2016, para analisar o efeito da distribuição dos gastos públicos e de certas preferências econômicas, demográficas e políticas no desenvolvimento dos municípios de Minas Gerais (i.e.: Índice Mineiro de Responsabilidade Social - IMRS) e suas subdimensões (i.e.: educação, saúde, vulnerabilidade social, segurança, saneamento/habitação/meio ambiente e cultura/esporte/lazer). Para tanto, as variáveis foram selecionadas via Extreme Bounds Analysis - EBA e estimaram-se modelos econométricos-espaciais. Os resultados indicam que o desenvolvimento é típico de cidades menores, afastadas da capital (mais seguras), com maior proporção de idosos (menos sujeitos à criminalidade), menor fecundidade (traço de locais seguros e menos vulneráveis), boa autonomia tributária (atributo das áreas menos vulneráveis, com mais saneamento e cultura/lazer), menores gastos em educação e administração pública e maiores em habitação. Ademais, os resultados minimizam a importância do Estado (i.e.: prefeituras) e do perfil produtivo local no desenvolvimento e revelam externalidades negativas associadas à capital estadual.

Resumen: El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la contribución del gasto público destinado a seguridad en la mitigación de la delincuencia en las entidades federativas de México. Desde la teoría empírica queda el debate sobre si efectivamente el mayor gasto en seguridad coadyuva en la disminución de la delincuencia. Para cumplir el objetivo se emplea un micro panel balanceado. Se utilizan múltiples variables de delincuencia para contrastar los resultados y robustecer las conclusiones. Además, se utilizan el salario, la educación y el desempleo como variables de control y explicativos de la delincuencia. Los resultados su gieren que existe una relación negativa y estadísticamente significativa entre el gasto público destinado a seguridad y la disminución de la actividad delictiva. Asimismo, un mayor salario coadyuva en la mitigación de los delitos, delitos contra el patrimonio y delitos contra la libertad personal.

Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the contribution that public spending for security has in mitigating crime in the states of Mexico. From the empirical theory, the debate remains as to whether the higher spending on security actually contributes to the decrease in crime. To reach the objective, a balanced micro panel is used. Multiple crime variables are used to contrast the results and strengthen the conclusions. Likewise, salary, education and unemployment are used as control variables and explanatory of crime. The results suggest that there is a negative and statistically significant relationship between public spending on security and the decrease in criminal activity. Likewise, a higher salary contributes to the mitigation of crimes, crimes against property and crimes against personal freedom.

ABSTRACT The topics of discussion about the quality of higher education are recurrent today in the wake of the explosive increase in the area, which has diversified in terms of students and institutions in the last 30 years. With the expansion of higher education, the reduction of public spending and the private contribution to the activity, together with globalization, have made us rethink the mode of production of education, and if it is the most appropriate for the current times. Undoubtedly, each university dedicates resources for each of its substantive processes: teaching, research and extension through the provision of services to external parties. Such resources are usually scarce and, therefore, the organization is forced to diversify its income. The policy of university diversification is determined by its heterogeneity and according to sociales roles, it is usually distinguished between professional staff (sometimes called academic), administrative and support staff and a variable population of students of very different types and conditions, according to age, aspirations, institutional commitment, time regime and social situation in its composition and in its social goals.

RESUMEN Los temas de discusión acerca de la calidad de la educación superior son recurrentes en la actualidad a raíz del explosivo aumento del área, la cual se ha diversificado en términos de alumnos e instituciones en los últimos 30 años. Con la expansión de la educación superior, la reducción del gasto público y el aporte privado a la actividad, en conjunto con la globalización, han hecho repensar el modo de producción de enseñanza, y si es el más adecuado para los tiempos actuales. Sin duda, que cada universidad dedica recursos para cada una de sus procesos sustantivos: la docencia, investigación y extensión a través de prestación de servicios a externos. Dichos recursos, por lo general son escasos y, por tanto, la organización se ve obligada a diversificar sus ingresos. La política de diversificación universitaria queda determinada por su heterogeneidad y según los papeles sociales, suele distinguirse entre personal profesional (a veces llamado académico), personal administrativo y de apoyo y una población variable de estudiantes de muy diverso tipo y condición, de acuerdo con edad, aspiraciones, compromiso institucional, régimen horario y situación social en su composición y en sus metas sociales.

Resumen (analítico) Conocer la influencia de factores sociodemográficos en el uso de la beca de alimentación Junaeb Baes, que otorga el Gobierno chileno a estudiantes universitarios con menores ingresos, es necesario para aumentar el beneficio social de este programa estatal. Se consideraron las variables género, modo de residencia, carrera y curso, etnia y posición socioeconómica. Se aplicó una encuesta a 114 estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Los resultados muestran que la posición socioeconómica y el modo de residencia son los factores sociodemográficos más influyentes en el uso de la beca Baes. La variable género no arrojó diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Se concluye que es posible aumentar el porcentaje de gasto en alimentos saludables si se consideran factores sociológicos en el estudio y diseño de políticas de uso de la beca Baes.

Abstract (analytical) Knowing the influence of sociodemographic factors in the use of the Junaeb Baes food benefit granted by the Chilean Government to low-income university students is necessary to increase the social benefit of this state program. The variables gender, mode of residence, major and year, ethnicity and socioeconomic position were considered. A survey was applied to 114 Chilean university students. The results show that socioeconomic position and mode of residence are the most influential socio-demographic factors in the use of the Baes benefit. The gender variable did not show statistically significant differences. It is concluded that it is possible to increase the percentage of spending on healthy foods if sociological factors are considered in the study and design of policies for the use of the Baes grant.

Resumo (analítico) Conhecer a influência de fatores sociodemográficos na utilização da bolsa de alimentação Junaeb Baes concedida pelo Governo do Chile a universitários de menor renda é necessário para aumentar o benefício social deste programa estadual. Foram consideradas as variáveis sexo, modo de residência, carreira e curso, etnia e posição socioeconômica. Uma pesquisa foi aplicada a 114 estudantes universitários chilenos. Os resultados mostram que a posição socioeconômica e o modo de residência são os fatores sociodemográficos mais influentes no uso da bolsa Baes. A variável sexo não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Conclui-se que é possível aumentar o percentual de gastos com alimentos saudáveis se fatores sociológicos forem considerados no estudo e desenho de políticas para o uso da bolsa Baes.

Abstract Since education is publicly provided in most countries, the political system typically determines the level of education expenditures. Thus, it is essential to understand politicians' incentives to allocate resources to education. This paper provides causal evidence that voters reward politicians for educational expenditures by estimating the impact of a change in public education spending on mayors' reelection chances. To do so, we use an exogenous source of variation in education expenditures brought about by a federal reform, FUNDEF, in Brazil. We show that increases in education expenditures caused by FUNDEF led to a significant increase in the mayors' reelection chances. One percent increase in per capita education expenditures due to FUNDEF led to a 1.45 percent increase in mayors' reelection chances.

Resumen Tres objetivos guiaron el trabajo: examinar el impacto de la crisis económica en el financiamiento y gasto público en educación en el Perú, 2020-2021; revisar lo actuado en financiamiento y gasto educativo, 1950-2019; y demostrar los beneficios para el país del desarrollo humano junto a las competencias para la vida. Para lograr los dos primeros objetivos, el diseño es no experimental, longitudinal y de tendencia; y el tercer objetivo, transversal. Los datos, en el caso de las finanzas educativas y el PBI del Perú, corresponden al período 1950-2019; las competencias para la vida (años 2012, 2015 y 2018) y los indicadores de educación, salud, economía y social, recolectados de 55 países, durante 2018 o 2019. Las fuentes de información fueron nacionales e internacionales de reconocido prestigio. El tratamiento de los datos se basó en el uso de técnicas estadísticas inferenciales: mínimos cuadrados ordinarios, test de Chow y correlación. Los resultados de la investigación evidencian lo siguiente: primero, las proyecciones revelan una contracción del gasto público en educación al finalizar 2020 y un crecimiento a 2021; segundo, la tensión por definir la fuente (pública o privada) de financiamiento de la educación, el uso del gasto educativo público como instrumento de política económica y superposición, desde 2001, de las competencias para la vida sobre la tasa de escolaridad; y tercero, a partir de la evidencia internacional, los beneficios de las competencias para la vida en el enfoque escuela eficaz. Finalmente, las recomendaciones se formulan para cada conclusión.

Abstract This study examines the impact of the economic crisis on school funding and spending in Peru during 2020-2021 and reviews actions taken in educational expenditure from 1950-2019 and prove that spending on education benefits the country by fostering human development and teaching life skills. The study was non-experimental, longitudinal and analyzed trends in order to achieve the first two objectives and was cross-cutting in order to attain the third objective. Information regarding Peru´s educational finances and GDP for the 1950-2019 period, life skills, education, health, economy and social data for 2012, 2015 and 2018, was based on 2018-2019 data sources from 55 countries from both national and internationally renowned organizations. Data processing was based on inferential statistical techniques including the OLS (Ordinary Least Square) method, Chow Test and correlation. Research results reveal 1) a contraction in public spending on education towards the end of 2020 and growth in 2021; 2) existing tension in defining the source (public or private) of educational funding, public funding on education as an economic policy tool and the overlap of life skills with school enrollment since 2001; 3) Based on international evidence, the benefits of life skills in an effective school approach. Recommendations for each of the aforementioned results are made in the conclusion.