Abstract The production restructuring of Western metropolises in the last decades of the 20th century required national and local governments to debate and develop new urban planning instruments aimed at the physical and functional reconversion of spaces previously occupied by industrial activities. This article examines the cases of the King's Cross urban project in London and the Água Branca Urban Operation in São Paulo, both based on partnerships between the public sector and private initiative, particularly through the negotiation of urban assets. We found that in the international case, although elements of exclusion were observed, the design process aimed at integrated solutions for socio-environmental requalification. In the São Paulo case, the implementation process was characterized by the regulatory modeling of the space to the detriment of urban design. th activities Kings King s initiative assets case observed socioenvironmental socio environmental requalification

Resumo A reestruturação produtiva das metrópoles ocidentais, nas últimas décadas do século XX, exigiu dos governos nacionais e locais o debate e a elaboração de novos instrumentos urbanísticos voltados à reconversão física e funcional dos espaços então ocupados pela atividade industrial. Este artigo examina os casos do projeto urbano de King’s Cross, em Londres, e da Operação Urbana Água Branca, em São Paulo, ambos pautados na parceria entre poder público e iniciativa privada, especialmente por meio da negociação de ativos urbanos. Constatamos que no caso internacional, embora se observem elementos de exclusão, o processo projetual mirou soluções integradas de requalificação socioambiental. No caso paulistano, o processo de implementação foi caracterizado pela prevalência da modelagem regulatória do espaço em detrimento do projeto urbano. ocidentais XX industrial Kings King s Cross Londres Branca Paulo privada urbanos internacional exclusão socioambiental paulistano

Abstract This article proposes the possibility of reading urban space through the methodology presented by Ewing and Clement (2013) in the book Measuring Urban Design. This methodology was applied to a section of the central area of the city of Laguna, State of Santa Catarina, an area listed by the National Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage in the 1980s due to its historical and cultural relevance. The methodology determines which public spaces in a city are more attractive to human presence compared to others and what the perceptible qualities of these spaces are, as well as how these qualities can be measured. Initial results indicate that the proposed methodology is suitable for identifying and measuring the perceptible qualities of the urban environment, both in urban heritage areas and in other areas. 2013 (2013 Design Laguna Catarina s relevance measured environment 201 (201 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumo Este artigo propõe uma possibilidade de leitura do espaço urbano por meio da metodologia apresentada por Ewing e Clement (2013) no livro Measuring urban design. Essa metodologia foi aplicada em um trecho da área central da cidade de Laguna/SC tombada pelo Instituto de Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional nos anos 1980, por sua relevância histórica e cultural, o que determina quais espaços públicos de uma cidade são mais atrativos à presença humana em detrimento de outros, quais são as qualidades perceptíveis desse espaço e como essas qualidades podem ser mensuradas. Os resultados iniciais indicam que a metodologia proposta é adequada para identificar e mensurar as qualidades perceptíveis do ambiente urbano, tanto em áreas urbanas patrimoniais quanto nas demais áreas. 2013 (2013 design LagunaSC Laguna SC 1980 cultural outros mensuradas 201 (201 198 20 (20 19 2 (2 1 (

ABSTRACT: Retrobulbar hematoma (RH) is characterized by the extravasation of blood in the retrobulbar space. It is frequently associated with trauma, specifically orbital fractures. Although it is an uncommon complication, it can be potentially devastating in the context of midfacial trauma. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for proper management through medical and surgical interventions. The treatment of this pathology depends on the location of the hematoma. For this, it is crucial to determine the exact location, which requires a detailed understanding of orbital anatomy. The lesion or abnormality may be located in the extraconal or intraconal space. This report aims to describe two cases of RH, one in the intraconal space and the other in the extraconal space, both of which were treated with medical and surgical management in the Emergency Department of the Public Emergency Assistance Hospital, both patients with favorable outcomes.

RESUMEN: El hematoma retrobulbar (HR) se presenta como la extravasación de contenido hemático en el espacio retrobulbar. Frecuentemente asociado a trauma, específicamente a fracturas orbitarias. Es una complicación poco común, pero potencialmente devastadora del trauma asociado al tercio medio facial. Requiere de un diagnóstico rápido para realizar un manejo correcto a través de intervenciones médicas y/o quirúrgicas. El tratamiento de esta patología dependerá de la ubicación del contenido hemático. Para esto es importante determinar su ubicación exacta, siendo necesario un conocimiento de la anatomía orbitaria, pudiendo presentarse en el espacio extraconal o intraconal. Este reporte pretende describir dos casos de HR, uno en el espacio intraconal y otro en el extraconal, los cuales fueron tratados, mediante manejo médico y manejo quirúrgico en el Servicio de Urgencia del Hospital de Asistencia Urgencia Pública, ambos pacientes con resultado favorable.

Many countries around the world are shifting into post-secular societies. As this process continues to take shape, it enables many and competing voices and expectations to bombard their citizens. This raises questions around the use of space, sacred texts and stories, and how communities of faith use them as a source to access and hear the voice of God. Acknowledging the valuable position that sacred space and text holds within faith communities, how should we seek to hear the voice of God speak in a post-secular context and into the current competing societal setting in which multiple voices vie and struggle, and power and societal structures shift as Christians aim to find meaning, purpose and establish ways of living? INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: In the context of the secular and/or non-religious public reflex in society, there is debate around sacred space and sacred text, including how it is used and how it is interpreted. As scrutiny increases of what and how, such material is shared, used and taught, creating a space where the voice of God can speak into our current settings becomes increasingly vital. In a fast-paced world, full of busyness and tiredness, how does one hear and experience the voice of God? This study provides such a basis for Practical Theology in post-secular societies, utilising Biblical text and historical understanding, to do so.

Abstract The aim is to unveil the useful value of breastfeeding for lactating women in a prison environment, based on Max Scheler’s axiological perspective. This work was a qualitative, developed in a prison unit in Rio de Janeiro, where seven lactating women were interviewed. The phenomenological interview was used for data collection, while Laurence Bardin’s content analysis was used for data analysis and treatment. The value revealed, in light of Max Scheler’s findings, was the useful value, which was detected through the needs and wants experienced by lactating women during the act of breastfeeding in a prison environment. But, it is necessary to transform this space into a legitimate environment, which should value breastfeeding through the support of family, friends, and health professionals, as well as with the implementation of new protocols and specific public policies for the practice of breastfeeding within the prison system, which must be based on both scientific evidence and the principles of the Unified Health System (SUS).

Resumo O objetivo é desvelar o valor útil da amamentação para lactantes no ambiente prisional, a partir da dimensão axiológica de Max Scheler. Pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida em unidade prisional no Rio de Janeiro, onde foram entrevistadas sete lactantes. A técnica de coleta de dados foi a entrevista fenomenológica e, para análise e tratamento dos dados, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo de Laurence Bardin. O valor desvelado à luz de Max Scheler foi o valor útil, detectado a partir da carência das lactantes no momento vivido no ato de amamentar no espaço prisional. Sendo, necessária uma transformação desse espaço em um ambiente legítimo, que deverá valorar a amamentação por meio do apoio da família da lactante, de amigos e profissionais de saúde, com a implementação de novos protocolos e políticas públicas específicas para a prática de amamentar no sistema prisional, que devem ser baseadas em evidências científicas e nos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Resumen El objetivo es revelar el valor útil de la lactancia materna para mujeres que amamantan en el ambiente penitenciario, a partir de la dimensión axiológica de Max Scheler. Investigación cualitativa desarrollada en una unidad penitenciaria de Río de Janeiro, donde se entrevistaron siete mujeres lactantes. La técnica de recolección de datos fue la entrevista fenomenológica y se utilizó el análisis de contenido de Laurence Bardin para el análisis y procesamiento de los datos. El valor revelado a la luz de Max Scheler fue el valor útil, detectado a partir de la falta de lactancia de las mujeres en el momento vivido en el acto de amamantar en el espacio penitenciário. Sin embargo, es necesario transformar este espacio en un ambiente legitimado, que valore la lactancia materna mediante el apoyo de los familiares y amigos de la mujer lactante y de los profesionales de la salud y con la implementación de nuevos protocolos y políticas públicas específicas para la práctica de la lactancia materna en el sistema penitenciario, las cuales deben basarse en la evidencia científica y los principios del Sistema Único de Salud.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo las prácticas cotidianas de regulación del comercio de calle no solo operan bajo criterios de discrecionalidad, sino que configuran espacios temporalizados del comercio. A partir de un análisis de observación, entrevistas y registros urbanos, se examina el caso de la principal centralidad metropolitana comercial en Lima (Perú). Proponemos visibilizar el carácter temporal y móvil del comercio de calle, describiendo prácticas de micronegociación, donde el Estado –mediante sus funcionarios– actúa cotidianamente en la producción del espacio. El artículo dialoga con las investigaciones contemporâneas sobre movilidad e informalidad, y establece un aporte para la comprensión de las dinâmicas del comercio de calle.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to analyze how the daily practices of regulation of street commerce not only operate under criteria of discretion, but also configure temporary spaces of commerce. Based on an analysis of observation, interviews and urban records, the case of the main metropolitan commercial centrality in Lima (Peru) is examined. We propose to make visible the temporary and mobile nature of street commerce, describing micro-negotiation practices, where the State –through its officials– acts daily in the production of space. The article dialogues with the contributions of contemporary research on mobility and informality and establishes a contribution to the understanding of the dynamics of street trade.

ABSTRACT Urban vitality is a quality that can play a role in the social sustainability of towns. However, this vitality is usually low in the urban sprawl of the new Latin American cities. Te article explores how the built environment relates to life in public space by using Mendoza, Argentina, as a case study. Using morphological analysis and observation of vitality in a sample of twelve residential units, parametric correlations and qualitative relationships are established. The results show that urban vitality is linked to greater population density, better integration of the road network and intimate urban spaces where homes have front gardens, all of which points out the importance of morphology in enhancing user presence. Nevertheless, this dynamic is more pronounced in the streets, since the squares are more independent from the built environment.

RESUMEN La vitalidad urbana es una cualidad que puede contribuir a la sustentabilidad social de las metrópolis. Sin embargo, en la nueva ciudad dispersa latinoame-ricana, dicha vitalidad tiende a ser baja. Tomando como caso de estudio Mendoza (Argentina), el artículo explora cómo se relaciona el entorno construido con la vida en el espacio público. Se utiliza el análisis morfológico y la observación de la vitalidad en una muestra de doce unidades residenciales, para establecer correlaciones paramétricas y relaciones de carácter cualitativo. Los resultados muestran que la vitalidad urbana está relacionada con una mayor densidad habitacional, con una mejor integración del viario con el entorno y con espacios urbanos íntimos cuyas viviendas posean antejardines, todo lo cual señala la importancia de la morfología de cara a potenciar la presencia de usuarios. No obstante, esta dinámica es más acusada en las calles, ya que las plazas se muestran más independientes del entorno construido.

ABSTRACT In One hundred years of solitude (1967), the narrative voice deconstructs the idea of ready concepts, particularly, the Christian view of the word-verb. In this novel, the fiction underlines the relation between the perspective of those who see it and the decision to name each thing through the body-word (Freire, 2005). In this perspective, this article discusses how literature constitutes itself as a space for other world’s discoveries (Mignolo, 2003) and territories for the recognition of cultures, identities, knowledge, powers, races, and social inequalities. Concerning to the Applied Linguistics area, it is possible to southernize Gabriel García Márquez’ magic realism, discussing how the literature is developed as a necessary cultural artifact (Certeau, 2000) for the additional languages ‘learningteaching’ context (Alves, 2019). The theoretical background is grounded on the studies of: i) Applied Linguistics (Kleiman, 2013; Rajagopalan, 2003); ii) Decolonial Studies (Castro-Gómez; Grosfoguel, 2007; Quijano, 2014); iii) literature teaching and mediation (Andruetto, 2023; Castillo, 2020; Fleck, 2018; Vallejo, 2020; Cerdeira, 2023, 2024). Methodologically, we analyzed the answers from an online Google Forms questionnaire, focused on two public universities’ Modern Language undergraduate students. The partial outcomes reveal: i) the literary silencing and limitation practices in the Basic Education; ii) the students’ engagement in the readings and the professor’s role; iii) the literature as an agent of transformation. Overall, it is highlighted that the undergraduate students realize their loci of enunciation, recognize the power network that constitute themselves, and legitimize the literary as a way to name other ways of being in the world (Freire, 2005). We hope this study contributes to contemporary society understanding as well as to the initial teacher development challenges.

RESUMO Em Cem anos de solidão (1967), a voz narrativa desconstrói a ideia de conceitos prontos, principalmente a visão cristã da palavra-verbo. Nesse romance, a ficção enfatiza a relação entre a perspectiva de quem vê e a decisão de nomear cada uma das coisas através do corpo-palavra (Freire, 2005). Nessa perspectiva, este artigo discute como a literatura se constitui enquanto espaço para as descobertas de mundos outros (Mignolo, 2003) e território(s) para os reconhecimentos de culturas, identidades, saberes, poderes, raças e desigualdades sociais. Pela Linguística Aplicada, pode-se sulear o realismo mágico de García Márquez, discutindo como a literatura se faz enquanto artefato cultural (Certeau, 2000) necessário para o contexto do ‘aprenderensinar’ (Alves, 2019) línguas adicionais. A revisão bibliográfica baseia-se na Linguística Aplicada (Kleiman, 2013; Rajagopalan, 2003); nos Estudos Decoloniais (Castro-Gómez; Grosfoguel, 2007; Quijano, 2014); e no ensino e mediação da literatura (Andruetto, 2023; Castillo, 2020; Fleck, 2018; Vallejo, 2020; Cerdeira, 2023, 2024). Metodologicamente, analisamos os dados de um questionário Google Forms, destinado aos licenciandos em Letras de duas universidades públicas. Nos resultados, destacam-se: i) silenciamento e limitação das práticas literárias na Educação Básica; ii) engajamento discente nas leituras e papel docente; iii) a literatura como um agente de transformação. Sublinha-se que os licenciados percebem seus loci de enunciação, reconhecendo as teias de poder que os constituem e valorizando o literário como caminho para nomear maneiras outras de (se) estar no mundo. Espera-se que este estudo contribua para o entendimento da sociedade contemporânea e para os desafios na formação inicial docente.

Abstract This article delves into the social, political and judicial processes that led Chile, a historically conservative country in terms of sexuality, gender and family, to approve a law recognizing marriage and parentage for same-sex couples in 2021. To this end, the empirical design combines 42 semi-structured interviews with activists, lawyers, judges, presidential advisor, and parents; 490 newspaper articles; 11 judicial records as well as the parliamentary discussions for 2 draft bills. Based on these data, we propose a genealogy of the Bill on Equal Marriage, which highlights both the political dynamics of the medium term the post-dictatorship period and of the short term the ‘Chilean October’ of 2019. We analyze the articulation of three spaces of mobilization: in the media, in Courts, and in Parliament. Indeed, gay and lesbian activism has been able to articulate strategies in order to overcome the inherent blockages in each space and broaden its support. As for the justice system, we show the connexions between the national, interand supranational levels. Notably, strategic litigation in lower courts has used the international framing of LGBT rights as human rights. Moreover, the article shows that legal mobilization, which is usually approached in common law systems has proven to be an effective channel for influencing policy makers in the Chilean civil law system as well.

Resumen Este artículo ahonda en los procesos sociales, políticos y judiciales que desembocaron en que Chile, un país históricamente conservador en materia de sexualidad, género y familia, llegara a aprobar en 2021 una ley que reconoce el matrimonio y la filiación para las parejas del mismo sexo. Para ello, la investigación se fundamenta en el análisis de 42 entrevistas semiestructuradas con activistas, abogados, jueces, asesor presidencial y progenitores; 490 artículos de prensa; 11 registros judiciales y las discusiones parlamentarias de dos proyectos de ley. En base a aquellas fuentes, proponemos una genealogía de la Ley de matrimonio igualitario que rescata tanto las dinámicas políticas de mediano - la post dictadura - y corto plazo - el “Octubre chileno” del 2019. Analizamos la articulación de tres espacios de movilización: el mediático, el judicial y el legislativo. De hecho, el activismo gay y lésbico ha sido capaz de articular varias estrategias, con el fin de superar los bloqueos inherentes a cada espacio y ampliar su apoyo. En cuanto al espacio judicial, mostramos la interconexión entre los niveles nacional (importancia de la litigación estratégica a nivel de primera instancia), inter y supranacional (framing de los derechos gays y lésbicos en referencia al derecho internacional de los DDHH). La movilización legal, que suele ser abordada en los sistemas de derecho común donde las decisiones judiciales constituyen un precedente vinculante, ha resultado ser un canal efectivo para influenciar a los decidores políticos en un sistema de derecho civil como es Chile.

Resumo Objetivou-se caracterizar e avaliar o ambiente alimentar de escolas públicas quanto à presença de fatores competidores e promotores da alimentação saudável. Realizou-se estudo quantitativo descritivo e observacional em 14 escolas públicas de um município do Rio de Janeiro e os entornos. Para tanto utilizou-se registro fotográfico e diário de campo. Considerou-se como componentes promotores do ambiente alimentar saudável a presença de murais sobre o tema da alimentação, hortas, refeitório escolar e a presença de professores durante as refeições. Como competidores, a presença de: lanches levados pelos alunos, cantinas, venda informal de alimentos e a presença de embalagens e de alimentos ultraprocessados circulando nas escolas. Para caracterização dos estabelecimentos no entorno escolar considerou-se um raio de 500 metros do portão da escola. Os alimentos comercializados foram categorizados segundo a classificação NOVA. O estudo identificou predominância de fatores promotores da alimentação saudável em comparação aos competidores. Porém, havia elevada presença de alimentos ultraprocessados no interior das escolas. No entorno escolar, a presença destes alimentos foi predominante.

Resumen Este artículo tuvo como objetivo caracterizar y evaluar el entorno alimentario de escuelas públicas en cuanto a la presencia de factores que compiten y promueven una alimentación saludable. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y observacional en 14 escuelas públicas de un municipio de Río de Janeiro y sus alrededores. Para ello, se utilizaron registros fotográficos y diarios de campo. La presencia de murales sobre el tema de alimentación, huertas, comedor escolar y la presencia de docentes durante las comidas fueron considerados como componentes que promueven un entorno de alimentación saludable. Como competidores, se destaca la presencia de snacks traídos por los estudiantes, comedores, venta informal de alimentos y la presencia de envases y alimentos ultraprocesados circulando en las escuelas. Para caracterizar los establecimientos del entorno escolar se consideró un radio de 500 metros desde el portón del colegio. Los alimentos vendidos fueron categorizados según la clasificación NOVA. El estudio identificó un predominio de factores que promueven una alimentación saludable en comparación con la competencia. Sin embargo, hubo una alta presencia de alimentos ultraprocesados al interior de las escuelas. En el entorno escolar predominó la presencia de estos alimentos.

Abstract This study aimed to characterize and evaluate the food environment of public schools regarding identified healthy eating competing and promoting factors. A quantitative descriptive and observational study was conducted in 14 public schools in a municipality in Rio de Janeiro and their surrounding areas. Photographic records and field diaries were adopted for this purpose. Food-related murals, vegetable gardens, school cafeterias, and teachers sitting along during meals were considered components that promote a healthy food environment. Competing components were snacks brought by students, canteens, informal food sale and packaging, and ultra-processed foods circulating in schools. A 500-meter radius from the school gate was considered to characterize outlets in the school surroundings. The foods sold were categorized per the NOVA classification. The study identified a predominance of healthy eating-promoting factors against competing factors. However, we identified available ultra-processed foods inside schools, and their availability prevailed in the school’s surrounding areas.

Resumo O objetivo é desvelar o valor útil da amamentação para lactantes no ambiente prisional, a partir da dimensão axiológica de Max Scheler. Pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida em unidade prisional no Rio de Janeiro, onde foram entrevistadas sete lactantes. A técnica de coleta de dados foi a entrevista fenomenológica e, para análise e tratamento dos dados, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo de Laurence Bardin. O valor desvelado à luz de Max Scheler foi o valor útil, detectado a partir da carência das lactantes no momento vivido no ato de amamentar no espaço prisional. Sendo, necessária uma transformação desse espaço em um ambiente legítimo, que deverá valorar a amamentação por meio do apoio da família da lactante, de amigos e profissionais de saúde, com a implementação de novos protocolos e políticas públicas específicas para a prática de amamentar no sistema prisional, que devem ser baseadas em evidências científicas e nos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Resumen El objetivo es revelar el valor útil de la lactancia materna para mujeres que amamantan en el ambiente penitenciario, a partir de la dimensión axiológica de Max Scheler. Investigación cualitativa desarrollada en una unidad penitenciaria de Río de Janeiro, donde se entrevistaron siete mujeres lactantes. La técnica de recolección de datos fue la entrevista fenomenológica y se utilizó el análisis de contenido de Laurence Bardin para el análisis y procesamiento de los datos. El valor revelado a la luz de Max Scheler fue el valor útil, detectado a partir de la falta de lactancia de las mujeres en el momento vivido en el acto de amamantar en el espacio penitenciário. Sin embargo, es necesario transformar este espacio en un ambiente legitimado, que valore la lactancia materna mediante el apoyo de los familiares y amigos de la mujer lactante y de los profesionales de la salud y con la implementación de nuevos protocolos y políticas públicas específicas para la práctica de la lactancia materna en el sistema penitenciario, las cuales deben basarse en la evidencia científica y los principios del Sistema Único de Salud.

Abstract The aim is to unveil the useful value of breastfeeding for lactating women in a prison environment, based on Max Scheler’s axiological perspective. This work was a qualitative, developed in a prison unit in Rio de Janeiro, where seven lactating women were interviewed. The phenomenological interview was used for data collection, while Laurence Bardin’s content analysis was used for data analysis and treatment. The value revealed, in light of Max Scheler’s findings, was the useful value, which was detected through the needs and wants experienced by lactating women during the act of breastfeeding in a prison environment. But, it is necessary to transform this space into a legitimate environment, which should value breastfeeding through the support of family, friends, and health professionals, as well as with the implementation of new protocols and specific public policies for the practice of breastfeeding within the prison system, which must be based on both scientific evidence and the principles of the Unified Health System (SUS).

Die doel van hierdie artikel is om die 2023-matriekeksamenresultate te gebruik ter beligting van die situasie betreffende moedertaalonderwys en onderwys vir veeltaligheid in Suid-Afrika. Die artikel begin met 'n beskrywing van die maatskaplik-kontekstuele en onderwysstelsel-kontekstuele raamwerk van tale in die onderwysstelsel in Suid-Afrika. Terwyl dit bemoedigend is dat die Suid-Afrikaanse onderwysstelsel ruim voorsiening maak vir die bestudering van tale, is die rekord van die onderwysstelsel die afgelope dekades, wat betref die bemagtiging van die amptelike tale as voertale in die onderwys, nie goed nie. In 2023 het 48 385 kandidate die matriekeksamen in die vak Afrikaans Huistaal afgelê. Hierdie getal het die afgelope vyfjaar gegroei. Terselfdertyd blyk dit dat 'n substansiële getal Afrikaans Eerstetaal-leerders asook eerstetaalsprekers van die ander inheemse tale, eksamen ook in die vak Engels Huistaal afgelê het. Die getal matriekeksamenkandidate wat die eksamen in die vak Afrikaans Eerste Addisionele Taal afgelê het, is eweneens bemoedigend, en het die afgelope vyf jaar beduidend toegeneem, vanaf 83 889 in 2018 tot 97 654 in 2023. Dit blyk dat slegs Engels en Afrikaans, as vakke by wyse van Afrikaans Huistaal, Afrikaans Eerste Addisionele Taal, Engels Huistaal, en Engels Eerste Addisionele Taal, die totale beeld van die onderrig van die amptelike tale (en alle tale) in die Suid-Afrikaanse onderwysstelsel vervat, en geen van die ander amptelike tale as vakke nie. Die bestudering van die inheemse amptelike tale anders as Afrikaans, blyk dus nog nie pos te gevat het in die Suid-Afrikaanse onderwys-stelsel nie. Ten slotte word enkele aanbevelings ten opsigte van onderwyspraktykverbetering ten aansien van die aanbod van die ander inheemse amptelike tale gemaak.

Hitherto the scholarly as well as the public discourse on the issue of language in education has largely evolved around the use of Afrikaans as language of learning and teaching. This article is an attempt to expand the discourse into three directions. The first is to include the other official languages as well in the discourse, secondly to consider not only the issue of language of learning and teaching, but also the study of the languages as subjects, and thirdly to take a system-wide view of the education system, assessing the extent to which the entire system is conducive to mother tongue education and to the promotion of multilingualism. The attempt is offered out of the belief that firstly, one of the preconditions for the empowerment and elevation of the official languages in South Africa to languages of learning and teaching, is the study of these languages as school subjects; and secondly out of the belief that the education sector in South Africa has a pivotal role to play in the promotion and realisation of multilingualism in South Africa. The study analyses the 2023 matric examination results, as these present a valuable perspective on these topics. The article commences with an overview of the societal-contextual and education system-contextual framework of languages in the education system of South Africa. While the desirability of education through the medium of the mother tongue has been indisputably argued, the choice or availability of language(s) of learning in teaching in any education system depends on a number of factors, including the official language of the national jurisdiction of the particular education system, and historical inertia. The teaching and learning of languages throughout history have occupied an important place in school curricula. Typically 25 percent of curricula time of national education systems is allocated to the study of the official language or mother tongue, and eight percent to the study of additional or foreign languages. With regard to which languages are selected for school curricula, the image of a set of concentric circles can be used. From the inside outwardly these circles denote the following: home language(s), official language(s), regional languages, world languages, and other indigenous languages. To commence with mother tongue as language of learning and teaching, despite the most congenial of constitutional guarantees and the most lofty policy statements, after thirty years since the dawn of the current socio-political dispensation, there is little evidence of the empowerment of the indigenous official languages as language of learning and teaching in education instutions. To aggravate matters, in the case of Afrikaans a trend to downscale the language as language of learning and teaching is evident, and it is difficult not to suspect animosity from government to phase out Afrikaans as language of learning and teaching. For the study of languages as subjects, it is heartening that copious space has been made available in prescribed school curricula, right up to matric level. For the National Senior Certificate (matriculation examination) at the end of Grade 12, learners are required to offer seven subjects, of which four are compulsory. The four compulsory subjects are two of the official languages (one Home Language and one First Additional Language), Mathematics or Mathematics Literacy, and Life Orientation. Furthermore, learners are required to offer three subjects, out of a list of 25 approved subjects. A maximum of two additional languages may be included in these three subjects. The 2023 matric examinations were taken in 28 languages, at all three levels namely Home Language, First Additional Language, and Second Additional Language. In the 2023 matric examination 48 385 learners completed the examination for the subject Afrikaans Home Language. This number has been growing the past five years. In the same year, 12 7 623 learners completed the examination for the subject English Home Language. It seems as ifsubstantial numbers of Afrikaansfirst language speakers as well as first language speakers from the other indigenous language groups, completed the English Home Language examination. The number of matric examination candidates who took the language in Afrikaans as First Additional Language too is encouraging, and furthermore, the past five years this number has increased from 83 889 in 2018 to 9 7 654 in 2023. It appears that the picture of Afrikaans Home Language and Afrikaans Additional Language, English Home Language and English First Additional Language, and the other official languages as Home Languages, encompasses to a large extent the total image of the teaching and learning of the official languages in the South African education system. The study of the indigenous languages other than Afrikaans has not gained noteworthy traction in the South African education system the past thirty years. While the numbers of candidates who sat for the 2023 matric examination in the subjects Afrikaans Home Language and Afrikaans First and Second Additional Language, are heartening, it is for those having the interest of the Afrikaans language at heart still no reason to resign to unqualified self-complacency. In conclusion some recommendations for the improvement of practice are made.

Resumo Neste texto, apresenta-se o arquiteto uruguaio Horacio Terra Arocena (Montevidéu, 1894-1985) através das frentes de ação que determinaram sua trajetória. Foi um renomado profissional que presidiu a Sociedade de Arquitetos e o Instituto Nacional de Viviendas Económicas. Participou dos Congressos Pan-Americanos de Arquitetos e foi professor da Faculdade de Arquitetura. Escreveu ensaios sobre teoria da arte e estética e também um texto de ficção científica. Foi político, parlamentar representante da União Cívica e autor de diversas leis. Como agente do espaço social católico, dirigiu o jornal El Bien Público, assumiu a revista Tribuna Católica e foi o arquiteto assessor da Cúria de Montevidéu, aconselhando Monsenhor Antonio María Barbieri. O neotomismo de Jacques Maritain e a interpretação do tempo do jesuíta Teilhard de Chardin tiveram uma importante influência em seu pensamento, no contexto de um renovado interesse dos católicos pelo espiritualismo de Henry Bergson. Este artigo descreve e analisa a atividade que Terra Arocena desenvolveu como arquiteto católico. O argumento baseia-se numa metodologia que se refere a um estudo qualitativo de diversas fontes escritas. Baseia-se num estudo detalhado do catolicismo, do qual emerge uma persistente valorização da ruralidade que se insurgiu contra a cidade e coincidiu com uma corrente de pensamento arquitetónico que discutia os valores das grandes cidades. Neste contexto, a função pública permitiu-lhe realizar ações concretas para tornar realidade a instalação de uma cultura agrária no Uruguai, confiando que a solução agrícola poderia resolver os problemas habitacionais, tanto no campo como nos suburbios das cidades.

Summary This text presents the uruguayan architect Horacio Terra Arocena (Montevideo, 1894-1985) through the key areas of action that defined his career. He was a renowned professional who presided over the Society of Architects and the Instituto Nacional de Viviendas Económicas. He participated in the Pan American Congresses of Architects and was a teacher at the Faculty of Architecture. He wrote essays on art theory and aesthetics and also a science fiction novel. He was a politician, parliamentarian representing the Civic Union and author of various laws. As an agent of the catholic social space, he directed the newspaper El Bien Público, took charge of the magazine Tribuna Católica, and was the architectural advisor to the Curia of Montevideo, advising Monsignor Antonio María Barbieri. The neo-thomism of Jacques Maritain and the interpretation of time by the jesuit Teilhard de Chardin had a significant influence on his thinking, within the context of a renewed catholic interest in the spiritualism of Henry Bergson. This article describes and analyzes the activity that Terra Arocena developed as a catholic architect. The argument is based on a methodology that refers to a qualitative study of various written sources. It is based on a detailed study of catholicism, from which emerges a persistent appreciation of rurality that rose up against the city and coincided with a current of architectural thought that discussed the values of large cities. In this context, the public function allowed him to carry out concrete actions to make the installation of an agrarian culture a reality in Uruguay, trusting that the farming solution could solve housing problems, both in the countryside and in the cities suburbs.

Resumen En este texto se presenta al arquitecto uruguayo Horacio Terra Arocena (Montevideo, 1894-1985) a través de los frentes de acción que determinaron su trayectoria. Fue un reconocido profesional que presidió la Sociedad de Arquitectos y el Instituto Nacional de Viviendas Económicas. Participó de los Congresos Panamericanos de Arquitectos y fue docente en la Facultad de Arquitectura. Escribió ensayos sobre teoría del arte y estética y también una novela de ciencia ficción. Fue político, parlamentario en representación de la Unión Cívica y autor de diversas leyes. Como agente del espacio social católico dirigió el diario El Bien Público, se hizo cargo de la revista Tribuna Católica y fue el arquitecto asesor de la Curia de Montevideo, aconsejando a Monseñor Antonio María Barbieri. El neotomismo de Jacques Maritain y la interpretación del tiempo del jesuita Teilhard de Chardin tuvieron una importante incidencia en su pensamiento, en el marco de un renovado interés de los católicos por el espiritualismo de Henry Bergson. En este artículo se describe y analiza la actividad que Terra Arocena desarrolló como arquitecto católico. El argumento está basado en una metodología que remite a un estudio cualitativo de diversas fuentes escritas. Se sustenta en un pormenorizado estudio del catolicismo, del que emerge una persistente valoración de la ruralidad que se alzó contra la ciudad y coincidió con una corriente de pensamiento arquitectónico que discutía los valores de las grandes urbes. En este marco, la función pública le permitió llevar adelante acciones concretas para hacer realidad la instalación de una cultura agraria en Uruguay, confiando en que la solución granjera podría resolver los problemas de vivienda, tanto en el campo como en los suburbios de las ciudades.

Resumen La Ley Federal Brasileña 12711/2012 amplió el acceso a la educación superior federal pública al reservar plazas para estudiantes que completan la escuela secundaria en escuelas públicas. La investigación tuvo como objetivo comprender cómo la condición de estudiante universitaria se configura subjetivamente para una estudiante de cupo en la Universidad de Brasilia, identificando las tensiones y desafíos experimentados en su trayectoria de vida. El estudio se basa en la Teoría de la Subjetividad y la Epistemología Cualitativa, en la perspectiva histórico-cultural. En términos metodológicos, se realizó un estudio de caso basado en los principios de la Metodología Constructivo-Interpretativa, organizado a través de dinámicas conversacionales e instrumentos inductores de la producción subjetiva. El análisis de la información mostró que en el transcurso de las experiencias de los estudiantes en el espacio socio-relacional universitario se generaron recursos subjetivos que favorecieron nuevos procesos de subjetivación, rompiendo con el sistema normativo hegemónico de no pertenecer a la universidad y posicionándose en la condición de sujeto, activo, participativo y ciudadano que aporta a la universidad. Se concluye que como los valores hegemónicos de la escuela, la universidad y la sociedad en general aún están marcados por actos discriminatorios contra los estudiantes en situación de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica, se recomienda a los directivos promover acciones que busquen la integración social y académica y desarrollo.

Resumo A Lei Federal Brasileira 12711/2012 ampliou o acesso ao ensino superior federal público assegurando vagas para os estudantes concluintes do ensino médio em escolas públicas. A pesquisa teve por objetivo compreender como a condição de estudante universitário está configurada subjetivamente para uma estudante cotista da Universidade de Brasília, identificando os tensionamentos e os desafios vividos na sua trajetória de vida. O estudo baseia-se na Teoria da Subjetividade e na Epistemologia Qualitativa, na perspectiva histórico-cultural. Em termos metodológicos, realizou-se o estudo de caso baseado nos princípios da Metodologia Construtivo-Interpretativa, organizado por meio de dinâmicas conversacionais e instrumentos indutores da produção subjetiva. A análise das informações evidenciou que, no curso das experiências da estudante no espaço sociorrelacional universitário e em outros contextos, foram gerados recursos subjetivos favorecedores de novos processos de subjetivação rompendo com o sistema normativo hegemônico de não pertencimento à universidade e se posicionando na condição de sujeito, ativa, participativa e cidadã. Conclui-se que, como os valores hegemônicos da universidade e sociedade em geral ainda são marcados por atos discriminatórios contra os estudantes em situação de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, recomenda-se aos gestores a promoção de ações que busquem a integração social e acadêmica, possibilitando o desenvolvimento dos estudantes.

Abstract The Brazilian Federal Law 12711/2012 expanded access to public federal higher education by reserving places for students who graduated from high school in public schools. The research aimed to understand how the university student condition is subjectively configured for a quota student at the University of Brasília, identifying the tensions and challenges experienced in her life trajectory. The study is based on the Theory of Subjectivity and Qualitative Epistemology, from a historical-cultural perspective. In methodological terms, a case study was carried out based on the principles of the Constructive-Interpretative Methodology, organized through conversational dynamics and inductive instruments of subjective production. The analysis of the information showed that, in the course of the student's experiences in the university socio-relational space and in other contexts, subjective resources were generated that favored new processes of subjectivation, breaking with the hegemonic normative system of not belonging to the university and positioning themselves in the condition of subject, active, participative and citizen. It is concluded that as the hegemonic values of the school, university and society in general are still marked by discriminatory acts against students in a situation of socioeconomic vulnerability, it is recommended that managers promote actions that seek social and academic integration, enabling student development.

RESUMEN Esta investigación aborda la validez del espacio público como auspiciador de la participación política, centrándose en las diversas formas de apropiación del espacio que pueden fomentar dicha participación. El objetivo principal consiste en demostrar las posibilidades de acción política de las y los ciudadanos al expresar su desacuerdo a través de distintos procesos de apropiación del espacio público: la apropiación por dominación, por rebelión, la apropiación vandálica y artística. Se sostiene que la legitimidad de un sistema de gobierno puede cuestionarse o debilitarse según la actuación pública del cuerpo ciudadano contra el Estado o la entidad que ejerce la soberanía sobre el espacio. El análisis se llevará a cabo desde la filosofía política de la vertiente disociativa y el realismo político a través de los conceptos de conflicto, soberanía y desacuerdo.

ABSTRACT This research addresses the validity of public space as a promoter of political participation, focusing on the various forms of appropriation of space that can foster said participation. The main objective is to demonstrate the possibilities of political action of citizens by expressing their disagreement through different processes of appropriation of public space: appropriation by domination, appropriation by rebellion, vandalic, and artistic appropriation. It will be argued that the legitimacy of a government system can be questioned or weakened depending on the public actions of the citizen body against the State or the entity that exercises sovereignty over space. The analysis will be carried out from the political philosophy of the dissociative aspect and political realism, through the concepts of conflict, sovereignty, and disagreement.