Resumen Introducción: La política de valorización turística de la naturaleza preservada adquiere gran relevancia en Argentina en las últimas décadas, de modo que el posicionamiento externo del país en el mercado turístico global comienza a articularse a partir de la calidad y diversidad de sus áreas naturales protegidas. Sin embargo, no todas las unidades de conservación han despertado el mismo interés de los gobiernos al momento de implementar dichas estrategias. Objetivo: el estudio pretende analizar el rol que asumen las áreas naturales protegidas en la política turística desde la diversidad y complejidad que estas comprenden. Lo anterior exige ir más allá de la política institucionalizada, para así profundizar en el impacto diferencial que adquiere en cada lugar una vez implementada. Metodología: dada la naturaleza mixta del estudio, se destacan, entre las técnicas de investigación, el análisis del corpus documental, la observación y la aplicación de entrevistas en profundidad a actores clave que intervienen en el proceso. Para el análisis, se recurrió al análisis de políticas públicas, como enfoque teórico-metodológico, el cual propone contrastar lo formulado con lo implementado, para finalmente aproximar evaluaciones. Resultados: los resultados evidencian que los criterios de diversidad y equidad que conducen la estrategia de promoción (para posicionar al país en el mercado global a partir de su amplia biodiversidad de ambientes), no se aplican en la política de valorización turística, que concentra la provisión de obras y servicios en las áreas protegidas consolidadas, reconocidas internacionalmente por sus paisajes monumentales y bellezas escénicas. Conclusiones: Se comprueba que la política de valorización turística, lejos de conducir a desarrollos turísticos más equitativos y descentralizados como se había propuesto, implicó una consolidación del sistema turístico vigente.

Abstract Introduction: The research has shown the relevance that acquires the tourism appreciation policy of the preserved nature in Argentina, in the sense that the external positioning of the country in the global tourism market starts to articulate from the quality and diversity of its protected areas. However, not all the conservation units attracted the same interest from the government at the time to implement the appreciation policies Objective: The study's aim is to analyze the role that is assumed by natural protected areas in the tourism instrumented policy from the diversity and complexity that they cover. This needs to go beyond the institutionalized policy in order to deepen the differential impact that acquires in each place once it is implemented. Methodology: Given the mixed nature of this study, corpus documental analysis, observation, and application of general interviews to key actors who participate in the process are remarked for the studio we resorted to the public policies analysis as a methodologic theoretical approach that proposes to contrast what is formulated with what is implemented, to finally approximate evaluations. Results: it is evidenced that diversity and equity criteria that lead to a promotion strategy (in order to set the country in the global market from the wide biodiversity of environments) are not applied in the tourism valorization policy, that concentrates the provision of infrastructure and tourism services in the traditional parks internationally acknowledged for their monumental landscapes and scenic beauties. Conclusions: The study proves that the tourism valuation policy far from conducting more equitable and decentralized tourism developments as it had been proposed caused a consolidation of the current tourism system. Moreover, in the conclusions, associated tensions and risks to such activation processes are identified.

Abstract The way in which a society manages and provides the necessary care for its survival and reproduction is not gender neutral. This organization works, for the most part, due to the large amount of unpaid work carried out by women in the family sphere, thus affecting their equality, freedom, and dignity. This document identifies, first, the components that make up the current social organization of care in Latin America based on three dimensions of analysis: (a) sociocultural; (b) political and (c) economic. And, secondly, it proposes a selection of mechanisms that could contribute to transforming the components of that organization. The theoretical proposal of “implosion of care regimes” by Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) is taken as a starting point to propose a series of strategies that would contribute to dismantling the current social organization of care in the region. The work finds that, in an articulated way, these three analytical categories show the way in which women are held responsible as primary caregivers; certain public policies contribute to crystallizing gender roles that specialize women in care work and relegate them to the domestic world; and finally, it shows that the logic of the labor market responds, mainly, to a male provider model without family responsibilities, which contributes to maintaining and reproducing inequality against women.

Resumen La forma en la cual una sociedad gestiona y provee los cuidados necesarios para su supervivencia y reproducción no es neutral al género. Dicha organización funciona, en gran parte, debido a la enorme cantidad de trabajo no remunerado que realizan las mujeres en el ámbito familiar, afectando así su igualdad, libertad y dignidad. Este documento identifica, en primer lugar, los componentes que conforman la organización social de los cuidados en América Latina a partir de tres dimensiones de análisis: (a) sociocultural; (b) política y (c) económica. Y, en segundo lugar, propone una selección de mecanismos que podrían contribuir a transformar los componentes que conforman esa organización. Se toma como punto de partida la propuesta teórica de “implosión de los regímenes de cuidados” de Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) para proponer una serie de estrategias que contribuirían a desmontar la actual organización social de los cuidados en la región. El trabajo encuentra que, en forma articulada, estas tres categorías analíticas evidencian la forma bajo la cual se responsabiliza a las mujeres como cuidadoras primarias; ciertas políticas públicas contribuyen a cristalizar roles de género que especializan a las mujeres en el trabajo de cuidados y las relega al mundo doméstico; y finalmente, pone en evidencia que la lógica del mercado laboral responde, principalmente, a un modelo de hombre proveedor sin responsabilidades familiares, lo que contribuye a mantener y reproducir la desigualdad en contra de las mujeres.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es abordar los cruces entre la literatura para las infancias con el mercado editorial y la escuela, a partir de un itinerario que sigue la figura de Juana Azurduy en tres propuestas distintas: Juana, la intrépida capitana (2016) de Adela Basch, editada por Loqueleo; Juana Azurduy, la fuerza escondida (2019) de Paula Bombara, editada por Norma; y Juana Azurduy: Flor del Alto Perú (2020) de Javier del Romero y Dina Barrios, editada por Sudestada. ¿Qué relatos en torno a las mujeres y las luchas por la Independencia son difundidos dentro de las instituciones escolares? ¿Qué acciones llevan adelante las editoriales para promocionar sus textos? Luego de realizar una revisión sobre las investigaciones que estudian el campo literario y sus implicancias con el mundo editorial y las instituciones escolares, nos detenemos en la descripción de las propuestas seleccionadas para este caso. A partir del análisis de documentos redactados por las editoriales y destinados al público docente, nos proponemos explorar, comparar y problematizar las acciones que llevan adelante las editoriales para aproximarse a las infancias. Dicho análisis nos permite sostener que los modos de leer (Ludmer, 2015), propuestos en los recursos digitales, reactualizan las históricas tensiones entre el sistema escolar y la literatura, lo cual muestra que la escuela es un ámbito privilegiado por las grandes editoriales para desarrollar sus estrategias de comunicación y venta, mientras que las editoriales independientes siguen otros caminos de difusión.

Abstract: The objective of this article is to address the crossovers between literature for children with the publishing market and the school from an itinerary that the figure of Juana Azurduy follows in three different proposals: Juana, the intrepid captain (2016) by Adela Basch, edited by Loqueleo; Juana Azurduy, the hidden force (2019) by Paula Bombara, edited by Norma; and Juana Azurduy: Flor del Alto Perú (2020) by Javier del Romero and Dina Barrios, edited by Sudestada. What stories about women and the struggles for Independence are disseminated within school institutions? What actions do publishers carry out to promote their texts? After carrying out a review of the investigations that study the literary field and its implications with the publishing world and educational institutions, we stop at the description of the proposals selected for this case. Based on the analysis of documents written by the publishers and intended for the teaching public, we propose to explore, compare and problematize the actions carried out by the publishers to approach childhood. This analysis allows us to argue that the ways of reading (Ludmer, 2015) proposed in digital resources update the historical tensions between the school system and literature, which shows that the school is a privileged environment for large publishers to develop their strategies of communication and sales while independent publishers follow other ways of diffusion.

La comprensión de las prácticas de movilidad de mujeres agricultoras en función de la comercialización de sus productos resulta de suma importancia para identificar sus necesidades y desafíos como grupo social vulnerable. La investigación analizó las prácticas de movilidad y comercialización que utilizan las mujeres agricultoras de la parroquia rural Sinincay, del cantón Cuenca, Ecuador. Mediante la asunción de una metodología mixta de carácter transversal, se aplicaron encuestas para la recolección de información. Los resultados revelaron que las oportunidades para comercializar productos se concentran en el área urbana. El 57.7 de las mujeres comercializa sus productos en lugares no aptos para ello, principalmente en la vía pública, cerca de mercados y plazas. El 72.3 %, al no disponer de vehículo propio dependen de otros medios de transporte, situación que incide en la inversión de tiempo y costo de los desplazamientos. Además, el 93.8 % no forma parte de ninguna organización, lo que conlleva a la realización de la mayoría de viajes de forma individual. Estos hallazgos constituyen un insumo importante para que los organismos pertinentes generen acciones para mejorar la situación de este importante grupo poblacional.

Compreender as práticas de mobilidade das mulheres agricultoras com base na comercialização dos seus produtos é de extrema importância para identificar as suas necessidades e desafios como grupo social vulnerável. A pesquisa analisou as práticas de mobilidade e marketing utilizadas pelas mulheres agricultoras na freguesia rural de Sinincay, no cantão de Cuenca, Equador. Assumindo uma metodologia transversal mista, foram aplicados inquéritos para recolha de informação. Os resultados revelaram que as oportunidades de comercialização dos produtos estão concentradas na zona urbana. 57,7% das mulheres vendem seus produtos em locais não adequados para isso, principalmente na via pública, próximo a mercados e praças. 72,3%, por não possuírem veículo próprio, dependem de outros meios de transporte, situação que afeta o investimento de tempo e custo da viagem. Além disso, 93,8% não fazem parte de nenhuma organização, o que faz com que a maioria das viagens seja feita individualmente. Estas conclusões constituem um contributo importante para que as organizações relevantes possam gerar ações para melhorar a situação deste importante grupo populacional.

Understanding women farmers' mobility practices in marketing their products is of utmost importance in identifying their needs and challenges as a vulnerable social group. The research analyzed the mobility and marketing practices used by women farmers in the rural parish of Sinincay in the canton of Cuenca, Ecuador. Using a mixed methodology of a cross-sectional nature, surveys were applied to collect information. The results revealed that the opportunities for marketing products are concentrated in the urban area. A total of 57.7% of the women market their products in places not suitable for this purpose, mainly on public roads, near markets and squares. Since 72.3 % do not have their own vehicle, they depend on other means of transportation, a situation that affects the investment of time and the cost of travel. In addition, 93.8% do not belong to any organization, which means that most trips are made individually. These findings constitute an essential input for the relevant agencies to generate actions to improve the situation of this important population group.

ABSTRACT The quality of university professional training, currently required by law, is conditioning the permanence of universities in the educational market; For this reason, the objective of this research was to carry out an analysis of the factors that allow the educational quality of the professional accounting career in the Peruvian public university. The research had a qualitative design, with an evaluative and action research approach, because the researchers are in turn members of the Quality Committees of the Faculty of Accounting Sciences. The inductive inferential method was used for the analysis and systematic review of documents linked to accreditation processes in careers of the Faculty of Accounting Sciences, taking as reference the Accreditation Model applicable in Peru. The results indicate that, despite the economic difficulties, due to State budget restrictions, the public university has implemented actions that clearly highlight academic quality. Among these factors we have: periodic review of the Graduation Profile, through the performance of academic events at the beginning of the semester that allow different interest groups to gather and collect suggestions for improving said profile; On the other hand, the implementation of tutoring programs is allowing the academic environment to improve and therefore educational achievements; in addition to the systematic linking of the management of these aspects; However, there are some gaps in reference to the accreditation model, which, in some way, tend to be opportunities for continuous improvement.

RESUMEN La calidad de la formación profesional universitaria, actualmente exigida por ley, está condicionando la permanencia de las universidades en el mercado educativo; es por ello, que la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis de los factores que permiten la calidad educativa de la carrera profesional de contabilidad en la universidad pública peruana. La investigación tuvo un diseño cualitativo, con un enfoque evaluativo y de investigación acción, debido a que los investigadores son a su vez integrantes de los Comités de Calidad de la Facultad de Ciencias Contables. Se utilizó el método inferencial inductivo para el análisis y revisión sistemática de documentos vinculados a procesos de acreditación en carreras de la Facultad de Ciencias contables, tomando como referencia el Modelo de acreditación aplicable en el Perú. Los resultados indican que, a pesar de las dificultades económicas, por restricciones presupuestales del Estado, la universidad pública ha implementado acciones, que notoriamente resaltan la calidad académica, entre estos factores tenemos: revisión periódica del Perfil de egreso, a través de la realización de eventos académicos al inicio de semestre que permiten congregar a diferentes grupos de interés y recoger sugerencias de mejora de dicho perfil; por otro lado la implementación de programas de tutoría, está permitiendo mejorar el ambiente académico y por ende los logros educacionales; además de la vinculación sistemática de la gestión de estos aspectos; sin embargo, existen algunas brechas en referencia al modelo de acreditación, lo que, de alguna manera, suele ser oportunidades de mejora continua.

RESUMO A qualidade da formação profissional universitária, atualmente exigida por lei, está condicionando a permanência das universidades no mercado educacional; Por este motivo, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar uma análise dos fatores que permitem a qualidade educacional da carreira profissional contábil na universidade pública peruana. A pesquisa teve desenho qualitativo, com abordagem avaliativa e de pesquisa-ação, pois os pesquisadores, por sua vez, são membros dos Comitês de Qualidade da Faculdade de Ciências Contábeis. O método inferencial indutivo foi utilizado para a análise e revisão sistemática de documentos vinculados a processos de acreditação em carreiras da Faculdade de Ciências Contábeis, tomando como referência o Modelo de Acreditação aplicável no Peru. Os resultados indicam que, apesar das dificuldades econômicas, devido às restrições orçamentárias do Estado, a universidade pública tem implementado ações que evidenciam claramente a qualidade acadêmica.Entre esses fatores temos: revisão periódica do Perfil de Graduação, através da realização de eventos acadêmicos no início do semestre que permitem reunir e recolher sugestões de diferentes grupos de interesse para melhorar esse perfil; Por outro lado, a implementação de programas de tutoria está a permitir a melhoria do ambiente académico e, portanto, dos resultados educativos; além da articulação sistemática da gestão desses aspectos; Contudo, existem algumas lacunas no que diz respeito ao modelo de acreditação, que, de alguma forma, tendem a ser oportunidades de melhoria contínua.

This article deals with the nature of social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) and economic impact analysis (ECIA) of road projects and describes the coherence of and distinctions between the two types of analysis. In the final part of the article, the reasons are given for not including in an SCBA the economic impacts of a road as determined through an ECIA, regardless of how positive they may be. The SCBA of a road project is a systematic procedure to determine the economic viability of the road project by considering the costs and benefits that accrue when the road is constructed and during the service period of the project. The cost component in the SCBA of a road project is the once-off investment or capital cost of taking the road into service or improving it. The benefit component in the SCBA of a road is the difference between recurring costs associated with an improved road and without the road improvement. Recurring costs of a road include (a) road user costs, (b) external costs arising from road use and (c) maintenance costs to protect and preserve the usefulness of the road. The beneficiaries in an SCBA are the road users. The following road user groups can be distinguished: (i) Normal traffic (consisting of existing, normal-growth and non-induced development traffic; (ii) diverted traffic; and (iii) induced traffic (consisting of generated, induced development, and transferred traffic.) To assess the efficiency of resource allocation, an SCBA is based on the consideration of social cost. From the perspective of allocative efficiency, as determined by an SCBA, a road project is regarded as economically viable when the current value of the reduction in recurring costs associated with the road during its service life exceeds the current value of the once-off investment cost of taking the road into service. Road provision and use have economic impacts. Unlike an SCBA, which focuses on the efficiency with which a road project increases accessibility for and the mobility of road users, a regional economic impact analysis (ECIA) focuses on the effectiveness of a project to affect the performance of the economy of a region by enhancing time and place utilities creation by non-road-users. Consequently, an analysis of the effect construction, operation and use of a road will have on regional economic performance should focus on their expected income multiplier and accelerator effects on the number and size of activities in the economy of a region. The following non-road-user groups can be distinguished: (a) The public, (b) landowners, occupants and land users, (c) roadside enterprises, (d) utility enterprises and (e) goods consignors and consignees (in their capacity as non-road-users). An ECIA is based on a consideration of market prices. In an ECIA the following objectives serve as criteria for judging the impact of a road project on the performance of the economy: • Economic growth (including economic development) • Full employment • Price stability • Balance of payments stability • Equitable distribution of income These impacts, regardless of how positive they may be, are not included in an SCBA for the following reasons: • A comprehensive economic assessment consists of two components that are performed in tandem, namely an SCBA and an ECIA. An SCBA relies on allocative efficiency as assessment criterion, while an ECIA relies on output effectiveness as assessment criterion. The inclusion of effectiveness criteria among efficiency criteria in an SCBA will result in a misrepresentation of project viability. • Double counting of benefits will occur when road user cost savings and economic impacts are combined. • Not all the economic benefits obtained through coordinated investment in various sectors, one of which may be a road, can be ascribed to the investment in the road alone. The reason for conducting an ECIA of a road project is to determine to what measure the analysed road is expected to affect the performance of the economy of the region concerned. Although the results of an ECIA do not form part of the outcome of an SCBA, an ECIA can be used as an instrument in the pursuit of the economic policy objectives of a government.

Die hoofdoel van die sosialekoste-voordeel-ontleding (SKVO) van 'n pad is om die inligting oor die koste en voordele te verskaf wat nodig is om die lewensvatbaarheid, al dan nie, van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad te beraam. Die kostekomponent in die SKVO is die eenmalige investeringskoste om die pad tot stand te bring, en die voordeelkomponent is die daling van die herhalende koste wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die hoofdoel van die ekonomiese-impakontleding (EKIO) van 'n pad behels dat die verwagte gevolge van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad op die ekonomiese vertoning van 'n bepaalde streek geïdentifiseer en bereken word. Dié ontleding berus hoofsaaklik op die volgende: (a) die beraming van die verwagte eenmalige streeksinkome-vermenigvuldigereffek wat uit die investeringsbesteding aan die pad sal spruit, en (b) die beraming van die herhalende streeksinkome-versnellereffek wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die ekonomiese uitwerking van 'n padprojek word nie by 'n SKVO ingereken nie. Die rede hiervoor is drievoudig: Eerstens berus 'n SKVO op toewysingsdoelmatigheid as beoordelingsnorm, en 'n EKIO op doeltreffendheid as beoordelingsnorm. Die kombinering van doeltreffendheidsnorme en doelmatigheidsnorme sal tot 'n wanvertolking van 'n projek se ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid lei. Tweedens sal voordele dubbeld getel word indien padgebruikerskostebesparings en ekonomiese impakte saamgevoeg word. Derdens kan ekonomiese voordele wat verkry word deur gekoördineerde investering in verskeie sektore, waarvan een 'n pad is, nie alles aan investering in die pad toegeskryf word nie.

Abstract The content of this agenda includes very sensitive issues, especially for emerging economy countries, such as reducing inequalities in their variety of dimensions, generating inclusive economic development, incorporating the principles of responsible work for all, building sustainable cities, with production systems in harmony with the environment, striving for alliances between public and private actors in favor of sustained development. In this article we will analyze some of the SDGs created in said Agenda, and how the fulfillment of them and their goals positively influenced both economically, socially and environmentally, in industries such as textiles and fashion, which today it is in permanent attention due to its negative consequences, having to transform its entire system, which includes from the raw materials it extracts from nature, at the rate it does, its production process, the toxic products it uses, its polluting effects, non-responsible working conditions, irrational behavior by consumers of their products and the accumulation of waste.

Resumen El contenido de dicha agenda incluye temas muy sensibles, en especial para los países de economías emergentes, como son reducir las desigualdades en su variedad de dimensiones, generar un desarrollo económico con inclusión, que incorpore los principios del trabajo responsable para todos, construyendo ciudades sostenibles, con sistemas productivos en armonía con el medio ambiente, bregando por alianzas entre actores públicos y privados en pro de un desarrollo sostenido. En el presente artículo analizaremos algunos a los ODS creados en dicha Agenda, y como el cumplimiento de los mismos y de sus metas, influenciaron positivamente tanto a nivel económico, como en lo social y ambiental, en industrias como la textil y de moda, que hoy se encuentra en permanente atención por sus consecuencias negativas, debiendo transformar todo su sistema, que incluye desde las materias primas que extrae de la naturaleza, al ritmo que lo hace, su proceso productivo, los productos tóxicos que utiliza, sus efectos contaminantes, las condiciones laborales no responsables, los comportamientos irracionales de los consumidores de sus productos y la acumulación de desechos.

Resumo O conteúdo dessa agenda inclui questões muito sensíveis, principalmente para países de economia emergente, como a redução das desigualdades em suas diversas dimensões, a geração de desenvolvimento econômico inclusivo, a incorporação dos princípios do trabalho responsável para todos, a construção de cidades sustentáveis. , com sistemas de produção em harmonia com o meio ambiente, buscando alianças entre atores públicos e privados em prol do desenvolvimento sustentado. Neste artigo iremos analisar alguns dos ODS criados na referida Agenda, e como o cumprimento dos mesmos e seus objetivos influenciaram positivamente tanto econômica, socialmente e ambientalmente, em setores como o têxtil e da moda, que Hoje está em permanente atenção pelas suas consequências negativas, tendo que transformar todo o seu sistema, que inclui desde as matérias-primas que extrai da natureza, ao ritmo que o faz, o seu processo de produção, os produtos tóxicos que utiliza, os seus efeitos poluentes, Condições de trabalho não responsáveis, comportamento irracional dos consumidores de seus produtos e acúmulo de resíduos.

ABSTRACT A staple of the PT governments’ new economic policy in Brazil has been the pursue of the internationalization of a selected group of domestic firms. From 2003 to 2013, the Brazilian State has promoted the globalization of such firms through various public policies, with the main goal being to position the most of them in the upper echelon of their respective industry globally. At the same time, internationalization had been a primary “defensive” strategy adopted by leading Brazilian firms since the ‘90s, turned in a truly “global strategy” in the last 20 years to deal with deeply transformative trends at world level. Here we look specifically at the internationalization path followed by JBS, VALE and AB-INBEV, highlighting common patterns such as undertaking expansive trajectories characterized by distinctive and cumulative phases of consolidation; penetrating rapidly concentrating world industries; a common tendency to dispersion of shareholding control, foreign takeover and delocalization of central activities in major markets; growing financialization of business; emergency of China as main market of reference. We conclude that the internationalization trajectories of JBS, VALE and AB-INBEV show some shortcomings in the “National Champions” strategy. Nonetheless, we warn against the temptation of regarding the mixed results of this strategy as simply a “failure” of the new industrial policy as a whole.

RESUMO Um elemento básico da nova política econômica dos governos do PT no Brasil tem sido a busca pela internacionalização de um grupo seleto de empresas nacionais. De 2003 a 2013, o Estado brasileiro promoveu a globalização dessas empresas por meio de diversas políticas públicas, com o objetivo principal de posicionar a maior parte delas no escalão superior de seus respectivos setores globalmente. Ao mesmo tempo, a internacionalização foi uma das principais estratégias “defensivas” adotadas pelas principais empresas brasileiras desde os anos ‘90, tornando-se uma verdadeira “estratégia global” nos últimos 20 anos para lidar com tendências profundamente transformadoras em nível mundial. Aqui, olhamos especificamente para o caminho de internacionalização seguido pela JBS, VALE e AB-INBEV, destacando padrões comuns como a realização de trajetórias expansivas caracterizadas por fases distintas e cumulativas de consolidação; penetração de indústrias mundiais em rápida concentração; uma tendência comum à dispersão do controle acionário, aquisição estrangeira e deslocalização das atividades centrais nos principais mercados; crescente financeirização dos negócios; emergência da China como principal mercado de referência. Concluímos que as trajetórias de internacionalização da JBS, VALE e AB-INBEV apresentam algumas deficiências na estratégia dos “Campeões Nacionais”. No entanto, alertamos contra a tentação de considerar os resultados mistos dessa estratégia simplesmente como um “fracasso” da nova política industrial como um todo.

ABSTRACT: This study assessed different extension actors in the Aegean region in terms of key indicators that influence the success of extension activities. Along with the primary goal, factors affecting extensionists’ satisfaction with their working conditions were investigated. The data were collected through questionnaires from 966 extensionists working in public, private firms, farmer organizations, input dealers and consultancy in eight provinces in the region. According to the results, 80% of the farmers received extension services from public organizations in the region. While those who work in the public sector are more satisfied economically, their professional satisfaction is the lowest. Extension workers’ personal skills, sharing ideas, creativity, and authority-responsibility harmony, working freedom, staff availability and support are increasing satisfaction with working conditions in organizations. While female farmers are targeting more by the public and consultants, educated farmers are more prioritized in firms, dealers, and consultations. The internalization of innovative values is lower in the public organizations compared to the others. It is foreseen that; the public will carry out extension in developing countries for a long time. The success in extension organizations, the innovation process and pluralistic structure became quite more dependent on the relations with the private sector, domestic and international market mechanisms, demand driven giving advice and government policies on social, economic, and environmental.

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou diferentes atores de extensão na região do Egeu em termos de indicadores-chave que influenciam o sucesso das atividades de extensão. Junto com o objetivo principal, foram investigados os fatores que afetam a satisfação dos extensionistas com suas condições de trabalho. Os dados foram recolhidos através de questionários a 966 extensionistas que trabalham em empresas públicas, privadas, organizações de agricultores, comerciantes de insumos e consultoria em oito províncias da região. De acordo com os resultados, 80% dos agricultores recebem serviços de extensão de organizações públicas da região. Enquanto aqueles que trabalham no setor público estão mais satisfeitos economicamente, sua satisfação profissional é a mais baixa. Habilidades pessoais dos extensionistas, compartilhamento de ideias, criatividade e harmonia autoridade-responsabilidade, liberdade de trabalho, disponibilidade e apoio da equipe estão aumentando a satisfação com as condições de trabalho nas organizações. Enquanto as agricultoras são mais visadas pelo público e por consultores, as agricultoras educadas têm mais prioridade em empresas, revendedores e consultas. A internalização de valores inovadores é menor nas organizações públicas em relação às demais. Prevê-se que, o público realizará extensão em países em desenvolvimento por muito tempo. O sucesso nas organizações de extensão no processo de inovação e estrutura pluralista de hoje tornou-se muito mais dependente das relações com o setor privado, mecanismos de mercado nacional e internacional, aconselhamento orientado pela demanda e políticas governamentais sociais, econômicas e ambientais.

Abstract The water implications, in conjunction with the environmental aspects, of agro-industrial development in Jalisco are analyzed, specifically focusing on the tequila production chain. This analysis considers the fluctuations in water policy, water management, and environmental policy, considering the socio-environmental impacts that arise as consequences within the tequila production chain projected towards a strategic agro-industrial development in a free market context, which has caused direct and indirect environmental impacts in a significant part of the state of Jalisco. To achieve the objective, methods from different disciplinary backgrounds were employed, including a critical retrospective analysis of water management history, causal tracing analysis, and public policy analysis, due to the starting theoretical relevance that is Political Ecology. One of the main findings revolves around the dilemma between mitigating socio-environmental impacts and achieving profitability schemes.

Resumen Se analizan las implicaciones hídricas en conjunción de las ambientales del desarrollo agroindustrial en Jalisco, en específico de la cadena productiva del tequila; ante los vaivenes de la política hídrica, la gestión del agua, y la política ambiental ante las afectaciones socioambientales como consecuencias en la cadena productiva del tequila proyectada hacia un desarrollo agroindustrial estratégico de libre mercado que ha originado impactos ambientales directos e indirectos en gran parte del estado de Jalisco. Para lograr el objetivo se utilizaron métodos de enfoque mixto: trabajo de análisis cualitativo y estadística inferencial por la pertinencia teórica de partida que es la Ecología política sobre un Estudio de caso. Uno de los principales hallazgos versa sobre el dilema que surge para productores de agave e industriales del tequila en atender o no la prevención y mitigación de afectaciones socioambientales del agua y la desigualdad social y la consecución de los esquemas de rentabilidad propios de la inercia de mercado.

Resumen: Este artículo aborda el impacto del COVID-19 en el sector de la ilustración en Uruguay a través del relevamiento de información disponible y la realización de entrevistas en profundidad a artistas e informantes calificados. El texto se estructura en las siguientes secciones: antecedentes (contexto histórico del sector gráfico local), políticas públicas y espacios de resistencia (principales instrumentos de política y acciones sociales que inciden en este arte), el sector de la ilustración (principales características de este mercado), impactos y oportunidades de la pandemia (efectos y tendencias observadas), y comentarios finales sobre un posible escenario post-pandemia. Sus principales conclusiones indican que la pandemia ha obligado a los artistas a buscar nuevas oportunidades de subsistencia, fomentando una mayor profesionalización y creando nichos de mercado independientes de las galerías y las grandes editoriales. También ha reunido a artistas en torno a un objetivo común de “resistencia” que tensa el equilibrio entre los aspectos funcionales y sociales de la disciplina.

Resumo: Este artigo aborda o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 no setor da ilustração no Uruguai por meio do levantamento das informações disponíveis e da realização de entrevistas em profundidade a artistas e informantes qualificados. O texto está estruturado nas seguintes seções (da seguinte forma): antecedentes (contexto histórico do setor gráfico local), políticas públicas e espaços de resistência (principais instrumentos políticos e ações sociais que afetam esta diciplina), o setor da ilustração (principais características deste mercado), impactos e oportunidades da pandemia (efeitos e tendencias observadas), e comentários finais sobre um possível cenário post-pandemia. As principais conclusões indicam que a pandemia obrigou os artistas a buscar novas oportunidades de subsistência, promovendo maior profissionalismo e criando nichos de mercado independentes das galerias e grandes editoras. Também congregou os artistas em torno a um objetivo comum de "resistência" que tensiona o equilíbrio entre os aspectos funcionais e sociais da disciplina.

Abstract: This article addresses the impact of COVID-19 in the illustration sector in Uruguay, through the survey of available information and the conduction of in-depth interviews with artists and qualified informants. The text is structured in the following sections: background (historical antecedents of the local graphic sector), public policies and spaces of resistance (main policy instruments and social actions affecting this art), the illustration sector (main characteristics of this market), impacts and opportunities of the pandemic (observed effects and trends), and final remarks on a possible post-pandemic scenario. Its main conclusions indicate that the pandemic has forced artists to seek new subsistence opportunities, promoting a greater professionalization and creating market niches independent of the galleries and large publishing houses. It has also gathered artists around a common objective of “resistance” that strains the balance between the functional and social aspects of the discipline.

PURPOSE: The digitisation of economies and finance shows the importance of digital transformation (DT) in helping countries, markets and institutions to remain competitive. The changes brought about are not only technological in nature in certain market niches but affect the globality of a country's institutions with environmental and social implications. For this reason, in recent years, DT has received increasing attention from researchers, and this study will show its evolution of DT and its components in the period 2012-2022 DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: For this purpose, a literature review with bibliometric analysis is carried out, in order to evaluate DT and its components in emerging and developed economy countries. In the statistical work, the bibliometrix and biblioshiny software packages were used to perform data extraction and quantitative analysis of the research articles, obtained from the Web of Science databases FINDINGS/RESULTS: A total of 164 articles were selected for the research, which served to identify the most relevant publications on the case of DT in developing versus developed countries PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Thus, this research is of great interest to academics and practitioners who can explore knowledge on DT in a global context and analyse the main trends and authors contributing to knowledge in this scientific field ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The conclusions obtained refer both to the theoretical framework and to the implications for the management of both public administrations and international governmental organisations

Climate change affects cities disproportionately, and some cities have limited fiscal capacity to address climate change. It is therefore necessary to ensure that the climate funds cities do have at their disposal are used in a way that maximises their impact. However, financial mismanagement and corruption have led to significant money losses in climate funds. Although measures against general public sector corruption can be used to improve climate finance management, the climate finance market poses some unique challenges. Traditional anticorruption measures can be rethought to maintain their effectiveness against corruption in climate finance. Against this background, the article explores how international and regional law can be used by cities to improve the management of climate funds. Eight financial controls are identified and critically discussed to show how they can be effective in the specific case of climate finance. The article also shows some examples of where these financial controls have been implemented in cities.

ORIENTATION: South African higher education institutions (HEIs) face significant challenges in attracting and retaining younger-generation academics. This results in a critical shortage of a talented pool of scholars required for succession and the sustainability of HEIs over the longer term. RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the factors affecting the retention of millennial academics in South Africa. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: The retention of millennial academics is essential to the success of HEIs. Research on the factors affecting the retention of this cohort of academics is scarce despite their growing importance in sustainable HEI practice. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: The study adopted a cross-sectional qualitative research approach using semi-structured interviews to collect the data. The sample included 14 millennial academics representing various public HEIs in South Africa. Thematic analyses were applied to analyse the data. MAIN FINDINGS: The findings showed that five factors should be considered to retain millennial academics: career and growth opportunities, work environment, rewards, leadership and work-life balance. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The study concluded that an integrated talent retention strategy should be developed that, at a minimum include opportunities for career development, employee growth, healthy employee-employer relationships, employee support and market-related compensation to retain millennial academics. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This research contributes to the limited knowledge of the factors affecting the retention of millennial academics.

Resumo Em linha com a própria génese da Análise Social, este texto reflete a valorização do diálogo interdisciplinar entre a economia e a sociologia na compreensão das desigualdades de género no mercado de trabalho, centrando-se fundamentalmente no diferencial remuneratório em desfavor das mulheres. A elevada expressão da parcela não explicada desse diferencial confere sustentação à tese segundo a qual o “valor” do trabalho não é neutro do ponto de vista do género. Esta constatação eleva a necessidade de implementação de metodologias de avaliação de funções e de políticas remuneratórias que, a nível organizacional, garantam a não discriminação (direta e indireta) em função do género, sem perder de vista uma abordagem coerente e articulada de desconstrução de estereótipos de género em todas as políticas públicas.

Abstract Keeping in line with the very origins of Análise Social, this text acknowledges the importance of an interdisciplinary dialogue between Economics and Sociology to the understanding of gender inequalities in the labour market, while mainly focusing on the gender pay gap. The particular magnitude of the unexplained fraction of such gap supports the thesis that the ‘value’ of work is not gender-neutral. This finding calls for the need of job evaluation methodologies and pay policies that, at an organisational level, fully ensure non-discrimination (both direct and indirect) on the grounds of gender, along with a consistent and well-articulated approach towards the deconstruction of gender stereotypes in all fields of public policies.