Abstract The Diario Literario de México (1768) by José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez was suspended after only eight issues. This article puts forth a new interpretation of the events that led to the revocation of the printing license, and of the publication of the Diario Literario as a whole. Based on a careful reading of the eight issues of the Diario as well as archival documents that have been seldomly used, the article argues that Alzate’s first publication was an enlightened project, which combined religion with modern science. Alzate sought to impose himself in the Mexican publishing market through varied strategies such as the inclusion of letters penned by his supposed readers and the use of satire. Throughout the Diario’s brief life, Alzate succeeded in fleshing out the figure of the Public that he invoked in his prologue. The authorities tolerated this experiment, but eventually the scandal was such that they proceeded to its suspension and confiscation. Nevertheless, during the eight issues that did come out, Alzate explored the frontiers of the politically acceptable as far as he could.

Resumen El Diario Literario de México (1768) de José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez fue suspendido al cabo de ocho números. Este artículo propone una nueva interpretación de los acontecimientos que llevaron a la revocación de la licencia para imprimirlo y de la publicación en su conjunto. A partir de una lectura minuciosa de los ocho números del Diario y de documentos de archivos, poco utilizados hasta ahora, se argumenta que la primera obra literaria de Alzate fue un proyecto ilustrado, el cual aliaba la religión con la ciencia moderna. Alzate buscó imponerse en el mercado editorial novohispano con estrategias variadas como la inclusión de escritos de sus supuestos lectores y el uso de la sátira. Su breve vida logró dar cuerpo a la figura del público que invocó en su Prólogo. Este experimento fue tolerado en un principio, pero eventualmente suscitó un escándalo suficientemente importante como para provocar su suspensión y confiscación. Sin embargo, durante los ocho números que salieron a la luz, Alzate exploró hasta donde le fue posible las fronteras de lo aceptable políticamente.

Abstract Promoting transparency is seen as one of the key mechanisms for generating trust in the work of journalists and thereby strengthening democracies. The principle is that making information about media ownership, funding, and editorial decision-making criteria public enhances understanding of the less visible aspects of journalistic production, thus increasing credibility by identifying potential conflicts of interest. In recent years, technological development, particularly the internet’s growing capabilities, coupled with the crisis in journalism’s business models, which is jeopardising traditional funding models, has led to the emergence of entrepreneurial journalistic projects that claim to be alternative and independent. These projects seek to distinguish themselves from mainstream journalism through their structure, funding and ownership models, and they find a strategy for promoting transparency that sets them apart from traditional media. This article aims to identify and analyse the transparency promotion practices of these journalistic projects, relating them to a strategy of affirmation in the news market.

Resumo A promoção da transparência é vista como um dos mecanismos para gerar confiança no trabalho dos jornalistas e, por essa via, fortalecer as democracias. O princípio é o de que tornar públicas as informações sobre a propriedade dos meios de comunicação jornalísticos, o seu financiamento e os critérios gerais que suportam as suas decisões editoriais contribui para o conhecimento sobre o lado menos visível da produção jornalística e, assim, credibilizar o jornalismo, identificando eventuais pontos de conflito. Nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento tecnológico, em particular com o aumento das potencialidades da internet, a par da crise dos modelos de negócio do jornalismo, que coloca em causa modelos tradicionais de financiamento, tem motivado o aparecimento de projetos jornalísticos empreendedores que se afirmam como alternativos e independentes. Estes projetos procuram distanciar-se do jornalismo tradicional no que diz respeito à sua estrutura, modelos de financiamento e de propriedade e encontram na promoção da transparência uma estratégia que os distingue dos média tradicionais. O presente artigo pretende identificar e estudar as práticas de promoção da transparência destes projetos jornalísticos, relacionando-as com uma estratégia de afirmação no mercado das notícias.

Abstract Sections of higher education in Argentina in the last approximately ten years are covered, trying to show a line of continuity with respect to certain traces of undisguisable academic neocolonialism, not noticing notable differences despite the change in university policies from the different national administrations. In order to show this line of continuity -despite the abysmal difference regarding public policies in Higher Education in the last two governments- we are located in the Argentine North Patagonia, analyzing as a witness case of what is maintained here (namely: the capital plot / market / Higher Education) hydrocarbon exploitation since the boom of what is called Vaca Muerta. It is interesting to show how this plot occurs in Higher Education, it is at the expense of academic capitalism. This article closes by reporting a certain impassiveness on the part of the Social Sciences and Humanities, which, to a large extent, ignore these issues, remaining in a state, if not of complicity, then of epistemic ataraxia and immutability in the face of affliction of the present. We maintain the importance of paying attention to the re and neo-colonizing dimension of higher studies and education in general, today as yesterday, and silence regarding this present of devastation and death that has colonized minds, bodies and knowledge.

Resumen Se recorren tramos de la Educación Superior en la Argentina en los últimos diez años aproximadamente procurando mostrar cierta línea de continuidad respecto a algunos trazos de indisimulable neocolonialismo académico, no advirtiendo diferencias notorias pese al radical cambio en las políticas universitarias, sin dudas sustantivo, desde las distintas administraciones nacionales. A efectos de mostrar esa línea de continuidad -pese a la abismal diferencia referida a políticas públicas en Educación Superior en los dos últimos gobiernos- nos situamos en la Norpatagonia argentina analizando como caso testigo de lo que aquí se sostiene (a saber: la trama capital/mercado/Educación Superior) la explotación hidrocarburífera a partir del boom de lo que se denomina ‘Vaca Muerta’. Interesa mostrar cómo se da dicha trama en la Educación Superior, la que queda a expensas del capitalismo académico. Cierra este artículo dando cuenta de cierta impavidez por parte de las Ciencias Sociales y las Humanidades, las que, en gran medida, se desentienden de estas cuestiones permaneciendo en un estado, si no de complicidad, sí de ataraxia epistémica y de inmutabilidad ante la aflicción del presente. Sostenemos la importancia en reparar en la dimensión re y neocolonizadora de los estudios superiores y de la educación en general, hoy como ayer y el silencio respecto a este presente de devastación y muerte que ha colonizado mentes, cuerpos y saberes.

Resumen El alquiler de vivienda es una práctica en crecimiento en gran parte de Argentina. Este trabajo analiza el proceso de inquilinización y las iniciativas de regulación del mercado de alquileres en Rosario, tercera ciudad con mayor número de inquilinos del país entre 2003-2023. Los datos que arrojan los documentos oficiales, no oficiales y notas de prensa, muestran que la legislación nacional favorece la desregulación del mercado habitacional. La escasez de políticas habitacionales para inquilinos contrasta con la disponibilidad de viviendas que no se alquilan debido a conflictos y falta de control estatal respecto de precios, regulación y mediación contratos. La elaboración de una política pública para este mercado debería incluir una propuesta de impuestos a la vivienda desocupada, alquiler social e incentivos para la construcción de nuevas viviendas para atender la demanda de alquiler.

Abstract Renting property is a widespread practice in much of Argentina. This paper analyses the mechanisms of renting and initiatives to regulate the rental market in Rosario, the third city with the highest number of tenants in the country (2003-2023). Data from official and unofficial documents and press releases show that national legislation favors the deregulation of the housing market. The scarcity of housing policies for tenants contrasts with the availability of unrented housing due to conflicts and lack of state control over prices, regulation and mediation of contracts. The development of a public policy for this market should include a proposal for taxation of unoccupied housing, social renting and incentives for building new housing to meet rental demand.

Resumen: En el marco de la crisis de los cuidados latinoamericana, este artículo analiza las agendas políticas sobre cuidados de larga duración desarrolladas por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), así como sus efectos sobre las desigualdades que estructuran la organización social de los cuidados. A partir de un enfoque feminista interseccional y de un análisis crítico del discurso político, se argumenta que mientras la CEPAL promueve el derecho humano al cuidado y la superación de las desigualdades sociales, el BID impulsa un mercado de cuidados que podría agudizar dichas desigualdades.

Abstract: In the context of the Latin American care crisis, this article analyzes the policy agendas on long-term care developed by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and their effects on the inequalities that structure the social organization of care. Based on an intersectional feminist approach and a critical political discourse analysis, it is argued that while ECLAC promotes the human right to care and overcoming social inequalities, the IDB promotes a care market that could exacerbate such inequalities.

Abstract. This work analyzes the labor conditions of merchants in two public markets in Mexico City. It argues that, within the context of current neoliberal policies aimed at the economic renewal of public markets in Mexico City, the socio-labor conditions of public market merchants have been disrupted in the name of urban landscape development. From an anthropological perspective and using a qualitative methodology, some findings indicate that the socio-labor situation of merchants shows gaps and increased social vulnerability concerning social protection. Additionally, there is a noted stagnation in labor precariousness and a misalignment of merchants within governance policies.

Resumen. En este trabajo se analizan las condiciones laborales de los comerciantes de dos mercados públicos en la Ciudad de México. Se argumenta que, en el contexto de las actuales políticas neoliberales encaminadas a la renovación económica de los mercados públicos en la Ciudad de México, las condiciones sociolaborales de los comerciantes/locatarios de mercados públicos se han visto trastocadas en aras del desarrollo del paisaje urbano. Desde una perspectiva antropológica y bajo una metodología cualitativa, algunos hallazgos refieren que la situación sociolaboral de los comerciantes presenta vacíos y mayor vulnerabilidad social en cuanto a protección social. También se refiere un estancamiento de la precarización laboral y un desenfoque de los comerciantes en las políticas de gobernanza.

RESUMO Comportamentos de risco na adolescência impactam a saúde de curto e longo prazo. A análise de dados de saúde dos países do Mercado Comum do Sul (Mercosul) pode fortalecer a vigilância e apoiar políticas públicas. Objetivou-se comparar as prevalências de indicadores em saúde de adolescentes nos países do Mercosul. Estudo descritivo, com dados do ‘Global School-based Student Health Survey’ na Argentina (2018), no Paraguai (2017) e no Uruguai (2019), e da ‘Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar’ no Brasil (2015 e 2019). Analisaram-se as prevalências e os intervalos de confiança de 95% de indicadores para a população total de adolescentes e segundo o gênero. A experimentação do álcool antes dos 14 anos foi maior na Argentina enquanto a embriaguez foi maior no Brasil. O consumo atual de cigarro e o uso de qualquer produto do tabaco foram mais elevados na Argentina. A prática regular de atividade física foi menor no Brasil, já o comportamento sedentário foi maior no Uruguai. O Brasil teve o menor uso de preservativo na última relação sexual. Houve diferenças dos comportamentos de risco para saúde entre os adolescentes dos países estudados. Os resultados podem auxiliar entidades governamentais desses países a promoverem intercâmbio de boas práticas.

ABSTRACT Risk behaviours in adolescence have a short- and long-term impact on health. Analysing health data from the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) countries can strengthen surveillance and support public policies. To compare the prevalence of health indicators among adolescents in Mercosur countries. A descriptive study was conducted using data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey in Argentina (2018), Paraguay (2017), and Uruguay (2019), as well as from the National Survey of School Health in Brazil (2015 and 2019). Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals of indicators were analysed for the total adolescent population and by gender. Alcohol experimentation before the age of 14 was higher in Argentina, while drunkenness was higher in Brazil. Current cigarette smoking and any tobacco product use were higher in Argentina. Regular physical activity was lower in Brazil. Sedentary behaviour was higher in Uruguay. Brazil had the lowest condom use at last sexual intercourse. There were differences in health risk behaviours among adolescents in the studied countries. These results can assist governmental entities in these countries in promoting the exchange of best practices.

Abstract The present research addresses the topic of the rationality of the economic agent, from an interdisciplinary ap- proach, which gives novelty to the proposal made. The objective is to integrate knowledge from various areas of knowledge that contribute to a new conception of rationality for the understanding, explanation and projection of economic phenomena. A qualitative methodology is used for the selection and interpretation of scientific informa- tion, assuming a critical and constructive stance on knowledge. The research is theoretical due to the manage- ment of the information carried out and several theoretical level methods are used, such as analysis, synthesis and theoretical generalization. The most significant conclusions point to the importance of expanding the vision of the concept of rationality, since its practical implications influence behavioral governments, public policies, market func- tioning and organizational management. The integration of information from neurosciences, behavioral economics and the theory of the extended mind allows us to conceive the rationality of the economic agent as a limited, vari- able and dependent process on the environment.

Resumen

ABSTRACT In Paraguay (2002-2022), families undergone changes due to modernization and modernity processes that are studied based upon woman´s progress as main explanatory axis, and taking also in account her economic, political, and physical autonomies. Diversity of types of households, consensual unions growth, and feminine household headship, growth and its base are studied. INE´s census 2002 and 2012 and 2022 surveys data are compared (%). A general trend towards modernity is underway but it is not uniform within these three areas, and an acceleration pace during the last ten years is a parallel process. Within types of households, the one-parent and children household increase and the extended household decrease are noted. Consensual unions exploded during the last decade does not necessarily mean modernity; it is a late process in the region. By 2022, an equilibrium has arrived between formal and informal (consensual) unions. A growing feminine headship is a modernity sign, it has reached almost 4 out of every 10 households in 2022 and it has grown almost 2,5 times within 20 years, included two-parents and children family, ”the” model. For reaching this political level, wo- men should be within the labor market, and they do according to their civil-conjugal state; for instance, separated and divorced women are on the peak at both variables. Within the public agenda, more studies on families are required as well as to include families´ diversity and their ongoing changes for more precise public policies.

RESUMEN En Paraguay en el periodo 2002 al 2022, los cambios en las familias se dieron por influencia de procesos de modernización y modernidad que se estudian teniendo como eje explicativo principal a los avances en la condición de la mujer, para los cuales también se analizan sus autonomías (económica, política y física). Se estudian: diversidad de tipos de los hogares, cre- cimiento de las uniones consensuales y crecimiento y bases de la jefatura femenina de hogar. Los datos del censo de 2002 y las encuestas de hogares del 2012 y 2022 del INE se compararon, porcentualmente. La orientación general es hacia la modernidad, pero no en las tres áreas; paralelamente se observa un aceleramiento de los procesos en el último decenio. Entre los tipos de hogares se halla el crecimiento del monoparental y el decrecimiento del extendido. La explosión de las uniones consensuales en la última década no necesariamente es modernidad; es un fenómeno tardío en la región. En 2022 ya se tiene un equilibrio entre uniones formales e informales. La creciente jefatura femenina de hogar es un indicador de modernidad; son casi 4 de cada 10 hogares familiares en 2022 habiendo crecido casi 2,5 veces en el lapso estudiado; inclusive en hogares nucleares completos. Para alcanzar esta condición política, las mujeres debieron integrarse al mercado de trabajo y lo hacen según su estado civil; por ejemplo, sepa- radas y divorciadas se ubican en el más alto nivel en ambos indicadores. Corresponde mayor estudio a las familias e incorporar a la agenda pública la diversidad familiar y sus cambios en curso para políticas públicas más precisas.

Abstract. The discussion on platform regulation has focused, both in academia and in international organizations and competition agencies, on the tools of the neoclassical regulatory model: market shares and welfare analysis, among others. More recently, big data and algorithms have become central to these debates. The aim of this article is to analyze, from a critical perspective, the evolution of this discussion; its impact on the different legislative proposals, and the long period that led the European Union to adopt, in 2022, the regulation of these corporations. In addition, new public policy instruments are suggested to overcome these new regulations.

Resumo. A discussão sobre a regulamentação das plataformas tem se concentrado, tanto na academia, quanto em organismos internacionais e agências de concorrência, nas ferramentas do modelo neoclássico de regulamentação: quotas de mercado e análise de bem-estar, entre outras. Mais recentemente, o big data e os algoritmos passaram a ser centrais nesses debates. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, a evolução dessa discussão, seu impacto nas diferentes propostas legislativas e o longo período que levou a União Europeia a adotar, em 2022, a regulamentação dessas corporações. Adicionalmente, sugerem-se novos instrumentos de políticas públicas que possam superar essas novas normativas.

Resumen. La discusión sobre la regulación de plataformas se ha centrado, tanto en la academia, como en organismos internacionales y agencias de la competencia, en las herramientas del modelo neoclásico de regulación: cuotas de mercado y análisis de bienestar, entre otras. Más recientemente el big data y los algoritmos han pasado a ser centrales en estos debates. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar, desde una perspectiva crítica, la evolución de esta discusión, su impacto en las diferentes propuestas legislativas, y el largo período que llevó a la Unión Europea a adoptar, en 2022, la regulación de estas corporaciones. Adicionalmente, se sugieren nuevos instrumentos de políticas públicas que puedan superar estas nuevas normativas.

Resumo Introdução. A inserção no mercado de trabalho dos universitários é uma das motivações mais importantes para o ingresso no ensino superior; atualmente, o empreendedorismo é apresentado como uma opção que está se tornando cada vez mais relevante. Objetivo. Identificar e diferenciar a maneira como o perfil empreendedor difere com base em qual grupo populacional o aluno pertence, o que é devido a fatores sociodemográficos. Metodologia. Não experimental, comparativa-transversal, com uma amostra de 250 alunos de universidades públicas e privadas, aos quais foi aplicado um questionário de perguntas através da técnica de survey, nesta linha, para cruzar as informações e constatar as diferenças. Procedeu-se à análise descritiva por meio de tabelas cruzadas e, para verificação das hipóteses, foram utilizados os testes Mann Whitney U e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados. Identificou-se que o único fator com valor significativo é a atividade laboral do aluno (0,027), enquanto os demais aspectos sociodemográficos apresentaram p-valor > 0,05. Conclusão. Não há diferenças significativas no perfil empreendedor em oito dos nove aspectos avaliados. Implicações. O perfil empreendedor estaria condicionado à atual atividade laboral do aluno.

Resumen Introducción. La inserción al mercado laboral del estudiantado universitario es una de las motivaciones más importantes para el seguimiento de los estudios superiores; en la actualidad, el emprendimiento se presenta como una opción que adquiere cada vez mayor relevancia. Objetivo. Identificar y diferenciar la forma en la que el perfil de emprendimiento se diferencia a partir de a qué grupo poblacional pertenece el estudiantado, lo cual radica en razón de factores sociodemográficos. Metodología. No experimental, comparativo-transversal, con una muestra de 250 estudiantes de universidades públicas y privadas, a quienes se les administró un cuestionario de preguntas por medio de la técnica de la encuesta, en esa línea, para cruzar la información y notar las diferencias, se procedió con análisis descriptivo mediante tablas cruzadas y, para la comprobación de hipótesis se utilizaron las pruebas U de Mann Whitney y de Kruskal-Wallis. Hallazgos. Se identificó que el único factor con valor significativo es la actividad laboral del estudiantado (0.027), mientras que los demás aspectos sociodemográficos presentaron un p-valor > 0.05. Conclusión. No existe diferencias significativas en el perfil de emprendimiento en ocho de los nueve aspectos evaluados. Implicaciones. El perfil de emprendimiento estaría condicionado por la actividad laboral actual del estudiantado.

Abstract Introduction . The insertion into the labor market of university students is one of the most important motivations for pursuing higher education. At present, entrepreneurship is presented as an option that is becoming increasingly relevant. Objective. Identify and differentiate the way in which the entrepreneurship profile differs based on the population group to which the student belongs, influenced by sociodemographic factors. Methodology. Non-experimental, comparative-transversal, with a sample of 250 students from public and private universities, to whom a questionnaire of questions was administered to the students using the survey technique. To cross-reference the information and note the differences, we conducted a descriptive analysis using cross tables. To verify the hypotheses, the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. Findings. It was identified that the only factor with significant value is the student’s work activity (0.027), while the other sociodemographic aspects presented a p-value > 0.05. Conclusion. There are no significant differences in the entrepreneurship profile in eight of the nine aspects evaluated. Implications. The entrepreneurship profile appears to be conditioned by the student’s current work activity.

Resumen En la actualidad se reporta una escasez de talento en las empresas (Manpower Group, 2022), situación que ha puesto en alerta a las organizaciones para tratar de conseguir a los mejores colaboradores disponibles en el mercado laboral. Uno de los métodos más usado para reclutar talento joven es la captación de candidatos en las universidades. Los estudiantes que están egresando forman parte de la generación Z o centennial y, por tal motivo, es de interés de las empresas entender los atributos que son atractivos para este grupo generacional con la intención de contar con una propuesta de valor adecuada para fomentar la captación de los mejores candidatos. En este estudio se desarrolló una investigación en una muestra de 423 estudiantes de los últimos dos semestres de licenciatura en carreras afines a los negocios, en dos universidades en la Ciudad de México, una pública y otra privada, ambas líderes en México de acuerdo con QS (2024). Como resultado se encontró el perfil de los 10 atributos más valorados por los estudiantes de negocios centennials, con los que se puede construir una propuesta de valor atractiva para captar candidatos talentosos de este grupo generacional. Adicionalmente, se presenta un análisis detallado sobre los seis factores que resultan atractivos (integrados por 27 atributos) para el grupo generacional centennial cuando evalúan a un empleador, lo que ofrece a las organizaciones la oportunidad de revisar su propuesta de valor y, con ello, mejorar la percepción de los candidatos sobre la marca del empleador.

Abstract There is currently a reported shortage of talent in companies (Manpower Group, 2022), a situation that has put organizations on alert to get the best employees available in the labor market. One of the most commonly used methods to recruit young talent is the headhunting of university candidates. Graduating students are part of Generation Z-or centennial generation-; for this reason, companies should understand the attributes that are attractive to this generational group with the intention of having an adequate value proposition to encourage the recruitment of the best candidates. This study conducted research on a sample of 423 students in the last two semesters of undergraduate studies in business-related careers at two universities in Mexico City, one public and one private, both leaders in Mexico, according to QS (2024). As a result, a profile of the ten most valued attributes by centennial business students was found, which can be used to build an attractive value proposition to attract talented candidates from this generational group. Also, a detailed analysis is presented on the six attractive factors (which are integrated by 27 attributes) for the centennial generational group when evaluating an employer. This allows organizations to review their value proposition and thus improve candidates’ perceptions of the employer’s brand.

RESUMO Comportamentos de risco na adolescência impactam a saúde de curto e longo prazo. A análise de dados de saúde dos países do Mercado Comum do Sul (Mercosul) pode fortalecer a vigilância e apoiar políticas públicas. Objetivou-se comparar as prevalências de indicadores em saúde de adolescentes nos países do Mercosul. Estudo descritivo, com dados do ‘Global School-based Student Health Survey’ na Argentina (2018), no Paraguai (2017) e no Uruguai (2019), e da ‘Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar’ no Brasil (2015 e 2019). Analisaram-se as prevalências e os intervalos de confiança de 95% de indicadores para a população total de adolescentes e segundo o gênero. A experimentação do álcool antes dos 14 anos foi maior na Argentina enquanto a embriaguez foi maior no Brasil. O consumo atual de cigarro e o uso de qualquer produto do tabaco foram mais elevados na Argentina. A prática regular de atividade física foi menor no Brasil, já o comportamento sedentário foi maior no Uruguai. O Brasil teve o menor uso de preservativo na última relação sexual. Houve diferenças dos comportamentos de risco para saúde entre os adolescentes dos países estudados. Os resultados podem auxiliar entidades governamentais desses países a promoverem intercâmbio de boas práticas. prazo Mercosul (Mercosul públicas Objetivouse Objetivou se descritivo Global Schoolbased School based Survey 2018, 2018 , (2018) 2017 (2017 2019, 2019 (2019) Pesquisa Escolar 2015 (201 2019. . 2019) Analisaramse Analisaram 95 gênero 1 sexual estudados práticas 201 (2018 (2019 (20 9 20 (2 2 (

ABSTRACT Risk behaviours in adolescence have a short- and long-term impact on health. Analysing health data from the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) countries can strengthen surveillance and support public policies. To compare the prevalence of health indicators among adolescents in Mercosur countries. A descriptive study was conducted using data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey in Argentina (2018), Paraguay (2017), and Uruguay (2019), as well as from the National Survey of School Health in Brazil (2015 and 2019). Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals of indicators were analysed for the total adolescent population and by gender. Alcohol experimentation before the age of 14 was higher in Argentina, while drunkenness was higher in Brazil. Current cigarette smoking and any tobacco product use were higher in Argentina. Regular physical activity was lower in Brazil. Sedentary behaviour was higher in Uruguay. Brazil had the lowest condom use at last sexual intercourse. There were differences in health risk behaviours among adolescents in the studied countries. These results can assist governmental entities in these countries in promoting the exchange of best practices. short longterm long term (Mercosur policies Schoolbased based 2018, 2018 , (2018) 2017, 2017 (2017) 2019, 2019 (2019) 2015 (201 2019. . 2019) 95 gender 1 intercourse practices 201 (2018 (2017 (2019 (20 9 20 (2 2 (

Die inflasiekoers en die produksiegaping speel 'n belangrike rol in die monetêrebeleidstand-punt. Alhoewel die publiek inflasie redelik goed verstaan, is die produksiegaping 'n relatief onbekende begrip. Definisies van potensiële produksie kan dubbelsinnig wees, aangesien die term dikwels gebruik word om verwante, maar logies afsonderlike, konsepte te beskryf. Die produksiegaping word ook nie direk waargeneem nie en word afgelei uit beramings van potensiële produksie, wat self nie waarneembaar of meetbaar is nie en dus beraam moet word. Hierdie beramings kan egter sensitief wees vir verskillende metodologiese paradigmas en databeskikbaarheid. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om by te dra tot 'n beter begrip van en groter deursigtigheid in plaaslike monetêre beleid deur die rol van die produksiegaping in Suid-Afrikaanse monetêre beleid te verduidelik. Eerstens word die idees onderliggend aan die konsep van die produksiegaping bespreek, waarna 'n werksdefinisie van die produksiegaping in die konteks van monetêre beleid voorgestel word. Verskeie metodologieë en empiriese tegnieke waarvolgens potensiële produksie en die produksiegaping beraam kan word, word bespreek, insluitende eenveranderlike statistiese tegnieke, strukturele modelle en semistrukturele benaderings. Die artikel verduidelik voorts hoe die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank (SARB) die plaaslike produksiegaping beraam en hoe hierdie beraamde produksiegaping op die monetêrebeleidstand-punt inwerk. Ten slotte word die SARB se monetêrebeleidstandpunt beskou met betrekking tot die inflasiekoers en produksiegapingsberamings oor die afgelope twee dekades ten einde die reaksie van die plaaslike monetêre beleid op groot ekonomiese skokke soos die wêreldwye finansiële krisis en COVID-19 te illustreer, en ten einde die beramings se sensitiwiteit vir datahersienings uit te lig.

The inflation rate and the output gap are two of the main determinants of the monetary policy stance. However, while inflation is relatively well understood by the public, the output gap is not. The output gap is not directly observed and is derived from estimates of potential output. Potential output is also not observable or measurable, and therefore needs to be estimated. Such estimates can, however, be sensitive to different methodological paradigms and the availability of data, while definitions of potential output may be ambiguous, because the term is often used to describe related, but logically distinct, concepts. With the aim of contributing to a better understanding of and greater transparency in domestic monetary policy, this paper describes the role of the output gap in South African monetary policy by broadly examining the following three questions: (i) What exactly is the output gap?; (ii) How is it measured? and (iii) Why is it important? To begin with, the idea underlying the concept of the output gap is explained and a tentative working definition of the output gap in the context of monetary policy is provided. Various methodologies and empirical techniques of estimating potential output and the output gap are then discussed, including univariate statistical techniques, structural models and semi-structural approaches. This is followed by an explanation of how the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) estimates the domestic output gap, and how the estimated output gap feeds into the monetary policy stance. Finally, the SARB's monetary policy stance is viewed in relation to the inflation rate and output gap estimates over the last two decades to illustrate the domestic monetary policy response to notable economic events such as the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 shock, and to highlight the sensitivity of the estimates to data revision. This paper shows that both actual and potential economic growth have declined over the last decade, even without taking into account the COVID-19 shock. This is consistent with the South African empirical literature, and points to a worrying and persistent stagnation in domestic economic activity. After strong economic activity during the early 2000s, the economy started slowing down in 2008. This may be ascribed to a number of factors, including the introduction of load-shedding in 2007, changes in the global economic landscape following the globalfinancial crisis, dwindling infrastructure investment after the 2010 FIFA World Cup tournament, and uncertainty about domestic economic policy. COVID-19 brought about a massive economic shock in 2020. Lockdown regulations saw capital and labour withdrawn from economic use, which caused real GDP and potential output to contract by 6,2% and 2,7%, respectively, for the year. The output gap, which has mainly remained in negative territory since 2009, fell to -7,9% in the second quarter of 2020. In response to the crisis, the SARB drastically lowered the policy rate and applied several other financial market interventions, but even this extensive range of stimuli failed to prevent an economic collapse. Moreover, the output gap has remained negative despite a minor rebound of the economy in 2021 and 2022, which indicated that economic activity remained on its weakpre-COVID-19 trajectory. Inflation has stabilised markedly since 2010. This may be partly due to weak domestic economic activity that does not exert significant domestic inflationary pressures. In fact, many of the notable inflationary episodes of the last 25years were largely caused by external factors, such as the rand depreciation shock and the global financial crisis. This benign domestic inflationary environment has arguably made it easier for the SARB to achieve its inflation target. Such consistency has contributed to an increase in the SARB's credibility, which, in turn, has led to inflation expectations that are lower and better anchored.

Resumo O objetivo principal deste artigo é analisar os processos de inserção sociolaboral de jovens de setores populares do Município de La Matanza, Província de Buenos Aires, que participam do Sistema Integral de Promoção e Proteção dos Direitos da Criança e Adolescentes. Procurámos dar conta dos empregos a que acedem, das suas expectativas de trabalho e formação, bem como dos seus sentidos em relação ao trabalho. Isto, a fim de fornecer ferramentas para a gestão de políticas públicas que acompanhem as trajetórias laborais de jovens de setores vulneráveis. Os dados foram obtidos num inquérito realizado no âmbito de um Projeto de Vida e Oficina de Introdução ao Mundo do Trabalho, coordenado pela Área de Trabalho e Inclusão Sociolaboral do Município em 2023. Foram analisadas as informações da Pesquisa Juventude, Educação e Trabalho 2023, bem como os registros sobre a percepção dos jovens sobre “trabalho” Vale destacar como principal constatação que as condições socioeconômicas prevalecem no ingresso no mercado de trabalho e podem afetar suas expectativas de emprego, mas por meio do apoio do Estado, a partir de programas com abordagem integral, é plausível ampliar o horizonte de possibilidades e dar origem a outros cenários nesses cursos de vida.

Resumen Este escrito tiene como objetivo principal analizar los procesos de inserción sociolaboral de jóvenes de sectores populares del Municipio de La Matanza, Provincia de Buenos Aires, que participan del Sistema Integral de Promoción y Protección de Derechos de Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes. Se buscó dar cuenta de los trabajos a los que acceden, de sus expectativas laborales y formativas, así como sus sentidos en torno al trabajo. Ello, con el fin de aportar herramientas para la gestión de políticas públicas que acompañen las trayectorias laborales de jóvenes de sectores vulnerables. Los datos se obtuvieron en un relevamiento realizado en el marco de un Taller Proyecto de Vida e Introducción al Mundo del Trabajo, coordinado por el Área Trabajo e Inclusión Sociolaboral del Municipio en 2023. Se analizó la información de la Encuesta Juventud, Educación y Trabajo 2023, así como los registros sobre las percepciones de los/as jóvenes sobre el “trabajo”. Cabe resaltar, como principal hallazgo, que los condicionantes socioeconómicos prevalecen al momento de insertarse en el mercado de trabajo y pueden incidir en sus expectativas laborales, pero mediante el acompañamiento del Estado, a partir de programas con abordaje integral, es plausible ampliar el horizonte de posibilidades y dar lugar a otros escenarios en esos cursos de vida.

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to analyze the processes of socio-labor insertion of young people from popular sectors of the Municipality of La Matanza, Province of Buenos Aires, who participate in the Comprehensive System for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Children and Adolescents. We seek to account for the jobs they access, their work and training expectations, as well as their meanings about work. This, in order to provide tools for the management of public policies that accompany the labor trajectories of young people from vulnerable sectors. The data was obtained in a survey carried out within the framework of a Life Project and Introduction to the World of Work Workshop, coordinated by the Work and Socio-labor Inclusion Area of the Municipality in 2023. The information from the Youth, Education and Work 2023 Survey was analyzed, as well as records on young people's perceptions of “work”. It is worth highlighting, as the main finding, that the socioeconomic conditions prevail when these young people enter the labor market and can affect their job expectations, but with the support of the State through programs with a comprehensive approach, it is plausible to expand the horizon of possibilities and give rise to other scenarios in those life courses.