Abstract Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) for foreign language education has developed over the last 25 years and has become a predominant guide for public policies regarding interculturality within the instruction of foreign languages. In Latin America, national governments have adopted ICC into English Foreign Language (EFL) pedagogy national standards and policies. Nevertheless, how ICC has been adopted in the classrooms needs to be clarified. This systematic review of empirical studies on ICC in Latin America identifies the emergent themes and gaps in the research. The search identified 23 Latin American papers written in Spanish or English from SCOPUS, SciELO, and WOS databases in September of 2022. The review results are organized into four themes. It analyses what has been studied in the EFL classrooms in schools, ICC English Language Teaching degree programs, EFL in higher education, and the development and analysis of ICC in didactic materials for EFL. Findings, among others, indicate a gap in investigations in schools, a change in EFL teachers' perceptions of ICC, a preponderance of practitioner action research, and critical pedagogy.

Resumen La competencia comunicativa intercultural (CCI) para la educación de idiomas extranjeros se ha desarrollado en los últimos 25 años y se ha convertido en una guía predominante para orientar las políticas públicas sobre interculturalidad en la enseñanza de idiomas extranjeros. En América Latina, los gobiernos han adoptado las ideas del CCI en las normas y políticas nacionales de pedagogía de inglés como lengua extranjera (ILE). Sin embargo, es necesario aclarar cómo se ha adoptado CCI en las aulas. Esta revisión sistemática de estudios empíricos sobre CCI en América Latina, identifica los temas emergentes y las brechas en la investigación. La búsqueda identificó 23 artículos latinoamericanos escritos en español o inglés, de las bases de datos SCOPUS, SciELO y WOS en septiembre de 2022. Los resultados de la revisión se organizan en cuatro temas. Analiza lo que se ha estudiado en las aulas de ILE en las escuelas, los programas de grado de Enseñanza del Inglés como Lengua Extranjera con CCI, el ILE en la educación superior y el desarrollo y análisis de CCI en materiales didácticos para el ILE. Los hallazgos, entre otros, indican una brecha en las investigaciones en las escuelas, un cambio en las percepciones de los profesores de ILE sobre CCI, una preponderancia de la investigación-acción de los practicantes y la pedagogía crítica.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the current state of research funding in Brazil. Materials and Methods: This study is based on the most recent edition of the course Funding for Research and Innovation in the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine which was a three-day course with 12 hours of instruction. The course brought together leading experts in the field to comprehensively discuss the current state of research funding in Brazil. Each speaker provided a presentation on a specific topic related to research funding. After the workshop, speakers assembled relevant topics in this manuscript. Results: collaborative research is critical for securing research funding. It optimizes proposal competitiveness, amplifies societal impact, and manages risks effectively. As such, fostering and supporting these collaborations is paramount for both researchers and funding agencies. To maintain the highest integrity in research, investigators involved in these collaborations must disclose any relationships that could potentially influence the outcomes or interpretation of their projects. Conclusions: In Brazil, the mainstay of research funding stems from public entities, with agencies such as CNPq, CAPES, and state bodies like FAPESP, FAPERJ, FAPEMIG and others at the forefront. Concurrently, industry funding offers viable pathways, especially through industry-sponsored studies, investigator-led projects, and collaborative initiatives. The Brazilian funding landscape is further enriched by innovative platforms, including crowdfunding and the contributions of institutions like the Serrapilheira Institute. Internationally, esteemed organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation stand out as potential funders. Objective Brazil Methods threeday three day 1 instruction workshop manuscript Results competitiveness impact effectively projects Conclusions entities CNPq CAPES FAPESP FAPERJ forefront Concurrently pathways industrysponsored sponsored studies investigatorled investigator led initiatives platforms Institute Internationally NIH (NIH funders

Abstract This article paper explores the evaluation of artificial intelligence (AI) in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing courses and the importance of calibration in writing evaluations. The role of calibration has received little attention in language contexts, while the role of artificial intelligence has gained increased attention in the last couple of years. This investigation, conducted from August 2022 to March 2023, involved eight TESOL students enrolled in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) major at a Costa Rican public university, ten TESOL university professors, and one AI piece of software. It used a quantitative, quasi-experimental design, and a language elicitation data collection process. Data was collected by means of a rubric-based writing assessment. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data analyses indicate that: 1) human-created paragraphs (X̄ = 7,56) and AI writing (X̄ = 7,61) yield similar results when evaluated; 2) some criteria may favor human creativity or computer, rule-oriented writing; and 3) professors’ ratings reveal inconsistencies when grading human writing in particular. These findings demonstrate that AI matches, at least to a basic level, human writing skills. Furthermore, data show that students may be falling behind in aspects such as grammar, vocabulary, and mechanics. Finally, the analysis indicates that professors’ grading lacks consistency, and a calibration model should be incorporated as part of regular training workshops.

Resumen Este artículo explora la evaluación de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en cursos de escritura en inglés como lengua extranjera (ILE) y la importancia de la calibración en las evaluaciones de escritura. El papel de la calibración ha recibido poca atención en contextos lingüísticos, mientras que la inteligencia artificial ha ganado mayor reconocimiento en los últimos años. La investigación se realizó desde agosto de 2022 hasta marzo de 2023, e involucró a ocho estudiantes de TESOL en un bachillerato en inglés como lengua extranjera (ILE) en una universidad pública de Costa Rica: diez docentes de TESOL a nivel universitario y un software de IA. Se utilizó un diseño cuasiexperimental cuantitativo y una recopilación de datos de elicitación de lenguaje. Los datos fueron recopilados mediante una rúbrica que midió la producción escrita. Los datos cuantitativos se analizaron utilizando estadística descriptiva. El análisis de datos indica que: 1) los párrafos creados por humanos (X̄ = 7,56) y la escritura de IA (X̄ = 7,61) producen resultados similares; 2) algunos criterios pueden favorecer la creatividad humana o la escritura orientada a reglas; y 3) el profesorado presenta inconsistencias al calificar la escritura humana en particular. Estos hallazgos demuestran que la IA se equipara, al menos a nivel básico, con las habilidades de escritura humana. Además, los datos muestran que el estudiantado puede estar quedándose atrás en aspectos como gramática, vocabulario y puntuación. Finalmente, el análisis indica que la calificación de docentes carece de consistencia, y un modelo de calibración debería ser incorporado como parte de su formación.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

With this article I explore the relationship between core academic language skills (CALS) - a construct representing a set of high-utility language skills needed to manage the linguistic features prevalent in academic texts across content areas - and schooling outcomes. There has long been an understanding that there is a distinction between academic language and colloquial language, originally described by Jim Cummins (1976) as cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) and basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS). The construct has only recently been operationalised (Uccelli, Phillips Galloway, Barr, Meneses & Dobbs, 2015) as the individual skills and competencies that underlie CALP. The CALS construct describes an empirically testable set of competencies that address this need. This has been used in the development of an assessment instrument aimed at South African learners - the CALS-I-ZA (MacFarlane, Barr & Uccelli, 2022) - and I investigate whether a measurable link exists between this assessment and schooling outcomes for a sample of Grade 6 learners in 2 public schools in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Schooling outcomes have been measured using the Gauteng Provincial Common Assessments - a provincial examination intended to measure schooling outcomes on a comparable assessment instrument. The study reported on here shows a moderately strong correlation between the CALS-I-ZA and the provincial common examinations (r = 0.64 and r = 0.65). This predictive relationship between CALS and schooling outcomes leads to an argument for direct instruction in CALS as an embedded feature of pedagogy in South Africa.

Resumen En el último cuarto del siglo XIX, el Imperio brasileño se vio presionado por cuestiones políticas, económicas y sociales, que sacudieron sus estructuras consolidadas. En este panorama, entre ciertas iniciativas emprendidas para mantener el apoyo del régimen monárquico, destaca la Reforma de la Instrucción Pública (1879). Entre otras medidas, esta legislación educativa dispuso la enseñanza intuitiva en el currículo de la educación primaria y de las Escuelas Normales del municipio de Corte. Así, se examinaron tres obras didácticas ilustradas, circulantes en el período, guiadas por este método, buscando señalar algunas posibles relaciones y convergencias entre ellas con la prescripción metodológica oficial. Se pretendía, por tanto, conocer algunas visiones del mundo, la educación, la escuela y la infancia de aquel presente. XIX políticas sociales consolidadas panorama monárquico 1879. 1879 . (1879) medidas Corte Así ilustradas período método oficial pretendía tanto mundo presente 187 (1879 18 (187 1 (18 (1 (

Abstract In the last quarter of the 19th century, the Brazilian Empire was pressured by political, economic, and social issues, which shook its consolidated structures. In this panorama, among certain initiatives undertaken to maintain the support of the monarchical regime, the Reform of Public Instruction (1879) stands out. Among other measures, this educational legislation prescribed intuitive teaching in the curriculum of primary education and Normal Schools in the municipality of Corte. Thus, three illustrated didactic works, circulating in the period, guided by this method, were examined, seeking to indicate some possible relations and convergences between them with the official methodological prescription. It was intended, therefore, to know some visions of the world, education, school, and childhood of that present. th century political economic issues structures panorama regime 1879 (1879 out measures Corte Thus works period method examined prescription intended therefore world school present 187 (187 18 (18 1 (1 (

Resumo No último quartel do século XIX, o Império brasileiro foi premido por questões de ordem política, econômica e social que abalaram suas estruturas consolidadas. Nesse panorama, dentre algumas iniciativas empreendidas para manter a sustentação do regime monárquico, destaca-se a Reforma da Instrução Pública (1879). Dentre outras medidas, essa legislação educacional prescreveu o ensino intuitivo no currículo do ensino primário e das Escolas Normais do município da Corte. Assim, examinaram-se três obras didáticas ilustradas, circulantes no período, orientadas por esse método, buscando indiciar algumas possíveis relações e convergências entre tais obras com a prescrição metodológica oficial. Tencionou-se, pois, conhecer algumas visões de mundo, a educação, a escola e a infância daquele presente. XIX política consolidadas panorama monárquico destacase destaca se 1879. 1879 . (1879) medidas Corte Assim examinaramse examinaram ilustradas período método oficial Tencionouse, Tencionouse Tencionou se, Tencionou-se pois mundo educação presente 187 (1879 18 (187 1 (18 (1 (

Abstract Introduction: Good Medical Residency Programs (PRM) must invest in the structuring and continuous development of care services in the health network setting; in the organization of the support structure for teaching and care activities and in the remuneration and continuous training of preceptors and coordinators. Objective: This study is an observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive investigation aimed at providing an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of individuals who have successfully completed the medical residency program in Orthopedics and Traumatology (MRPOT) at the Clinic Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Additionally, the study seeks to gather comprehensive data regarding the features of the educational program in order to offer insights for potential enhancements. The study encompassed a total of 418 participants who completed their training between 1964 and 2020. Methods: This group includes physicians who not only graduated from the MRPOT but also those who completed supplementary specialized programs and medical residencies in hand surgery, all within the same department. Data were systematically collected through an electronic questionnaire. Results: Among the participants, 302 graduates (73.6% of the total cohort) were identified, and responses were obtained from 214 individuals, which corresponds to 70.8% of the reached contacts or 52.2% of the entire graduate pool. The predominant demographic of the sample is male, with 198 respondents (92.5%), most of whom reside in the state of São Paulo (154 individuals, 71.9%). A significant portion of the participants, 184 (86%), pursued further specialized training or embarked on additional medical residencies within the field. The most prevalent subspecialties within this group are Knee Surgery, accounting for 63 individuals (34.2%), and Hand Surgery, comprising 49 individuals (26.6%). Postgraduate education played a role in the academic training of 87 respondents (40.6%). Research activities primarily took place within public universities (81%) and were carried out by 79 graduates (36.9%). A substantial proportion, 130 individuals (60.7%), had prior experience in medical education, either as preceptors or professors for both undergraduate and medical residency levels. The majority of participants, 152 individuals (71%), currently practice within their respective subspecialties. However, a considerable number of graduates also engage in traumatology (34.1%) and general orthopedics (31.8%). The evaluation of the educational framework of the program and the level of professional satisfaction revealed notable aspects that received positive assessments from the respondents. These included the diversity and volume of cases, training tailored for tertiary and secondary care, and preparation for the professional sphere. On the other hand, concerns were raised regarding the adequacy of monthly remuneration, the scarcity of theoretical instruction, and the limited exposure to surgical training. These specific areas garnered lower scores both in the objective metrics and subjective feedback. Conclusion: This study effectively delineated the characteristics of MRPOT graduates and identified the program’s key strengths. Simultaneously, it highlights areas that have drawn criticism and warrant attention. Introduction PRM (PRM setting coordinators Objective observational crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional indepth depth (MRPOT Preto Additionally enhancements 41 196 2020 Methods surgery department questionnaire Results 30 73.6% 736 73 6 (73.6 cohort 21 708 70 8 70.8 522 52 2 52.2 pool male 19 92.5%, 925 92.5% , 92 5 (92.5%) 154 (15 71.9%. 719 71.9% . 71 9 71.9%) 18 86%, 86 86% (86%) field Surgery 34.2%, 342 34.2% 34 (34.2%) 4 26.6%. 266 26.6% 26 (26.6%) 40.6%. 406 40.6% 40 (40.6%) 81% 81 (81% 7 36.9%. 369 36.9% 36 (36.9%) proportion 13 60.7%, 607 60.7% 60 (60.7%) levels 15 71%, 71% (71%) However 34.1% 341 1 (34.1% 31.8%. 318 31.8% 31 (31.8%) cases sphere instruction feedback Conclusion s strengths Simultaneously attention 202 3 73.6 (73. 70. 52. 92.5 (92.5% (1 71.9 (86% 34.2 (34.2% 26.6 (26.6% 40.6 (40.6% (81 36.9 (36.9% 60.7 (60.7% (71% 34.1 (34.1 31.8 (31.8% 20 73. (73 92. (92.5 ( 71. (86 34. (34.2 26. (26.6 40. (40.6 (8 36. (36.9 60. (60.7 (71 (34. 31. (31.8 (7 (92. (26. (40. (36. (60. (34 (31. (92 (26 (40 (36 (60 (3 (31 (9 (2 (4 (6

Resumo Introdução: Bons programas de residência médica (PRM) devem investir na estruturação e no desenvolvimento contínuo dos serviços de assistência no contexto da rede de saúde, na organização da estrutura de apoio às atividades didáticas e assistenciais, e na remuneração e capacitação contínua de preceptores e coordenadores. Objetivo: Este estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo buscou caracterizar o perfil dos egressos do Programa de Residência Médica em Ortopedia e Traumatologia (PRMOT) do HCFMRP-USP e coletar dados sobre as características do programa que orientem ações de aperfeiçoamento na metodologia de ensino. Método: Participaram do estudo egressos do PRMOT ou que concluíram os programas de complementação especializada e residência médica em cirurgia da mão entre 1964 e 2020. Resultado: Foi encaminhado um questionário a 302 indivíduos (73,6% do total de egressos), obtendo 214 respostas (70,8% dos indivíduos contatados ou 52,2% do total de egressos). Indivíduos do sexo masculino correspondem a 92,5% dos egressos, e 71,9% residem no estado de São Paulo. As duas subespecialidades mais cursadas foram cirurgia do joelho e da mão. A pós-graduação stricto sensu fez parte da formação acadêmica de 40,6% dos egressos, dos quais 60,7% trabalharam com ensino médico. Dos egressos, 71% atuam na subespecialidade escolhida. Na avaliação do ensino do PRMOT e do grau de satisfação profissional, os aspectos que se destacaram positivamente foram: capacitação para atendimento em níveis terciário e secundário, número de atendimentos, variabilidade dos casos e preparo para o mercado de trabalho. Os aspectos que se destacaram negativamente foram: remuneração mensal, carga horária de aulas teóricas e realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos. Conclusão: O estudo conseguiu traçar o perfil do egresso e determinar os pontos fortes e as oportunidades de melhoria do PRMOT do HCFMRP-USP. Introdução PRM (PRM saúde assistenciais coordenadores Objetivo observacional (PRMOT HCFMRPUSP HCFMRP USP Método 196 2020 Resultado 30 73,6% 736 73 6 (73,6 , egressos) 21 70,8% 708 70 8 (70,8 522 52 2 52,2 egressos. . 925 92 5 92,5 719 71 9 71,9 Paulo pósgraduação pós graduação 406 40 40,6 607 60 7 60,7 médico escolhida profissional secundário atendimentos trabalho mensal cirúrgicos Conclusão HCFMRPUSP. USP. 19 202 3 73,6 (73, 70,8 (70, 52, 92, 71, 4 40, 60, 1 20 73, (73 70, (70 (7 (

RESUMEN: Orientar las políticas educativas durante el golpe parlamentar de 2016 caracterizó un rasgo emblemático de la influencia empresarial en la política educativa brasilera. Este artículo propone responder la siguiente pregunta: ¿cuál es el contenido, características y racionalidades subyacentes al proyecto de educación pública para la juventud propuesto por el empresariado y puesto en marcha con la reforma de enseñanza secundaria? Y ¿por qué podemos afirmar que ese proyecto combina con los intereses del capital en la fase actual de reproducción social e en el contexto de reestructuración productiva? Este análisis proviene de una investigación que utilizó fuentes primarias y secundarias, como documentos elaborados por fundaciones empresariales - con énfasis en Todos Por la Educación y en el Instituto Unibanco -; documentos legislativos y normativos; y las audiencias públicas de la MP 746/2016. El texto busca responder a la pregunta propuesta a partir de tres categorías analíticas: la pedagogía por competencias, o accountability y el protagonismo juvenil. Se concluye que la acción empresarial que promueve un proyecto educativo para la clase trabajadora se constituye en dispositivos que adecuan la formación de los jóvenes a las demandas de las nuevas organizaciones gerenciales del trabajo, consolidando la expansión de la racionalidad del capital del espacio de producción para el espacio de reproducción social - en este caso, la escolarización de los trabajadores - y se materializa en la escuela por medio de discursos y prácticas que encarnan esa racionalidad, como las competencias socioemocionales, o accountability y el protagonismo juvenil. RESUMEN 201 brasilera cuál contenido secundaria productiva secundarias normativos 7462016 746 746/2016 analíticas juvenil trabajo caso socioemocionales 20 746201 74 746/201 2 74620 7 746/20 7462 746/2 746/

ABSTRACT: The control over the Brazilian high school reform amidst the 2016 Parliamentary Coup became symbolic of the business community’s influence on education policies. This paper therefore attempts to answer the following question: What are the content, characteristics, and rationales behind the public education project for young people proposed by the business community and set in motion through the high school reform? How can we state that this project conforms to the interests of capital in the current stage of social reproduction within the framework of productive restructuring? This analysis arises from research that used primary and secondary sources: documents produced by corporate foundations, notably the organization Todos pela Educação [All for Education] and Instituto Unibanco; regulatory and normative documents; and public hearings on MP746/2016 [Provisional Presidential Decree 746/2016]. This paper seeks to answer the proposed question based on three analytical categories: competence pedagogy, accountability, and youth protagonism. It concludes that the business community’s action to promote an education project for the working class is a device to adjust the instruction of young people to the demands of new work management organizations, to consolidate the expansion of capital’s rationality from the point of production to that of social reproduction - in this case, the education of the working class - and materializes in school through discourses and practices that subjectivize this rationality, such as social-emotional skills, accountability, and youth protagonism. ABSTRACT 201 communitys s policies content characteristics restructuring sources foundations All Education Unibanco MP7462016 MP MP746 MP746/201 Provisional 746/2016. 7462016 746/2016 . 746 746/2016] categories pedagogy accountability protagonism organizations capitals case socialemotional emotional skills 20 MP746201 MP74 MP746/20 746201 746/201 74 2 MP74620 MP7 MP746/2 74620 746/20 7 MP7462 MP746/ 7462 746/2 746/

RESUMO: Pautar a reforma do ensino médio em meio ao golpe parlamentar de 2016 caracterizou um traço emblemático da influência empresarial na política educacional. Assim, este artigo se propõe a responder à seguinte pergunta: qual o conteúdo, suas características e as racionalidades subjacentes ao projeto de educação pública para a juventude proposto pelo empresariado e colocado em marcha com a reforma do ensino médio? E por que se pode afirmar que esse projeto se coaduna com interesses do capital na fase atual de reprodução social e no contexto da reestruturação produtiva? Esta análise tem origem em uma pesquisa com fontes primárias e secundárias: documentos elaborados por fundações empresariais - com destaque para o Todos Pela Educação e o Instituto Unibanco -; documentos legislativos e normativos; e audiências públicas da MP746/2016. O texto procura responder à pergunta proposta a partir de três categorias analíticas: a pedagogia das competências, o accountability e o protagonismo juvenil. Conclui-se que a ação empresarial que promove um projeto educacional para a classe trabalhadora se constitui em dispositivos que adequam a formação dos jovens às demandas das novas organizações gerenciais do trabalho, consolidando uma expansão da racionalidade do capital do espaço de produção para o espaço de reprodução social - nesse caso, a escolarização dos trabalhadores - e se materializa na escola por meio de discursos e práticas que subjetivam essa racionalidade, como as competências socioemocionais, o accountability e o protagonismo juvenil. RESUMO 201 Assim conteúdo produtiva secundárias normativos MP7462016 MP MP746 MP746/2016 analíticas juvenil Concluise Conclui trabalho caso socioemocionais 20 MP746201 MP74 MP746/201 2 MP74620 MP7 MP746/20 MP7462 MP746/2 MP746/

Resumé L’étude présente une analyse de la circulation du mobilier scolaire dans l’Instruction publique élémentaire de l’État du Pará, au Brésil, entre 1889 et 1910. Partant de réflexions autour des catalogues d’entreprises françaises et américaines, nous avons posé la problématique suivante : quels modèles diffuseurs de la matérialité ont circulé dans l’État du Pará par le biais des catalogues ? Comment se sont effectuées l’acquisition et la commercialisation du mobilier scolaire pour l’Instruction publique de cet État ? Sur le plan méthodologique, nous avons mené une recherche documentaire, fondée sur un relevé des sources dans les archives publiques de l’État du Pará. Les résultats révèlent les stratégies des dirigeants de l’administration du Pará ainsi que l’influence exercée par la circulation des catalogues, véritables vitrines des savoirs universels pour la modernisation des systèmes éducatifs. Létude L étude lInstruction l Instruction lÉtat Brésil 188 1910 dentreprises d entreprises américaines lacquisition acquisition méthodologique documentaire ladministration administration linfluence influence éducatifs 18 191 1 19

Resumen El estudio presenta un análisis de la circulación de mobiliario escolar en la Instrucción Pública Primaria en Pará entre los años 1889 y 1910. A partir de reflexiones sobre los catálogos de empresas francesas y norteamericanas, planteamos la siguiente cuestión: ¿qué modelos fabricaban los difusores de ¿La materialidad circula en Pará a través de catálogos? ¿Cómo fue la adquisición y venta de mobiliario escolar para la Instrucción Pública en Pará? Metodológicamente, la investigación documental se realizó a partir de un levantamiento de fuentes del Archivo Público del Estado de Pará, cuyos resultados revelan las estrategias de los líderes de la administración paraense y las influencias en la circulación de catálogos, escaparates de saberes universales para la modernización de la sistemas educativos. 188 1910 norteamericanas cuestión qué La Cómo Metodológicamente educativos 18 191 1 19

Abstract The study presents an analysis of the circulation of school furniture in Primary Public Instruction in Pará between the years 1889 and 1910. Based on reflections on the catalogs of French and North American companies, we raise the following issue: which models did diffusers of materiality circulate in Pará through catalogs? How was the acquisition and sale of school furniture for Public Instruction in Pará? Methodologically, documentary research was carried out based on a survey of sources in the Public Archive of the State of Pará. The results reveal the strategies of the Pará administration leaders and the influences on the circulation of catalogues, showcases of universal knowledge for the modernization of systems educational. 188 1910 companies issue Methodologically catalogues educational 18 191 1 19

Resumo O estudo apresenta uma análise sobre a circulação da mobília escolar na Instrução Pública Primária do Pará entre os anos de 1889 e 1910. Com base nas reflexões em torno dos catálogos das empresas francesas e norte-americanas, levantamos a seguinte problemática: que modelos difusores da materialidade circularam no Pará por meio dos catálogos? Como se deu a aquisição e comercialização do mobiliário escolar para a Instrução Pública do Pará? Metodologicamente, utilizou-se a pesquisa documental realizada a partir do levantamento de fontes no Arquivo Público do Estado do Pará. Os resultados revelam as estratégias dos dirigentes da administração do Pará e as influências de circulação dos catálogos, vitrines dos saberes universais para modernização dos sistemas educativos. 188 1910 norteamericanas, norteamericanas norte americanas, americanas norte-americanas problemática Metodologicamente utilizouse utilizou educativos 18 191 1 19

Abstract This article discusses the work of pedagogical coordinators at public schools in the city of São Paulo facing two models of continued teaching training: the Special Action Project (Projeto Especial de Ação (PEA)), designed by the local school system itself, and the National Pact for Literacy at the Right Age (Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa (PNAIC)), a federal program adopted as a public local policy from 2013 through 2016 and directly implemented for teachers by external agents. Both models took place concomitantly in the city´s public schools along the mentioned period, which led to a questioning about how pedagogical coordinators dealt with teachers working with literacy cycle (1st to 3rd grade). The research is qualitative and the methodology consists of a bibliographical review on teacher´s basic training and educational counseling, of documental studies, and semi-structured interviews with initial grades teachers in Elementary School, pedagogical coordinators and formative professionals from two Regional Instruction Departments in the city´s school system. The results reveal that educational counseling represents an important link between the public policies for continued teacher training and their school practices, either on local or federal level, so that pedagogical coordinators must be involved in their implementation. It is considered that the two models are potentially transforming, provided that they engage the practices that are conducted in the classrooms, offering an opportunity to be absorbed together with the teachers´ knowledge, and provided that they get, for such, constant and systematic support from the managing bodies when resolving impasses, overcoming shortages, and sustaining the advancements achieved. Projeto PEA, PEA , (PEA)) itself Pacto PNAIC, PNAIC (PNAIC)) 201 agents citys s period 1st st rd grade. grade . grade) studies semistructured semi structured School level implementation transforming classrooms knowledge get such impasses shortages achieved (PEA) (PNAIC) 20 (PEA (PNAIC 2

Resumo O artigo discute a atuação dos coordenadores pedagógicos de escolas municipais na cidade de São Paulo diante de dois modelos de formação continuada: o Projeto Especial de Ação (PEA), próprio da rede municipal paulistana, e o Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa (PNAIC), proposta federal adotada como política no município entre 2013 e 2016 e desenvolvida diretamente com professores por agentes externos. Ambos os modelos ocorreram concomitantemente nas escolas paulistanas durante o período pesquisado, o que levou ao questionamento sobre como se deu a articulação dos coordenadores pedagógicos junto aos docentes que atuavam com turmas do ciclo de alfabetização (1º ao 3º ano). A pesquisa é qualitativa, sendo a metodologia composta por levantamento bibliográfico sobre formação docente e coordenação pedagógica, por estudos documentais e entrevistas semiestruturadas com docentes dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, coordenadoras pedagógicas e formadoras de duas Diretorias Regionais de Ensino do sistema municipal. Os resultados evidenciam que a coordenação pedagógica constitui importante elo entre as políticas de formação continuada e as práticas escolares, sejam elas locais ou federais, de modo que ela precisa estar envolvida em sua implementação. Considera-se que os dois modelos possuem potencial transformador, desde que dialoguem com as práticas que se efetivam em sala de aula, oferecendo oportunidade de incorporação aos saberes dos professores e que recebam, para tanto, apoio regular e sistemático dos órgãos gestores para a resolução de impasses, supressão de carências e sustentação dos avanços obtidos. PEA, PEA , (PEA) paulistana PNAIC, PNAIC (PNAIC) 201 externos pesquisado 1º º ano. ano . ano) qualitativa Fundamental escolares federais implementação Considerase Considera transformador aula recebam tanto impasses obtidos (PEA (PNAIC 20 2

Resumo Este artigo apresenta análises que buscam compreender como o município de Piracicaba se destacou na área educacional da província/estado de São Paulo, no período da transição do Império para a República (1880-1910). A categoria Município Pedagógico é a base historiográfica. As fontes documentais são nacionais, provinciais/estaduais e municipais. Os resultados revelam que na província/estado de São Paulo as câmaras municipais foram responsabilizadas por inúmeras ações que eram obrigação provincial/estadual. Piracicaba, além de cumprir com essas obrigações, desenvolveu suas próprias inciativas e apoiou as ofertas educacionais de diversos setores da sociedade. Esse processo, permeado por ideais republicanos, mobilizou políticos, particulares e educadores locais. provínciaestado província estado 18801910. 18801910 1880 1910 . (1880-1910) historiográfica nacionais provinciaisestaduais provinciais estaduais provincialestadual provincial estadual provincial/estadual obrigações sociedade processo republicanos políticos locais 1880191 188 191 (1880-1910 188019 18 19 (1880-191 18801 1 (1880-19 (1880-1 (1880- (1880 (188 (18 (1 (

Resumen Este artículo presenta análisis que buscan comprender cómo el municipio de Piracicaba se destacó en el área educativa de la provincia/estado de São Paulo, durante la transición del Imperio a la República (1880-1910). La categoría Municipio Pedagógico es la base historiográfica. Las fuentes documentales son nacionales, provinciales/estatales y municipales. Los resultados revelan que en la provincia/estado de São Paulo los consejos municipales fueron responsabilizados por numerosas acciones que eran una obligación provincial/estatal. Piracicaba, además de cumplir con estas obligaciones, desarrolló iniciativas propias y apoyó ofertas educativas de diferentes sectores de la sociedad. Este proceso, impregnado de ideales republicanos, movilizó a políticos, individuos y educadores locales. provinciaestado provincia estado 18801910. 18801910 1880 1910 . (1880-1910) historiográfica nacionales provincialesestatales provinciales estatales provincialestatal provincial estatal provincial/estatal obligaciones sociedad proceso republicanos políticos locales 1880191 188 191 (1880-1910 188019 18 19 (1880-191 18801 1 (1880-19 (1880-1 (1880- (1880 (188 (18 (1 (

Abstract This article presents analyzes that seek to understand how the municipality of Piracicaba stood out in the educational area of the province/state of São Paulo, during the transition from the Empire to the Republic (1880-1910). The Pedagogical Municipality category is the historiographical basis. Documentary sources are national, provincial/state and municipal. The results reveal that in the province/state of São Paulo municipal councils were held responsible for numerous actions that were a provincial/state obligation. Piracicaba, in addition to fulfilling these obligations, developed its own initiatives and supported educational offers from different sectors of society. This process, permeated by republican ideals, mobilized local politicians, individuals and educators. provincestate province state 18801910. 18801910 1880 1910 . (1880-1910) basis national provincialstate provincial obligation obligations society process ideals politicians educators 1880191 188 191 (1880-1910 188019 18 19 (1880-191 18801 1 (1880-19 (1880-1 (1880- (1880 (188 (18 (1 (

Resumen: El desarrollo profesional docente tiene un papel fundamental en la mejora educativa, especialmente en su modalidad en línea (DPL), debido a su escalabilidad. A pesar de la creciente cantidad de DPL, pocos han sido evaluados empíricamente. Un grupo de 52 docentes de primaria participó en DPL de 152 horas y 4 meses, con un enfoque en prácticas basadas en evidencia en educación (PBEE) para la alfabetización. Se analizó cómo transitan el aprendizaje en línea y qué aprendizajes perciben y destacan a partir de su participación. El 84.6 % de los participantes no residían en la misma ciudad que la universidad responsable del programa, y el 75 % trabajaba en instituciones públicas. Se utilizó un enfoque de investigación mixta. Se recopilaron datos cuantitativos sobre la actividad en la plataforma Moodle y los resultados de las tareas. También se obtuvo información cualitativa a través de 7 entrevistas semiestructuradas y 2 grupos focales. El 98 % de los participantes completaron con éxito el DPL. Mostraron preferencia por actividades que implicaban evaluación formativa. Valoraron los aprendizajes relacionados con actividades prácticas de alfabetización y la enseñanza explícita del vocabulario. Aunque no refieren a contenidos teóricos sobre PBEE, señalaron que adquirieron respaldo en la evidencia para justificar sus prácticas. Los resultados sugieren que los DPL pueden ser efectivos si se contextualizan en la práctica docente, incorporan evidencia científica y utilizan formatos amigables, asequibles y accesibles

Abstract: Professional teacher development plays a pivotal role in educational improvement, particularly in its online format (OPD), given its scalability. Despite the increasing number of OPD, few have undergone empirical evaluation. A cohort of 52 primary school teachers participated in a 152-hour, 4-month OPD with a focus on evidence-based practices in education (EBPE) for literacy. The study examined how they navigated online learning and identified the learning outcomes they perceived as relevant based on their participation. 84.6% of participants did not reside in the same city as the university responsible for the program, and 75% worked in public institutions. A mixed-methods research approach was employed. Quantitative data were collected on activity within the Moodle platform and task outcomes. Qualitative insights were gathered through 7 semi-structured interviews and 2 focus groups. 98% of participants successfully completed the OPD. They showed a preference for activities involving formative assessment. They valued acquired knowledge related to practical literacy activities and explicit vocabulary instruction. While they did not explicitly refer to theoretical content on EBPE, they emphasized gaining evidence-based support for justifying their practices. The findings suggest that OPD can be effective if they are contextualized in teaching practice, incorporate scientific evidence, and employ friendly, affordable, and accessible formats.

Resumo: O desenvolvimento profissional dos professores tem um papel fundamental na melhoria da educação, especialmente em sua modalidade online (DPO), devido à sua escalabilidade. Apesar do número crescente de DPO, poucos foram avaliados empiricamente. Um grupo de 52 professores do ensino fundamental participou de um programa de DPO de 152 horas e quatro meses, com foco em práticas educacionais baseadas em evidências (PEBE) para alfabetização. Analisamos como eles navegam no aprendizado on-line e qual aprendizado eles percebem e destacam como relevante em sua participação. 84,6 % dos participantes não moravam na cidade na qual está sediada a universidade responsável pelo programa, e 75 % trabalhavam em instituições públicas. Foi utilizada uma abordagem de pesquisa mista. Foram coletados dados quantitativos sobre a atividade na plataforma Moodle e os resultados das tarefas. Informações qualitativas foram obtidas por meio de 7 entrevistas semiestruturadas e 2 grupos focais. 98 % dos participantes concluíram o DPO com sucesso. Eles demonstraram preferência por atividades que envolvessem avaliação formativa. Eles valorizaram o aprendizado relacionado a atividades práticas de alfabetização e o ensino explícito de vocabulário. Embora não tenham se referido ao conteúdo teórico sobre PEBE, sinalizaram que adquiriram respaldo nas evidências para justificar suas práticas. Os resultados sugerem que os DPO podem ser eficazes se forem contextualizados na prática docente, incorporarem evidências científicas e usarem formatos amigáveis, econômicos e acessíveis.

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the application of computerized programming to teach how to study expository texts. Principles of programmed instruction were used, and different target behaviors were focused on: inspecting the text, locating and highlighting important information, paraphrasing, building schemes, and conceptual maps, and elaborating questions on the topic. The activities were designed and carried out using Google Forms, Socrative, and Wordwall applications. Nine students from the 3rd to the 6th year of elementary school, from public and private schools, participated in this study. Participation was online and remote. The results showed an improvement in the performance of the participants in seven of the ten selected objectives for evaluation. In conclusion, it is possible to teach how to study expository texts through programmed instruction based on a clear description of the objectives involved in this repertoire. used text information paraphrasing schemes maps topic Forms Socrative applications rd th school schools remote evaluation conclusion repertoire

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a aplicação de uma programação informatizada para ensinar a estudar textos didáticos. Utilizando princípios para a elaboração do ensino programado, teve-se como foco diferentes comportamentos-alvo: inspecionar o texto, localizar e grifar informações importantes, parafrasear, construir esquemas e mapas conceituais, e elaborar questões sobre o tema. As atividades foram elaboradas e realizadas utilizando os aplicativos Google Forms, Socrative e Wordwall. Participaram desse estudo nove estudantes do 3o ao 6o ano do ensino fundamental, de escolas públicas e privadas. A participação foi online e remota. Os resultados apontaram melhora no desempenho dos participantes em sete dos dez comportamentos selecionados para avaliação. Conclui-se que é possível ensinar comportamentos de estudo de textos didáticos por meio de uma programação de ensino a partir da descrição clara dos objetivos envolvidos neste repertório. programado tevese teve se comportamentosalvo alvo comportamentos-alvo texto importantes parafrasear conceituais tema Forms Wordwall fundamental privadas remota avaliação Concluise Conclui repertório

BACKGROUND: Social accountability is the obligation of health care providers to address the priority health concerns of the community they serve and of universities to ensure that graduates understand these social responsibilities. Although social accountability can combat systemic health inefficiencies, it is not well-understood or practised AIM: The study aimed to explore community service rehabilitation therapists' understanding of social accountability SETTING: The study was conducted in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa METHODS: This study used an interpretive exploratory design and purposively recruited 27 community service rehabilitation therapists namely, audiologists, speech-language therapists, occupational therapists, and physiotherapists working in public sector health facilities in rural and peri-urban areas. Four focus group discussions and four free attitude interviews were conducted, the results being thematically analysed RESULTS: Despite most of the participants not being instructed in social accountability as part of their formal training or institutional induction, three themes emerged based on their experiences. These themes include describing social accountability, values of social accountability, and values of community-based rehabilitation applicable to social accountability CONCLUSION: Inclusion of instruction on social accountability as part of their formal training and health facility induction would contribute to rehabilitation therapists' understanding of social accountability CONTRIBUTION: The study contributes to data on rehabilitation education and community service training regarding social accountability within a South African context and has captured how experiences gained during community service contribute to the rehabilitation therapists' understanding of social accountability

Resumen Este artículo expone la reforma universitaria basada en el positivismo que fue conducida por el Gobierno de Marco Aurelio Soto (1876-1883) en Honduras. Su objetivo es demostrar cómo los reformadores plantearon la filosofía positiva como un avance, en comparación al modelo humanista que anteriormente tenía la Universidad hondureña, y cómo esta corriente de pensamiento se plasmó en el Código de Instrucción Pública de 1882. Se utilizaron fuentes originales de la época, mediante las cuales fue posible mostrar los argumentos que esgrimieron los reformadores para adoptar el modelo positivista. Finalmente, se concluye que la reforma universitaria impulsada por los reformadores liberales en Honduras fracasó y el modelo enfrentó reformas y reajustes en los años inmediatos a su imposición.

Abstract This paper exposes the university reform based on positivism led by the government of Marco Aurelio Soto (1876-1883) in Honduras. Its objective is to demonstrate how the reformers raised the positivist philosophy as an advance compared to the humanistic model that Honduran university previously had and how this current of thought was reflected in the Code of Public Instruction of 1882. Original sources of the time were used, through which it was possible to show the arguments used by the reformers to adopt the positivist model. It was concluded that the university reform promoted by the liberal reformers in Honduras failed and that the model faced reforms and readjustments in the years immediately following its imposition.

Resumo Este artigo expõe a reforma universitária baseada no positivismo que foi conduzida pelo governo de Marco Aurélio Soto (1876-1883) em Honduras. Seu objetivo é demonstrar como os reformadores propuseram a filosofia positiva como um avanço, em relação ao modelo humanista que a Universidade hondurenha tinha anteriormente, e como essa corrente de pensamento refletiu-se no Código de Instrução Pública de 1882. Foram usadas fontes originais da época, através de qual foi possível mostrar os argumentos utilizados pelos reformadores para adotar o modelo positivista. Por fim, conclui-se que a reforma universitária promovida pelos reformadores liberais em Honduras fracassou e o modelo passou por reformas e reajustes nos anos imediatos à sua imposição.