Abstract At a time when it is critical to understand humanity and its various forms of socioeconomic and political life, anthropology and other social sciences are being threatened by a neoliberal emphasis on “relevant” courses in universities in Kenya. Universities are suffering from a push for “relevance” at the detriment of their traditional role of being a public good. Using personal experiences, comparative secondary data overview and analysis, I discuss the challenges facing university education in Kenya under neoliberalism. I argue that the erstwhile role of universities serving the public good has been transformed so much that they struggle to be “sustainable” through “income generating activities” and teach “marketable courses” that will guarantee graduates employment upon graduation. This neoliberal approach to university education follows the growth of a capitalist ethic which started with Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) that has continually erased the welfare state and turned university education into a commodity and students as customers with preferences rather than as citizens with a right to education. Such a focus is detrimental to cultivating graduates who are well rounded and can respond to the challenges and opportunities of our ever-changing world.

Abstract Introduction: Labor informality and the formalization of employment have already been widely discussed. However, the problem remains on the public and government agendas at both the national and subnational levels. Objective: The objective is to assess the design of the public policy instruments that the government of Nuevo León has implemented (2015-2021) for the formalization of employment. The target population of the instruments are the Micro, Small and Medium enterprises of the state of Nuevo León. Method and technique: Firstly, a documentary research in secondary sources was carried out. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials in charge of the public policy instruments for the formalization of employment. The people interviewed were: the Director of Support and Development for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator of the Service Center for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the head of the State Commission for Regulatory Improvement of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator for the Promotion of the Impulsa Nuevo León Program; the Director of Planning and Public Policies of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; and the Director of the Economic Development Commission of the Nuevo León Council. To systematize the opinions of the interviewees, the ATLAS.ti computer program was used and the categories created are presented in Table 2. Finally, the ideology of the actors involved was contrasted with three key precepts of neoliberalism that were identified. Results: 1. The Government of Nuevo León does not have information about the number of jobs generated by the companies that receive government financial support. 2. The planning of public policy instruments is carried out, mainly, by the private sector. 3. The business chambers of Small and Medium Enterprises are the ones that are mainly involved. 4. Financial support is granted after companies go to the government to request it and there is no research and development. 5. Financial support is mainly concentrated in the formal Micro, Small and Medium-sized enterprises, but there is no updated registry. 6. Monitoring is carried out as long as the companies continue to attend to the offices of the government of Nuevo León. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is necessary to redesign the public policy instruments under the leadership of the government of Nuevo León and to link, specifically, the target population of the programs with the forms of state intervention.

Resumen Introducción: La informalidad laboral y la formalización del empleo han sido ya ampliamente discutidas. Sin embargo, el problema sigue vigente en las agendas públicas y de gobierno tanto a nivel nacional como subnacional. Objetivo: El objetivo es evaluar el diseño de los instrumentos de política pública que ha implementado el gobierno estatal (2015-2021) para la formalización del empleo en Nuevo León. La población objetivo de los instrumentos son las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas empresas (Mipymes) del estado de Nuevo León. Método y técnica: En una primera instancia, se llevó a cabo una investigación documental y de fuentes secundarias. Posteriormente, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con funcionarios a cargo de los instrumentos de política pública para la formalización del empleo. Se entrevistó al Director de Apoyo y Fomento a Pequeñas y Medianas empresas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; al Coordinador del Centro de Atención a Pequeñas y Medianas empresas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; a la titular de la Comisión Estatal de Mejora Regulatoria del Estado de Nuevo León; al Coordinador de Promoción y Vinculación del Programa Impulsa Nuevo León de la Secretaría de Economía del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; a la Directora de Planeación y Políticas Públicas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; y al Director de la Comisión de Desarrollo Económico del Consejo Nuevo León. Para sistematizar las opiniones de los entrevistados se utilizó el programa de computadora ATLAS.ti y en su análisis se crearon las categorías que se presentan en la Tabla 2. Finalmente, se contrastó la ideología de los actores involucrados con tres preceptos clave del neoliberalismo que se identificaron. Resultados: 1. El Gobierno de Nuevo León no cuenta con información sobre el número de empleos que generan las empresas que reciben los apoyos. 2. La planeación de los instrumentos de política pública se lleva a cabo, principalmente, por el sector privado. 3. Las cámaras empresariales de las Pequeñas y Medianas empresas (Pymes) son las que se encuentran principalmente involucradas. 4. Los apoyos se otorgan a partir de que las empresas acuden al gobierno a solicitarlos y no hay investigación y desarrollo. 5. Los apoyos se concentran principalmente en las Mipymes formales, pero no se cuenta con un padrón actualizado. 6. El seguimiento y monitoreo se realiza en la medida que las empresas continúan asistiendo a las oficinas del gobierno de Nuevo León. Conclusiones: Se concluye que se requiere rediseñar los instrumentos de política pública bajo el liderazgo del gobierno estatal y vincular, concretamente, a la población objetivo de los programas con las formas de intervención estatal.

ABSTRACT Individuals with psychiatric disabilities face significant challenges in achieving workforce inclusion, presenting a critical public health issue. The enactment of Law 21.015 on this matter offers an opportunity for improvement. Aim: This study aims to provide healthcare teams with practical strategies for including individuals with psychiatric disabilities in the workforce, along with recommendations for their implementation. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted through a narrative review of policy documents and programs related to the employment inclusion of individuals with psychiatric disabilities. Results: A total of 40 articles were included in the final analysis. The topics were categorized into three main areas: (1) employment inclusion and its relation to disability, (2) types of interventions in employment inclusion, and (3) elements of labor legislation concerning disability in Chile. An overview is presented of how scientific evidence has been addressed in public policies of various countries, alongside the main strategies from national and international experiences. Conclusions: Key elements discussed include the necessity of early support for employment, the effectiveness of supported employment strategies, and the importance of coordinating mental health and employment services. General recommendations for the employability of individuals with psychiatric disabilities are provided. Healthcare teams should be familiar with the legal aspects of employability, as well as the available intersectoral networks, and be prepared to guide individuals with psychiatric disabilities who express a desire to work. They should support these individuals in job placement and maintain open communication channels among the components of the intersectoral network.

RESUMEN Las personas con discapacidad (PcD) psiquiátrica presentan grandes dificultades para alcanzar la inclusión laboral, lo que constituye un desafío para la salud pública. La promulgación de la Ley 21.015 sobre este tema abre una oportunidad de aprendizaje. Objetivo: presentar, de una manera útil para los equipos de salud, las principales estrategias de inclusión laboral para PcD psiquiátrica y recomendaciones para su implementación. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo mediante una revisión narrativa de documentos de políticas y programas relativos a la inclusión laboral para PcD psiquiátrica. Resultados: 40 artículos fueron finalmente incluidos. Los temas fueron agrupados en (1) inclusión laboral y su relación con la discapacidad, (2) tipos de intervenciones en inclusión laboral, y (3) elementos de la normativa laboral en discapacidad en Chile. Se presenta un panorama general de cómo ha sido abordada la evidencia científica en las políticas públicas de los países y las principales estrategias de la experiencia nacional e internacional. Conclusiones: La necesidad de apoyo para el empleo desde temprana edad, la efectividad de la estrategia del empleo con apoyo y la relevancia de la coordinación de servicios de salud mental y servicios de empleo, son elementos discutidos. Se presentan recomendaciones generales de empleabilidad para PcD psiquiátrica. Los equipos de salud deben conocer aspectos legales de la empleabilidad, así como redes intersectoriales disponibles; y estar preparados para orientar a PcD psiquiátrica que manifiesten interés por trabajar, apoyándola para abordar la colocación laboral, manteniendo canales de comunicación abiertos entre dispositivos que componen la red intersectorial.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of private and public initiatives (financial literacy, entrepreneurship, remote work and government aid) on individual job loss and decrease in income during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used an unbalanced panel data analysis with the National Household Survey for 2019-2020. The hypotheses are tested with a probit panel data model since the dependent variables are binary. Findings: The study findings indicate that financial preparedness reduced the probability of having a decrease in income, but only to informal workers in metropolitan Lima. Furthermore, entrepreneurship helped mainly female informal workers to reduce their probability of becoming unemployed in metropolitan Lima. Besides, the implementation of remote work as a substitute of face-to-face work was not enough to avoid the decrease in income in the case of informal workers and it was only effective to avoid unemployment in the case of formal workers in metropolitan Lima. Finally, public aid proved to be instrumental in mitigating the decrease in income, but only to informal workers in Metropolitan Lima. Research limitations/implications: The study results only apply for the first year of the pandemic. Practical implications: Policymakers should focus on increasing the financial preparedness of informal workers, especially in provinces. Social implications: Policymakers must expand unemployment benefits, and design public aid programs targeting informal workers in provinces. Originality/value: This is the first study that analyses the impact of private and public initiatives on the decrease in income and unemployment situation of Peruvian individuals during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo é analisar o perfil de egressos e identificar fatores associados ao desempenho positivo relativo à trajetória de formação e de inserção profissional entre aqueles que concluíram cursos presenciais de mestrado e doutorado acadêmico da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Brasil). Participaram do estudo 2.462 egressos (1.402 de mestrado e 1.060 de doutorado) que responderam um questionário digital, contendo questões sobre perfil do egresso e inserção profissional antes do ingresso no curso e após a conclusão. Foi criada uma medida sobre “desempenho positivo pós-curso”. Os resultados revelam que egressos de mestrado com impacto positivo do curso tendem a ser homens; ter especialização antes de ingressar no curso; ter emprego remunerado após o término do curso nas áreas de pesquisa, educação, assistência e gestão; e ser servidor público. No doutorado o seguinte perfil é evidenciado: egressos com emprego remunerado após o término do curso nas áreas de pesquisa ou educação; contratados por Regime Jurídico Único ou contrato temporário de pessoa jurídica; e com publicação científica ou patente. A avaliação/acompanhamento de egressos deve se instaurar como uma importante política pública educacional, incorporada no processo de autoavaliação institucional, o que possibilita rever rumos e prioridades na agenda educacional e pedagógica da instituição.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio es analizar el perfil de egresados e identificar factores asociados al desempeño positivo relacionado a la trayectoria de formación e inserción profesional entre aquellos que concluyeron cursos presenciales de maestría y doctorado académico de la Fundación Oswaldo Cruz (Brasil). Participaron del estudio 2.462 egresados (1.402 de maestría y 1.060 de doctorado) que contestaron el cuestionario de manera digital, con preguntas sobre el perfil del egresado y la inserción profesional antes del ingreso al curso y tras su conclusión. Se creó una medida sobre “desempeño positivo tras el curso”. Los resultados muestran que los egresados de la maestría con un impacto positivo del curso tienden a ser hombres; tener especialización antes de ingresar al curso; tener trabajo remunerado tras concluir el curso en las áreas de investigación, educación, asistencia y gestión; y ser funcionario público. Se evidencia el siguiente perfil en el doctorado: egresados con trabajo remunerado tras el término del curso en las áreas de investigación o educación; contratados bajo un régimen jurídico único o un contrato temporal de persona jurídica; y con publicación científica o patente. La evaluación/seguimiento de egresados se debe establecer como una importante política pública educativa, incorporada en el proceso de autoevaluación institucional, lo que permite revisar direcciones y prioridades en la agenda educativa y pedagógica de la institución.

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the profile of graduates and identify factors associated with positive performance regarding training and professional insertion among those who have completed face-to-face master’s and doctoral courses at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Brazil). A total of 2,462 graduates participated in the study (1,402 master’s and 1,060 doctoral graduates), who answered a digital questionnaire containing questions about individual characteristics and professional insertion before entering the course and after completion. A measure on “positive post-course performance” was created. The results show that Master’s graduates with a positive impact from the course tend to be men; to have a specialization degree before entering the course; to have paid employment after finishing the course in the areas of research, education, assistance, and management; and to be civil servants. In the Doctorate, the following profile is evident: graduates with paid employment after finishing the course in the areas of research or education; hired under a single legal regime or temporary contract as a legal entity; and with a scientific publication or patent. Evaluating/monitoring graduates must be established as an important public educational policy, incorporated into the institutional self-evaluation process, which makes it possible to review directions and priorities in the institution’s educational and pedagogical agenda.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio es analizar el perfil de egresados e identificar factores asociados al desempeño positivo relacionado a la trayectoria de formación e inserción profesional entre aquellos que concluyeron cursos presenciales de maestría y doctorado académico de la Fundación Oswaldo Cruz (Brasil). Participaron del estudio 2.462 egresados (1.402 de maestría y 1.060 de doctorado) que contestaron el cuestionario de manera digital, con preguntas sobre el perfil del egresado y la inserción profesional antes del ingreso al curso y tras su conclusión. Se creó una medida sobre “desempeño positivo tras el curso”. Los resultados muestran que los egresados de la maestría con un impacto positivo del curso tienden a ser hombres; tener especialización antes de ingresar al curso; tener trabajo remunerado tras concluir el curso en las áreas de investigación, educación, asistencia y gestión; y ser funcionario público. Se evidencia el siguiente perfil en el doctorado: egresados con trabajo remunerado tras el término del curso en las áreas de investigación o educación; contratados bajo un régimen jurídico único o un contrato temporal de persona jurídica; y con publicación científica o patente. La evaluación/seguimiento de egresados se debe establecer como una importante política pública educativa, incorporada en el proceso de autoevaluación institucional, lo que permite revisar direcciones y prioridades en la agenda educativa y pedagógica de la institución. Resumen Brasil. Brasil . (Brasil) 2462 2 462 2.46 1.402 1402 1 402 (1.40 1060 060 1.06 digital conclusión curso. curso” hombres educación gestión público jurídica patente evaluaciónseguimiento evaluación seguimiento institucional institución (Brasil 246 46 2.4 1.40 140 40 (1.4 106 06 1.0 24 4 2. 1.4 14 (1. 10 0 1. (1 (

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the profile of graduates and identify factors associated with positive performance regarding training and professional insertion among those who have completed face-to-face master’s and doctoral courses at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Brazil). A total of 2,462 graduates participated in the study (1,402 master’s and 1,060 doctoral graduates), who answered a digital questionnaire containing questions about individual characteristics and professional insertion before entering the course and after completion. A measure on “positive post-course performance” was created. The results show that Master’s graduates with a positive impact from the course tend to be men; to have a specialization degree before entering the course; to have paid employment after finishing the course in the areas of research, education, assistance, and management; and to be civil servants. In the Doctorate, the following profile is evident: graduates with paid employment after finishing the course in the areas of research or education; hired under a single legal regime or temporary contract as a legal entity; and with a scientific publication or patent. Evaluating/monitoring graduates must be established as an important public educational policy, incorporated into the institutional self-evaluation process, which makes it possible to review directions and priorities in the institution’s educational and pedagogical agenda. Abstract facetoface face masters master s Brazil. Brazil . (Brazil) 2462 2 462 2,46 1,402 1402 1 402 (1,40 1060 060 1,06 graduates, , graduates) completion postcourse post created Masters Master men education assistance management servants Doctorate evident entity patent Evaluatingmonitoring Evaluating monitoring policy selfevaluation self evaluation process institutions institution agenda (Brazil 246 46 2,4 1,40 140 40 (1,4 106 06 1,0 24 4 2, 1,4 14 (1, 10 0 1, (1 (

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo é analisar o perfil de egressos e identificar fatores associados ao desempenho positivo relativo à trajetória de formação e de inserção profissional entre aqueles que concluíram cursos presenciais de mestrado e doutorado acadêmico da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Brasil). Participaram do estudo 2.462 egressos (1.402 de mestrado e 1.060 de doutorado) que responderam um questionário digital, contendo questões sobre perfil do egresso e inserção profissional antes do ingresso no curso e após a conclusão. Foi criada uma medida sobre “desempenho positivo pós-curso”. Os resultados revelam que egressos de mestrado com impacto positivo do curso tendem a ser homens; ter especialização antes de ingressar no curso; ter emprego remunerado após o término do curso nas áreas de pesquisa, educação, assistência e gestão; e ser servidor público. No doutorado o seguinte perfil é evidenciado: egressos com emprego remunerado após o término do curso nas áreas de pesquisa ou educação; contratados por Regime Jurídico Único ou contrato temporário de pessoa jurídica; e com publicação científica ou patente. A avaliação/acompanhamento de egressos deve se instaurar como uma importante política pública educacional, incorporada no processo de autoavaliação institucional, o que possibilita rever rumos e prioridades na agenda educacional e pedagógica da instituição. Resumo Brasil. Brasil . (Brasil) 2462 2 462 2.46 1.402 1402 1 402 (1.40 1060 060 1.06 digital conclusão póscurso. póscurso pós pós-curso” homens educação gestão público evidenciado jurídica patente avaliaçãoacompanhamento avaliação acompanhamento institucional instituição (Brasil 246 46 2.4 1.40 140 40 (1.4 106 06 1.0 pós-curso 24 4 2. 1.4 14 (1. 10 0 1. (1 (

Resumen En este trabajo se construyen índices anuales de programas sociales de México de 2012-2018 utilizando estadística multivariada, con el fin de identificar la relación de su eficiencia con el gasto público. Se consideraron las variables: eficiencia en cobertura, presupuesto aprobado, presupuesto ejercido y rigor de sus resultados obtenidos. Se encontró un bajo índice de eficiencia en cobertura anual en 2015 y un máximo en 2018. El índice de presupuesto aprobado anual no tuvo relevante aumento de 2014 a 2015, aun así mostró ser creciente a través de los años. El índice de presupuesto ejercido anual tuvo un notable descenso en 2018. Además, se encontró que aquellos programas que tienen mayor gasto en la muestra considerada -Seguro Popular y Pensión para Adultos Mayores- tuvieron resultados destacados, y los programas de Estancias Infantiles y Apoyo al Empleo que recibieron mucho menor presupuesto también tuvieron resultados destacados, es decir, fueron programas eficientes.

Abstract In this paper, annual indices of social programs in Mexico from 2012-2018 are constructed using multivariate statistics, to identify the relationship between their efficiency and public spending. The following variables were considered: efficiency in coverage, approved budget, exercised budget, and rigor of the obtained results. A low annual coverage efficiency index was found in 2015 and a maximum in 2018. The annual approved budget index did not have a relevant increase from 2014 to 2015, even so it showed to be increasing through the years. The annual exercised budget index had a notable decrease in 2018. In addition, it was found that those programs with higher spending in the sample considered Seguro Popular and Pensión para Adultos Mayores -Popular Insurance and Pension for Older Adults- had outstanding results, and the Estancias Infantiles and Apoyo al Empleo programs -Children’s Stays and Employment Support- that received much lower budget, had outstanding results, i.e., they were efficient programs.

RESUMEN Superar las barreras que obstaculizan la inclusión laboral de las personas con discapacidad es un tema contemporáneo. La investigación fue una primera aproximación al panorama existente en Ciudad Juárez, México. Se empleó el método de investigación mixto. Se conformaron siete unidades de análisis y se contrastó de forma cruzada los hallazgos. Se analizaron estadísticas oficiales, se utilizó la observación, entrevistas y bitácoras. Se logró conformar una panorámica general del fenómeno que evidencia su complejidad, así como las barreras y desafíos que subsisten. Se constató que las empresas con programas de inclusión laboral en Ciudad Juárez sólo cubren sus plantillas con el 0.94% de discapacitados lo que no se corresponde con la representación social de ese sector poblacional en edad laboral. Los hallazgos son coincidentes con los de estudios realizados en otras latitudes, demostrándose que mientras que el consenso mundial, las políticas públicas y las estructuras creadas para romper barreras y desafíos son abundantes, los resultados hasta el presente son muy pocos. Las personas en situación de discapacidad, con la formación adecuada y ubicadas en el lugar de trabajo correcto pueden ser tan productivas o incluso más que el resto de la población.

ABSTRACT Overcoming the barriers that hinder the labor inclusion of people with disabilities is a contemporary issue. The research was a first approach to the existing panorama in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. The mixed research method was used. Seven units of analysis were formed and the findings were cross-contrasted. Official statistics were analyzed, observation, interviews and logs were used. It was possible to create a general overview of the phenomenon that shows its complexity, as well as the barriers and challenges that remain. It was found that companies with labor inclusion programs in Ciudad Juárez only cover their workforce with 0.94% of disabled people, which does not correspond to the social representation of that working-age population sector. The findings coincide with those of studies carried out in other latitudes, demonstrating that while global consensus, public policies and structures created to break down barriers and challenges are abundant, the results to date are very few. People with disabilities, with adequate training and placed in the correct workplace, can be as productive or even more productive than the rest of the population.

Abstract This article constitutes an empirical contribution regarding the correlation between economic informality and the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Based on interviews with merchants in the informal sector of the city of Huancayo, the pandemic-related impacts are analyzed in relation to income and livelihoods. It is argued that informal employment played an important role in the tragic indicators of public health in the country. The intrinsic flexibility of this type of activities, specifically for walking merchants, and the lack of access to systems and programs of social security were the main reasons that people worked in this sector to replace the income they lost due to confinement. Thus, the notion “replacement of income” in the economy appeared during the pandemic. The heterogeneity among those who carry out informal work, specifically in terms of their access to different resources, enabled such work and enabled some people to control their exposure to the virus. It is concluded that the focus on economic formalization of the last decades of financial liberalization are not considered advantages that informal activities offer in relation to formalization. In fact, informality continues to offer the best opportunity for immediate income and highly flexible options, in particular for adapting to crisis situations like the pandemic.

Resumen Este artículo constituye un aporte empírico sobre la correlación entre la informalidad económica y la pandemia de la covid-19 en Perú. Con base en entrevistas a comerciantes del sector informal de la ciudad de Huancayo, se analizan los impactos pandémicos en relación con sus ingresos y medios de vida y se sostiene que el empleo informal tuvo una gran repercusión en los trágicos indicadores de salud pública en el país. La flexibilidad intrínseca de este tipo de actividades, puntualmente para el comercio ambulatorio, y la falta de acceso a sistemas y esquemas de protección social fueron las principales razones por las que las personas emprendían en este sector para reemplazar los ingresos que perdieron debido al confinamiento. Así, se introduce la noción “recambio de ingresos” en la economía durante la pandemia. La heterogeneidad entre quienes realizan labores informales, específicamente en el acceso a diferentes tipos de recursos, permitió tales emprendimientos y facilitó que algunas personas controlen su posible exposición al virus. Se concluye que en el enfoque de la formalización económica de las últimas décadas de liberalización financiera no se consideran las ventajas que las actividades informales ofrecen frente a la formalización. De hecho, la informalidad sigue brindando la mejor oportunidad de ingresos inmediatos y opciones altamente flexibles, en particular para adaptarse a situaciones de crisis como la pandemia.

Abstract: Access to employment for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities requires individualized support processes, especially in the transition from school to employment. Public/private collaboration initiatives are emerging as successful strategies. This paper analyzes the implementation of the Individualized Itineraries Project in Castilla y León, analyzing its impact on the professional career of people with intellectual disabilities and its incursion into public policies. From the analysis we can conclude that these programs promote the employability of the group, under a comprehensive model of intervention that transcends the intermediation, covering planned actions from training for employment to access to housing. It is also observed its consolidation within the strategy of attention to disability in this territory and its orientation towards the achievement of a new model of day centers, oriented to the professional training of people with intellectual disabilities, with the aim of achieving a new social role that contributes to their life project.

Resumen: El acceso al empleo de las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo requiere de procesos individualizados de acompañamiento, especialmente en el tránsito de la escuela al empleo. Las iniciativas de colaboración público/privada se perfilan como estrategias de éxito. Este estudio analiza la implantación del Proyecto de Itinerarios Individualizados en Castilla y León, analizando su impacto en la carrera profesional de las personas con discapacidad intelectual y su incursión en las políticas públicas. Del análisis realizado podemos concluir que estos programas favorecen la empleabilidad del colectivo, bajo un modelo integral de intervención que trasciende a la intermediación, abarcando acciones planificadas desde la formación para el empleo hasta el acceso a la vivienda. Se observa, además, su consolidación dentro de la estrategia de atención a la discapacidad en este territorio y su orientación hacia el logro de un nuevo modelo de centros de día, orientados a la capacitación profesional de las personas con discapacidad intelectual, con el objetivo de lograr un nuevo rol social que contribuya a su proyecto de vida.

Abstract: Through the descriptive analysis of the open data of the Poder Judicial de Costa Rica, alarming results are reflected in the number of complaints imposed in the Organismo de Investigación Judicial (OIJ), exceeding fifty thousand complaints in 2019. Based on those numbers, the objective of this research is to generate a data analysis model that allows to potentiate of these statistics and to indicate in advance the regions with the most remarkable propensity to suffer crimes in the next five years, to promote the proactivity of both the citizen and the police to be alerted and to avoid upcoming crimes. Statistical prediction models are used to prove mathematical methods applicable to the data obtained and their behavior during 2015-2019. The analysis reflects the need to apply the simple linear regression algorithm to the developed solution available to all Costa Ricans on the Tableau public website. The results show pessimistic predictions for the country, especially in the Gran Area Metropolitana (GAM); the behavior of crimes will significantly impact this area, which indicates the need to establish police strengthening programs and improvements in education and employment to counter the potential crimes projected for the next five years.

Resumen La gestión de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional es uno de los elementos prioritarios dentro de la agenda de gobierno en Cuba, según se indica en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social hasta 2030 y la Ley 148/2022 de Soberanía Alimentaria y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional. Esta precisa de la participación multiactoral, multisectorial, interdisciplinaria, liderada por el gobierno. En este empeño, resulta esencial fortalecer las capacidades de los actores locales para gestionar, en un contexto de descentralización, el conjunto de políticas públicas, estrategias, programas y proyectos que dan contenido a la gestión del desarrollo local. En este sentido, la investigación va encaminada a diseñar una cadena de valor territorial de productos agroecológicos en la Finca "Tierra Brava" en el municipio Los Palacios, que contribuya al autoabastecimiento municipal a partir del incremento de la oferta de conservas de frutas, vegetales y condimentos, sobre la base de la articulación público-privada, el encadenamiento en función del cierre de ciclo productivo, la gestión del conocimiento y la innovación y la trasferencia tecnológica. Los métodos teóricos utilizados fueron el histórico-lógico, sistémico e hipotético-deductivo, y como empíricos, la observación y el análisis documental. A partir de su implementación, se lograron impactos relacionados con el incremento de las capacidades productivas agrícolas, aumento del rendimiento de sus parcelas y de la diversidad de productos, el uso de fuentes renovables de energía, la aplicación de prácticas agroecológicas, generación de empleo para mujeres y jóvenes, mejores condiciones y capacidades de un punto de venta de productos frescos procesados y congelados.

Abstract The management of food and nutritional security is one of the priority elements within the government agenda in Cuba, as indicated in the National Economic and Social Development Plan until 2030 and Law 148/2022 on Food Sovereignty and Food and Nutritional Security. This requires multi-actoral, multi-sectoral, interdisciplinary participation, led by the government. In this endeavor, it is essential to strengthen the capacities of local actors to manage, in a context of decentralization, the set of public policies, strategies, programs and projects that give content to the management of local development. In this sense, the research is aimed at designing a territorial value chain of agroecological products in the "Tierra Brava" farm in the municipality of Los Palacios, which contributes to municipal self-sufficiency by increasing the supply of canned fruits, vegetables and condiments, on the basis of public-private articulation, linkage in terms of closing the production cycle, knowledge management and innovation and technology transfer. The theoretical methods used were historical-logical, systemic and hypothetical-deductive, and as empirical ones, observation and the documentary analysis. From their implementation, impacts were achieved related to the increase of agricultural productive capacities, increase in the yield of their plots and the diversity of products, the use of renewable energy sources, the application of agroecological practices, generation of employment for women and young people, better conditions and capacities of a point of sale of fresh processed and frozen products.

Resumo A gestão da segurança alimentar e nutricional é um dos elementos prioritários da agenda governamental em Cuba, tal como indicado no Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Económico e Social até 2030 e na Lei 148/2022 sobre Soberania Alimentar e Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Isto requer uma participação multi-atoral, multisetorial e interdisciplinar, liderada pelo governo. Neste esforço, é essencial reforçar as capacidades dos atores locais para gerir, num contexto de descentralização, o conjunto de políticas, estratégias, programas e projetos públicos que dão conteúdo à gestão do desenvolvimento local. Neste sentido, a investigação visa conceber uma cadeia de valor territorial de produtos agroecológicos na fazenda "Tierra Brava" no município de Los Palacios, que contribui para a autossuficiência municipal ao aumentar a oferta de conservas de fruta, vegetais e condimentos, com base na articulação público-privada, ligações em termos de encerramento do ciclo de produção, gestão do conhecimento e inovação e transferência de tecnologia. Os métodos utilizados foram históricos-lógicos, sistémicos e hipotético-dedutivos, e os métodos empíricos utilizados foram a observação e a análise documental. A partir da sua implementação, foram alcançados impactos relacionados com o aumento das capacidades produtivas agrícolas, aumento do rendimento das suas parcelas e da diversidade de produtos, utilização de fontes de energia renováveis, aplicação de práticas agroecológicas, geração de emprego para mulheres e jovens, melhores condições e capacidades de um ponto de venda de produtos frescos transformados e congelados.

Resumen Este artículo estudia los fallos de tutela expedidos por la Corte Constitucional colombiana en casos donde trabajadores pobres que se la “rebuscan” en espacios públicos activan el aparato judicial para impedir que autoridades estatales les impidan (por distintas razones) llevar a cabo sus actividades productivas. Presentamos dos hallazgos. En primer lugar, argumentamos que la acción de tutela ha sido útil para coordinar derechos constitucionales abstractos (como el derecho al trabajo y al mínimo vital), con diferentes regulaciones locales que impactan la vida de los trabajadores más pobres, como las que prohíben que éstos cuiden carros en la calle. En casos de recicladores, carperos, escribientes, bicitaxistas y trabajadoras sexuales, entre otros, la Corte protege los derechos de los accionantes, pues entiende que, hasta tanto se les ofrezcan alternativas de empleo y/o programas de asistencia social que cubran su mínimo vital, impedir que trabajen en el espacio público es una aspiración puramente simbólica. Sin embargo, argumentamos, en segundo lugar, que en el caso de vendedores ambulantes desalojados por “invadir” el espacio público, la Corte se está alejando del balance constitucional decantado que protegía su derecho al trabajo, utilizando argumentos dudosos de procedibilidad que deberían ser reconsiderados y desechados en futuras decisiones.

Abstract This article studies tutela rulings issued by the Colombian Constitutional Court in cases where rebuscadores (as we call poor people that work in public spaces) activate the judicial system to prevent state authorities from evicting them. We present two main findings. In the first place, we argue that the tutela has been useful to coordinate abstract constitutional rights (such as the right to work and to a minimum income) with different local regulations that impact the lives of the poor, such as those that prohibit watching out for cars on the street. In cases of waste pickers, bicycle taxi drivers, and sex workers, among others, the Court protects the plaintiffs’ rights understanding that preventing them from working in public space is a purely symbolic aspiration until they are offered employment alternatives and/or social assistance programs that cover their minimum income. However, in the case of street vendors evicted for “invading” the public space, we argue that the Court is moving away from the established constitutional balance that protected their right to work, using, for this purpose, dubious procedural arguments that should be reconsidered in future rulings.

Résumé Cet article, constitué par l’étude des manquements par la Cour Constitutionnelle colombienne au devoir de protection des travailleurs pauvres (ceux qui ont recours à «la débrouille» dans l’espace public) qui recherchaient un soutien de l’appareil judiciaire pour reprendre leurs activités professionnelles lorsque l’autorité de l’état les en empêchait pour diverses raisons, nous permet d’affirmer deux choses. Premièrement, il apparaît que la protection de ladite Cour a bien été utile pour coordonner les droits constitutionnels «abstraits» (comme le droit au travail et au minimum vital) avec les différentes règlementations locales qui impactent la vie des travailleurs les plus pauvres comme, par exemple, les règles interdisant à des personnes, contre pourboire, de veiller sur votre voiture. En ce qui concerne, notamment, les ramasseurs de déchets, les loueurs de bâches destinées au commerce informel, les écrivains publics, les vélos-taxis et les travailleurs du sexe, la Cour les protège en général car elle est consciente que tant qu’on ne leur proposera pas un emploi décent et/ou une protection sociale couvrant leurs besoins de base, les empêcher de travailler dans l’espace public relèverait d’une décision symbolique inapplicable. En revanche, et c’est là notre seconde trouvaille, nous démontrons que dans le cas de vendeurs ambulants expulsés de leur lieu de travail habituel parce qu’ils «envahissaient» l’espace public, la Cour s’éloigne de sa mission qui consiste à protéger le travail en utilisant des arguments de procédure douteux qui devraient être réévalués, voire écartés, pour les futures sentences rendues.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: New medical schools and new medical residencies in Brazil, mainly in its interior, were opened under the justification of collaborating towards distribution of these healthcare professionals and specialist doctors across the national territory. However, this proposal did not guarantee that medical practitioners would become established in the place where they graduated and specialized. OBJECTIVE: To calculate, through interviews, how many specialists who graduated in the state of Tocantins stayed there after finishing their medical residency; and to analyze the factors that made them stay or leave the place. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional exploratory study conducted at a Brazilian federal public higher education institution. METHODS: All graduates from medical residencies in Tocantins, who graduated between 2013 and 2019, were contacted by telephone and, after obtaining consent, an interview was conducted. The interviews took place between June 2020 and January 2021. RESULTS: The permanence of medical residency graduates in the state increased from 50% in an earlier study to 55.8% in the current study, thus showing a situation of stability. In addition, we detected some reasons for staying or not. In a multivariate analysis, only working in the state capital was related to staying in the state of Tocantins, showing a 5.6 times greater chance. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of those who remained was just over 50%, even some years after implementation of the first programs. Most specialists remained working for the state health department, with a smaller proportion in municipal health departments, and were concentrated in the state capital.

SUMMARY: The study focused on the potential role of the forest sector in Columbia’s post-conflict processes based on the multifunctionality of forests and their components: communities that live in and close to forests, economic dynamics, social actors and sectoral policies. The analysis covered the national level and the coffee region, located in the center of the country. Materials and methods included semi-structured interviews with international and national forest experts. Experts agreed that the forest sector in Colombia represents an alternative pathway for increasing employment and improving the quality of life of local populations, especially in those regions where the post-conflict process is still in effect. In the case of the coffee region, there is a reforestation potential of 54,500 ha and, with minor restrictions, the potential for 164,130 ha of forest plantations. Less than 10 % of that potential has been achieved. Likewise, there are opportunities to implement ecosystem services programs in public and private natural forests that cover 55 % of the coffee region. These potentials are not currently part of the regional priorities, although they could generate income and employment for vulnerable coffee-growing families and for indigenous communities living near natural forests, for whom poverty is a constant due to structural deprivations.

RESUMEN: El estudio se centró en el papel potencial del sector forestal en los procesos de posconflicto colombiano, basado en la multifuncionalidad de los bosques y sus componentes: comunidades que viven en y cerca de los bosques, dinámicas económicas, actores sociales y políticas sectoriales. El análisis involucró la región cafetera, situada en el centro occidente del país. Los materiales y métodos incluyeron entrevistas semi estructuradas con expertos forestales internacionales y nacionales. Los expertos coincidieron en que el sector forestal en Colombia representa una vía alternativa para aumentar el empleo y mejorar la calidad de vida de las poblaciones locales, especialmente, en aquellas regiones donde el proceso posterior al conflicto armado sigue vigente. En el caso de la región cafetera, existe un potencial de reforestación de 54.500 ha con la posibilidad de llegar a 164.130 ha de plantaciones forestales. Se logra menos del 10 % de ese potencial. Asimismo, existen oportunidades para implementar programas de servicios ecosistémicos en bosques naturales públicos y privados que cubren el 55 % de la región cafetera. Estos potenciales no forman parte de las prioridades regionales actuales, aunque podrían generar ingresos y empleo para las familias cafeteras vulnerables y para las comunidades indígenas que viven cerca de los bosques naturales, para quienes la pobreza es una constante debido a privaciones estructurales.