This article discusses guidance published on official websites regarding the response of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) psychosocial care networks (RAPS) to the public health emergency caused by Covid-19. The discussion draws on the analysis of online materials published between 06/02/20 and 31/08/21 at state and federal level across all the country’s state capitals. We compare the results of the document analysis with guidance published by international organizations to reflect on the challenges, successes, mistakes and omissions in the guidance given to the RAPS at the beginning of the pandemic. It is concluded that, despite being formal, the guidance was poorly coordinated and integrated into the networks and with other sectors and pre-existing challenges, as recommended by the international community.

A presente análise documental tem como objetivo debater as orientações publicadas on-line em sites oficiais para guiar as respostas das Redes de Atenção Psicossocial (Raps) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil diante da emergência de Saúde Pública causada pela Covid-19. Baseia-se na análise de materiais publicados on-line entre 6/2/20 e 31/8/21 nos níveis federal e estadual e em todas as capitais do país. Combina essa análise documental com orientações e publicações de entidades internacionais a fim de refletir sobre os desafios, acertos, erros e omissões das orientações dadas para as Raps no país durante o início do período pandêmico. Conclui que as orientações, apesar de existentes formalmente, foram pouco articuladas e integradas dentro das próprias redes, com outros setores e com desafios preexistentes, conforme preconizado pela comunidade internacional.

El presente análisis documental tiene el objetivo de debatir las orientaciones publicadas online en páginas web oficiales para guiar las respuestas de las Redes de Atención Psicosociales (RAPS) del Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) ante la emergencia de salud pública causada por la Covid-19. Se basa en el análisis de materiales publicados online entre el 06/02/20 y el 31/08/21 en las esferas de la federación y de los estados en todas las capitales del país. Combina este análisis documental con orientaciones y publicaciones de entidades internacionales para reflexionar sobre los desafíos, aciertos, errores y omisiones de las orientaciones dadas para las RAPS en el país durante el inicio del período pandémico. Concluye que las orientaciones, a pesar de existentes formalmente, fueron poco articuladas e integradas dentro de las propias redes con otros sectores y con desafíos preexistentes, conforme lo determina la comunidad internacional.

Although widely acknowledged for their significance, contemporary Teacher Professional Development (TPD) initiatives have faced growing criticism due to their failure to effectively foster the seamless incorporation of technology into educators' pedagogical practices. Educators depend on their informal Communities of Practice (CoPs) rather than TPD programmes to acquire the knowledge they need to both competently and meaningfully integrate technology into their pedagogical practices. This study investigates the innovative approaches educators employ in three (n=3) Western Cape public primary schools to create a hybrid CoP in their school to improve their collective technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK). The criticism of TPD efforts extends beyond primary and secondary school contexts. This challenge substantially impacts teacher education and highlights the increasing necessity for developing digital literacy among the professoriate in this discipline. The theoretical basis for this study was Wenger's (1998) CoP social learning theory and Mishra and Koehler's (2006) TPACK model. The study employed a qualitative research approach involving a cohort of 12 educators who engaged in open-ended survey questionnaires, one-on-one semi-structured interviews, and observational sessions. Additionally, the research incorporated one (n=1) school principal and two (n=2) deputy principals who actively contributed to all data collection modalities except for the survey questionnaires. Document analysis, specifically from WhatsApp group chat screenshots, was conducted across all three (n=3) schools as part of the research approach. While the data set used in this study originates from a study involving school educators, it aims to extend the findings to determine their significance for teacher education. The results revealed that the sampled educators had established an informal hybrid CoP at their respective schools through innovative approaches, such as joint enterprise, mutual engagement, and shared repertoire. These educators gained TPACK from one another throughout this process. Universities and provincial governments might profit from the findings, the knowledge gained from which could assist in their structuring of TPD programmes in ways which would foster their organic development in educators' particular employment contexts.

RESUMO A doença renal crônica (DRC) representa um dos principais problemas de saúde pública da atualidade. A dosagem da creatinina sérica e a estimativa da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) são as principais ferramentas para avaliação da função renal. Para a estimativa da TFG, existem diversas equações, sendo a mais recomendada a CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease – Epidemiology). Existem ainda algumas controvérsias com relação à dosagem da creatinina sérica e da estimativa da TFG, uma vez que vários fatores podem interferir nesse processo. Uma importante mudança recente foi a retirada da correção por raça das equações para estimativa da TFG, que superestimavam a função renal, e consequentemente retardavam a implementação de tratamentos como diálise e transplante renal. Neste documento de consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica e Medicina Laboratorial são revisados os principais conceitos relacionados à avaliação da função renal, possíveis controvérsias existentes e recomendações para a estimativa da TFG na prática clínica. DRC (DRC atualidade (TFG CKDEPI CKD EPI Chronic Epidemiology. Epidemiology . Epidemiology) processo clínica

ABSTRACT Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents one of today’s main public health problems. Serum creatinine measurement and estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are the main tools for evaluating renal function. There are several equations to estimate GFR, and CKD-EPI equation (Chronic Kidney Disease – Epidemiology) is the most recommended one. There are still some controversies regarding serum creatinine measurement and GFR estimation, since several factors can interfere in this process. An important recent change was the removal of the correction for race from the equations for estimating GFR, which overestimated kidney function, and consequently delayed the implementation of treatments such as dialysis and kidney transplantation. In this consensus document from the Brazilian Societies of Nephrology and Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the main concepts related to the assessment of renal function are reviewed, as well as possible existing controversies and recommendations for estimating GFR in clinical practice. CKD (CKD todays today s problems (GFR CKDEPI EPI Epidemiology process transplantation Medicine reviewed practice

Abstract Every year, thousands of students enter higher education, often facing personal and academic This study consists of the first national mapping of hate crimes with homophobic and/or transphobic motivations against sexual and gender diversity in Portugal. The objective of this article focuses on analyzing the process of monitoring and stratifying hate crimes with homophobic and/or transphobic motivations by the Portuguese State, verifying their specificities as a result of the current legal framework and the phenomena of underreporting, revictimization and impunity for these crimes. cases. This investigation carried out the mapping and identification of 33 Criminal Investigations, belonging to 20 districts of the Public Ministry between 2015 and 2020. After the identification of the Unique Crime Process Identifier Number - NUIPC by the Judiciary Police and authorization to consult the procedural documents to the Departments of Investigation and Criminal Action - DIAPs of the MP, the data collection process was carried out in 29 Criminal Inquiries. The present investigation consists of a descriptive study of mixed methods, carried out through document analysis through content analysis, with regard to data processing. The data collection instrument was supported by case reporting documents, notably: reporting records, news records and emails with records of criminal complaints. The complaints analyzed highlight the need to review the Brazilian legal framework in relation to hate crimes with homophobic and transphobic motivations, considering the “invisibility” of these records for official statistics and the absence of specific fields that collaborate in the process of identifying the motivation of these cases, as well as the difficulty in recognizing this violence by the competent authorities as hate crimes against Sexual Orientation Gender Identity Gender Expressions and Sexual Characteristics - OIEC of its victims, contexts that strengthen the process of invisibility of this data in Portugal, supporting the false statement that: “Everything is fine here!” when we consider the reality of this violence perpetrated daily in the country.

Resumo Este estudo consiste no primeiro mapeamento nacional de crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e/ou transfóbicas contra a diversidade sexual e de género em Portugal. O Objetivo deste artigo centra-se na análise do processo de monitorização e estratificação dos crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e/ou transfóbicas pelo Estado português, verificando suas especificidades em decorrência do enquadramento jurídico atual e dos fenómenos da subnotificação, revitimização e da impunidade destes casos. A referida investigação realizou o mapeamento e identificação de 33 Inquéritos Criminais, pertencentes à 20 comarcas do Ministério Público entre 2015 e 2020. Após a identificação do Número Único de Identificador de Processo Crime - NUIPC pela Polícia Judiciária e autorização para consulta das peças processuais aos Departamentos de Investigação e Ação Penal - DIAPs do MP, o processo de levantamento de dados foi realizado em 29 Inquéritos Criminais. A presente investigação, consiste em um estudo discritivo de métodos mistos, realizado através de análise documental por meio da análise de conteúdo, no que concerne ao tratamento de dados. O instrumento de levantamento de dados foi sustentado por documentos de denúncias de casos, designadamente: autos de denúncias, autos de notícias e e-mails com registos de queixas-crimes. As denúncias analisadas destacam a necessidade da revisão do enquadramento jurídico português em relação aos crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e transfóbicas considerando a “invisibilidade” destes registos para estatísticas oficiais e a ausência de campos específicos que colaborem no processo de identificação da motivação destes casos, bem como a dificuldade do reconhecimento desta violência pelas autoridades competentes enquanto crimes de ódio contra a Orientação Sexual Identidade de género Expressões de género e Características Sexuais - OIEC de suas vítimas, contextos estes que fortalecem o processo de invisibilidade destes dados em Portugal sustentando a falsa afirmação de que: “Por aqui está tudo bem!” ao considerarmos a realidade desta violência perpetrada cotidianamente no país.

Abstract Qualitative research has traditionally relied on specific methodologies for data collection, with interviews being the predominant and preferred approach. Vast quantities of information have been published regarding traditional mechanisms for collecting qualitative data, but few studies have addressed more unconventional mechanisms such as body mapping. This is a distinctive technique commonly used in health sciences. It offers a versatile alternative that encourages participant creativity, reflexivity, and protagonism. It was adapted for use in an educational study with the aim of eliciting participants' constructivist experiences and emotions related to a particular social phenomenon. It was used as part of a descriptive case study which employed two other triangulation techniques, namely semi-structured virtual interviews, and document collection. After the researchers’ reflective processes, it was concluded that body mapping represented an ideal means to facilitate the data collection process. The primary objective of the study, grounded in qualitative research, was to explore the perceptions of five primary English teachers in the Sarapiquí Regional Directorate of Education in Costa Rica regarding the return to in-person education amid the COVID-19 public health crisis. For the body mapping technique, three participants engaged in a face-to-face session, structured into seven phases: map outlining, reflections on distance education, reflections on combined education, reflections on in-person education, finalization of body maps, testimony giving, and concluding reflections on the technique. Although the focus was on in-person education (2022), the distance and combined modalities (2020-2021) were used to activate participants’ prior knowledge and to provide context for the study. This paper demonstrates the procedure followed in applying the body mapping technique for qualitative data collection in a study on the perspective and experiences of teachers, and highlights the valuable insights gained through its use.

Abstract Introduction: professional codes of ethics should be updated periodically to respond to criticisms and demands arising from social, technological and scientific changes, especially in the field of human rights; Objectives: to verify the updating of the new Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics in the field of bioethics and human rights; Methods: document analysis of a document in the public domain, with previous definition of categories of analysis and registration units, with reference to the Unesco Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. Results: the analysis showed the following most prevalent principles: dignity, autonomy, respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity, benefit and harmful effects, solidarity, privacy and confidentiality, non-discrimination and non-stigmatization; Not very well covered: people without the capacity for consent, social responsibility, protection of the environment and future generations; Absent: sharing of research benefits, equality, justice and equity, respect for cultural diversity and pluralism; Final considerations: the Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics values the maintenance of prudential autonomy in the relationship with patients and health professionals. The inclusion of broader social concerns, in a fragmentary and insufficient way, does not yet ensure the broad defense of public health, and the rights of people in vulnerability, who have historically been in a position of disparity. The application of the method in a specific context, of the pandemic, was useful for the understanding of the deontological and principlist limits applied to public health. A future revision is suggested based on Unesco's Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights and the deliberative method for interprofessional decision-making.

Resumo Introdução: os códigos profissionais de ética devem ser atualizados, periodicamente, para responder às críticas e demandas decorrentes de mudanças sociais, tecnológicas e científicas, especialmente no campo dos direitos humanos; Objetivos: verificar a atualização do novo Código de Ética Médica brasileiro ao campo da bioética e dos direitos humanos; Métodos: análise documental de documento de domínio público, com definição prévia de categorias de análise e unidades de registro, tendo como referencial teórico a Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco. Resultados: a análise demonstrou como princípios mais prevalentes: dignidade, autonomia, respeito à vulnerabilidade humana e a integridade pessoal, benefício e efeitos nocivos, solidariedade, privacidade e confidencialidade, não discriminação e não estigmatização; pouco contemplados: pessoas sem capacidade de consentimento, responsabilidade social, proteção do meio ambiente e das gerações futuras; ausentes: repartição de benefícios da pesquisa, igualdade, justiça e equidade, respeito à diversidade cultural e ao pluralismo; Considerações finais: o Código de Ética Médica brasileiro preza pela manutenção de uma autonomia prudencial na relação com os pacientes e profissionais da saúde. A inclusão de preocupações sociais mais amplas, de forma fragmentária e insuficiente, não assegura ainda a ampla defesa da saúde pública, e dos direitos das pessoas em vulnerabilidade, situadas historicamente em posição de desigualdade. A aplicação do método em contexto específico, de pandemia, foi útil para a compreensão dos limites deontológicos e principialistas aplicados à saúde coletiva. Sugere-se uma futura revisão tendo como eixos a Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco e o método deliberativo para tomada de decisões interprofissionais.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the performance of Brazil’s Office Comptroller General (CGU) in the Bolsonaro Government concerning encouraging social accountability, as well as identifying the prospects for building democratic processes with civil society based on the new structure of the CGU, which has been changed since the beginning of the new Lula Government. In this sense, we also study three civil society organizations that have been working in partnership with the CGU, such as the Instituto de Fiscalização e Controle (IFC), the Observatório Social do Brasil (OSB), and the Amigos Associados de Ribeirão Bonito (Amarribo). Furthermore, we use a qualitative methodology based on document analysis, literature review, and interviews with CGU bureaucrats and representatives of civil society organizations. Despite the progress, there are challenges generated by structural problems, funding difficulties, and the disarticulation of network actions, which has been aggravated by the Covid-19 pandemic and the dismantling of policies generated by the previous government. However, since 2023, CGU, with a new institutional structure, has been working to get closer to civil society, looking for ways and strategies to stimulate social accountability. Brazils Brazil s (CGU accountability sense IFC, IFC , (IFC) OSB, OSB (OSB) Amarribo. Amarribo . (Amarribo) Furthermore analysis review progress problems difficulties actions Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 government However 2023 (IFC (OSB (Amarribo Covid1 1 Covid- 202 20 2

Resumo Este artigo busca analisar a atuação da Controladoria Geral da União (CGU) no governo Bolsonaro, no que se refere ao incentivo à accountability social, bem como identificar as perspectivas de construção de processos democráticos com a sociedade civil a partir da nova estrutura da CGU, que está sendo alterada desde o início do governo Lula. Diante disso, são estudadas três organizações da sociedade civil que têm atuado em parceria com a CGU: o Instituto de Fiscalização e Controle (IFC), o Observatório Social do Brasil (OSB) e os Amigos Associados de Ribeirão Bonito (Amarribo). Além disso, utiliza-se metodologia qualitativa baseada em análise documental, revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com burocratas da CGU e com representantes das organizações da sociedade civil. A governança pública tem sido uma preocupação compartilhada na relação entre Estado e sociedade, em especial com a CGU se destacando na promoção do controle social. Apesar dos avanços observados, há desafios gerados por problemas estruturais, dificuldades de financiamento e desarticulação das ações em rede, o que se agravou com a pandemia de Covid-19 e o desmonte de políticas gerado pelo governo anterior. Porém, a partir de 2023, a CGU, com uma nova estrutura institucional, tem atuado no sentido de se reaproximar da sociedade civil, procurando formas e estratégias para estimular a accountability social. (CGU Bolsonaro social Lula disso IFC, IFC , (IFC) OSB (OSB Amarribo. Amarribo . (Amarribo) utilizase utiliza documental observados estruturais rede Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 anterior Porém 2023 institucional (IFC (Amarribo Covid1 1 Covid- 202 20 2

Abstract Mountain areas face various problems such as environmental degradation, deforestation, unsustainable agricultural expansion, soil erosion, coupled with the loss of traditional knowledge, among others, which has become the focus of concern and reflection of both theoretical and practical discourse, due to the environmental, economic and social deterioration they have experienced. Higher Education in Cuba plays a very important role in the face of these problems, by contributing, through scientific means, to their solution. The following original research has as its objective to implement agroforestry resilience actions in mountainous areas from community projects with the Municipal University Center of Remedios in the province of Villa Clara, Cuba. The methodology used was participatory action research, using theoretical methods such as synthetic analytical and historical-logical, empirical methods such as document analysis, observation, interviews, which allowed recording the information directly from the subjects studied and workshops with brainstorming techniques in the dynamics of the research. The results have been structured in the foundation of the conceptual elements necessary to clarify the object of study, main needs and potentialities of the mountainous area studied, as well as agroforestry resilience actions, which allowed greater public participation in the community context in the management of its natural resources, aimed at contributing to the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals (Agenda 2030) and one of the strategic axes within the National Economic and Social Development Plan of Cuba.

Resumo As áreas montanhosas enfrentam vários problemas, como a degradação ambiental, o desmatamento, a expansão agrícola insustentável, a erosão do solo, juntamente com a perda de conhecimentos tradicionais, entre outros, razão pela qual se tornaram foco de preocupação e reflexão tanto no discurso teórico quanto no prático, devido à deterioração ambiental, econômica e social que sofreram. A educação superior em Cuba desempenha um papel muito importante no enfrentamento desses problemas, contribuindo para sua solução por meios científicos. A pesquisa original a seguir tem como objetivo implementar ações de resiliência agroflorestal em áreas montanhosas por meio de projetos comunitários com o Centro Universitário Municipal de Remedios, na província de Villa Clara, Cuba. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa-ação participativa, com o uso de métodos teóricos, como os métodos analítico sintético e histórico-lógico, métodos empíricos, como análise de documentos, observação e entrevistas, que possibilitaram o registro de informações diretamente dos sujeitos investigados, e oficinas com técnicas de brainstorming na dinâmica da pesquisa. Os resultados foram estruturados na fundamentação dos elementos conceituais necessários para esclarecer o objeto de estudo, principais necessidades e potencialidades da área montanhosa estudada, bem como ações de resiliência agroflorestal, que permitiram maior participação pública no contexto comunitário na gestão de seus recursos naturais, visando contribuir para o cumprimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Agenda 2030) e um dos eixos estratégicos dentro do Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social de Cuba.

Resumen Las zonas montañosas enfrentan diversas problemáticas como la degradación ambiental, la desforestación, la expansión agrícola no sostenible, la erosión del suelo, unido a la pérdida de conocimientos tradicionales, entre otros, por lo que se ha convertido en centro de preocupación y reflexión tanto del discurso teórico como práctico, debido a su deterioro ambiental, económico y social que han experimentado. La Educación Superior en Cuba juega un papel muy importante ante estas problemáticas, al contribuir con la vía científica, a su solución. La siguiente investigación original tiene como objetivo implementar acciones de resiliencia agroforestal en zonas montañosas desde proyectos comunitarios con el Centro Universitario Municipal de Remedios en la provincia de Villa Clara, Cuba. La metodología utilizada fue la investigación acción participación, se emplearon métodos teóricos como el analítico sintético y el histórico lógico, empíricos como el análisis de documentos, la observación, entrevistas, que permitieron registrar la información directamente de los sujetos investigados y los talleres con técnicas de lluvia de ideas en la dinámica de la investigación. Los resultados han quedado estructurados en la fundamentación de los elementos conceptuales necesarios para esclarecer el objeto de estudio, principales necesidades y potencialidades de la zona montañosa estudiada, así como acciones de resiliencia agroforestal, que permitieron una mayor participación pública en el contexto comunitario en la gestión de sus recursos naturales, orientado a contribuir al cumplimiento de los Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible (Agenda 2030) y uno de los ejes estratégicos dentro del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social de Cuba.

Abstract This document focuses on urban dispersion and accessibility in the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico and its influence on the university student population. This is achieved through the analysis of three groups of data: mobility surveys of the student community, school performance monitoring data provided by the University, and data from Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) on the location of main transportation in the city. The research provides results on the geographical dispersion of students, their dependence on the public transportation system, and how this situation is related to accessibility and academic performance, particularly in the case of students with greater lag. Finally, the importance of implementing these studies in businesses and schools that will contribute to the development of transportation and urban planning policies that reduce social disparities and improve mobility in the urban environment is highlighted.

Resumen Este documento aborda la relación entre dispersión urbana y accesibilidad en la zona metropolitana del Valle de México, junto a su influencia en la población estudiantil universitaria. Esto se logra a partir del análisis de tres grupos de datos: encuestas de movilidad a la comunidad estudiantil; datos de seguimiento del desempeño escolar aportados por la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; y datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) sobre la ubicación de los principales transportes de la ciudad. La investigación aporta resultados sobre la dispersión geográfica de los estudiantes, su dependencia al sistema de transporte público y sobre cómo esta situación se relaciona con la accesibilidad y el rendimiento académico, particularmente en el caso de los estudiantes con más rezago. Finalmente, se subraya la importancia de implementar estos estudios en empresas y escuelas que trabajen en la elaboración de políticas de transporte y planificación urbana para reducir las disparidades sociales y mejorar la movilidad en el entorno urbano.

Abstract The present document could be the first legal act made by Hernán Cortés after Tenochtitlan was seized. Through this document -an injunction- the royal and army officers were required to collect the booty, and to prevent the conquerors, Indian and Spaniard, to continue looting and plundering the Mexica city. Due to its significance as a historical source, it is our purpose to make it public to scholars and anybody interested alike. Preceding the document, there is a section devoted to introduce the subjects it contains, and another one showing how it ended up where it is at present: the Helmerich Center for American Research, in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Resumen El documento que se presenta a continuación es posiblemente el primer acto jurídico de Hernán Cortés tras la toma de Tenochtitlan. Se trata de un requerimiento en el que se ordena a los oficiales de las haciendas regia y de la comunidad de conquistadores que recauden el botín de guerra, así como que eviten el saqueo y el robo de la ciudad mexica que estaban llevando a cabo las tropas conquistadoras, compuestas por indígenas y españoles. Por su importancia, nuestro propósito es hacerlo público, que esté al alcance tanto de investigadores como de cualquier persona interesada. El documento va precedido por un apartado que introduce los temas que contiene y de otro que expone cómo llegó al acervo donde se resguarda hoy en día, el Helmerich Center for American Research, en Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Abstract This document reviews and analyzes the challenges of inclusion in universities, taking up the perspectives of the student population. With this purpose, three spheres inhabited by part of the students of the Universidad Veracruzana are investigated: transgender identities, maternity in undergraduate students and the situation of the mental health of students in the “post-pandemic context” and the return face-to-face on campus. From these spheres of dialogue, the main challenges for the inclusion of university students with gender identities and specific life situations that disrupt their school life and academic training are posed. The objective of this article is to present the complexity involved in the dialogue between a public university in the south-southeast of Mexico and its students, in favor of inclusion and their right to education.

Resumen En este documento se hace una revisión y análisis sobre los retos de la inclusión en las universidades, retomando perspectivas de la población estudiantil. Con este propósito se indaga en tres esferas que habita parte del alumnado de la Universidad Veracruzana: identidades transgénero, maternidades en alumnas de licenciatura y la situación que guarda la salud mental de estudiantes en el “contexto postpandemia” y del regreso presencial a los campus. Desde estas esferas de interlocución, se plantean los principales retos para la inclusión del alumnado universitario con identidades de género y situaciones de vida específicas que trastocan su vida escolar y formación académica. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la complejidad que entraña el diálogo entre una universidad pública del sur sureste de México y su alumnado a favor de la inclusión y su derecho a la educación.

Abstract The way in which a society manages and provides the necessary care for its survival and reproduction is not gender neutral. This organization works, for the most part, due to the large amount of unpaid work carried out by women in the family sphere, thus affecting their equality, freedom, and dignity. This document identifies, first, the components that make up the current social organization of care in Latin America based on three dimensions of analysis: (a) sociocultural; (b) political and (c) economic. And, secondly, it proposes a selection of mechanisms that could contribute to transforming the components of that organization. The theoretical proposal of “implosion of care regimes” by Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) is taken as a starting point to propose a series of strategies that would contribute to dismantling the current social organization of care in the region. The work finds that, in an articulated way, these three analytical categories show the way in which women are held responsible as primary caregivers; certain public policies contribute to crystallizing gender roles that specialize women in care work and relegate them to the domestic world; and finally, it shows that the logic of the labor market responds, mainly, to a male provider model without family responsibilities, which contributes to maintaining and reproducing inequality against women.

Resumen La forma en la cual una sociedad gestiona y provee los cuidados necesarios para su supervivencia y reproducción no es neutral al género. Dicha organización funciona, en gran parte, debido a la enorme cantidad de trabajo no remunerado que realizan las mujeres en el ámbito familiar, afectando así su igualdad, libertad y dignidad. Este documento identifica, en primer lugar, los componentes que conforman la organización social de los cuidados en América Latina a partir de tres dimensiones de análisis: (a) sociocultural; (b) política y (c) económica. Y, en segundo lugar, propone una selección de mecanismos que podrían contribuir a transformar los componentes que conforman esa organización. Se toma como punto de partida la propuesta teórica de “implosión de los regímenes de cuidados” de Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) para proponer una serie de estrategias que contribuirían a desmontar la actual organización social de los cuidados en la región. El trabajo encuentra que, en forma articulada, estas tres categorías analíticas evidencian la forma bajo la cual se responsabiliza a las mujeres como cuidadoras primarias; ciertas políticas públicas contribuyen a cristalizar roles de género que especializan a las mujeres en el trabajo de cuidados y las relega al mundo doméstico; y finalmente, pone en evidencia que la lógica del mercado laboral responde, principalmente, a un modelo de hombre proveedor sin responsabilidades familiares, lo que contribuye a mantener y reproducir la desigualdad en contra de las mujeres.

Abstract The “public policy for the full guarantee of the rights of LGBT people”and on gender identities and sexual orientations in the Capital District has been implemented for almost 12 years. After its formalization, it has been implemented during the four district administrations that have governed. During this period, it has materialized through programs that have had the general objective of “guaranteeing the full exercise of the rights of people from the LGBT sectors as part of the production, social management and collective well-being of the city” (Concejo de Bogotá, 2009, p. 2); through four strategic processes: i) institutional strengthening at the district and local levels; ii) co-responsibility in the exercise of rights; iii) communication and education for cultural change; and iv) the production and application of knowledge (Acuerdo 371, 2009). This document analyzes the factors that led to its adoption in Bogotá, presents some of its main achievements, and offers recommendations for its strengthening. For the analysis, the application of the multiple currents approach is used as the main theoretical model. This approach focuses on understanding the political dynamics and processes that, at different levels and occurring independently and in parallel, have managed to come together at a specific moment (window of opportunity) to position politics as a viable institutional alternative based on the action of some political entrepreneurs (Zahariadis, 2010). In order to take stock of joint actions and to take into account how cultural and collective imaginaries about the community have affected their impact, the analysis is complemented by the framework of promoting coalitions (Sabatier y Weible, 2010) and the social construction framework and policy design (Ingram et al. 2010).

Resumen La “política pública para la garantía plena de los derechos de las personas LGBT” y sobre identidades de género y orientaciones sexuales en el Distrito Capital lleva casi 12 años en implementación. Después de su formalización, ha sido implementada durante las cuatro administraciones distritales que han gobernado desde entonces. Durante este periodo, se ha materializado a través de programas que han tenido por objetivo general “garantizar el ejercicio pleno de derechos de las personas de los sectores LGBT como parte de la producción, gestión social y bienestar colectivo de la ciudad”(Concejo de Bogotá, 2009, p. 2); esto, por medio del desarrollo de cuatro procesos estratégicos: i) el fortalecimiento institucional en los niveles distritales y locales; ii) la corresponsabilidad en el ejercicio de derechos; iii) la comunicación y educación para el cambio cultural; y iv) la producción y aplicación de conocimientos y saberes (Acuerdo 371, 2009). Este documento analiza los factores que llevaron a su adopción en Bogotá, presenta algunos de sus principales logros y ofrece recomendaciones para su fortalecimiento. Para el análisis se recurre a la aplicación del enfoque de las corrientes múltiples como modelo teórico principal; este enfoque se concentra en entender las dinámicas y procesos políticos que, en distintos niveles y ocurriendo de manera independiente y paralela, han logrado confluir en un momento específico (ventana de oportunidad) para posicionar a la política como una alternativa institucional viable a partir de la acción de unos emprendedores de política (Zahariadis, 2010). Con el fin de hacer un balance sobre las acciones conjuntas y para tener en cuenta cómo los imaginarios culturales y colectivos sobre la comunidad han afectado su incidencia, el análisis se complementa con el marco de las coaliciones promotoras (Sabatier y Weible, 2010) y el marco de la construcción social y diseño de políticas (Ingram et al., 2010).

In the course of the past three decades, the concept of "plain language" has garnered increasing attention. Recent developments have further solidified this field, given the International Federation for Plain Language's definition of plain language, as well as the introduction of an ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) Standard for plain language in 2023. These milestones suggest that plain language is set to play a more significant role in public communication. The International Federation for Plain Language defines plain language as communication in which the wording, structure, and design are so clear that the target audience can effortlessly find, understand, and use the information they need. However, this definition has faced criticism for its vagueness. In an effort to refine the definition, the ISO Plain Language Standard was introduced. It includes four governing principles: 1) Readers get the information they need; 2) Readers can easily find what they need; 3) Readers can easily understand what they find; and 4) Readers can easily use the information. Both the definitions of the ISO Standard and the International Federation for Plain Language concentrate on the understandability and usability of information in creating effective plain language documents. In this article, I argue that alongside understandability and usability, user experience should be considered as a third measurable element of success in plain language documents. Although existing research primarily focuses on usability and understanding, it gives limited attention to user experience, whereas I argue that user experience is a crucial factor in the creation of successful plain language documents. More specifically, I explore in this article the preference of respondents for plain language techniques used in documents in an attempt to establish a connection between the user's experience of these techniques and the document's usability and understandability. I also delve into users' overall experience with plain language documents and assess whether there is a correlation between overall experience and users' perceptions of specific plain language techniques. I further analyse users'experiences with plain language techniques within specific contexts, namely the medical, legal, and financial domains, to determine if the context influences their experience. In addition, I investigate the relationship between users'experiences with plain language techniques and extratextual factors, such as qualification, income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and their level of engagement with the document's content. This comprehensive analysis aims to clarify the role of user experience in the success of plain language documents and it potentially prompts a reconsideration of experience, in addition to understandability and usability, when creating successful plain language documents. The study employed a quantitative correlational research design to examine the relationship between respondents' experience of plain language techniques, understandability and usability, extratextual factors, and the contexts in which these documents are encountered. Data collection involved a questionnaire-based survey, with 506 respondents participating through convenience sampling. The survey was conducted on the SUNSurvey platform at Stellenbosch University and was shared across social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp to target individuals matching specific population characteristics. Respondents read one of 18 selected plain language documents and answered questions about the documents. Extratextual information, such as respondents' highest qualification level, annual income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and the frequency with which they were exposed to the context, were collected. Engagement with the selected document was measured using Likert-scale statements. To assess understanding of the documents, factual questions were included, and usability questions were asked if respondents received one of the six forms that were tested. Experience with the plain language documents was also measured by means of Likert-scale statements. Importantly, respondents'experiences with specific plain language techniques were assessed, allowing them to express their experience with said techniques. The results of the study regarding respondents'experience of the plain language techniques used reveal overwhelmingly positive feedback. The Likert-scale ratings indicated that respondents across various demographic groups had favourable impressions of plain language techniques. This suggests that these techniques not only enhance document usability and understandability but are also well-received by users. The analysis of relationships between different variables yields intriguing findings. While many comparisons did not show statistically significant correlations, the noteworthy results are those that did. When examining respondents 'experiences with plain language techniques in documents across three contexts, no statistically significant relationship could be established, indicating positive experiences with these techniques across all contexts without contextual influence. In terms of understanding, most comparisons revealed a positive relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and understanding. This implies that respondents with more positive experiences better understood the documents, aligning with existing research and suggesting that improved understanding leads to more positive experiences. However, for usability there was no statistically significant relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and document usability, indicating that the study could not establish a clear link between these two factors. When considering extratextual factors, few statistically significant relationships were found. Only the respondents' home language showed a significant relationship with their experience of plain language techniques, suggesting that Afrikaans speakers had more positive experiences. For other extratextual factors, namely qualification, income level, and variety of Afrikaans, there were no significant correlations. In conclusion, this study highlights that positive experiences of plain language techniques are associated with better understandability, emphasising the importance of user experience in creating successful plain language documents. The results are positive for document designers, as diverse groups of people had positive experiences with these techniques, making plain language a tool for improving interactions with public documentation. This study suggests that considering user experience is crucial in defining plain language beyond just usability and understandability.

Die definisies van sowel die International Federation for Plain Language as die ISO Gewone Taal Standaard beklemtoon dat verstaanbaarheid en bruikbaarheid noodsaaklik is vir die skep van optimale gewonetaaldokumente. In hierdie studie voer ek egter aan dat daar 'n derde meetbare element van gewonetaaldokumente is wat 'n effek op die sukses daarvan het, naamlik die manier waarop die verbruiker die gewonetaaldokumente ervaar. Vir hierdie studie is ' n kwantitatiewe korrelasionele navorsingsontwerp gebruik om die verhouding tussen respondente se ervaring, verstaanbaarheid, en bruikbaarheid van gewone-taaldokumente, asook respondente se persoonlike eienskappe, en die kontekste waarin die gewonetaaldokumente voorkom, te bepaal. Opnamenavorsing met 'n vraelys as die data-insamelingsinstrument is uitgevoer en 506 respondente het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat respondente oor die algemeen positiewe ervarings met gewonetaaltegnieke in dokumente gehad het. Verder is 'n sterk positiewe verhouding tussen die ervaring en die verstaanbaarheid van die gewonetaaldokumente gevind. Dit dui aan dat 'n positiewe ervaring tot 'n beter begrip van die dokumente bydra. Dit is egter nie die geval met bruikbaarheid nie, aangesien geen statisties beduidende verhouding hier gevind is nie. Wat betref buitetekstuele faktore, het slegs huistaal 'n statisties beduidende invloed op die ervaring van gewonetaaltegnieke gehad. Die resultate van hierdie studie dui dus daarop dat ervaring 'n belangrike faktor is in die sukses van gewonetaaldokumente, en gevolglik oorweeg moet word om ervaring as een van die elemente in die definisie van gewone taal in te sluit.

Abstract. Exploring students’ perceptions of English as a foreign language learning serves to understand the achievements of public education. This study examines the perceptions of public secondary learners in Mexico. These research questions were addressed: What kind of perceptions do secondary school students have about learning English in public education? How does their language proficiency affect these perceptions? To answer these questions, a quantitative descriptive study was carried out with 114 students of 2nd grade in a public secondary in Tabasco. The participants completed three quantitative instruments: a sociodemographic survey, to document their background in English and general information; an English test, to classify them into different language proficiency levels, and a four-point Likert-type questionnaire, to identify their perceptions about learning English. The results reveal that students with greater competence have better perceptions about learning English in public education and that perceptions about achievements and learning tasks vary with competence, highlighting the importance of research around key actors in education: the student, as well as the selection of strategies to improve their language skills and perceptions about English as a foreign language learning in public education.

Resumen. Explorar las percepciones del alumno sobre el aprendizaje del idioma inglés como lengua extranjera sirve para comprender los logros de la educación pública. Este estudio examina dichas percepciones en la educación secundaria pública en México. Se abordan las preguntas de investigación: ¿qué tipo de percepciones tienen los estudiantes de secundaria pública sobre su aprendizaje del inglés como lengua extranjera? ¿Cómo afecta su dominio del idioma inglés a estas percepciones? Para responderlas, se realizó un estudio descriptivo cuantitativo con 114 estudiantes de segundo grado en una secundaria pública de Tabasco. Se completó con tres instrumentos cuantitativos: una encuesta sociodemográfica para documentar sus antecedentes en inglés e información general; una prueba de inglés para clasificarlos en diferentes niveles de competencia lingüística; y un cuestionario de tipo Likert de cuatro puntos para identificar sus percepciones sobre el aprendizaje del inglés. Los resultados revelan que los estudiantes con mayor competencia tienen mejores percepciones sobre el aprendizaje del idioma inglés y que las percepciones sobre los logros y las tareas de aprendizaje varían con la competencia; resalta la importancia de la investigación en torno a los actores clave en la educación: el estudiante, así como la selección de estrategias para mejorar sus habilidades lingüísticas y percepciones sobre el aprendizaje del inglés como lengua extranjera en la educación pública.