RESUMO A doença renal crônica (DRC) representa um dos principais problemas de saúde pública da atualidade. A dosagem da creatinina sérica e a estimativa da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) são as principais ferramentas para avaliação da função renal. Para a estimativa da TFG, existem diversas equações, sendo a mais recomendada a CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease – Epidemiology). Existem ainda algumas controvérsias com relação à dosagem da creatinina sérica e da estimativa da TFG, uma vez que vários fatores podem interferir nesse processo. Uma importante mudança recente foi a retirada da correção por raça das equações para estimativa da TFG, que superestimavam a função renal, e consequentemente retardavam a implementação de tratamentos como diálise e transplante renal. Neste documento de consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica e Medicina Laboratorial são revisados os principais conceitos relacionados à avaliação da função renal, possíveis controvérsias existentes e recomendações para a estimativa da TFG na prática clínica. DRC (DRC atualidade (TFG CKDEPI CKD EPI Chronic Epidemiology. Epidemiology . Epidemiology) processo clínica

ABSTRACT Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents one of today’s main public health problems. Serum creatinine measurement and estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are the main tools for evaluating renal function. There are several equations to estimate GFR, and CKD-EPI equation (Chronic Kidney Disease – Epidemiology) is the most recommended one. There are still some controversies regarding serum creatinine measurement and GFR estimation, since several factors can interfere in this process. An important recent change was the removal of the correction for race from the equations for estimating GFR, which overestimated kidney function, and consequently delayed the implementation of treatments such as dialysis and kidney transplantation. In this consensus document from the Brazilian Societies of Nephrology and Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the main concepts related to the assessment of renal function are reviewed, as well as possible existing controversies and recommendations for estimating GFR in clinical practice. CKD (CKD todays today s problems (GFR CKDEPI EPI Epidemiology process transplantation Medicine reviewed practice

Resumen Las zonas montañosas enfrentan diversas problemáticas como la degradación ambiental, la desforestación, la expansión agrícola no sostenible, la erosión del suelo, unido a la pérdida de conocimientos tradicionales, entre otros, por lo que se ha convertido en centro de preocupación y reflexión tanto del discurso teórico como práctico, debido a su deterioro ambiental, económico y social que han experimentado. La Educación Superior en Cuba juega un papel muy importante ante estas problemáticas, al contribuir con la vía científica, a su solución. La siguiente investigación original tiene como objetivo implementar acciones de resiliencia agroforestal en zonas montañosas desde proyectos comunitarios con el Centro Universitario Municipal de Remedios en la provincia de Villa Clara, Cuba. La metodología utilizada fue la investigación acción participación, se emplearon métodos teóricos como el analítico sintético y el histórico lógico, empíricos como el análisis de documentos, la observación, entrevistas, que permitieron registrar la información directamente de los sujetos investigados y los talleres con técnicas de lluvia de ideas en la dinámica de la investigación. Los resultados han quedado estructurados en la fundamentación de los elementos conceptuales necesarios para esclarecer el objeto de estudio, principales necesidades y potencialidades de la zona montañosa estudiada, así como acciones de resiliencia agroforestal, que permitieron una mayor participación pública en el contexto comunitario en la gestión de sus recursos naturales, orientado a contribuir al cumplimiento de los Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible (Agenda 2030) y uno de los ejes estratégicos dentro del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social de Cuba.

Resumo As áreas montanhosas enfrentam vários problemas, como a degradação ambiental, o desmatamento, a expansão agrícola insustentável, a erosão do solo, juntamente com a perda de conhecimentos tradicionais, entre outros, razão pela qual se tornaram foco de preocupação e reflexão tanto no discurso teórico quanto no prático, devido à deterioração ambiental, econômica e social que sofreram. A educação superior em Cuba desempenha um papel muito importante no enfrentamento desses problemas, contribuindo para sua solução por meios científicos. A pesquisa original a seguir tem como objetivo implementar ações de resiliência agroflorestal em áreas montanhosas por meio de projetos comunitários com o Centro Universitário Municipal de Remedios, na província de Villa Clara, Cuba. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa-ação participativa, com o uso de métodos teóricos, como os métodos analítico sintético e histórico-lógico, métodos empíricos, como análise de documentos, observação e entrevistas, que possibilitaram o registro de informações diretamente dos sujeitos investigados, e oficinas com técnicas de brainstorming na dinâmica da pesquisa. Os resultados foram estruturados na fundamentação dos elementos conceituais necessários para esclarecer o objeto de estudo, principais necessidades e potencialidades da área montanhosa estudada, bem como ações de resiliência agroflorestal, que permitiram maior participação pública no contexto comunitário na gestão de seus recursos naturais, visando contribuir para o cumprimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Agenda 2030) e um dos eixos estratégicos dentro do Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social de Cuba.

Abstract Mountain areas face various problems such as environmental degradation, deforestation, unsustainable agricultural expansion, soil erosion, coupled with the loss of traditional knowledge, among others, which has become the focus of concern and reflection of both theoretical and practical discourse, due to the environmental, economic and social deterioration they have experienced. Higher Education in Cuba plays a very important role in the face of these problems, by contributing, through scientific means, to their solution. The following original research has as its objective to implement agroforestry resilience actions in mountainous areas from community projects with the Municipal University Center of Remedios in the province of Villa Clara, Cuba. The methodology used was participatory action research, using theoretical methods such as synthetic analytical and historical-logical, empirical methods such as document analysis, observation, interviews, which allowed recording the information directly from the subjects studied and workshops with brainstorming techniques in the dynamics of the research. The results have been structured in the foundation of the conceptual elements necessary to clarify the object of study, main needs and potentialities of the mountainous area studied, as well as agroforestry resilience actions, which allowed greater public participation in the community context in the management of its natural resources, aimed at contributing to the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals (Agenda 2030) and one of the strategic axes within the National Economic and Social Development Plan of Cuba.

Resumo Este artigo busca analisar a atuação da Controladoria Geral da União (CGU) no governo Bolsonaro, no que se refere ao incentivo à accountability social, bem como identificar as perspectivas de construção de processos democráticos com a sociedade civil a partir da nova estrutura da CGU, que está sendo alterada desde o início do governo Lula. Diante disso, são estudadas três organizações da sociedade civil que têm atuado em parceria com a CGU: o Instituto de Fiscalização e Controle (IFC), o Observatório Social do Brasil (OSB) e os Amigos Associados de Ribeirão Bonito (Amarribo). Além disso, utiliza-se metodologia qualitativa baseada em análise documental, revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com burocratas da CGU e com representantes das organizações da sociedade civil. A governança pública tem sido uma preocupação compartilhada na relação entre Estado e sociedade, em especial com a CGU se destacando na promoção do controle social. Apesar dos avanços observados, há desafios gerados por problemas estruturais, dificuldades de financiamento e desarticulação das ações em rede, o que se agravou com a pandemia de Covid-19 e o desmonte de políticas gerado pelo governo anterior. Porém, a partir de 2023, a CGU, com uma nova estrutura institucional, tem atuado no sentido de se reaproximar da sociedade civil, procurando formas e estratégias para estimular a accountability social. (CGU Bolsonaro social Lula disso IFC, IFC , (IFC) OSB (OSB Amarribo. Amarribo . (Amarribo) utilizase utiliza documental observados estruturais rede Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 anterior Porém 2023 institucional (IFC (Amarribo Covid1 1 Covid- 202 20 2

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the performance of Brazil’s Office Comptroller General (CGU) in the Bolsonaro Government concerning encouraging social accountability, as well as identifying the prospects for building democratic processes with civil society based on the new structure of the CGU, which has been changed since the beginning of the new Lula Government. In this sense, we also study three civil society organizations that have been working in partnership with the CGU, such as the Instituto de Fiscalização e Controle (IFC), the Observatório Social do Brasil (OSB), and the Amigos Associados de Ribeirão Bonito (Amarribo). Furthermore, we use a qualitative methodology based on document analysis, literature review, and interviews with CGU bureaucrats and representatives of civil society organizations. Despite the progress, there are challenges generated by structural problems, funding difficulties, and the disarticulation of network actions, which has been aggravated by the Covid-19 pandemic and the dismantling of policies generated by the previous government. However, since 2023, CGU, with a new institutional structure, has been working to get closer to civil society, looking for ways and strategies to stimulate social accountability. Brazils Brazil s (CGU accountability sense IFC, IFC , (IFC) OSB, OSB (OSB) Amarribo. Amarribo . (Amarribo) Furthermore analysis review progress problems difficulties actions Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 government However 2023 (IFC (OSB (Amarribo Covid1 1 Covid- 202 20 2

Abstract. Exploring students’ perceptions of English as a foreign language learning serves to understand the achievements of public education. This study examines the perceptions of public secondary learners in Mexico. These research questions were addressed: What kind of perceptions do secondary school students have about learning English in public education? How does their language proficiency affect these perceptions? To answer these questions, a quantitative descriptive study was carried out with 114 students of 2nd grade in a public secondary in Tabasco. The participants completed three quantitative instruments: a sociodemographic survey, to document their background in English and general information; an English test, to classify them into different language proficiency levels, and a four-point Likert-type questionnaire, to identify their perceptions about learning English. The results reveal that students with greater competence have better perceptions about learning English in public education and that perceptions about achievements and learning tasks vary with competence, highlighting the importance of research around key actors in education: the student, as well as the selection of strategies to improve their language skills and perceptions about English as a foreign language learning in public education.

Resumen. Explorar las percepciones del alumno sobre el aprendizaje del idioma inglés como lengua extranjera sirve para comprender los logros de la educación pública. Este estudio examina dichas percepciones en la educación secundaria pública en México. Se abordan las preguntas de investigación: ¿qué tipo de percepciones tienen los estudiantes de secundaria pública sobre su aprendizaje del inglés como lengua extranjera? ¿Cómo afecta su dominio del idioma inglés a estas percepciones? Para responderlas, se realizó un estudio descriptivo cuantitativo con 114 estudiantes de segundo grado en una secundaria pública de Tabasco. Se completó con tres instrumentos cuantitativos: una encuesta sociodemográfica para documentar sus antecedentes en inglés e información general; una prueba de inglés para clasificarlos en diferentes niveles de competencia lingüística; y un cuestionario de tipo Likert de cuatro puntos para identificar sus percepciones sobre el aprendizaje del inglés. Los resultados revelan que los estudiantes con mayor competencia tienen mejores percepciones sobre el aprendizaje del idioma inglés y que las percepciones sobre los logros y las tareas de aprendizaje varían con la competencia; resalta la importancia de la investigación en torno a los actores clave en la educación: el estudiante, así como la selección de estrategias para mejorar sus habilidades lingüísticas y percepciones sobre el aprendizaje del inglés como lengua extranjera en la educación pública.

Abstract The objective of this paper was to analyze the scope that English Language Certification EnglishScore of the British Council has in Senior Students of a public institution in the state of Tabasco. The analysis carried out through the certification process shows that obtaining an English language certification focused on employability serves to evaluate teaching processes-learning obtained in the English assignment of the educational programs of the academic institution. Likewise, it optimizes the student’s employability process in their professional areas by mastering a second language and having a document to approve it. Similarly, it demonstrates that the use of Artificial Intelligence in language certifications through mobile devices is effective and guarantees the reliability of the results according to remote security monitoring protocols that are used in the application of the assessment tool.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o alcance da certificação de língua inglesa EnglishScore do British Council em estudantes de nível superior de uma instituição pública do estado de Tabasco. A análise realizada por meio do processo de certificação demonstra que a obtenção de uma certificação focada em empregabilidade serve para avaliar os processos de ensino-aprendizagem obtidos na disciplina de inglês dos programas educacionais da instituição acadêmica. Da mesma forma, otimiza o processo de empregabilidade do aluno em suas áreas profissionais, por meio do domínio de um segundo idioma e da posse de documento que o aprova. Similarmente, demonstra que o uso da inteligência artificial nas certificações linguísticas através de dispositivos móveis é eficaz e garante a confiabilidade dos resultados de acordo com os protocolos de monitoramento remoto de segurança utilizados na aplicação do instrumento.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el alcance de la certificación del idioma Inglés EnglishScore del British Council en estudiantes de nivel superior de una institución pública del estado de Tabasco. El análisis realizado a través del proceso de certificación demuestra que la obtención de una certificación enfocada en la empleabilidad sirve para evaluar los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje obtenidos en la asignatura Inglés de los programas educativos de la institución académica. Asimismo, optimiza el proceso de empleabilidad del estudiante en sus áreas profesionales al dominar una segunda lengua y tener un documento aprobatorio de esta. De la misma forma, demuestra que el uso de la inteligencia artificial en certificaciones de idiomas a través de dispositivos móviles es efectivo y garantiza la fiabilidad de los resultados de acuerdo con los protocolos de monitoreo de seguridad remota que se emplean en la aplicación del instrumento de evaluación.

Abstract The present document could be the first legal act made by Hernán Cortés after Tenochtitlan was seized. Through this document -an injunction- the royal and army officers were required to collect the booty, and to prevent the conquerors, Indian and Spaniard, to continue looting and plundering the Mexica city. Due to its significance as a historical source, it is our purpose to make it public to scholars and anybody interested alike. Preceding the document, there is a section devoted to introduce the subjects it contains, and another one showing how it ended up where it is at present: the Helmerich Center for American Research, in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Resumen El documento que se presenta a continuación es posiblemente el primer acto jurídico de Hernán Cortés tras la toma de Tenochtitlan. Se trata de un requerimiento en el que se ordena a los oficiales de las haciendas regia y de la comunidad de conquistadores que recauden el botín de guerra, así como que eviten el saqueo y el robo de la ciudad mexica que estaban llevando a cabo las tropas conquistadoras, compuestas por indígenas y españoles. Por su importancia, nuestro propósito es hacerlo público, que esté al alcance tanto de investigadores como de cualquier persona interesada. El documento va precedido por un apartado que introduce los temas que contiene y de otro que expone cómo llegó al acervo donde se resguarda hoy en día, el Helmerich Center for American Research, en Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Abstract This document reviews and analyzes the challenges of inclusion in universities, taking up the perspectives of the student population. With this purpose, three spheres inhabited by part of the students of the Universidad Veracruzana are investigated: transgender identities, maternity in undergraduate students and the situation of the mental health of students in the “post-pandemic context” and the return face-to-face on campus. From these spheres of dialogue, the main challenges for the inclusion of university students with gender identities and specific life situations that disrupt their school life and academic training are posed. The objective of this article is to present the complexity involved in the dialogue between a public university in the south-southeast of Mexico and its students, in favor of inclusion and their right to education.

Resumen En este documento se hace una revisión y análisis sobre los retos de la inclusión en las universidades, retomando perspectivas de la población estudiantil. Con este propósito se indaga en tres esferas que habita parte del alumnado de la Universidad Veracruzana: identidades transgénero, maternidades en alumnas de licenciatura y la situación que guarda la salud mental de estudiantes en el “contexto postpandemia” y del regreso presencial a los campus. Desde estas esferas de interlocución, se plantean los principales retos para la inclusión del alumnado universitario con identidades de género y situaciones de vida específicas que trastocan su vida escolar y formación académica. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la complejidad que entraña el diálogo entre una universidad pública del sur sureste de México y su alumnado a favor de la inclusión y su derecho a la educación.

Abstract The way in which a society manages and provides the necessary care for its survival and reproduction is not gender neutral. This organization works, for the most part, due to the large amount of unpaid work carried out by women in the family sphere, thus affecting their equality, freedom, and dignity. This document identifies, first, the components that make up the current social organization of care in Latin America based on three dimensions of analysis: (a) sociocultural; (b) political and (c) economic. And, secondly, it proposes a selection of mechanisms that could contribute to transforming the components of that organization. The theoretical proposal of “implosion of care regimes” by Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) is taken as a starting point to propose a series of strategies that would contribute to dismantling the current social organization of care in the region. The work finds that, in an articulated way, these three analytical categories show the way in which women are held responsible as primary caregivers; certain public policies contribute to crystallizing gender roles that specialize women in care work and relegate them to the domestic world; and finally, it shows that the logic of the labor market responds, mainly, to a male provider model without family responsibilities, which contributes to maintaining and reproducing inequality against women.

Resumen La forma en la cual una sociedad gestiona y provee los cuidados necesarios para su supervivencia y reproducción no es neutral al género. Dicha organización funciona, en gran parte, debido a la enorme cantidad de trabajo no remunerado que realizan las mujeres en el ámbito familiar, afectando así su igualdad, libertad y dignidad. Este documento identifica, en primer lugar, los componentes que conforman la organización social de los cuidados en América Latina a partir de tres dimensiones de análisis: (a) sociocultural; (b) política y (c) económica. Y, en segundo lugar, propone una selección de mecanismos que podrían contribuir a transformar los componentes que conforman esa organización. Se toma como punto de partida la propuesta teórica de “implosión de los regímenes de cuidados” de Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) para proponer una serie de estrategias que contribuirían a desmontar la actual organización social de los cuidados en la región. El trabajo encuentra que, en forma articulada, estas tres categorías analíticas evidencian la forma bajo la cual se responsabiliza a las mujeres como cuidadoras primarias; ciertas políticas públicas contribuyen a cristalizar roles de género que especializan a las mujeres en el trabajo de cuidados y las relega al mundo doméstico; y finalmente, pone en evidencia que la lógica del mercado laboral responde, principalmente, a un modelo de hombre proveedor sin responsabilidades familiares, lo que contribuye a mantener y reproducir la desigualdad en contra de las mujeres.

Abstract The “public policy for the full guarantee of the rights of LGBT people”and on gender identities and sexual orientations in the Capital District has been implemented for almost 12 years. After its formalization, it has been implemented during the four district administrations that have governed. During this period, it has materialized through programs that have had the general objective of “guaranteeing the full exercise of the rights of people from the LGBT sectors as part of the production, social management and collective well-being of the city” (Concejo de Bogotá, 2009, p. 2); through four strategic processes: i) institutional strengthening at the district and local levels; ii) co-responsibility in the exercise of rights; iii) communication and education for cultural change; and iv) the production and application of knowledge (Acuerdo 371, 2009). This document analyzes the factors that led to its adoption in Bogotá, presents some of its main achievements, and offers recommendations for its strengthening. For the analysis, the application of the multiple currents approach is used as the main theoretical model. This approach focuses on understanding the political dynamics and processes that, at different levels and occurring independently and in parallel, have managed to come together at a specific moment (window of opportunity) to position politics as a viable institutional alternative based on the action of some political entrepreneurs (Zahariadis, 2010). In order to take stock of joint actions and to take into account how cultural and collective imaginaries about the community have affected their impact, the analysis is complemented by the framework of promoting coalitions (Sabatier y Weible, 2010) and the social construction framework and policy design (Ingram et al. 2010).

Resumen La “política pública para la garantía plena de los derechos de las personas LGBT” y sobre identidades de género y orientaciones sexuales en el Distrito Capital lleva casi 12 años en implementación. Después de su formalización, ha sido implementada durante las cuatro administraciones distritales que han gobernado desde entonces. Durante este periodo, se ha materializado a través de programas que han tenido por objetivo general “garantizar el ejercicio pleno de derechos de las personas de los sectores LGBT como parte de la producción, gestión social y bienestar colectivo de la ciudad”(Concejo de Bogotá, 2009, p. 2); esto, por medio del desarrollo de cuatro procesos estratégicos: i) el fortalecimiento institucional en los niveles distritales y locales; ii) la corresponsabilidad en el ejercicio de derechos; iii) la comunicación y educación para el cambio cultural; y iv) la producción y aplicación de conocimientos y saberes (Acuerdo 371, 2009). Este documento analiza los factores que llevaron a su adopción en Bogotá, presenta algunos de sus principales logros y ofrece recomendaciones para su fortalecimiento. Para el análisis se recurre a la aplicación del enfoque de las corrientes múltiples como modelo teórico principal; este enfoque se concentra en entender las dinámicas y procesos políticos que, en distintos niveles y ocurriendo de manera independiente y paralela, han logrado confluir en un momento específico (ventana de oportunidad) para posicionar a la política como una alternativa institucional viable a partir de la acción de unos emprendedores de política (Zahariadis, 2010). Con el fin de hacer un balance sobre las acciones conjuntas y para tener en cuenta cómo los imaginarios culturales y colectivos sobre la comunidad han afectado su incidencia, el análisis se complementa con el marco de las coaliciones promotoras (Sabatier y Weible, 2010) y el marco de la construcción social y diseño de políticas (Ingram et al., 2010).

In the course of the past three decades, the concept of "plain language" has garnered increasing attention. Recent developments have further solidified this field, given the International Federation for Plain Language's definition of plain language, as well as the introduction of an ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) Standard for plain language in 2023. These milestones suggest that plain language is set to play a more significant role in public communication. The International Federation for Plain Language defines plain language as communication in which the wording, structure, and design are so clear that the target audience can effortlessly find, understand, and use the information they need. However, this definition has faced criticism for its vagueness. In an effort to refine the definition, the ISO Plain Language Standard was introduced. It includes four governing principles: 1) Readers get the information they need; 2) Readers can easily find what they need; 3) Readers can easily understand what they find; and 4) Readers can easily use the information. Both the definitions of the ISO Standard and the International Federation for Plain Language concentrate on the understandability and usability of information in creating effective plain language documents. In this article, I argue that alongside understandability and usability, user experience should be considered as a third measurable element of success in plain language documents. Although existing research primarily focuses on usability and understanding, it gives limited attention to user experience, whereas I argue that user experience is a crucial factor in the creation of successful plain language documents. More specifically, I explore in this article the preference of respondents for plain language techniques used in documents in an attempt to establish a connection between the user's experience of these techniques and the document's usability and understandability. I also delve into users' overall experience with plain language documents and assess whether there is a correlation between overall experience and users' perceptions of specific plain language techniques. I further analyse users'experiences with plain language techniques within specific contexts, namely the medical, legal, and financial domains, to determine if the context influences their experience. In addition, I investigate the relationship between users'experiences with plain language techniques and extratextual factors, such as qualification, income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and their level of engagement with the document's content. This comprehensive analysis aims to clarify the role of user experience in the success of plain language documents and it potentially prompts a reconsideration of experience, in addition to understandability and usability, when creating successful plain language documents. The study employed a quantitative correlational research design to examine the relationship between respondents' experience of plain language techniques, understandability and usability, extratextual factors, and the contexts in which these documents are encountered. Data collection involved a questionnaire-based survey, with 506 respondents participating through convenience sampling. The survey was conducted on the SUNSurvey platform at Stellenbosch University and was shared across social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp to target individuals matching specific population characteristics. Respondents read one of 18 selected plain language documents and answered questions about the documents. Extratextual information, such as respondents' highest qualification level, annual income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and the frequency with which they were exposed to the context, were collected. Engagement with the selected document was measured using Likert-scale statements. To assess understanding of the documents, factual questions were included, and usability questions were asked if respondents received one of the six forms that were tested. Experience with the plain language documents was also measured by means of Likert-scale statements. Importantly, respondents'experiences with specific plain language techniques were assessed, allowing them to express their experience with said techniques. The results of the study regarding respondents'experience of the plain language techniques used reveal overwhelmingly positive feedback. The Likert-scale ratings indicated that respondents across various demographic groups had favourable impressions of plain language techniques. This suggests that these techniques not only enhance document usability and understandability but are also well-received by users. The analysis of relationships between different variables yields intriguing findings. While many comparisons did not show statistically significant correlations, the noteworthy results are those that did. When examining respondents 'experiences with plain language techniques in documents across three contexts, no statistically significant relationship could be established, indicating positive experiences with these techniques across all contexts without contextual influence. In terms of understanding, most comparisons revealed a positive relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and understanding. This implies that respondents with more positive experiences better understood the documents, aligning with existing research and suggesting that improved understanding leads to more positive experiences. However, for usability there was no statistically significant relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and document usability, indicating that the study could not establish a clear link between these two factors. When considering extratextual factors, few statistically significant relationships were found. Only the respondents' home language showed a significant relationship with their experience of plain language techniques, suggesting that Afrikaans speakers had more positive experiences. For other extratextual factors, namely qualification, income level, and variety of Afrikaans, there were no significant correlations. In conclusion, this study highlights that positive experiences of plain language techniques are associated with better understandability, emphasising the importance of user experience in creating successful plain language documents. The results are positive for document designers, as diverse groups of people had positive experiences with these techniques, making plain language a tool for improving interactions with public documentation. This study suggests that considering user experience is crucial in defining plain language beyond just usability and understandability.

Die definisies van sowel die International Federation for Plain Language as die ISO Gewone Taal Standaard beklemtoon dat verstaanbaarheid en bruikbaarheid noodsaaklik is vir die skep van optimale gewonetaaldokumente. In hierdie studie voer ek egter aan dat daar 'n derde meetbare element van gewonetaaldokumente is wat 'n effek op die sukses daarvan het, naamlik die manier waarop die verbruiker die gewonetaaldokumente ervaar. Vir hierdie studie is ' n kwantitatiewe korrelasionele navorsingsontwerp gebruik om die verhouding tussen respondente se ervaring, verstaanbaarheid, en bruikbaarheid van gewone-taaldokumente, asook respondente se persoonlike eienskappe, en die kontekste waarin die gewonetaaldokumente voorkom, te bepaal. Opnamenavorsing met 'n vraelys as die data-insamelingsinstrument is uitgevoer en 506 respondente het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat respondente oor die algemeen positiewe ervarings met gewonetaaltegnieke in dokumente gehad het. Verder is 'n sterk positiewe verhouding tussen die ervaring en die verstaanbaarheid van die gewonetaaldokumente gevind. Dit dui aan dat 'n positiewe ervaring tot 'n beter begrip van die dokumente bydra. Dit is egter nie die geval met bruikbaarheid nie, aangesien geen statisties beduidende verhouding hier gevind is nie. Wat betref buitetekstuele faktore, het slegs huistaal 'n statisties beduidende invloed op die ervaring van gewonetaaltegnieke gehad. Die resultate van hierdie studie dui dus daarop dat ervaring 'n belangrike faktor is in die sukses van gewonetaaldokumente, en gevolglik oorweeg moet word om ervaring as een van die elemente in die definisie van gewone taal in te sluit.

ABSTRACT The Regional University Centers of the University of Panama respond to the regional needs in terms of higher education, of the provinces where they were created, and do so in accordance with the Institutional Development Plan of the University of Panama (PDI) 2017-2021 and the Science, Technology and Innovation National Plan (PENCYT) 2019-2024, aware of the important changes required in terms of planning, organization, execution, and institutional evaluation, thus contributing to the fulfillment of its mission. In this sense, the objective of this work is to characterize the current situation of institutional management, seen from the management execution model at the Azuero Regional University Center. Mixed concurrent research was carried out in stages, articulating methods from the theoretical level (induction-deduction, analysis-synthesis), empirical (document analysis, survey, interview, focus group) and elements of descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found that the PDI approved for the execution of the University of Panama does not declare or contemplate management in all the university processes necessary for the development of the Centers, and there is a limited level of knowledge of the directors, professors and administrative public serves with leadership functions regarding university management, limiting the actions they carry out. The preliminary analysis determined weaknesses, threats, strengths and opportunities in management, evidencing insufficiencies that require a scientific approach, so that the institution develops efficient and effective institutional management to fulfill the university mission and thereby achieve new public policies in Panama.

RESUMEN Los Centros Regionales Universitarios de la Universidad de Panamá responden a las necesidades regionales en materia de educación superior, de las provincias donde fueron creadas, y lo hacen conforme al Plan de Desarrollo Institucional de la Universidad de Panamá (PDI) 2017-2021 y del Plan Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (PENCYT) 2019-2024, conscientes de cambios importantes requeridos en materia de planificación, organización, ejecución y evaluación institucional, contribuyendo así, al cumplimiento de su misión. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo es caracterizar la situación actual que presenta la gestión institucional, visto desde el modelo de ejecución de la gestión en el Centro Regional Universitario de Azuero. Se realizó una investigación mixta concurrente por etapas, articulando métodos del nivel teórico (inducción-deducción, análisis-síntesis), empírico (análisis documental, encuesta, entrevista, grupo focal) y elementos de la estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Se pudo constatar que, en el PDI aprobado para la ejecución de la Universidad de Panamá no se declara ni se contempla la gestión en todos los procesos universitarios necesarios para el desarrollo de los Centros, y existe limitado nivel de conocimientos de los directivos, profesores y servidores públicos administrativos con funciones de jefatura acerca de la gestión universitaria, limitando las acciones que realizan. El análisis preliminar determinó debilidades, amenazas, fortalezas y oportunidades en la gestión, evidenciando insuficiencias que requieren de un abordaje científico, para que la institución desarrolle una gestión institucional eficiente y eficaz para el cumplimiento de la misión universitaria, y con ello lograr nuevas políticas públicas en Panamá.

ABSTRACT Musical illiteracy is a global issue that focuses on the appreciation of musical works. Among musical genres, popular music is most preferred by the public, making it a challenge for Arts Education to enhance its appreciation. The objective was to propose a didactic approach for developing the process of appreciating Cuban popular music within the Arts Education program at the University of Pinar del Río. A combination of theoretical methods (historical-logical and modeling) and empirical methods (document analysis, observation, and surveys) were employed. These, along with pedagogical testing, helped assess the state of popular music appreciation among Arts Education students. The main outcome is a Didactic Concept that emphasizes essential principles and introduces three scientific ideas. These ideas offer a fresh perspective on the teaching and learning process in the course "Artistic Expressions I," specifically for appreciating Cuban popular music.

RESUMEN El analfabetismo musical es una problemática a nivel mundial que centra su atención en la apreciación de la obra musical. Dentro de las tipologías musicales, es la música popular la de mayor preferencia por parte del público, de manera que constituye un reto para la Educación Artística contribuir a su apreciación. El objetivo estuvo dirigido a proponer una concepción didáctica para el desarrollo del proceso de apreciación de la música popular cubana en la carrera Educación Artística de la Universidad de Pinar del Río. Se emplearon un grupo de métodos, teóricos como el histórico-lógico y la modelación, así como empíricos como el análisis de documentos la observación y la encuesta, que junto al empleo de la prueba pedagógica posibilitaron determinar el estado en que se encontraba el desarrollo del proceso de apreciación de la música popular en los estudiantes de la carrera Educación Artística. Como principal resultado se presenta una Concepción Didáctica en la que se destacan principios imprescindibles y, en su epicentro, tres ideas científicas, que exhiben una nueva mirada del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la asignatura Expresiones Artísticas I, para la apreciación de la música popular cubana.

RESUMO O analfabetismo musical é um problema global que se concentra na apreciação de obras musicais. Entre os gêneros musicais, a música popular é a mais preferida pelo público, tornando-se um desafio para a Educação Artística aprimorar sua apreciação. O objetivo foi propor uma abordagem didática para desenvolver o processo de apreciação da música popular cubana no programa de Educação Artística da Universidade de Pinar del Río. Foram empregados métodos teóricos (histórico-lógico e modelagem) e métodos empíricos (análise de documentos, observação e pesquisas). Esses métodos, juntamente com testes pedagógicos, ajudaram a avaliar o estado da apreciação da música popular entre os estudantes de Educação Artística. O principal resultado é um Conceito Didático que enfatiza princípios essenciais e introduz três ideias científicas. Essas ideias oferecem uma nova perspectiva sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem no curso "Expressões Artísticas I", especificamente para a apreciação da música popular cubana.

ABSTRACT: More and more countries are incorporating new safety, health and food safety regulations, responding to the growing concern about the use of antibiotic growth promoters (APC) in animal production, the scientific community has been forced to seek new alternatives that reduce or replace the use of (APC), with the ability to safeguard public health. Within these alternatives, phytobiotics are considered a very promising option, since they are natural substances made up of complex bioactive compounds. This document reviews the different applications and functionality of phytobiotics in animal production. Firstly, the main effects and mechanism of action are shown, highlighting and explaining their functionality as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, growth promoters, improvers of the organoleptic characteristics of foods and reduces the generation of gases that cause the greenhouse effect. Second, notable applications of phytobiotics to different species of zootechnical interest and their effect are reviewed. Finally, their bioavailability and the current and future challenges of phytobiotics are investigated.

RESUMEN: Cada vez más países van incorporando nuevas normativas de inocuidad, seguridad sanitaria y alimentaria, respondiendo a la progresiva preocupación por el uso de antibióticos promotores de crecimiento (APC) en producción animal; la comunidad científica se ha visto obligado a buscar nuevas alternativas que reduzcan o sustituyan el uso de APC, con la capacidad de salvaguardar la salud pública. Dentro de esas alternativas, los fitobióticos son considerados una opción muy prometedora, ya que son sustancias naturales constituidas por complejos compuestos bioactivos. Este documento revisa las distintas aplicaciones y la funcionalidad de los fitobióticos en la producción animal. En primer lugar, se manifiesta los principales efectos y mecanismo de acción, destacando y explicando su funcionalidad como antioxidantes, antiinflamatorios, antimicrobianos, promotores de crecimiento, mejoradores de las características organolépticas de los alimentos y reductores de la generación de gases causantes del efecto invernadero, Segundo, se revisan aplicaciones destacadas de los fitobióticos a las distintas especies de interés zootécnico y su efecto que estos tienen. Finalmente, se indaga su biodisponibilidad y los desafíos actuales y futuros de los fitobióticos.

Resumo O objetivo foi identificar o arcabouço regulatório e as orientações federais que sustentam o processo de implementação de tecnologias em saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), por meio da análise de documentos e legislações relacionados à Política Nacional de Gestão de Tecnologias de Saúde, publicados entre 2009 e 2021. Foi realizada busca e seleção dos documentos e posterior extração de dados, agrupados por três categorias: normativas estruturantes, recomendações na avaliação de tecnologias e recomendações nas diretrizes clínicas. Em 38,8% das normativas, foram identificadas citações à implementação relacionadas principalmente às diretrizes clínicas do SUS, mas nenhum documento dedicado a orientar as ações de implementação. As recomendações relacionadas às implementações foram identificadas em 27,1% dos relatórios e em 66,1% das diretrizes, mas sem padronização e, de modo geral, pouco detalhadas, com foco em recursos e ações necessárias para a disponibilização da tecnologia, ao invés de métodos e intervenções para implementação. Os resultados confirmam a existência de uma lacuna de diretrizes formais para guiar o processo de implementação no Brasil, o que se constitui em oportunidade para o desenvolvimento de modelos alinhados à realidade do SUS.

Abstract This study aimed to identify the regulatory framework and federal guidelines that support the process of implementing health technologies in the Unified Health System (SUS) through analysis of documents and legislation related to the National Health Technology Management Policy, published between 2009 and 2021. The search and selection of documents and subsequent data extraction were carried out. The documents were grouped into three categories: structural regulatory documents, recommendations on evaluation of technologies, and recommendations on clinical guidelines. In 38.8% of the regulatory documents, citations to implementation related mainly to SUS clinical guidelines were identified; however, no document dedicated to guiding implementation actions was identified. Recommendations related to implementations were identified in 27.1% of the reports and 66.1% of the guidelines, although without standardization and, in general, in little detail, focusing on resources and actions needed for making technology available rather than on methods and interventions for its implementation. The results evidence a gap in formal guidelines to guide the implementation process in Brazil, representing an opportunity for the development of models aligned with the reality of the SUS.

Abstract This study aimed to identify the regulatory framework and federal guidelines that support the process of implementing health technologies in the Unified Health System (SUS) through analysis of documents and legislation related to the National Health Technology Management Policy, published between 2009 and 2021. The search and selection of documents and subsequent data extraction were carried out. The documents were grouped into three categories: structural regulatory documents, recommendations on evaluation of technologies, and recommendations on clinical guidelines. In 38.8% of the regulatory documents, citations to implementation related mainly to SUS clinical guidelines were identified; however, no document dedicated to guiding implementation actions was identified. Recommendations related to implementations were identified in 27.1% of the reports and 66.1% of the guidelines, although without standardization and, in general, in little detail, focusing on resources and actions needed for making technology available rather than on methods and interventions for its implementation. The results evidence a gap in formal guidelines to guide the implementation process in Brazil, representing an opportunity for the development of models aligned with the reality of the SUS.

Resumo O objetivo foi identificar o arcabouço regulatório e as orientações federais que sustentam o processo de implementação de tecnologias em saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), por meio da análise de documentos e legislações relacionados à Política Nacional de Gestão de Tecnologias de Saúde, publicados entre 2009 e 2021. Foi realizada busca e seleção dos documentos e posterior extração de dados, agrupados por três categorias: normativas estruturantes, recomendações na avaliação de tecnologias e recomendações nas diretrizes clínicas. Em 38,8% das normativas, foram identificadas citações à implementação relacionadas principalmente às diretrizes clínicas do SUS, mas nenhum documento dedicado a orientar as ações de implementação. As recomendações relacionadas às implementações foram identificadas em 27,1% dos relatórios e em 66,1% das diretrizes, mas sem padronização e, de modo geral, pouco detalhadas, com foco em recursos e ações necessárias para a disponibilização da tecnologia, ao invés de métodos e intervenções para implementação. Os resultados confirmam a existência de uma lacuna de diretrizes formais para guiar o processo de implementação no Brasil, o que se constitui em oportunidade para o desenvolvimento de modelos alinhados à realidade do SUS.