ABSTRACT Public procurement is crucial for the proper functioning of a country, but unfortunately, it can face problems that undermine its efficiency and transparency. For this reason, this research analyzes the top 23 companies that sold over $2.21 billion to the Ecuadorian government between 2015 and 2020. A descriptive methodology and a quantitative approach were used to classify the companies based on their origin, economic activity, and financial situation. The results reveal that 67% of these companies are of Ecuadorian origin. In terms of their financial situation, although they have a strong liquidity position, financing expenses completely dilute their profits, resulting in a negative net profit margin. This finding suggests the need to establish public policies that promote the diversification of economic sectors and the implementation of effective financial management strategies in contracting companies to improve their profitability and long-term financial sustainability.

RESUMEN La contratación pública es crucial para el buen funcionamiento de un país, pero desafortunadamente puede enfrentar problemas que perjudican su eficiencia y transparencia. Por este motivo, esta investigación analiza las 23 principales empresas que entre 2015 y 2020 vendieron más de 2.21 mil millones de dólares con el Estado ecuatoriano. Se utilizó una metodología descriptiva y un enfoque cuantitativo para clasificar a las empresas según su origen, actividad económica y situación financiera. Los resultados revelan que el 67% de estas empresas son de origen ecuatoriano. En cuanto a su situación financiera, aunque tienen una posición sólida en términos de liquidez, los gastos del financiamiento diluyen en su totalidad las utilidades, generando una rentabilidad neta de ventas negativa. Este hallazgo sugiere la necesidad de establecer políticas públicas que promuevan la diversificación de los sectores económicos y la implementación de estrategias de gestión financiera efectivas en las empresas contratistas para mejorar su rentabilidad y sostenibilidad financiera en el largo plazo.

ABSTRACT This research article focuses its efforts on understanding the adverse effect of corruption within state procurement. This situation is becoming a nuisance for civil society because it has a negative impact on the progress of the nation. Legal and documentary hermeneutics is used as a tool to interpret with a critical basis the norms that regulate the conduct of free competition and the defense of collective rights promulgated in the Political Constitution of 1991, when reviewing the foundations of Law 80 of 1993 and the other regulations that delimit state contraction, sanctions for corruption and the SECOP disclosure system necessary to monitor it. Concluding in the need to maintain an assertive criterion among public officials when selecting a contractor, since the State has great difficulties monitoring each contract's progress in the country.

RESUMEN El presente artículo de investigación centra sus esfuerzos en comprender el efecto adverso de la corrupción dentro de la contratación estatal, situación que se está convirtiendo en una molestia para sociedad civil puesto que, repercute negativamente en el progreso de la nación. Se emplea la hermenéutica jurídica y documental como herramienta para interpretar con un sustento crítico las normas que regulan el proceder de la libre competencia y la defensa de los derechos colectivos promulgado en la Constitución Política de 1991, al revisar los fundamentos de la ley 80 de 1993 y las demás normas que delimitan la contracción estatal, las sanciones al corrupto y el sistema de divulgación SECOP necesario para darle seguimiento. Concluyendo en la necesidad de mantener un criterio asertivo entre los funcionarios públicos al momento de seleccionar un contratista, ya que el Estado posee grandes dificultades para estar vigilando el progreso de cada contrato en el país.

Maternal healthcare in South Africa faces huge private and public health systems challenges. A key challenge for policy makers is how to address the inappropriate patterns of obstetric care in the private sector and how to mobilise private sector resources to serve the broader population dependent on the public sector, without replicating those patterns of inappropriate care. Developing and implementing new obstetric care models that address these challenges and lend themselves to public private engagements could play a vital role in efforts to improve obstetric care in the country. Drawing on insights from research we carried out on the care and contracting models used by five rural district hospitals in the Western Cape Province to contract private general practitioners to provide caesarean delivery services, this article outlines a potential alternative private sector obstetric care model with the aim of stimulating discussion by all relevant stakeholders on the development of new obstetric models for improving obstetric care in the country.

RESUMO A dengue representa um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil devido às constantes epidemias causadas pela doença no País. Este estudo objetivou analisar o financiamento de pesquisas sobre dengue pelo Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia do Ministério da Saúde e parceiros no período de 2004 a 2020. Analisou-se a tendência do financiamento por regressão linear generalizada do tipo Prais-Winster e sua distribuição entre as regiões e Unidades Federadas brasileiras, modalidades de contratação das pesquisas, instituições beneficiadas e temas estudados. Entre 2004 e 2020, financiaram-se 232 pesquisas (R$ 164,03 milhões), realizadas, em sua maioria, em instituições da região Sudeste (77,55%), abordando especialmente a temática controle vetorial (37,93%). A tendência de financiamento foi estacionária nos anos estudados. As chamadas estaduais foram a principal forma de modalidade de contratação das pesquisas (65,95%). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante na distribuição do valor financiado entre as modalidades de contratação, bem como no número de pesquisas financiadas e valor financiado entre as regiões brasileiras. Esses achados demonstram a importância de monitorar o financiamento de pesquisas sobre dengue no Brasil e de implementar estratégias de avaliação das pesquisas financiadas, para subsidiar e aprimorar a política de enfrentamento da doença e de seu vetor.

ABSTRACT Dengue represents an important public health problem in Brazil, due to the constant epidemics caused by the disease in the country. This study aimed to analyze the funding of research on dengue by the Department of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Health of Brazil and partners between 2004 to 2020. Was analyzed the trend of the funding by generalized linear regression using Prais-Winster and its distribution between Brazilian regions and Federated Units, research contracting modalities, benefited institutions, and studied themes. Between 2004 and 2020, 232 research studies were funded (R$ 164.03 million), carried out mostly in institutions in the Southeast Region (77.55%), addressing especially the vector control theme (37.93%). The funding trend was stationary in the years studied. The state calls were the main form of contracting modality for the research (65.95%). There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of the loan amount between the contracting modalities, and in the number of researches funded and loan amount among Brazilian regions. These findings demonstrate the importance of monitoring the research funding on dengue in Brazil and of implementing strategies to evaluate the research funded, to support and improve the policy to combat the disease and its vector.

Abstract Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, community pharmacy (CP) professionals were among those who experienced the greatest risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2, which forced major adaptations. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to describe the changes implemented in CP professionals during the pandemic, understand the perception of professionals about their experience, and explore changes to remain. Methods: An observational and cross-sectional study was conducted via an online questionnaire (June-September 2020). The target population was CP professionals working in Portugal for >2 years and serving the public during the pandemic. Results: Of a total of 353 participants, 84% were female (mean age of 37.6 years), and 81% were pharmacists (mean professional experience of 12.9 years). In the management and organizational dimensions, the most mentioned changes were adaptation to legislative changes (90%), fluctuations in the treasury (82%), and reduction of working hours (46%). Only 2% resorted to simplified layoff. In the back office, there was a need to adapt stock management (93%) and purchase personal protective equipment (99%). In the front office, there was a change in service policies - wicket or conditional opening (92%), routes of the arrival of user requests (91%), and home delivery (82%). Physical changes occurred in 100% of pharmacies. The most frequently implemented procedures were the use of protection systems and PPE, articulation with hospital pharmacies for dispensing in proximity (75%), and training in this area (55%). Regarding interpersonal climate, improvements in the connection between team members are evident: increase in mutual help (57%), solidarity (54%), and group cohesion (50%); in the relationship with clients, the majority indicated the replacement of the usual user by third parties (71%), and changes in communication channels (increase in use of technological means 68%). Conclusions: Results illustrate the profound impact of the pandemic on CP professionals, both professionally and personally. It also highlights the importance of their roles in proximity and community support.

Resumo Introdução: Durante a pandemia de COVID-19, os profissionais de farmácia comunitária (FC) estiveram entre os que apresentaram maior risco de contrair SARS-CoV-2, o que obrigou a grandes adaptações. Objetivos: Descrever as alterações implementadas nas FC durante a pandemia, compreender a percepção dos profissionais sobre as suas vivências e explorar as mudanças a serem mantidas. Metodologia: estudo observacional e transversal (junho-setembro de 2020). A população alvo foram os profissionais de FC a trabalhar em Portugal há >2 anos e atender o público durante a pandemia. Resultados: 353 participantes, 84% do sexo feminino (idade média - 37,6 anos) e 81% eram farmacêuticos (média de experiência profissional de 12,9 anos). Nas dimensões “gestão e organização”, as mudanças mais referidas foram a adaptação a alterações legislativas (90%), flutuações de tesouraria (82%) e redução do horário de trabalho (46%). Apenas 2% recorreram ao lay-off simplificado. No back office: necessidade de adequação do stock (93%) e aquisição de equipamentos de proteção individual (99%). No front office: alteração das políticas de atendimento - atendimento ao postigo ou abertura condicional (92%), vias de chegada dos pedidos dos utentes (91%) e entrega ao domicílio (82%). Alterações físicas ocorreram em 100% das farmácias. Os procedimentos implementados com maior frequência foram a utilização de sistemas de proteção e EPI, a articulação com farmácias hospitalares para dispensa de medicamentos de proximidade (75%) e formação nesta área (55%). Em relação ao clima interpessoal, foram evidentes as melhorias na ligação entre os membros da equipa: aumento da inter-ajuda (57%), solidariedade (54%) e coesão do grupo (50%); no relacionamento com os utentes, a maioria referiu a substituição do utente habitual por terceiros (71%) e alterações nos canais de comunicação (aumento da utilização de meios tecnológicos 68%). Conclusões: Os resultados ilustram o profundo impacto da pandemia nos profissionais de FC, tanto a nível profissional como pessoal. Também de destacar a importância do papel da FC como espaço de saúde de proximidade e apoio à comunidade.

ABSTRACT Dengue represents an important public health problem in Brazil, due to the constant epidemics caused by the disease in the country. This study aimed to analyze the funding of research on dengue by the Department of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Health of Brazil and partners between 2004 to 2020. Was analyzed the trend of the funding by generalized linear regression using Prais-Winster and its distribution between Brazilian regions and Federated Units, research contracting modalities, benefited institutions, and studied themes. Between 2004 and 2020, 232 research studies were funded (R$ 164.03 million), carried out mostly in institutions in the Southeast Region (77.55%), addressing especially the vector control theme (37.93%). The funding trend was stationary in the years studied. The state calls were the main form of contracting modality for the research (65.95%). There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of the loan amount between the contracting modalities, and in the number of researches funded and loan amount among Brazilian regions. These findings demonstrate the importance of monitoring the research funding on dengue in Brazil and of implementing strategies to evaluate the research funded, to support and improve the policy to combat the disease and its vector.

RESUMO A dengue representa um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil devido às constantes epidemias causadas pela doença no País. Este estudo objetivou analisar o financiamento de pesquisas sobre dengue pelo Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia do Ministério da Saúde e parceiros no período de 2004 a 2020. Analisou-se a tendência do financiamento por regressão linear generalizada do tipo Prais-Winster e sua distribuição entre as regiões e Unidades Federadas brasileiras, modalidades de contratação das pesquisas, instituições beneficiadas e temas estudados. Entre 2004 e 2020, financiaram-se 232 pesquisas (R$ 164,03 milhões), realizadas, em sua maioria, em instituições da região Sudeste (77,55%), abordando especialmente a temática controle vetorial (37,93%). A tendência de financiamento foi estacionária nos anos estudados. As chamadas estaduais foram a principal forma de modalidade de contratação das pesquisas (65,95%). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante na distribuição do valor financiado entre as modalidades de contratação, bem como no número de pesquisas financiadas e valor financiado entre as regiões brasileiras. Esses achados demonstram a importância de monitorar o financiamento de pesquisas sobre dengue no Brasil e de implementar estratégias de avaliação das pesquisas financiadas, para subsidiar e aprimorar a política de enfrentamento da doença e de seu vetor.

Access to students' perspectives on substance abuse is essential for effective youth intervention projects development. This study aimed to explore students' perspectives on abuse of drugs and alcohol with probable development of student-led intervention strategies. The study was conducted at public universities in Zambia. Student's perspectives on drugs and alcohol abuse were documented using a mixed method design that employed purposive and snowball sampling to select 200 respondents to questionnaires and 10 to in-depth interviews. A humanistic theory approach was applied in the interpretation and analysis of the data collected. The findings showed that cannabis (30%) and codeine contained in Benylin (17%) were commonly abused. Further findings showed that students' academic pressure was the leading cause of substance abuse (27%), followed by peer pressure (20%). Students knew that abuse of drugs and alcohol led to low academic performance, violence and theft, risks of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and other social maladjustments. The study recommends that institutions of learning increase student-led awareness campaigns, security surveillance on campus, and collaboration with government drug enforcement agencies. Institutions of learning should involve students in the planning of programmes to deal with drug and alcohol abuse. CONTRIBUTION: The study will inform amendment of drug and alcohol abuse policies in institutions of learning. The study will contribute towards the UNESCO O3 PLUS project goal of making campuses safe and inclusive, and overall, the Sustainable Development Goal 3 and 4. The study serves as basis for scholars in the field of biblical theology engaged with justice, health and human development. The article is a contribution to the research project Biblical Theology and Hermeneutics. The results of this research can especially be utilised by scholars in the field of psychology of religion, the sociology of religion and practical theologians focusing on youth ministry.

ABSTRACT: Brazilian Special Education has historical marks of privatization, one of which is focused on this article, which aims to analyze the transfer of public financial resources from education to the private sphere in a large municipality in São Paulo, between 2012 and 2017. Adopting a qualitative approach, the amounts settled in favor of Special Education directed to the private sphere are analyzed based on documentary sources, covering contracts with outsourced companies, terms of collaboration and additions, reports on remuneration of Special Education professionals and documents for the transfer of funds to the private sphere. The results indicate an increase in resources allocated to this modality in the private sphere, mainly due to the need to hire caregivers, until that moment without filling a position in this teaching network. They also express that school inclusion reproduces funding modes that mark the history of Special Education in Brazil. The partnership with non-profit private institutions and the contracting of outsourced companies are in line with the managerial perspective of public administration. On the one hand, in the analyzed case, the school inclusion policy outsourced the maintenance of services from the concession to the private sphere, on the other hand, there was a growing increase in funding from the municipal public sector.

RESUMO: A Educação Especial brasileira tem marcas históricas da privatização, uma delas é focalizada neste artigo, que tem por objetivo analisar o repasse de recursos financeiros públicos da educação para a esfera privada em um município paulista de grande porte, entre 2012 e 2017. Adotando abordagem qualitativa, são analisados os valores liquidados em favor da Educação Especial direcionados à esfera privada a partir de fontes documentais, abrangendo contratos com empresas terceirizadas, termos de colaboração e aditamento, relatórios de remuneração de profissionais da Educação Especial e documentos de repasse de recursos à esfera privada. Os resultados indicam aumento dos recursos destinados a essa modalidade na esfera privada em decorrência, principalmente, da necessidade de contratação de cuidadoras(es), até aquele momento sem provimento de cargo nessa rede de ensino. Também expressam que a inclusão escolar reproduz modos de financiamento que marcam a história da Educação Especial no Brasil. A parceria com instituições privadas sem fins lucrativos e a contratação de empresas terceirizadas vão ao encontro da perspectiva gerencial da administração pública. No caso analisado, por um lado, a política de inclusão escolar terceirizou a manutenção dos serviços a partir da concessão para a esfera privada; por outro lado, houve crescente aumento do financiamento do setor público municipal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The electronic auction is a type of bidding for the acquisition and contracting of common services and its use by public bodies, including Federal Universities, is mandatory. The electronic trading process is formed by information that has strategic value used for organizational learning and better decision making. Objective: This research aims to analyze how information management is characterized in electronic trading in a Federal Teaching Institution. Methodology: The study will be carried out at the Federal University of Alagoas, the largest public education institution in the State of Alagoas. The research is characterized by being descriptive with a qualitative approach, thirteen civil servants who work in electronic trading were interviewed, using a semi-structured questionnaire as a data collection instrument. The questionnaires were constructed using the information management model of Choo (2006). Content analysis was performed as a data investigation method. Results: The main information needs were identified as: description of the material or services, price quotation and purpose of the acquisition. Personal sources are the most used by servers in resolving doubts in the process. There is no easy access to information from other sectors and information products and services are outdated and not very detailed for some users. Conclusion: The research is relevant because it analyzed the information management in the institution, which can bring improvements in the use of information, in the elaboration of information products and services from the informational needs of purchase requesters.

RESUMO Introdução: O pregão eletrônico é uma modalidade de licitação para aquisição de bens e contratação e serviços comuns sendo obrigatório sua utilização pelos órgãos públicos, incluindo as Universidades Federais. O pregão eletrônico é composto por informações de valor estratégico para aprendizagem organizacional e a melhor tomada de decisão. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar como se caracteriza a gestão da informação nos pregões eletrônicos em uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior Metodologia: O estudo foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Alagoas, maior instituição de ensino público do Estado de Alagoas. Tratou-se de pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, foram entrevistados treze servidores públicos que atuam nos pregões eletrônicos como instrumento de coleta de dados. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo como método de investigação de dados. Resultados: Foram identificadas as principais necessidades de informações dos servidores nos pregões eletrônicos como sendo: descrição do material ou serviços, cotação de preços e finalidade da aquisição. As fontes pessoais foram as mais utilizadas pelos servidores na resolução de dúvidas no processo. Não houve um acesso fácil a informações de outros setores e os produtos e os serviços de informação estavam desatualizados e pouco detalhados para alguns usuários. Conclusão: A pesquisa é relevante pois analisou a gestão da informação na instituição, podendo trazer melhorias no uso da informação, na elaboração de produtos e serviços de informação a partir de necessidades informacionais dos solicitantes de compras.

BACKGROUND: The participation of independent private general practitioners (GPs) is of fundamental importance to the successful implementation of key elements of the proposed National Health Insurance (NHI) reform, notably the contracting units for primary health care (CUPS). This study explored knowledge and perceptions of the NHI reforms of private GPs following the tabling of the NHI Bill in parliament in 2019 METHODS: An explorative qualitative research methodology was adopted. Using a semi-structured guide, nine solo private GPs, purposefully selected to represent the range of practices in the southern peninsula of Cape Town were interviewed in depth by B.L.P. over the period from January 2021 to March 2022 RESULTS: The GPs indicated support for the values of greater equity outlined in the NHI proposals. However, they had little engagement on or knowledge of their potential future roles in NHI. Concerns over financial viability and design were underpinned by an overall mistrust in the public sector to implement and manage NHI CONCLUSION: The study concurs with previous research that private GPs are broadly in support of the principles of, and are potential allies, in advancing NHI. General practitioners need a platform to share their concerns and contribute as co-designers of NHI reforms. In the interim, steps to increase collaboration between private and public sectors at local and provincial level through, for example, referral processes may help to build the trust that is necessary between the sectors CONTRIBUTION: This study foregrounds the role of trust relationships in advancing NHI

ABSTRACT This paper analyzed the performance of administrative contracts for the provision of services in the light of stakeholder and transaction costs theories. The research identifies the perception of internal stakeholders regarding the multiple objectives in public procurement, particularly how they perceive the influence of bounded rationality, opportunism, uncertainty, and frequency of transactions on the delivery of outsourced services. The propositions of stakeholder theories show that, in addition to the already recognized contracting versus contracting opportunism, there are potential conflicts of interest within the contracting body to prioritize different performance dimensions. As the main impact, integrating stakeholder and transaction costs theories can contribute to a greater understanding of the dynamics and results observed in public contracts, especially in dimensions beyond the reduction of contracted prices.

RESUMEN Este artículo analizó el desempeño de los contratos administrativos de prestación de servicios a la luz de las teorías de los stakeholders y de los costos de transacción . Para ello, la investigación identificó la percepción de las partes interesadas internas sobre los múltiples objetivos presentes en las contrataciones públicas y cómo estas partes interesadas perciben la influencia de la racionalidad acotada, el oportunismo, la incertidumbre y la frecuencia de las transacciones en el desempeño de los contratos de servicios tercerizados por parte de la administración pública. La aplicación de las proposiciones de las teorías de los stakeholders mostró que además del ya reconocido oportunismo contratante versus contratado, existen potenciales conflictos de interés dentro del propio órgano de contratación a partir de la priorización de diferentes dimensiones de desempeño. Como principal aporte, se puede apreciar que la integración entre las teorías de los stakeholders y de los costos de transacción puede contribuir a una mayor comprensión de las dinámicas y resultados observados en las contrataciones públicas, especialmente en dimensiones que van más allá de la reducción de los precios contratados.

RESUMO Este artigo analisou o desempenho dos contratos administrativos de prestação de serviços à luz das teorias dos stakeholders e dos custos de transação. Para tanto, a pesquisa identificou a percepção dos stakeholders internos acerca dos múltiplos objetivos presentes nas contratações públicas e a forma como essas partes interessadas percebem a influência da racionalidade limitada, oportunismo, incerteza e frequência das transações no desempenho dos contratos de serviços terceirizados por uma organização da administração pública federal. A aplicação das proposições das teorias dos stakeholders demonstrou que, além do já reconhecido oportunismo contratante × contratado, existem potenciais conflitos de interesse no próprio órgão contratante, com base na priorização de diferentes dimensões de desempenho. Como contribuição principal, percebe-se que a integração entre teoria dos stakeholders e teoria dos custos de transação pode colaborar para melhor compreensão da dinâmica e dos resultados observados nas contratações públicas, especialmente em dimensões que estejam além da redução dos preços contratados.

Resumen Las condiciones laborales hacen referencía a las particularidades del entorno o ambiente en el que se realizan las actividades de trabajo. A lo largo de la história, las condiciones laborales de los docentes han experimentado contínuas transformaciones bajo distintas reformas educativas, que repercuten en su grado de bienestar en el trabajo. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar la relación entre la valoración de las condiciones de trabajo y el bienestar laboral percibido en 132 docentes de primaria y secundaria de colegios públicos y privados de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Para tal efecto se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa con diseño correlacional y muestreo no probabilístico intencional. Se evidenció un aumento en el tiempo dedicado a realizar la función docente, la organización y la carga laboral, lo cual genera en los docentes afectaciones en su bienestar laboral. Se encontró una relación significativa entre las condiciones de trabajo y el bienestar laboral de los docentes, de manera que el tipo de contratación temporal genera en ellos inseguridad, inestabilidad y algunos efectos colaterales como somatizaciones y agotamiento, perjudicando su rendimiento laboral, salud y bienestar.

Abstract Working conditions refer to the particularities of the environment in which work activities are carried out. Throughout history, teachers' working conditions have undergone continuous transformations under different educational reforms, which have an impact on their well-being at work. The research objective was to analyze the relationship between the assessment of working conditions and perceived occupational well-being in 132 primary and secondary teachers from public and private schools in the city of Cali, Colombia. It was carried out by means of a quantitative methodology with a correlational design and intentional non-probabilistic sampling. It was evidenced that increasing in the time devoted to performing the teaching function, organization and workload affects teachers´ welfare. Additionally, a significant relationship was found between the working conditions and the labor well-being of teachers. The type of short-term contracting generates job insecurity and instability and some collateral effects such as somatization and exhaustion, which are detrimental to their work performance, health, and wellbeing.

Resumen El trabajo del Legislador en la expedición del Estatuto General de Contratación de la Administración Pública, por medio de la Ley 80 de 1993, hizo referencia a la urgencia manifiesta en los artículos 42 y 43. Así mismo, por medio de la Ley 448 de 1998, se crearon y regularon los fondos de contingencias encaminados a cubrir necesidades urgentes derivadas en tres situaciones en particular; una de ellas corresponde a las obligaciones contingentes originadas en contratos administrativos. El presente artículo tiene como propósito definir y demarcar las clases de riesgos en el uso del fondo de contingencia como ocasión de un imprevisto surgido en la ejecución de contrato de urgencia manifiesta. El artículo 365 de la Constitución Política de Colombia busca garantizar una asistencia eficiente de los servicios públicos a los habitantes del territorio y, entre las obligaciones de las administraciones públicas para el ejercicio de esta obligación, se encuentra la de planear sus actuaciones, en especial si se prevé la variedad y los tipos de riesgos contractuales. Entre ellos encontramos los ocasionados por hechos previsibles, contrarios a aquellos no previsibles; los generados por malas prácticas, y las obligaciones contingentes (las provenientes de sentencias judiciales y laudos arbitrales y las provenientes de operaciones de crédito público), entre otros.

Abstract The work of the legislator in the issuance of the General Contracting Statute of the Public Administration, by means of Law 80 of 1993, mentioned Manifest Urgency in articles 42 and 43. Likewise, Law 448 of 1998 created and regulated contingency funds to cover urgent needs derived from three situations, one of them being the Contingent obligations generated in Administrative Contracts. The purpose of this article is to define and demarcate the classes of risks in the use of the contingency fund in case of an unforeseen event arising in the execution of a manifest emergency contract. Article 365 of the Political Constitution of Colombia seeks to guarantee efficient assistance from public services to the inhabitants of the territory and, within the obligations of the public administrations for the exercise of this obligation, is that of planning their actions, especially anticipating the variety and types of contractual risks. Within them we find those caused by foreseeable events, contrary to those that are not foreseeable, also those generated by bad practices, as well as contingent obligations (those arising from judicial decisions and arbitral awards and those arising from public credit operations), among others.

Abstract. Covid-19 pandemic has entailed new challenges for health care in the Mexican public health sector, producing changes in clinical practices that are now handling patients infected with covid-19 and also outpatient consultations at tertiary-level care hospitals. Some of these challenges are related to the perception of risk held by physicians regarding the possibility of contracting or transmitting covid-19 during their work, and to the management of risk from the standpoint of biomedical organizational culture linked to the material and symbolic conditions of public health services predating the pandemic. We analyze these issues from an anthropological research based on in-depth interviews to physicians that work with covid-19 patients at “Covid-19 hospitals” or “hybrid hospitals” in Mexico City. Covid-19 has arrived in social relations and perceptions of risk in the arena of health care and involves knowing and transforming some structural and symbolic conditions, resignified with the pandemic, for proper medical care.

Resumen. El Covid-19 implica nuevos retos para la atención en el sistema público de salud mexicano, a partir de la modificación de la práctica clínica que ahora atiende a pacientes con Covid, y a aquellos que acuden a la consulta externa de los hospitales. Algunos de estos retos comprometen la adecuada atención médica y se relacionan con la percepción del riesgo de los médicos, respecto a la posibilidad de infectarse o de transmitir el Covid durante su trabajo, y con la gestión del riesgo desde la cultura organizacional biomédica articulada a las condiciones materiales y simbólicas de los servicios de salud públicos preexistentes a la pandemia. Se analiza esta problemática desde una investigación antropológica basada en entrevistas en profundidad a médicos/as que atienden Covid en “hospitales Covid” e “híbridos” de la Ciudad de México. La pandemia ha aterrizado en las relaciones sociales y percepciones de riesgo en el campo de la salud e implica conocer y transformar algunas de las condiciones simbólicas y estructurales, ahora resignificadas, para una atención adecuada.

Resumen La COVID-19 es un problema de salud pública, por lo que cualquier paciente quemado que se maneje como externo o que requiera manejo hospitalario es un potencial portador del SARS-CoV-2. El paciente quemado es susceptible a la COVID-19 debido a la quemadura y a su efecto inmunodepresor, a los procedimientos a los que es sometido y a otros factores inherentes a la quemadura, lo que le hace un paciente con alto riesgo de contraer la enfermedad y trasmitirla, especialmente al equipo de salud que está involucrado en su manejo. Por lo anterior, es importante organizar estrategias en los servicios que atienden pacientes con quemaduras durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una propuesta para la respuesta, el manejo organizativo y la planeación estratégica en un servicio de quemados en tiempos de COVID-19, basándonos en las lecciones aprendidas y la experiencia adquirida.

Abstract COVID-19 is a public health problem, so any burn patient who is managed as an outpatient or requires hospital management is a potential carrier of SARS-CoV-2. Burn patients are susceptible to COVID-19 due to the burn and its immunosuppressive effect, the procedures they undergo and other factors related to the burn, which makes them at high risk of contracting the disease and transmitting it, especially to the healthcare team involved in its management. Therefore, it is important to organize strategies in the services that care for burn patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this paper is to present a proposal for response, organizational management and strategic planning in a burns service in times of COVID-19, based on the lessons and experience acquired.