Resumen El presente trabajo se inscribe en los estudios sobre las migraciones contemporáneas a Chile, campo iniciado en los años noventa al momento de una transición democrática y una economía presentada como exitosa. Expone breves referencias a la migración hacia Chile proveniente de Haití y algunos elementos de la historia de Haití que conforman una situación migratoria particular. El objetivo es identificar el racismo presente en las interacciones entre profesionales de los centros de la red pública de salud y pacientes haitianos/as que acuden a ellos en Santiago de Chile. Este trabajo proviene de un proyecto mayor que analizó la sociabilidad y las competencias culturales de estos profesionales al interactuar con migrantes. Desde una metodología cualitativa se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales de la red pública de salud y grupos focales a pacientes haitianos. El marco de referencia se centra en el racismo como sistema y como relación social, en la discriminación racial y sus efectos en las personas. Se analizan las palabras de los/as pacientes y los/as profesionales, se presentan algunas conclusiones sobre el racismo y la violencia registradas como forma de sociabilidad, entendiéndola como el modo en que se da el trato entre dos actores, uno de ellos en una posición superior. Estos procesos precisan ser reflexionados para dar cuenta del sufrimiento producido en hombres, mujeres y niños/as haitianos que buscan atención en la red de salud pública. Por último, se avanzan algunas orientaciones tendientes a superarlos.

Abstract The present work is inscribed within the field of contemporary migration studies in Chile, a line of investigation initiated during the nineties. At the time, various people from South America and the Caribbean arrived to the country, which was undergoing a democratic transition and presented itself as a successful economic model. Twenty-five years later, migrants from Haiti began arriving. Despite not constituting the largest group of migrants, they have become one of the most targeted by Chilean society, the media, the political class and government authorities. Since the election of Sebastián Piñera in 2018, certain measures were taken that signaled a policy aimed towards reducing Haitian presence in the country: namely, a “humanitarian” return plan exclusively for Haitians and the creation of a consular visa as the main permit in order to enter the country. During the COVID-19 pandemic, they were singled out as disobedient to the measures imposed by the state of emergency and the sanitary restrictions put in place. Chilean society agrees with restrictive norms and policies and looks with suspicion at a migrant group that it perceives as different. Chile, a country colonized in the name of humanist and republican values, which upholds cultural homogeneity, does not look favorably on the arrival of migrants from elsewhere in the region, and even less so on a migrant group whose skin color has been negatively evaluated, to the point of linking it to physical, cultural and psychological characteristics. This work makes brief references of the context of migrating to Chile, of doing so from Haiti, and of some elements of Haiti’s history that make up this particular migratory situation. The proposed objective is to identify racism present within the interactions between public health workers and Haitian patients who approach them for help or treatment in the city of Santiago. This work stems from a larger project that analyzed the sociability and cultural skills of different public health professionals interacting with migrants. Employing a qualitative methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals from the public health service and focus groups were organized with Haitian patients. The frame of reference focuses on racism as a system and as a social relationship, on racial discrimination and its effects on people. The words of patients and professionals are analyzed and conclusions are drawn in regards to racism and registered violence as forms of sociability, the latter understood as the way in which two actors interact when one of them is in a position of superiority. These processes need to be reflected upon in order to account for the damages caused to Haitian men, women and children seeking care in the public health network. Considering the importance of the right to migrate in current times and the multiple obstacles that impede it, Haitian life in Chile emerges as a “problem” when it comes to being attended, cared for or assisted to by health professionals, an issue that is linked to the fact that contemporary migrations have been repeatedly characterized as a “problem” and not as a social phenomenon that needs to be seriously analyzed with academic accuracy. Racist criticism emerges violently, offending and harming Haitian migrants who, in order to avoid it, sometimes prefer not to go public health centers, to look for alternatives when dealing with the ailments that afflict them, or straightforwardly abandon the possibility of being attended at all. Finally, some guidelines are advanced which may help to overcome these situations by training professionals in order to improve communications between them and Haitian migrants.

Resumen Las pruebas internacionales de aplicación masiva permiten evaluar los aportes de los factores individuales, familiares, institucionales y nacionales al logro educativo de los estudiantes expresado en su desempeño. En este contexto, el propósito de este estudio fue proponer y evaluar un modelo de efectos centrado en el procesamiento cognitivo esencial e incidental de las actividades académicas, de acuerdo con el desempeño en las pruebas de matemáticas en estudiantes de sexto grado de 15 países (y el estado de Nuevo León de México) que participaron en el Tercer Estudio Regional Comparativo y Explicativo (TERCE). Se formuló un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales en el que se calcularon índices de procesamiento esencial (control atencional, memoria de trabajo y supervisión familiar) y procesamiento incidental (violencia percibida, uso de ocio de la computadora -videojuegos, redes sociales, reproducción de contenidos, etcétera), con base en los ítems o preguntas utilizados en el TERCE. Los índices se diseñaron y obtuvieron según el Modelo de Rasch de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). El modelo planteado afecta el desempeño en la prueba en 24 puntos. La variable con mayor tamaño de efecto es el uso de ocio de computadoras en el hogar. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de las hipótesis cognitivas sobre la distribución de recursos de atención y la de entrenamiento para entender el rol de las tecnologías de la información en el proceso formativo.

Abstract International tests of massive application allow evaluating how individual, institutional, national, and family factors contribute to students' educational achievement through their performance. Consequently, education evaluation is based on the paradigm of general and specific competencies for life. One of these general competencies is the capacity to solve mathematical problems and apply logical thinking to problem-solving. In order to evaluate this general competence, standardized tests have been developed. Among these tests, the Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (TERCE) in 2013 evaluated the mathematical and other areas' academic performance of children in the third and sixth grade. The TERCE Mathematics evaluation allows researchers to capture the students' academic performance in five domains: numeric, geometric, measurement, statistics, and variation, as well as their cognitive performance in objects and elements recognition and simple and complex problem-solving. In addition, to evaluate these eight dimensions, the TERCE test also asks for information regarding academic context, family environment, and teachers, among others. Despite this information, in Colombia and in general, the evaluation of the socioeconomic context over academic performance has been studied mainly considering the schools' characteristics, families' economic levels, and public expenses. Therefore, there is little evidence of the effects of psycho-pedagogical and psychological factors on academic performance. Psycho-pedagogical models emphasize the dependence of the superior processes on perceptual and attentional processes and the need for activities that demand deep processing and active involvement with information before, during, and after classes. Thus, attending simultaneously to different elements affects the development of cognitive control functions, which leads to low academic achievement and performance. Frequently, students face academic activities in different scenarios where the attentional system should divide its resources between several stimulus sources. Activities in which the attentional system focuses are “essential processing”, and those not related to the main academic activity are called “incidental processing”. Consequently, increasing the sources of incidental processing would decrease the attentional resources devoted to the essential processing of educational activities producing low academic performance. In this context, the study proposes and evaluates an effects model focused on essential and incidental cognitive processing of academic activities. The information was captured on the mathematics performance of sixth-grade students from 15 countries (and the state of Nuevo León de México) participating in the Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (TERCE). A Structural Equations model was formulated using indices of Essential Processing (Attentional Control, Working Memory, and Family Supervision) and Incidental Processing (Perceived Violence, Leisure use of the computer, and incidental processing) based on the items or questions used in the TERCE. The indices were designed based on the Item Response Theory (IRT) model. Findings show that the proposed model affects the performance in the test by 24 points. Higher scores in essential processing produce higher scores in the mathematics component of the TERCE test. Family supervision of academic activity is the single element with the highest impact on academic performance (3.020); on the other hand, attentional control (7.48) and working memory (4.295) also impact academic performance positively. Regarding the incidental processing variables, lower levels of perceived violence (1.680), less noise and distractor in class (2.130), and higher use of computers at home for leisure activities (5.851) have the most significant impacts on academic performance. The results are discussed considering the cognitive hypotheses on the distribution of attention resources and the training hypothesis to understand information technologies' role in the academic processes. Suggestions for further research focus on the inclusion of items with a higher theoretical background that allows researchers to evaluate the impact of essential and incidental processing on academic performance using items specially designed with that goal to get more conclusive and robust results.

Abstract This research analyzes in a criminal legal context the criminal protection against psychological and economic violence against women in Panama, incorporated recently (2013), whose crimes are aimed at protecting women exclusively, and questions the complexities, from the legislative technique in the drafting of criminal types, on the differentiated criminal protection for women that excludes other vulnerable groups, and the difficulties in appreciating the magnitude of these crimes due to a lack of statistics on this matter.

Resumen En esta investigación se analiza en un contexto jurídico penal la tutela penal contra la violencia psicológica y económica de la mujer en Panamá, incorporada en fecha reciente (2013), cuyos delitos están dirigidos a tutelar exclusivamente a la mujer, y se cuestiona las complejidades, a partir de la técnica legislativa en la redacción de los tipos penales, sobre la tutela penal diferenciada para la mujer que excluye a otros grupos vulnerables, y de las dificultades para apreciar la magnitud de estos delitos por una ausencia de estadísticas en esta materia.

O objetivo do presente artigo é revisar a literatura que aborda a relação entre violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar. A busca por materiais foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs e Medline. Foram incluídos estudos prospectivos, retrospectivos e transversais. O critério de inclusão foram estudos que relacionassem a violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar, sendo selecionados16 artigos com esse tema. A avaliação da violência e da insegurança foi realizada com escalas e questionários próprios, que mediam, além da incidência, o nível de insegurança e os tipos de violência. Todos os estudos identificaram uma forte associação entre ambos os temas, identificando-se forte associação, bidirecional, entre violência por parceiro íntimo e insegurança alimentar, relação mediada principalmente por problemas psicológicos e econômicos.

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the relationship between intimate partner violence against woman and food insecurity. The search was carried out in the Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs and Medline databases. Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies were included. The inclusion criteria included studies that related intimate partner violence against women with food insecurity, being selected 16 articles with this theme. The assessment of violence and insecurity was made using scales and questionnaires, measuring the incidence, as well as the level of insecurity and the types of violence. All studies identified a strong and robust association between both topics, identifying a strong association, in a bidirectional way, between intimate partner violence and food insecurity, a relationship was mediated mainly by psychological and economic problems.

El propósito de este artículo es revisar la literatura sobre la relación de la violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer e inseguridad alimentaria. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs y Medline. Se incluyeron estudios prospectivos, retrospectivos y transversales. Los criterios de inclusión comprendieron estudios que relacionaron la violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer con la inseguridad alimentaria, siendo seleccionados 16 artículos con esa temática. La evaluación de la violencia y de la inseguridad se realizó con escalas y cuestionarios propios que medían, además de la incidencia, el nivel de inseguridad y los tipos de violencia. Todos los estudios identificaron una fuerte asociación entre ambos temas, identificando una fuerte asociación, bidireccional, entre violencia por parte de compañero íntimo e inseguridad alimentaria, relación mediada principalmente, por problemas psicológicos y económicos.

O objetivo do presente artigo é revisar a literatura que aborda a relação entre violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar. A busca por materiais foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs e Medline. Foram incluídos estudos prospectivos, retrospectivos e transversais. O critério de inclusão foram estudos que relacionassem a violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar, sendo selecionados16 artigos com esse tema. A avaliação da violência e da insegurança foi realizada com escalas e questionários próprios, que mediam, além da incidência, o nível de insegurança e os tipos de violência. Todos os estudos identificaram uma forte associação entre ambos os temas, identificando-se forte associação, bidirecional, entre violência por parceiro íntimo e insegurança alimentar, relação mediada principalmente por problemas psicológicos e econômicos.

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the relationship between intimate partner violence against woman and food insecurity. The search was carried out in the Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs and Medline databases. Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies were included. The inclusion criteria included studies that related intimate partner violence against women with food insecurity, being selected 16 articles with this theme. The assessment of violence and insecurity was made using scales and questionnaires, measuring the incidence, as well as the level of insecurity and the types of violence. All studies identified a strong and robust association between both topics, identifying a strong association, in a bidirectional way, between intimate partner violence and food insecurity, a relationship was mediated mainly by psychological and economic problems.

El propósito de este artículo es revisar la literatura sobre la relación de la violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer e inseguridad alimentaria. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs y Medline. Se incluyeron estudios prospectivos, retrospectivos y transversales. Los criterios de inclusión comprendieron estudios que relacionaron la violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer con la inseguridad alimentaria, siendo seleccionados 16 artículos con esa temática. La evaluación de la violencia y de la inseguridad se realizó con escalas y cuestionarios propios que medían, además de la incidencia, el nivel de inseguridad y los tipos de violencia. Todos los estudios identificaron una fuerte asociación entre ambos temas, identificando una fuerte asociación, bidireccional, entre violencia por parte de compañero íntimo e inseguridad alimentaria, relación mediada principalmente, por problemas psicológicos y económicos.

ABSTRACT Violence is a matter of great concern in Argentina. Very few studies have evaluated violence perpetrated by adult women in a relationship. In this way, the present study sought to predict violence exerted by women based on dark personality, double standards and jealousy. Responding to the objectives of this study, an intentional sample of 214 women from CABA and GBA (mean age = 26.30 years; SD = 7.40) was constituted. 78% said that they were dating or starting a relationship, 18% were married and 6% were divorced, but in another relationship. They answered a questionnaire on violence perpetrated against the partner, one with a dark personality, one with double standards, one with jealousy, and demographic questions. The results indicated that the highest scores for violence perpetrated were psychological and economic. Block regressions predicted 34% and 30% variance for psychological and economic violence, with psychopathy and behavioral jealousy being the significant predictors. On the ones hand, a structural model for predicting violence showed an adequate fit suggesting that, again, dark personality and jealousy were the significant predictors. On the other hand, differences emerged in the psychosocial profiles of women with high and low perpetration of violence. In the Discussion, the implications of these findings are analyzed and suggestions for future studies are provided.

RESUMEN La violencia es un tema de gran preocupación en la Argentina. Muy pocos estudios han evaluado la violencia perpetrada por parte de las mujeres adultas en pareja. De este modo, el presente estudio buscó predecir la violencia ejercida por mujeres a partir de la personalidad oscura, la doble moral y los celos. Para responder a los objetivos de esta investigación, se constituyó una muestra intencional de 214 mujeres de CABA y GBA ( Medad = 26.30; DE = 7.40). El 78% manifestó estar de novia o comenzando una relación; el 18%, estar casada; el 6%, estar divorciada, pero en otra relación. Contestaron un cuestionario de violencia perpetrada hacia la pareja, uno de personalidad oscura, uno de doble moral, uno de los celos y preguntas demográficas. Los resultados indicaron que los puntajes más altos de violencia perpetrada fueron la psicológica y la económica. Regresiones en bloques predijeron una varianza del 34% y 30% para la violencia psicológica y económica, con la psicopatía y los celos conductuales como los predictores significativos. Un modelo estructural para predecir la violencia mostró un ajuste adecuado lo que sugiere que, nuevamente, la personalidad oscura y los celos son predictores significativos. Por otra parte, emergieron diferencias en los perfiles psicosociales de mujeres con alta y baja perpetración de la violencia. En la Discusión, se analizan las implicancias de estos hallazgos y se brindan sugerencias para futuros estudios.

Resumen Introducción: Las investigaciones sobre violencia en la pareja se han centrado principalmente en el estudio de las parejas heterosexuales y son escasos los datos sobre la violencia de parejas del mismo sexo en el noviazgo. Objetivo: Analizar la violencia intragénero entre parejas homosexuales en universitarios de Bucaramanga. Materiales y métodos: Investigación cuantitativa con muestreo tipo bola de nieve mediante el cual se obtuvo una población de 132 participantes mayores de 18 años. Se aplicó el instrumento pre-validado Lista de Chequeo de Experiencias de Maltrato en la Pareja. Los datos se analizaron con el software SPSS, versión 23, mediante la prueba X 2 y ANOVA Unidireccional, considerando un α=0,05. Resultados: El 91,7% de los participantes fue violentado por lo menos con una de las conductas de estudio, la violencia predominante en las parejas fue la psicológica, seguida de la violencia emocional, la violencia física, la violencia sexual y, por último, la violencia económica. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para algunos ítems del instrumento entre hombres y mujeres. Conclusiones: La violencia psicológica tuvo mayor presencia en los participantes.

Abstract Introduction: Research on partner violence has mainly focused on studies of heterosexual couples, while data on same-sex dating violence are scarce. Objective: To analyze intra-gender violence in homosexual university couples in Bucaramanga. Materials and methods: A quantitative research with a snowball sampling approach was applied to obtain a population of 132 participants who were older than 18 years of age. The pre-validated instrument Check List for Partner Abuse Experience was used. Data were analyzed with SPSS software (version 23), using the X2 test and one-way ANOVA, considering an α=0.05. Results: 91.7% of participants experience violence with at least one of the studied behaviors. Psychological violence was the most predominant form in the studied couples, followed by emotional, physical, sexual, and economic violence. Significant differences between males and females were found for some items of the instrument. Conclusions: Psychological violence was the most frequent in the study’s participants.

Abstract Anger, impulsiveness, and power relationships have been identified as causes of intimate partner violence. These predictors have been studied independently and exclusively considering physical violence by men. For this reason, the purpose of this research was to study the variables as predictors and to differentiate their effect on psychological, physical, economic, social, and sexual violence in female perpetrators. The study was carried out in a non-probabilistic sample of 532 women (X = 26.27). To accomplish this purpose, multiple stepwise regressions and simple regressions were carried out. As predictors of psychological / physical violence, the following factors were used: manipulation and blackmail, dominance, anger reaction, automatism, gratification, and angry temperament, obtaining an R² .40. As predictors of economic / social violence, the following factors were used: manipulation and blackmail, the reaction of anger, dominance, gratification, and automatism, obtaining an R² .19. Simple regressions were carried out to predict sexual violence, however the variance explained by each of the variables was very low. It is suggested that physical, psychological, economic, and social violence share the same causes.

Resumen La ira, la impulsividad y las relaciones de poder han sido señaladas como causales de la violencia de pareja. Estos predictores se han estudiado de manera independiente y considerando la violencia física ejercida por hombres. Por esta razón, el propósito de esta investigación fue estudiar las variables como predictores en conjunto y diferenciar su efecto en la violencia psicológica, física, económica, social y sexual, en mujeres perpetradoras. El estudio se llevó a cabo en una muestra no probabilística de 532 mujeres (X = 26.27). Para cubrir tal propósito se llevaron a cabo regresiones múltiples y simples. Como predictores de la violencia psicológica/física se utilizaron los factores de manipulación y chantaje, el dominio, la reacción de la ira, el automatismo, la gratificación y el temperamento iracundo, se obtuvo una R² .40. Como predictores de la violencia económica/social se utilizaron los factores de manipulación y chantaje, la reacción de ira, el dominio, la gratificación y el automatismo, obteniendo una R² .19. Para predecir la violencia sexual se realizaron regresiones simples, sin embargo, la varianza explicada por cada una de las variables fue muy baja. Se sugiere que la violencia física, psicológica, económica y social comparten las mismas causas.

Resumen Objetivo. Identificar los predictores de la violencia ejercida contra la mujer en departamentos de alta prevalencia del Perú. Métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico y transversal. Se realizó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar-ENDES 2019. La muestra fue probabilística, de áreas, estratificada, multietápica e independiente en cada departamento estudiado. Fueron incluidas 108 mujeres convivientes o casadas que respondieron al módulo de violencia. Se llevaron a cabo análisis descriptivos y regresiones logísticas univariadas y multivariadas para muestras complejas, teniendo en cuenta las características sociodemográficas como predictores a través del cálculo del odds ratio (OR) con sus intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados. La probabilidad de padecer algún tipo de violencia fue de 3,56 veces más en las convivientes, respecto a las casadas, ajustado por haber padecido de violencia en la niñez, no pertenecer al comedor popular y no estar afiliada al Programa Nacional Cuna Más (Área ROC = 72,27%). La probabilidad de padecer violencia física fue 2,91 veces más en mujeres con antecedente de violencia en la niñez y 3,91 veces más para el caso de la violencia económica; en el caso de violencia psicológica, la probabilidad fue 4,30 veces más en las convivientes, respecto a las casadas y 4,18 veces más en el caso de la violencia sexual. Conclusiones. Existen predictores como el hecho de ser conviviente, haber sufrido violencia en la niñez y la no pertenencia a programas sociales, los cuales son predictores de la violencia contra la mujer.

Resumo Objetivo. Identificar os preditores de violência contra as mulheres em departamentos de alta prevalência do Peru. Métodos. Estudo observacional, analítico e transversal. Foi realizada uma análise secundária do Levantamento Demográfico da Saúde da Família-ENDES 2019. A amostra foi probabilística, de áreas estratificada, multiestágio e independente em cada departamento estudado. Foram incluídas 108 mulheres concubinas ou casadas que responderam ao módulo de violência. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e regressões logísticas univariadas e multivariadas para amostras complexas, levando-se em consideração as características sociodemográficas como preditores por meio do cálculo do odds ratio (OR) com seus intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados. A probabilidade de sofrer algum tipo de violência foi 3,56 vezes maior em concubinas do que em mulheres casadas, ajustadas por terem sofrido violência na infância, não pertencer ao refeitório popular e não ser filiado ao Programa Nacional Cuna Más (Área ROC = 72,27% ) A probabilidade de sofrer violência física foi 2,91 vezes mais nas mulheres com histórico de violência na infância e 3,91 vezes mais no caso de violência econômica; No caso da violência psicológica, a probabilidade foi 4,30 vezes mais nas concubinas do que nas mulheres casadas e 4,18 vezes mais em relação a violência sexual. Conclusões. Existem preditores como ser companheiro, ter sofrido violência na infância e não pertencer a programas sociais, que são preditores de violência contra a mulher.

Abstract Objective. To identify predictors of violence against women in high prevalence departments of Peru. Methods. Observational, analytical and cross-sectional study. A secondary analysis of the Demographic and Family Health Survey-ENDES 2019 was carried out. The sample was probabilistic, area-based, stratified, multistage and independent in each department studied. A total of 108 cohabiting or married women who responded to the violence module were included. Descriptive analyses and univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were carried out for complex samples, taking into account sociodemographic characteristics as predictors through the calculation of the odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence intervals. Results. The probability of suffering some type of violence was 3.56 times higher in cohabiting women than in married women, adjusted for having suffered violence in childhood, not belonging to the soup kitchen and not being affiliated to the Cuna Más National Program (ROC area = 72.27%). The probability of suffering physical violence was 2.91 times higher in women with a history of violence in childhood and 3.91 times higher in the case of economic violence; in the case of psychological violence, the probability was 4.30 times higher in cohabiting women than in married women and 4.18 times higher in the case of sexual violence. Conclusions. There are predictors such as the fact of being a cohabitant, having suffered violence in childhood and not belonging to social programs, which are predictors of violence against women.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this manuscript is to identify the facts associated with violence against women by their spouse and / or permanent partner. For this, 612 women from the municipality of Guamo, Colombia, who live with their romantic partner, were taken as the population under study. As evidenced in the data provided by the Family Police Station of the Municipality of Guamo, in 2019 156 cases were reported for intra-family violence and 45 cases for violence between couples, a situation that is worrying for the harmonious coexistence of the social group. In this sense, when delving into scientific theories and real facts derived from research, it was found that one of the most relevant causes that generates this social problem is machismo within families, and the lack of a culture based on ethics and human values. Facts such as infidelity, celotypy, economic dependency and intolerance, lead to mistreatment of women, and in turn, that they seek psychological help and campaigns are established to prevent this type of gender violence from continuing.

RESUMEN Este manuscrito tiene como finalidad identificar los hechos asociados a la violencia en contra de la mujer por parte de su cónyuge y/o compañero permanente. Para ello, se tomó como población objeto de estudio a 612 mujeres de la municipalidad del Guamo, Colombia, que conviven con su pareja sentimental. Como se evidencia en los datos suministrados por la Comisaría de Familia del Municipio del Guamo, durante el año 2019 se reportaron 156 casos por violencia intrafamiliar y 45 casos por violencia entre parejas, situación que es preocupante para la convivencia armónica del colectivo social. En este sentido, al profundizar en teorías científicas y hechos reales derivados de la investigación, se halló que una de las causas más relevantes que genera este problema social es el machismo en el seno de las familias, y la falta de una cultura basada en la ética y los valores humanos. Hechos como la infidelidad, celotipia, dependencia económica e intolerancia, propician el maltrato a la mujer, y a su vez, que busquen ayuda psicológica y se establezcan campañas para evitar que este tipo de violencia de género siga perpetuándose.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 constitutes an emergency for the public health due to the high morbidity and mortality that it causes in human beings, along with significant economic and psychosocial repercussions. Children and adolescents constitute a community of special vulnerability. This pandemic is associated with the increment of psychosocial factors, such as: loss of healthy habits, violence within the family and abuse of new technologies. For such reasons a literature review was carried out on the effects and psychological impact of the COVID-19 in young population, associated risk factors and possible intervention strategies. It is indispensable the detection of these risk factors and the design of prevention strategies, comprehensive care, follow up in crisis and in later stages that would mean the protection of children and adolescents, and would contribute positive effects to these population groups.

RESUMEN La COVID-19 constituye una emergencia para la salud pública debido a la elevada morbilidad y mortalidad que provoca en los seres humanos, unido a significativas repercusiones económicas y psicosociales. Los niños y adolescentes constituyen un colectivo de especial vulnerabilidad. Esta pandemia se asocia con el incremento de factores psicosociales, tales como: pérdida de hábitos saludables, violencia intrafamiliar y abuso de nuevas tecnologías. Por tales motivos se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los efectos e impacto psicológico de la COVID-19 en la población infanto-juvenil, factores de riesgo asociados y posibles estrategias de intervención. Resulta imprescindible la detección de estos factores de riesgo y el diseño de estrategias de prevención, atención integral, seguimiento en crisis y en etapas posteriores que impliquen la protección de niños y adolescentes, así como aporten efectos positivos a estos grupos poblacionales.

RESUMO A pandemia do coronavírus levou a sociedade a adotar medidas de contenção de sua disseminação que geram impactos em âmbito social, econômico e psicológico, principalmente pelo isolamento social. Alguns autores apontam que as mudanças sociais geraram mudanças sobre as variadas formas de trauma e violência. Para este estudo, foi realizada coleta de dados referente aos anos de 2019 e 2020 no DATASUS - TABNET e no site da Secretaria de Segurança Pública- SSP, considerando diversos tipos de trauma e violência, com posterior análise de correlação pelo teste de coeficiente e correlação de Kendall. Houve significância estatística, permitindo realizar correlação com a pandemia de caráter negativo para as taxas de lesão corporal por acidente de trânsito, ferimento por arma de fogo, ferimento por arma branca, violência sexual, lesão corporal e violência interpessoal. Como fatores possivelmente associados a redução na incidência destas variáveis, a literatura apresenta algumas mudanças provenientes da pandemia, como adesão ao isolamento, com redução do fluxo de pessoas na rua, e diminuição de denúncias de violência. O presente estudo indica que os achados podem servir de alerta para mudanças futuras e para adoção de medidas preventivas, porém representam o quadro inicial da pandemia em São Paulo e, portanto, mais investigações devem ser elaboradas com o decorrer da pandemia, que ainda se mantém.

ABSTRACT The coronavirus pandemic led society to adopt measures to contain its spread that generate impacts in the social, economic and psychological spheres, mainly due to social isolation. Some authors point out that social changes have generated changes in the various forms of trauma and violence. For this study, data collection for the years 2019 and 2020 was carried out on DATASUS - TABNET and on the website of the Secretariat of Public Security - SSP, considering various types of trauma and violence, with subsequent correlation analysis using the Kendall coefficient and correlation test. There was statistical significance, allowing a correlation with the negative pandemic for the rates of body injury due to traffic accidents, gunshot injuries, stab wounds, sexual violence, bodily injuries and interpersonal violence. As factors possibly associated with a reduction in the incidence of these variables, the literature presents some changes resulting from the pandemic, such as adherence to isolation, with a reduction in the flow of people on the street, and a decrease in reports of violence. The present study indicates that the findings may serve as a warning for future changes and for the adoption of preventive measures, however they represent the initial situation of the pandemic in São Paulo and, therefore, further investigations must be carried out with the course of the pandemic, which still remains.

Violence against women is a practice that persists in all societies across the globe. The range of actions and omissions that amount to violence has evolved over time, to recognise harmful practices that do not necessarily result in physical harm. Such actions or omissions include economic and psychological forms of violence. The evolving definition of violence is reflected in many global and regional human rights instruments. However, the approach to such recognition and measures proposed to address economic and psychological forms of violence vary considerably from one instrument to another. This article assesses the extent to which economic and psychological forms of violence are addressed in the norms and standards of the African Union. A systematic review of the applicable instruments and the jurisprudence of key human rights bodies reveals that the recognition of economic and psychological forms of violence rarely goes beyond the definition clause of the respective instruments. As a result, jurisprudential engagement on, and the framing of measures for response to these forms of violence is limited. The failure to adopt a consistent, robust and purposive approach to violence, which articulates measures necessary to address all the forms of violence, undercuts the protection available to women who suffer from economic and psychologicalforms of violence. This article makes the case that consistent recognition and specific articulation of economic and psychological forms of violence as distinct types of violence, as in the approach of the Istanbul Treaty, is necessary to fulfil the promise of protection from 'all forms of violence'. Such express recognition in multilateral instruments is important to influence domestic law to follow suit

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical punishment against the child within the family and performed by her or his mother is a public health concern in Latin America. Objective: To determine the factors associated with physical mistreatment in children under five years of age performed by their mothers. Methods: We carried out an observational study based on the secondary analysis of the data from the 2017 National Survey of Health and Demography (ENDES, as it stands in Spanish for Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Demografía). The sample consisted of 13,565 children under the age of five. Chi square and the P value were calculated, together with the crude odds ratio (ORc) and its 95% confidence interval. Results: There was a lower risk of mistreatment in children under the age of five who lived in the jungle, when the mother’s husband or partner lived in the house and when there was psychological or physical violence against the woman. There was an increased risk of physical abuse when the mothers spoke Aymara or another indigenous or native language, when the couple had secondary or higher education, or when the woman attacked her partner. Conclusions: Physical violence against children under five years of age was more likely when the mother was exposed to stressful situations, possibly mediated by the conditions of economic vulnerability or poverty that she lives through, especially when she had indigenous roots and lived on the coast, all this exacerbated by the inability to solve problems that ultimately lead to violence, even against the husband or partner.

RESUMEN Introducción: El castigo físico en contra del niño dentro del seno familiar y ejercido por la madre es un problema de salud pública en América Latina. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al maltrato físico en menores de cinco años de edad perpetrado por sus madres. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional basado en el análisis secundario de los datos de la “Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Demografía (ENDES), 2017”. La muestra estuvo conformada por 13 565 niños menores de cinco años. Se calculó el chi cuadrado y el valor de p, así como el odds ratio crudo (ORc) y su intervalo de confianza al 95 %. Resultados: Existió menor riesgo de maltrato en los niños menores de cinco años que resideían en la selva, cuando el esposo o conviviente de la madre vivía en la casa y cuando existía violencia psicológica o física en contra de la mujer. Existió mayor riesgo de maltrato físico cuando las madres hablaban aymara u otra lengua indígena/originaria, cuando la pareja tenía instrucción secundaria o superior o cuando la mujer agredía a su pareja. Conclusiones: La violencia física contra el niño menor de cinco años resultó más probable cuando la madre estaba expuesta a situaciones estresantes, posiblemente mediadas por las condiciones de vulnerabilidad económica o pobreza que vive, sobre todo cuando tenía raíces indígenas y residía en la costa, todo esto exacerbado por la incapacidad para la solución de problemas que, finalmente, derivan en violencia, incluso contra el esposo o conviviente.

Abstract Mexico present high rate of violence against women, which comes from the partner. The risk level assessment of intimate partner violence allows providing security measures to the victims and reducing the re-victimization. The aim was to validate the Severe Intimate Partner Violence Risk Prediction Scale (EPV-R) in the urban context of Chihuahua, Mexico. Methods. The scale was applied in 591 victims of violence, classified into two groups: severe and non-severe violence. An experts committee included three new items: psychological violence, economic violence and aggressor links with organized crime. The Internal consistency, the inter-observer concordance, the discriminative capacity of each of the items and the diagnostic efficacy were analyzed. All test were performed at the 95% of confidence level. Results. Adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.79) and good agreement between inter-observers (Kappa coefficient 0.79, p < 0.001; Intraclass Correlation Coefficient = 0.96, p = 0.001) were found. Of all 23 items, 20 showed adequate association capacity between severe and non-severe violence groups (p < 0.05), five items presented high capacity, 6 items moderated capacity and 11 items showed low capacity, assigning them a value of 3, 2 and 1 points respectively. The total score mean of the scale was higher in severe group than non-severe group, 22.7 ± 5.9 vs 12.1 ± 7.2 respectively (t = 14.6, p = 0.001). After several cutoff scores tested, a value of 21 combine the best sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic efficacy of the instrument with 70%, 87% and 79% respectively; also, an AUC of 0.86 was found (p = 0.001). From this viewpoint, three levels of severe violence risk were determined: low (0-8), moderate (9-20) and high (20-36). Conclusion. The EPV-R is a reliable and valid instrument to estimate the risk of serious violence against the couple in the urban context of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Resumen La valoración del nivel de riesgo de violencia permite brindar medidas de seguridad a las víctimas y disminuir la revictimización. El objetivo fue validar la escala de predicción de riesgo de violencia grave contra la pareja (EPVR) en población mexicana. Método. Se aplicó la EPV-R modificada a 591 víctimas de violencia, clasificadas en dos grupos: violencia grave y no grave. Se analizó la consistencia interna, la concordancia inter-observadores, la capacidad discriminativa de los ítems y la eficacia diagnóstica. Resultados. Se encontró una confiabilidad interna adecuada (alfa de Cronbach de 0.79); 20 ítems presentaron capacidad discriminativa entre violencia grave y no grave acorde al índice de discriminación y la prueba de chi-cuadrada (p < 0.05). Se observó una concordancia adecuada inter-observador con base en el índice Kappa (0.79, p = 0.001) y el coeficiente de correlación interclase (0.96, p = 0.001). A partir de una puntuación de 21, se encontró un AUC de 0.86 (p = 0.001), una sensibilidad de 70%, una especificidad de 87% y una eficacia diagnóstica de 79%. Conclusión. La escala EPV-R demostró ser un instrumento fiable y válido para estimar el riesgo de violencia grave contra la pareja, en la ciudad de Chihuahua, México.