Résumé L’objectif du travail est de documenter l’existence d’un modèle de punition-récompense dans les pratiques éducatives envers les mineurs, à Querétaro, région centre-bas du pays, au cours des années 1950; considéré comme une étape de transition vers la Modernité, dans un environnement socioculturel dominé par les institutions conservatrices. Les recherches précédentes ont montré l’existence de châtiments physiques et psychologiques dans les salles de classe, acceptés par la société, où les mineurs ne le considéraient pas comme de la violence, mais comme une activité d’enseignement. Les travaux universitaires se sont concentrés sur la cruauté des châtiments corporels et le rôle de l’enseignement dans l’exercice du pouvoir et de la domination, mais sans prêter attention aux enfances et aux dynamiques dans lesquelles, le correctif fait partie d’un quotidien où abondent aussi les stimuli basés sur la récompense. Pour montrer cela, une recherche a été menée dans le cadre de l’Histoire Sociale et Culturelle, en utilisant des sources officielles et des références telles que: photographies, publicités, bandes dessinées ou romans, à travers lesquelles sont mis en évidence certains des stimuli et des satisfactions que les familles, souvent par un lourd sacrifice économique, donnaient à leurs enfants pour pouvoir aller à l’école. Il ressort des conclusions que ce que l’on considérait auparavant comme des pratiques communes ne le sont plus au fil du temps, et ce qui était impensable, avec le progressisme, c’est maintenant la norme. Le rejet actuel de la violence physique et psychologique entre et vers la population scolaire ne fait pas exception.

Streszczenie Streszczenie Celem pracy jest udokumentowanie istnienia modelu kary i nagrody w praktykach edukacyjnych wobec nieletnich w Querétaro, regionie środkowo-zachodnim kraju, w latach 1950-1960; okres ten uważany jest za etap przejścia do nowoczesności, w społeczno-kulturowym środowisku zdominowanym przez konserwatywne instytucje. Badania wcześniejsze pokazują istnienie kar fizycznych i psychicznych w salach lekcyjnych, akceptowanych przez społeczeństwo, gdzie nieletni nie traktowali tego jako przemocy, a jako działalność pedagogiczną. Prace akademickie skupiały się na ujawnianiu okrucieństwa kar fizycznych i roli nauczycieli w wywieraniu relacji władzy i dominacji, ale bez zwracania uwagi na dzieciństwo ani dynamikę, w której kara jest częścią codzienności, obok obfitujących w bodźce opartych na nagrodzie. Aby to udowodnić, przeprowadzono badania z wykorzystaniem podejścia historii społecznej i kulturowej, korzystając z oficjalnych źródeł i odniesień, takich jak: fotografie, reklamy, komiksy lub powieści, poprzez które ukazano niektóre bodźce i zaspokajacze, które rodziny, często kosztem dużego poświęcenia ekonomicznego, dawały swoim córkom i synom, aby mogły chodzić do szkoły. Wnioski wskazują, że to, co kiedyś uważano za powszechne praktyki, z czasem przestaje nimi być; a to, co było nie do pomyślenia, stało się teraz normą dzięki postępowi. Obecny sprzeciw wobec przemocy fizycznej i psychicznej wśród i wobec populacji szkolnej nie jest wyjątkiem.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo es documentar la existencia de un modelo de castigo-recompensa en las prácticas educativas hacia menores, en Querétaro, región centro-bajío del país, durante la década de 1950; considerada una etapa de transición a la Modernidad, en un entorno sociocultural dominado por las instituciones conservadoras. Las investigaciones previas muestran la existencia de castigos físicos y psicológicos en las aulas, aceptados por la sociedad, donde las y los menores no lo consideraban como violencia, sino quehacer docente. Los trabajos académicos se centraron en exhibir la crueldad de los castigos físicos y el papel de la docencia al ejercer relaciones de poder y dominación, pero sin prestar atención a las infancias ni a las dinámicas en las que, el correctivo es parte de una cotidianeidad en la que también abundan estímulos basados en la recompensa. Para dar muestra de ello, se desarrolló una investigación bajo el enfoque de la Historia Social y Cultural, usando fuentes oficiales y referencias como: fotografías, anuncios publicitarios, historietas o novelas, a través de las cuales se evidencian algunos de los estímulos y satisfactores que las familias, muchas veces mediante un fuerte sacrificio económico, daban a sus hijas e hijos para poder ir a la escuela. Entre las conclusiones destaca que, lo que antes se consideraban prácticas comunes, al paso del tiempo ya no lo son; y lo que era impensable, con el progresismo, ahora es la norma. El rechazo actual de la violencia física y psicológica entre y hacia la población escolar, no es la excepción.

Abstract This paper aims to document the existence of a punishment-reward model in educational practices towards minors in Querétaro, a central-bajío region in Mexico, during the 1950s. This decade was considered a transitional stage to Modernity, in a sociocultural environment dominated by conservative institutions. Previous research shows the existence of physical and psychological punishment in classrooms, accepted by society, where minors did not perceive them as violence, but as a regular part of teaching. Academic research focused on exposing the cruelty of physical punishment and on the role of teaching in exercising relations of power and domination, but without focusing on the children or the dynamics in which correction was part of everyday life where reward-based stimuli were also abundant. To demonstrate this, research was conducted under the approach of Social and Cultural History, using official sources and references such as photographs, advertisements, comic books, or novels, through which are evidenced some of the stimuli and satisfiers that families, often through a strong economic sacrifice, provided to their children so that they were able to go to school. Among the conclusions, it is noteworthy that what was once considered common practices, over time, is no longer so, and that what was unthinkable, with progressivism, is now the norm. The current rejection of physical and psychological violence among and towards the school population is no exception.

Abstract Objective: To identify the perception of violence in dating relationships in nursing students of a public university in Minatitlán, Veracruz, Mexico. Methodology: Descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study, the sample consisted of 182 nursing students enrolled in a public university in Minatitlán, Veracruz, Mexico. The sampling was simple random. The Violence in Young Partner Relationships Questionnaire (VIREPA) was used, composed of 20 items with a Likert-type scale with 5 response options and sociodemographic questions. Results: 26.9% of the students indicated abuse in their past relationships and 3.8% indicated abuse in their current relationship. Differences between males and females were found in emotional abuse (z=-2.248, p=.004) and social and economic control (z=-2.681, p=.002) with higher data in males. Participant's age and partner's age was related to emotional, physical and psychological mistreatment and personal devaluation (p<.05). Conclusions: University nursing students, have perceived experiences of violence during their dating relationships, behavior that can go unnoticed by both the perpetrator and the victim, so it is considered relevant the design of violence prevention programs in university contexts, aimed at identifying violence and its impact on the student, which provides knowledge and opportunity to identify when they are living a violent situation within their dating relationships.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de violencia en las relaciones de noviazgo en estudiantes de enfermería de una Universidad Pública de Minatitlán, Veracruz México. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional, la muestra fueron 182 estudiantes de enfermería inscritos en una universidad pública, de Minatitlán, Veracruz, México. El muestreo fue aleatorio simple. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Violencia en las Relaciones de Parejas jóvenes (VIREPA), integrado por 20 ítems con una escala tipo Likert con 5 opciones de respuesta y preguntas sociodemográficas. Resultados: El 26.9% de los estudiantes indicó maltrato en sus relaciones pasadas y 3.8% maltrato en su relación actual. Se encontraron diferencias entre hombres y mujeres, en el maltrato emocional (z=-2.248, p=0.004) y el control social y económico (z=-2.681, p=0.002) con datos más elevados en los hombres. La edad del participante y la edad de la pareja se relacionó con el maltrato emocional, físico y psicológico y la desvalorización personal (p<0.05). Conclusiones: Los estudiantes universitarios de enfermería, han percibido experiencias de violencia durante sus relaciones de noviazgo, conducta que puede pasar desapercibida tanto para el perpetrador como para la víctima, por lo que se considera relevante el diseño de programas de prevención de la violencia en los contextos universitarios, dirigidos a identificar la violencia y su impacto en el estudiante, que aporte conocimiento y dé oportunidad para identificar cuando están viviendo una situación violenta dentro de sus relaciones de noviazgo.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir las características de las mujeres privadas de libertad (MPL) de un centro de detención carcelario de la región Caribe de Colombia, a partir de un método cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, mediante el uso de unidades de análisis documental de una muestra de 202 archivos psicojurídicos de mujeres privadas de libertad, durante los años 2021 y 2022. En estos archivos se encuentran 25 variables divididas en tres grupos. Primer grupo: características sociodemográficas de la población; segundo grupo: datos históricos, relativos a antecedentes familiares y de salud mental; tercer grupo: aspectos relacionados con la conducta delictiva. De acuerdo con los resultados encontrados, la mayor parte de la población son madres, con escaso acceso a oportunidades laborales, bajo nivel de escolaridad, con precarios ingresos económicos, antecedentes de victimización psicológica, sexual o física, exposición a violencia indirecta, antecedentes de abandono y, en algunos casos, se identificó la presencia de diagnósticos en salud mental, consumo de sustancias, comorbilidad y experiencias traumáticas durante su infancia y adolescencia y la prisionalización de padres o familiares. Estos resultados permiten reconocer la importancia de los aspectos históricos y los antecedentes de la conducta delictiva femenina, lo cual resulta fundamental en la prevención de la criminalidad, haciendo frente a los factores de riesgo previos a la conducta delictiva femenina; igualmente, la relevancia del fortalecimiento de un modelo carcelario de cara a las características y necesidades de la población femenina, una política criminal y un sistema penitenciario de género sensitivo, así como la incorporación de los resultados encontrados en el tratamiento carcelario, en la resocialización y en la prevención del fenómeno criminal.

Resumo X O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características das mulheres privadas de liberdade (MPL) em um centro de detenção prisional na região caribenha da Colômbia, com base em um método quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, usando unidades de análise documental de uma amostra de 202 arquivos psicolegais de mulheres privadas de liberdade, durante os anos de 2021 e 2022. Esses arquivos contêm 25 variáveis divididas em três grupos. Primeiro grupo: características sociodemográficas da população; segundo grupo: dados históricos, relativos à história familiar e à saúde mental; terceiro grupo: aspectos relacionados ao comportamento criminal. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, a maior parte da população é composta por mães, com pouco acesso a oportunidades de trabalho, baixo nível de escolaridade, renda econômica precária, histórico de vitimização psicológica, sexual ou física, exposição à violência indireta, histórico de abandono e, em alguns casos, foi identificada a presença de diagnósticos de saúde mental, uso de substâncias, comorbidade e experiências traumáticas durante a infância e a adolescência e o encarceramento dos pais ou parentes. Esses resultados permitem reconhecer a importância dos aspectos históricos e dos antecedentes do comportamento criminoso feminino, o que é fundamental na prevenção da criminalidade, abordando os fatores de risco anteriores ao comportamento criminoso feminino; também, a relevância do fortalecimento de um modelo prisional diante das características e necessidades da população feminina, de uma política criminal e de um sistema prisional sensível ao gênero, bem como a incorporação dos resultados encontrados no tratamento prisional, na ressocialização e na prevenção do fenômeno criminal.

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of women deprived of liberty (MPL) in a prison detention centre in the Caribbean region of Colombia, based on a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional method, using units of documentary analysis of a sample of 202 psycholegal files of women deprived of liberty, during the years 2021 and 2022. These files contain 25 variables divided into three groups. First group: socio-demographic characteristics of the population; second group: historical data, relating to family history and mental health; third group: aspects related to criminal behaviour. According to the results found, most of the population are mothers, with little access to job opportunities, low level of schooling, precarious economic income, history of psychological, sexual or physical victimisation, exposure to indirect violence, history of abandonment and, in some cases, the presence of mental health diagnoses, substance use, comorbidity and traumatic experiences during childhood and adolescence and the imprisonment of parents or relatives were identified. These results allow us to recognise the importance of the historical aspects and background of female criminal behaviour, which is fundamental in the prevention of criminality, addressing the risk factors prior to female criminal behaviour; also, the relevance of strengthening a prison model that takes into account the characteristics and needs of the female population, a criminal policy and a gender-sensitive penitentiary system, as well as the incorporation of the results found in prison treatment, in re-socialisation and in the prevention of the criminal phenomenon.

Abstract Objective To report the prevalence of and identify sociodemographic and economic factors associated with physical and psychological abuse among hospitalized older individuals. Method A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at two hospitals in the state of Paraiba, Brazil. Data collection took place between 2019 and 2020 for a sample of 323 older individuals. Brazil Old Age Schedule instruments were used to collect sociodemographic characteristics and the Conflict Tactics Scales Form R were used to identify abuse. Descriptive analysis (relative and absolute frequency) and inferential analysis (Pearson's chi-square test, Spearman's Correlation, and logistic regression) were performed. Results There was a significant association between physical abuse and the variables income ≤1 minimum wage (p=0.048), other sources of income (p=0.019), ≥6 people dependent on income (p=0.016) and total income that "falls a little short" of meeting needs (p=0.010). Concomitant physical and psychological abuse was associated with other sources of income (p=0.015) and "falls a little short" of meeting needs (p=0.005). Other sources of income (p=0.049; OR=3.134), income score (p=0.000; 0.999), and disease score (p=0.014; OR=1.393) remained in the logistic regression model for physical abuse, whereas only disease score remained (p=0.006; OR=1.286) in the model for psychological abuse. Conclusion Physical abuse was more prevalent among individuals with lower income or higher number of diseases, while psychological abuse predominated among participants reporting more diseases. Additionally, individuals with alternative sources of income had a three-fold higher chance of experiencing physical abuse. crosssectional cross sectional Paraiba 201 202 32 relative frequency Pearsons Pearson s chisquare chi square test Spearmans Spearman Correlation performed 1 ≤ p=0.048, p0048 p p=0.048 , 0 048 (p=0.048) p=0.019, p0019 p=0.019 019 (p=0.019) 6 ≥ p=0.016 p0016 016 (p=0.016 falls short p=0.010. p0010 p=0.010 . 010 (p=0.010) p=0.015 p0015 015 (p=0.015 p=0.005. p0005 p=0.005 005 (p=0.005) p=0.049 p0049 049 (p=0.049 OR=3.134, OR3134 OR OR=3.134 3 134 OR=3.134) p=0.000 p0000 000 (p=0.000 0.999, 0999 0.999 999 0.999) p=0.014 p0014 014 (p=0.014 OR=1.393 OR1393 393 p=0.006 p0006 006 (p=0.006 OR=1.286 OR1286 286 diseases Additionally threefold three fold 20 p004 p=0.04 04 (p=0.048 p001 p=0.01 01 (p=0.019 (p=0.01 (p=0.010 p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.005 (p=0.04 OR313 OR=3.13 13 (p=0.00 099 0.99 99 OR=1.39 OR139 39 OR=1.28 OR128 28 2 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.0 OR31 OR=3.1 09 0.9 9 OR=1.3 OR13 OR=1.2 OR12 p0 p=0. (p=0. OR3 OR=3. 0. OR=1. OR1 p=0 (p=0 OR=3 OR=1 p= (p= OR= (p

Resumo Objetivo descrever a prevalência e identificar os fatores sociodemográficos e econômicos associados a violência física e psicológica entre pessoas idosas hospitalizadas. Método um estudo do tipo seccional e analítico realizado em dois hospitais do estado da Paraíba, Brasil. A coleta de dados aconteceu entre os anos de 2019 e 2020, incluindo uma amostra de 323 pessoas idosas. Utilizou os instrumentos Brazil Old Age Schedule para coleta das características sociodemográficas e Conflict Tactics Scales Form R para identificar a violência. Foi realizada análise descritiva (frequência relativa e absoluta) e inferencial (Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Correlação de Spearman e regressão logística). Resultados Houve associação significativa entre violência física e as variáveis renda de até 1 salário mínimo (p=0,048), outras fontes de renda (p=0,019), seis ou mais pessoas dependentes da renda (p=0,016) e possuir renda total que “falta um pouco” para suprir as necessidades (p=0,010). A violência física e psicológica simultânea se associaram com outras fontes de renda (p=0,015) e a “falta um pouco” para suprir as necessidades (p=0,005). No modelo da regressão logística para violência física permaneceram outras fontes de renda (p=0,049; OR=3,134), escore de renda (p=0,000; 0,999) e escore de doenças (p=0,014; OR=1,393). No modelo para violência psicológica permaneceu apenas o escore de doenças (p=0,006; OR=1,286). Conclusão A violência física prevaleceu entre aqueles com menor renda ou maior número de doenças, enquanto a violência psicológica teve destaque entre as pessoas que relataram mais doenças. Ademais, pessoas com fontes de renda alternativas demonstraram uma chance três vezes maior de sofrer violência física. hospitalizadas Paraíba Brasil 201 2020 32 frequência absoluta Quiquadrado Qui quadrado Pearson logística. . logística) p=0,048, p0048 p p=0,048 , 0 048 (p=0,048) p=0,019, p0019 p=0,019 019 (p=0,019) p=0,016 p0016 016 (p=0,016 falta pouco p=0,010. p0010 p=0,010 010 (p=0,010) p=0,015 p0015 015 (p=0,015 p=0,005. p0005 p=0,005 005 (p=0,005) p=0,049 p0049 049 (p=0,049 OR=3,134, OR3134 OR OR=3,134 3 134 OR=3,134) p=0,000 p0000 000 (p=0,000 0,999 0999 999 p=0,014 p0014 014 (p=0,014 OR=1,393. OR1393 OR=1,393 393 OR=1,393) p=0,006 p0006 006 (p=0,006 OR=1,286. OR1286 OR=1,286 286 OR=1,286) Ademais 20 202 p004 p=0,04 04 (p=0,048 p001 p=0,01 01 (p=0,019 (p=0,01 (p=0,010 p000 p=0,00 00 (p=0,005 (p=0,04 OR313 OR=3,13 13 (p=0,00 0,99 099 99 OR139 OR=1,39 39 OR128 OR=1,28 28 2 p00 p=0,0 (p=0,0 OR31 OR=3,1 0,9 09 9 OR13 OR=1,3 OR12 OR=1,2 p0 p=0, (p=0, OR3 OR=3, 0, OR1 OR=1, p=0 (p=0 OR=3 OR=1 p= (p= OR= (p

Abstract Introduction: Violence is a complex phenomenon that affects individuals of different genders, ages, ethnicities and social classes, being considered an important public health problem in Brazil and in the world. Methodology: Study with a quantitative, epidemiological and analytical approach, whose objective was to characterize the main indicators and the way they are associated with violence in Brazil according to their forms, means and circumstances of occurrence, from 2011 to 2020. A dendrogram was produced through the combined application of Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering techniques, characterizing the main profiles associated with violence in Brazil. Results: Violence is established as a complex and multicausal phenomenon, which results not only in high public expenditures, but mainly in the reduction of social cohesion due to the immeasurable damage caused to the population involved. In the present study, the violence is mostly of the physical type, affecting adult females, with low schooling and white or brown. Recurrence occurs mainly when the violence is psychological and sexual. As for the aggressor, they are usually adults, male, and the use of alcohol is common. An important participation of the Southeast region was observed in the notifications of all forms of violence. Conclusions: The magnitude and severity of the problem is brought into question, which must be investigated regionally and in a segmented manner, according to the type of violence. Thus, it infers that spending on violence prevention can mitigate economic, social and psychological problems in Brazil.

Resumen Introducción: La violencia es un fenómeno complejo que afecta a individuos de diferentes géneros, edades, etnias y clases sociales, siendo considerada un importante problema de salud pública en Brasil y en el mundo. Metodología: Estudio con abordaje cuantitativo, epidemiológico y analítico, cuyo objetivo fue caracterizar los principales indicadores y la forma en que se asocian a la violencia en Brasil según sus formas, medios y circunstancias de ocurrencia, de 2011 a 2020. Se elaboró un dendrograma a través de la aplicación combinada de técnicas de Análisis de Correspondencias Múltiples y Clustering Jerárquico, caracterizando los principales perfiles asociados a la violencia en Brasil. Resultados: La violencia se establece como un fenómeno complejo y multicausal, que se traduce no solo en elevados gastos públicos, sino principalmente en la reducción de la cohesión social por los inconmensurables daños que ocasiona a la población involucrada. En el presente estudio, la violencia es mayoritariamente de tipo físico, afectando a mujeres adultas, con baja escolaridad y de raza blanca o morena. La recurrencia ocurre principalmente cuando la violencia es psicológica y sexual. En cuanto al agresor, suele ser adulto, masculino, y es habitual el consumo de alcohol. Se observó una importante participación de la región Sudeste en las notificaciones de todas las formas de violencia. Conclusiones: Se cuestiona la magnitud y gravedad del problema, el cual debe ser investigado regionalmente y de manera segmentada, según el tipo de violencia. Así, infiere que el gasto en prevención de la violencia puede mitigar problemas económicos, sociales y psicológicos en Brasil.

Resumen El presente trabajo se inscribe en los estudios sobre las migraciones contemporáneas a Chile, campo iniciado en los años noventa al momento de una transición democrática y una economía presentada como exitosa. Expone breves referencias a la migración hacia Chile proveniente de Haití y algunos elementos de la historia de Haití que conforman una situación migratoria particular. El objetivo es identificar el racismo presente en las interacciones entre profesionales de los centros de la red pública de salud y pacientes haitianos/as que acuden a ellos en Santiago de Chile. Este trabajo proviene de un proyecto mayor que analizó la sociabilidad y las competencias culturales de estos profesionales al interactuar con migrantes. Desde una metodología cualitativa se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales de la red pública de salud y grupos focales a pacientes haitianos. El marco de referencia se centra en el racismo como sistema y como relación social, en la discriminación racial y sus efectos en las personas. Se analizan las palabras de los/as pacientes y los/as profesionales, se presentan algunas conclusiones sobre el racismo y la violencia registradas como forma de sociabilidad, entendiéndola como el modo en que se da el trato entre dos actores, uno de ellos en una posición superior. Estos procesos precisan ser reflexionados para dar cuenta del sufrimiento producido en hombres, mujeres y niños/as haitianos que buscan atención en la red de salud pública. Por último, se avanzan algunas orientaciones tendientes a superarlos.

Abstract The present work is inscribed within the field of contemporary migration studies in Chile, a line of investigation initiated during the nineties. At the time, various people from South America and the Caribbean arrived to the country, which was undergoing a democratic transition and presented itself as a successful economic model. Twenty-five years later, migrants from Haiti began arriving. Despite not constituting the largest group of migrants, they have become one of the most targeted by Chilean society, the media, the political class and government authorities. Since the election of Sebastián Piñera in 2018, certain measures were taken that signaled a policy aimed towards reducing Haitian presence in the country: namely, a “humanitarian” return plan exclusively for Haitians and the creation of a consular visa as the main permit in order to enter the country. During the COVID-19 pandemic, they were singled out as disobedient to the measures imposed by the state of emergency and the sanitary restrictions put in place. Chilean society agrees with restrictive norms and policies and looks with suspicion at a migrant group that it perceives as different. Chile, a country colonized in the name of humanist and republican values, which upholds cultural homogeneity, does not look favorably on the arrival of migrants from elsewhere in the region, and even less so on a migrant group whose skin color has been negatively evaluated, to the point of linking it to physical, cultural and psychological characteristics. This work makes brief references of the context of migrating to Chile, of doing so from Haiti, and of some elements of Haiti’s history that make up this particular migratory situation. The proposed objective is to identify racism present within the interactions between public health workers and Haitian patients who approach them for help or treatment in the city of Santiago. This work stems from a larger project that analyzed the sociability and cultural skills of different public health professionals interacting with migrants. Employing a qualitative methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals from the public health service and focus groups were organized with Haitian patients. The frame of reference focuses on racism as a system and as a social relationship, on racial discrimination and its effects on people. The words of patients and professionals are analyzed and conclusions are drawn in regards to racism and registered violence as forms of sociability, the latter understood as the way in which two actors interact when one of them is in a position of superiority. These processes need to be reflected upon in order to account for the damages caused to Haitian men, women and children seeking care in the public health network. Considering the importance of the right to migrate in current times and the multiple obstacles that impede it, Haitian life in Chile emerges as a “problem” when it comes to being attended, cared for or assisted to by health professionals, an issue that is linked to the fact that contemporary migrations have been repeatedly characterized as a “problem” and not as a social phenomenon that needs to be seriously analyzed with academic accuracy. Racist criticism emerges violently, offending and harming Haitian migrants who, in order to avoid it, sometimes prefer not to go public health centers, to look for alternatives when dealing with the ailments that afflict them, or straightforwardly abandon the possibility of being attended at all. Finally, some guidelines are advanced which may help to overcome these situations by training professionals in order to improve communications between them and Haitian migrants.

Resumen Las pruebas internacionales de aplicación masiva permiten evaluar los aportes de los factores individuales, familiares, institucionales y nacionales al logro educativo de los estudiantes expresado en su desempeño. En este contexto, el propósito de este estudio fue proponer y evaluar un modelo de efectos centrado en el procesamiento cognitivo esencial e incidental de las actividades académicas, de acuerdo con el desempeño en las pruebas de matemáticas en estudiantes de sexto grado de 15 países (y el estado de Nuevo León de México) que participaron en el Tercer Estudio Regional Comparativo y Explicativo (TERCE). Se formuló un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales en el que se calcularon índices de procesamiento esencial (control atencional, memoria de trabajo y supervisión familiar) y procesamiento incidental (violencia percibida, uso de ocio de la computadora -videojuegos, redes sociales, reproducción de contenidos, etcétera), con base en los ítems o preguntas utilizados en el TERCE. Los índices se diseñaron y obtuvieron según el Modelo de Rasch de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). El modelo planteado afecta el desempeño en la prueba en 24 puntos. La variable con mayor tamaño de efecto es el uso de ocio de computadoras en el hogar. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de las hipótesis cognitivas sobre la distribución de recursos de atención y la de entrenamiento para entender el rol de las tecnologías de la información en el proceso formativo.

Abstract International tests of massive application allow evaluating how individual, institutional, national, and family factors contribute to students' educational achievement through their performance. Consequently, education evaluation is based on the paradigm of general and specific competencies for life. One of these general competencies is the capacity to solve mathematical problems and apply logical thinking to problem-solving. In order to evaluate this general competence, standardized tests have been developed. Among these tests, the Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (TERCE) in 2013 evaluated the mathematical and other areas' academic performance of children in the third and sixth grade. The TERCE Mathematics evaluation allows researchers to capture the students' academic performance in five domains: numeric, geometric, measurement, statistics, and variation, as well as their cognitive performance in objects and elements recognition and simple and complex problem-solving. In addition, to evaluate these eight dimensions, the TERCE test also asks for information regarding academic context, family environment, and teachers, among others. Despite this information, in Colombia and in general, the evaluation of the socioeconomic context over academic performance has been studied mainly considering the schools' characteristics, families' economic levels, and public expenses. Therefore, there is little evidence of the effects of psycho-pedagogical and psychological factors on academic performance. Psycho-pedagogical models emphasize the dependence of the superior processes on perceptual and attentional processes and the need for activities that demand deep processing and active involvement with information before, during, and after classes. Thus, attending simultaneously to different elements affects the development of cognitive control functions, which leads to low academic achievement and performance. Frequently, students face academic activities in different scenarios where the attentional system should divide its resources between several stimulus sources. Activities in which the attentional system focuses are “essential processing”, and those not related to the main academic activity are called “incidental processing”. Consequently, increasing the sources of incidental processing would decrease the attentional resources devoted to the essential processing of educational activities producing low academic performance. In this context, the study proposes and evaluates an effects model focused on essential and incidental cognitive processing of academic activities. The information was captured on the mathematics performance of sixth-grade students from 15 countries (and the state of Nuevo León de México) participating in the Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (TERCE). A Structural Equations model was formulated using indices of Essential Processing (Attentional Control, Working Memory, and Family Supervision) and Incidental Processing (Perceived Violence, Leisure use of the computer, and incidental processing) based on the items or questions used in the TERCE. The indices were designed based on the Item Response Theory (IRT) model. Findings show that the proposed model affects the performance in the test by 24 points. Higher scores in essential processing produce higher scores in the mathematics component of the TERCE test. Family supervision of academic activity is the single element with the highest impact on academic performance (3.020); on the other hand, attentional control (7.48) and working memory (4.295) also impact academic performance positively. Regarding the incidental processing variables, lower levels of perceived violence (1.680), less noise and distractor in class (2.130), and higher use of computers at home for leisure activities (5.851) have the most significant impacts on academic performance. The results are discussed considering the cognitive hypotheses on the distribution of attention resources and the training hypothesis to understand information technologies' role in the academic processes. Suggestions for further research focus on the inclusion of items with a higher theoretical background that allows researchers to evaluate the impact of essential and incidental processing on academic performance using items specially designed with that goal to get more conclusive and robust results.

Abstract This research analyzes in a criminal legal context the criminal protection against psychological and economic violence against women in Panama, incorporated recently (2013), whose crimes are aimed at protecting women exclusively, and questions the complexities, from the legislative technique in the drafting of criminal types, on the differentiated criminal protection for women that excludes other vulnerable groups, and the difficulties in appreciating the magnitude of these crimes due to a lack of statistics on this matter.

Resumen En esta investigación se analiza en un contexto jurídico penal la tutela penal contra la violencia psicológica y económica de la mujer en Panamá, incorporada en fecha reciente (2013), cuyos delitos están dirigidos a tutelar exclusivamente a la mujer, y se cuestiona las complejidades, a partir de la técnica legislativa en la redacción de los tipos penales, sobre la tutela penal diferenciada para la mujer que excluye a otros grupos vulnerables, y de las dificultades para apreciar la magnitud de estos delitos por una ausencia de estadísticas en esta materia.

O objetivo do presente artigo é revisar a literatura que aborda a relação entre violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar. A busca por materiais foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs e Medline. Foram incluídos estudos prospectivos, retrospectivos e transversais. O critério de inclusão foram estudos que relacionassem a violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar, sendo selecionados16 artigos com esse tema. A avaliação da violência e da insegurança foi realizada com escalas e questionários próprios, que mediam, além da incidência, o nível de insegurança e os tipos de violência. Todos os estudos identificaram uma forte associação entre ambos os temas, identificando-se forte associação, bidirecional, entre violência por parceiro íntimo e insegurança alimentar, relação mediada principalmente por problemas psicológicos e econômicos.

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the relationship between intimate partner violence against woman and food insecurity. The search was carried out in the Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs and Medline databases. Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies were included. The inclusion criteria included studies that related intimate partner violence against women with food insecurity, being selected 16 articles with this theme. The assessment of violence and insecurity was made using scales and questionnaires, measuring the incidence, as well as the level of insecurity and the types of violence. All studies identified a strong and robust association between both topics, identifying a strong association, in a bidirectional way, between intimate partner violence and food insecurity, a relationship was mediated mainly by psychological and economic problems.

El propósito de este artículo es revisar la literatura sobre la relación de la violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer e inseguridad alimentaria. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs y Medline. Se incluyeron estudios prospectivos, retrospectivos y transversales. Los criterios de inclusión comprendieron estudios que relacionaron la violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer con la inseguridad alimentaria, siendo seleccionados 16 artículos con esa temática. La evaluación de la violencia y de la inseguridad se realizó con escalas y cuestionarios propios que medían, además de la incidencia, el nivel de inseguridad y los tipos de violencia. Todos los estudios identificaron una fuerte asociación entre ambos temas, identificando una fuerte asociación, bidireccional, entre violencia por parte de compañero íntimo e inseguridad alimentaria, relación mediada principalmente, por problemas psicológicos y económicos.

O objetivo do presente artigo é revisar a literatura que aborda a relação entre violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar. A busca por materiais foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs e Medline. Foram incluídos estudos prospectivos, retrospectivos e transversais. O critério de inclusão foram estudos que relacionassem a violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar, sendo selecionados16 artigos com esse tema. A avaliação da violência e da insegurança foi realizada com escalas e questionários próprios, que mediam, além da incidência, o nível de insegurança e os tipos de violência. Todos os estudos identificaram uma forte associação entre ambos os temas, identificando-se forte associação, bidirecional, entre violência por parceiro íntimo e insegurança alimentar, relação mediada principalmente por problemas psicológicos e econômicos.

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the relationship between intimate partner violence against woman and food insecurity. The search was carried out in the Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs and Medline databases. Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies were included. The inclusion criteria included studies that related intimate partner violence against women with food insecurity, being selected 16 articles with this theme. The assessment of violence and insecurity was made using scales and questionnaires, measuring the incidence, as well as the level of insecurity and the types of violence. All studies identified a strong and robust association between both topics, identifying a strong association, in a bidirectional way, between intimate partner violence and food insecurity, a relationship was mediated mainly by psychological and economic problems.

El propósito de este artículo es revisar la literatura sobre la relación de la violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer e inseguridad alimentaria. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs y Medline. Se incluyeron estudios prospectivos, retrospectivos y transversales. Los criterios de inclusión comprendieron estudios que relacionaron la violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer con la inseguridad alimentaria, siendo seleccionados 16 artículos con esa temática. La evaluación de la violencia y de la inseguridad se realizó con escalas y cuestionarios propios que medían, además de la incidencia, el nivel de inseguridad y los tipos de violencia. Todos los estudios identificaron una fuerte asociación entre ambos temas, identificando una fuerte asociación, bidireccional, entre violencia por parte de compañero íntimo e inseguridad alimentaria, relación mediada principalmente, por problemas psicológicos y económicos.

Resumen Introducción: Las investigaciones sobre violencia en la pareja se han centrado principalmente en el estudio de las parejas heterosexuales y son escasos los datos sobre la violencia de parejas del mismo sexo en el noviazgo. Objetivo: Analizar la violencia intragénero entre parejas homosexuales en universitarios de Bucaramanga. Materiales y métodos: Investigación cuantitativa con muestreo tipo bola de nieve mediante el cual se obtuvo una población de 132 participantes mayores de 18 años. Se aplicó el instrumento pre-validado Lista de Chequeo de Experiencias de Maltrato en la Pareja. Los datos se analizaron con el software SPSS, versión 23, mediante la prueba X 2 y ANOVA Unidireccional, considerando un α=0,05. Resultados: El 91,7% de los participantes fue violentado por lo menos con una de las conductas de estudio, la violencia predominante en las parejas fue la psicológica, seguida de la violencia emocional, la violencia física, la violencia sexual y, por último, la violencia económica. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para algunos ítems del instrumento entre hombres y mujeres. Conclusiones: La violencia psicológica tuvo mayor presencia en los participantes.

Abstract Introduction: Research on partner violence has mainly focused on studies of heterosexual couples, while data on same-sex dating violence are scarce. Objective: To analyze intra-gender violence in homosexual university couples in Bucaramanga. Materials and methods: A quantitative research with a snowball sampling approach was applied to obtain a population of 132 participants who were older than 18 years of age. The pre-validated instrument Check List for Partner Abuse Experience was used. Data were analyzed with SPSS software (version 23), using the X2 test and one-way ANOVA, considering an α=0.05. Results: 91.7% of participants experience violence with at least one of the studied behaviors. Psychological violence was the most predominant form in the studied couples, followed by emotional, physical, sexual, and economic violence. Significant differences between males and females were found for some items of the instrument. Conclusions: Psychological violence was the most frequent in the study’s participants.

ABSTRACT Violence is a matter of great concern in Argentina. Very few studies have evaluated violence perpetrated by adult women in a relationship. In this way, the present study sought to predict violence exerted by women based on dark personality, double standards and jealousy. Responding to the objectives of this study, an intentional sample of 214 women from CABA and GBA (mean age = 26.30 years; SD = 7.40) was constituted. 78% said that they were dating or starting a relationship, 18% were married and 6% were divorced, but in another relationship. They answered a questionnaire on violence perpetrated against the partner, one with a dark personality, one with double standards, one with jealousy, and demographic questions. The results indicated that the highest scores for violence perpetrated were psychological and economic. Block regressions predicted 34% and 30% variance for psychological and economic violence, with psychopathy and behavioral jealousy being the significant predictors. On the ones hand, a structural model for predicting violence showed an adequate fit suggesting that, again, dark personality and jealousy were the significant predictors. On the other hand, differences emerged in the psychosocial profiles of women with high and low perpetration of violence. In the Discussion, the implications of these findings are analyzed and suggestions for future studies are provided.

RESUMEN La violencia es un tema de gran preocupación en la Argentina. Muy pocos estudios han evaluado la violencia perpetrada por parte de las mujeres adultas en pareja. De este modo, el presente estudio buscó predecir la violencia ejercida por mujeres a partir de la personalidad oscura, la doble moral y los celos. Para responder a los objetivos de esta investigación, se constituyó una muestra intencional de 214 mujeres de CABA y GBA ( Medad = 26.30; DE = 7.40). El 78% manifestó estar de novia o comenzando una relación; el 18%, estar casada; el 6%, estar divorciada, pero en otra relación. Contestaron un cuestionario de violencia perpetrada hacia la pareja, uno de personalidad oscura, uno de doble moral, uno de los celos y preguntas demográficas. Los resultados indicaron que los puntajes más altos de violencia perpetrada fueron la psicológica y la económica. Regresiones en bloques predijeron una varianza del 34% y 30% para la violencia psicológica y económica, con la psicopatía y los celos conductuales como los predictores significativos. Un modelo estructural para predecir la violencia mostró un ajuste adecuado lo que sugiere que, nuevamente, la personalidad oscura y los celos son predictores significativos. Por otra parte, emergieron diferencias en los perfiles psicosociales de mujeres con alta y baja perpetración de la violencia. En la Discusión, se analizan las implicancias de estos hallazgos y se brindan sugerencias para futuros estudios.

Abstract Anger, impulsiveness, and power relationships have been identified as causes of intimate partner violence. These predictors have been studied independently and exclusively considering physical violence by men. For this reason, the purpose of this research was to study the variables as predictors and to differentiate their effect on psychological, physical, economic, social, and sexual violence in female perpetrators. The study was carried out in a non-probabilistic sample of 532 women (X = 26.27). To accomplish this purpose, multiple stepwise regressions and simple regressions were carried out. As predictors of psychological / physical violence, the following factors were used: manipulation and blackmail, dominance, anger reaction, automatism, gratification, and angry temperament, obtaining an R² .40. As predictors of economic / social violence, the following factors were used: manipulation and blackmail, the reaction of anger, dominance, gratification, and automatism, obtaining an R² .19. Simple regressions were carried out to predict sexual violence, however the variance explained by each of the variables was very low. It is suggested that physical, psychological, economic, and social violence share the same causes.

Resumen La ira, la impulsividad y las relaciones de poder han sido señaladas como causales de la violencia de pareja. Estos predictores se han estudiado de manera independiente y considerando la violencia física ejercida por hombres. Por esta razón, el propósito de esta investigación fue estudiar las variables como predictores en conjunto y diferenciar su efecto en la violencia psicológica, física, económica, social y sexual, en mujeres perpetradoras. El estudio se llevó a cabo en una muestra no probabilística de 532 mujeres (X = 26.27). Para cubrir tal propósito se llevaron a cabo regresiones múltiples y simples. Como predictores de la violencia psicológica/física se utilizaron los factores de manipulación y chantaje, el dominio, la reacción de la ira, el automatismo, la gratificación y el temperamento iracundo, se obtuvo una R² .40. Como predictores de la violencia económica/social se utilizaron los factores de manipulación y chantaje, la reacción de ira, el dominio, la gratificación y el automatismo, obteniendo una R² .19. Para predecir la violencia sexual se realizaron regresiones simples, sin embargo, la varianza explicada por cada una de las variables fue muy baja. Se sugiere que la violencia física, psicológica, económica y social comparten las mismas causas.

Resumen Objetivo. Identificar los predictores de la violencia ejercida contra la mujer en departamentos de alta prevalencia del Perú. Métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico y transversal. Se realizó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar-ENDES 2019. La muestra fue probabilística, de áreas, estratificada, multietápica e independiente en cada departamento estudiado. Fueron incluidas 108 mujeres convivientes o casadas que respondieron al módulo de violencia. Se llevaron a cabo análisis descriptivos y regresiones logísticas univariadas y multivariadas para muestras complejas, teniendo en cuenta las características sociodemográficas como predictores a través del cálculo del odds ratio (OR) con sus intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados. La probabilidad de padecer algún tipo de violencia fue de 3,56 veces más en las convivientes, respecto a las casadas, ajustado por haber padecido de violencia en la niñez, no pertenecer al comedor popular y no estar afiliada al Programa Nacional Cuna Más (Área ROC = 72,27%). La probabilidad de padecer violencia física fue 2,91 veces más en mujeres con antecedente de violencia en la niñez y 3,91 veces más para el caso de la violencia económica; en el caso de violencia psicológica, la probabilidad fue 4,30 veces más en las convivientes, respecto a las casadas y 4,18 veces más en el caso de la violencia sexual. Conclusiones. Existen predictores como el hecho de ser conviviente, haber sufrido violencia en la niñez y la no pertenencia a programas sociales, los cuales son predictores de la violencia contra la mujer.

Resumo Objetivo. Identificar os preditores de violência contra as mulheres em departamentos de alta prevalência do Peru. Métodos. Estudo observacional, analítico e transversal. Foi realizada uma análise secundária do Levantamento Demográfico da Saúde da Família-ENDES 2019. A amostra foi probabilística, de áreas estratificada, multiestágio e independente em cada departamento estudado. Foram incluídas 108 mulheres concubinas ou casadas que responderam ao módulo de violência. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e regressões logísticas univariadas e multivariadas para amostras complexas, levando-se em consideração as características sociodemográficas como preditores por meio do cálculo do odds ratio (OR) com seus intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados. A probabilidade de sofrer algum tipo de violência foi 3,56 vezes maior em concubinas do que em mulheres casadas, ajustadas por terem sofrido violência na infância, não pertencer ao refeitório popular e não ser filiado ao Programa Nacional Cuna Más (Área ROC = 72,27% ) A probabilidade de sofrer violência física foi 2,91 vezes mais nas mulheres com histórico de violência na infância e 3,91 vezes mais no caso de violência econômica; No caso da violência psicológica, a probabilidade foi 4,30 vezes mais nas concubinas do que nas mulheres casadas e 4,18 vezes mais em relação a violência sexual. Conclusões. Existem preditores como ser companheiro, ter sofrido violência na infância e não pertencer a programas sociais, que são preditores de violência contra a mulher.

Abstract Objective. To identify predictors of violence against women in high prevalence departments of Peru. Methods. Observational, analytical and cross-sectional study. A secondary analysis of the Demographic and Family Health Survey-ENDES 2019 was carried out. The sample was probabilistic, area-based, stratified, multistage and independent in each department studied. A total of 108 cohabiting or married women who responded to the violence module were included. Descriptive analyses and univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were carried out for complex samples, taking into account sociodemographic characteristics as predictors through the calculation of the odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence intervals. Results. The probability of suffering some type of violence was 3.56 times higher in cohabiting women than in married women, adjusted for having suffered violence in childhood, not belonging to the soup kitchen and not being affiliated to the Cuna Más National Program (ROC area = 72.27%). The probability of suffering physical violence was 2.91 times higher in women with a history of violence in childhood and 3.91 times higher in the case of economic violence; in the case of psychological violence, the probability was 4.30 times higher in cohabiting women than in married women and 4.18 times higher in the case of sexual violence. Conclusions. There are predictors such as the fact of being a cohabitant, having suffered violence in childhood and not belonging to social programs, which are predictors of violence against women.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this manuscript is to identify the facts associated with violence against women by their spouse and / or permanent partner. For this, 612 women from the municipality of Guamo, Colombia, who live with their romantic partner, were taken as the population under study. As evidenced in the data provided by the Family Police Station of the Municipality of Guamo, in 2019 156 cases were reported for intra-family violence and 45 cases for violence between couples, a situation that is worrying for the harmonious coexistence of the social group. In this sense, when delving into scientific theories and real facts derived from research, it was found that one of the most relevant causes that generates this social problem is machismo within families, and the lack of a culture based on ethics and human values. Facts such as infidelity, celotypy, economic dependency and intolerance, lead to mistreatment of women, and in turn, that they seek psychological help and campaigns are established to prevent this type of gender violence from continuing.

RESUMEN Este manuscrito tiene como finalidad identificar los hechos asociados a la violencia en contra de la mujer por parte de su cónyuge y/o compañero permanente. Para ello, se tomó como población objeto de estudio a 612 mujeres de la municipalidad del Guamo, Colombia, que conviven con su pareja sentimental. Como se evidencia en los datos suministrados por la Comisaría de Familia del Municipio del Guamo, durante el año 2019 se reportaron 156 casos por violencia intrafamiliar y 45 casos por violencia entre parejas, situación que es preocupante para la convivencia armónica del colectivo social. En este sentido, al profundizar en teorías científicas y hechos reales derivados de la investigación, se halló que una de las causas más relevantes que genera este problema social es el machismo en el seno de las familias, y la falta de una cultura basada en la ética y los valores humanos. Hechos como la infidelidad, celotipia, dependencia económica e intolerancia, propician el maltrato a la mujer, y a su vez, que busquen ayuda psicológica y se establezcan campañas para evitar que este tipo de violencia de género siga perpetuándose.