RESUMO Santa Catarina é um importante produtor de banana, responsável por 722 toneladas anuais. Para cada 1.000 kg de banana colhida, são gerados aproximadamente 3.000 kg de pseudocaule, 650 kg de cascas e 350 kg de frutos rejeitados. Estudos avaliaram a utilização de resíduos de banana para produção de bioetanol. Resíduos sólidos como bagaço de pseudocaule de banana, cascas de banana e vinhaça (resíduo de caldo fermentado) são produzidos nesse processo. Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar e caracterizar esses resíduos para produção de biogás e metano. Cascas de banana e vinhaça foram melhores por conterem menor teor de sólidos totais e relações C:N (carbono:nitrogênio) favoráveis (10 - 30:1), proporcionando maior potencial bioquímico de metano (260 mLCH4 gvs -1) em comparação ao pseudocaule de bananeira bagaço (201 mLCH4 gvs -1). No entanto, a vinhaça apresentou alto teor de sulfeto de hidrogênio (0,0783%), necessitando de dessulfurização do biogás gerado para seu uso seguro. No geral, os resultados indicam que o bagaço do pseudocaule da banana, as cascas de banana e a vinhaça têm potencial substancial para a produção de biogás e metano devido às suas altas taxas de degradação. A composição do biogás atende aos critérios de utilização, com concentrações adequadas de metano e dióxido de carbono, destacando a viabilidade desses resíduos para geração de energia e contribuindo para a sustentabilidade no cultivo da banana. 72 anuais 1000 1 000 1.00 colhida 3000 3 3.00 65 35 rejeitados bioetanol resíduo fermentado processo CN C N carbononitrogênio carbono nitrogênio (carbono:nitrogênio 10 (1 301, 301 30 , 30:1) 260 (26 mLCH -1 201 (20 1. . entanto 0,0783%, 00783 0,0783% 0 0783 (0,0783%) seguro geral degradação 7 100 00 1.0 300 3.0 6 ( 30:1 26 (2 20 0078 0,0783 078 (0,0783% 3. 30: 2 007 0,078 07 (0,0783 0,07 (0,078 0,0 (0,07 0, (0,0 (0, (0

ABSTRACT Santa Catarina is a significant banana producer, responsible for 722 tons annually. For every 1,000 kg of bananas harvested, approximately 3,000 kg of pseudostem, 650 kg of peels, and 350 kg of rejected fruit are generated. Studies have evaluated the use of banana residues for bioethanol production. Solid residues like banana pseudostem bagasse, banana peels, and vinasse (fermented broth residue) are produced during this process. This study aimed to quantify and characterize these residues for biogas and methane production. Banana peels and vinasse were more suitable for containing lower total solids content and favorable C:N (carbon:nitrogen) ratios (10-30:1), yielding higher biochemical potential of methane (260 mLCH4 gvs -1) compared to banana pseudostem bagasse (201 mLCH4 gvs -1). However, vinasse had a high hydrogen sulfide content (0.0783%), necessitating desulphurization for safe biogas use. The results indicate that banana pseudostem bagasse, banana peels, and vinasse have substantial potential for biogas and methane production due to their high degradation rates. The biogas composition meets the criteria for use, with adequate methane and carbon dioxide concentrations, highlighting the viability of these residues for energy generation and contributing to sustainability in banana cultivation. producer 72 annually 1000 1 000 1,00 harvested 3000 3 3,00 65 35 generated fermented residue process CN C N carbonnitrogen nitrogen (carbon:nitrogen 10301, 10301 10 30 , (10-30:1) 260 (26 mLCH -1 201 (20 1. . However 0.0783%, 00783 0.0783% 0 0783 (0.0783%) rates concentrations cultivation 7 100 00 1,0 300 3,0 6 1030 (10-30:1 26 (2 - 20 0078 0.0783 078 (0.0783% 1, 3, 103 (10-30: 2 ( 007 0.078 07 (0.0783 (10-30 0.07 (0.078 (10-3 0.0 (0.07 (10- 0. (0.0 (10 (0. (1 (0

ABSTRACT: In Peru, the plantain or banana is the most important cultivated fruit. In Tumbes 5,000 hectares are cultivated, part of these areas is found in the Zarumilla valley. One of the phytosanitary problems is the black sigatoka (Micosphaerella fijiensis Morelet), which decreases the leaf area of the plantations, with effects on yields. The objective was to evaluate the effect of three doses of Silicon on the yield and control parameters of the aforementioned disease in Musa spp., under field conditions, in said valley. The experimental design used was completely randomized blocks (BCA). According to the studies carried out, it was concluded that, in the performance parameters, silicon did not show an effect on the circumference of the pseudostem, leaf area, the number of hands per bunch and bunch weight, but there were effects on the number of leaves. at the time of flowering, at the time of harvest and in the weight of banana fingers. Regarding the effect of silicon in the control of "black sigatoka", it was possible to reduce the damage index by 17.66% in the S3 treatment (150 kg/ha) in comparison with the control (0 kg/ha) that was obtained 28.22%.

RESUMEN: En el Perú, el plátano o banano, es la fruta cultivada más importante. En Tumbes se cultivan 4 800 hectáreas, parte de esas áreas se encuentran en el valle de Zarumilla. Uno de los problemas fitosanitarios, es la sigatoka negra (Micosphaerella fijiensis Morelet), que disminuye el área foliar de las plantaciones, con efectos sobre los rendimientos. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de tres dosis de Silicio en los parámetros de rendimiento y control de la citada enfermedad en Musa spp., bajo condiciones de campo en dicho valle. El diseño experimental empleado fue bloques completamente al azar (BCA). De acuerdo con los estudios realizados se concluyó que, en los parámetros de rendimiento, el silicio no presentó efecto en la circunferencia del pseudotallo, área foliar, el número de manos por racimo y peso del racimo, pero si hubo efectos en el número de hojas al momento de la floración, al momento de la cosecha y en el peso de dedos del banano. En cuanto al efecto del silicio en el control de “sigatoka negra” se logró disminuir el índice de daño en un 17,66% en el tratamiento S3 (150 kg/ha) en comparación con el testigo (0 kg/ha) que se obtuvo 28,22%.

ABSTRACT: Bananas have high nutrient needs, and farmers rely on chemical fertilizers that damage the soil. One of the solutions is the combination of organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers in smaller amounts. In this context, the objective was to measure the development of a banana cultivar in different treatments of biochar plus fixed doses of SiO2, KNO3 and P2O5. Biochar (BC) was obtained from banana rhizomes at a temperature of 350 °C for 2 hours. In the experiment, 10 plants per treatment were evaluated, consisting of doses per plant of 100 g BC + 100 g SiO2, 20 g BC + 100 g SiO2 and 100 g SiO2 (control plot). These doses were applied in weeks one, eight and 16 of the experiment. The fertilizer dose for all treatments was 75 kg ha-1 KNO3 + 50 kg ha-1 P2O5, and which were applied 15 days prior to the biocarbon dose and during the sixth week of the experiment. The study showed that the 20 g biochar treatment was the most effective in terms of plant height and pseudostem circumference, surpassing the 100 g treatment and the control. The 100g biochar treatment also had the highest bunch weight compared to other treatments. In general, the biochar, silicon, and fertilizer treatments improved the physiological performance of the plants, suggesting their potential application in agriculture.

RESUMEN: El banano necesita muchos nutrientes, lo que lleva a los agricultores a depender de fertilizantes químicos que dañan el suelo. Una solución es combinar abonos orgánicos con fertilizantes químicos en menor cantidad. En este marco, el objetivo fue medir el desarrollo de un cultivar de banano en varios tratamientos de biocarbón más dosis fija de SiO2, KNO3 y P2O5. El biocarbón (BC) se obtuvo del raquis del banano a una temperatura de 350 °C por 2 horas. En el ensayo se evaluaron 10 plantas por tratamiento que se conformaron por dosis por planta de: 100 g de BC + 100 g SiO2, 20 g de BC + 100 g SiO2 y 100 g SiO2 (parcela testigo). Estas dosis se aplicaron en la semana uno, ocho y 14 del ensayo. La dosis de fertilizantes para todos los tratamientos se conformó de 75 kg ha-1 KNO3 + 50 kg ha-1 P2O5, y que se aplicaron 15 días antes que la dosis de biocarbon y en la semana seis del ensayo. El estudio demostró que el tratamiento con 20 g de biocarbón fue el más efectivo en términos de altura de la planta y circunferencia del pseudotallo, superando al tratamiento con 100 g y al control. Asimismo, el tratamiento con 100 g de biocarbón mostró el mayor peso de racimo en comparación con los otros tratamientos. Los tratamientos con biocarbón, silicio y fertilizantes tuvieron un efecto en las plantas de banano superior a la fertilización química, lo que sugiere su potencial aplicación en la agricultura.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate agronomic performance in cultivars of the Cavendish banana under the soil and climate conditions of the microregion of Assis in the state of São Paulo over three production cycles. The experiment was set up at the Fazenda São José Farm, Água do Pau d´Alho, in Palmital, São Paulo. The Grande Naine, IAC2001 and FHIA02 cultivars were evaluated, considering the following variables: cultivar; plant height; pseudostem perimeter; number of leaves at flowering and harvest; number of days from planting to flowering, from planting to harvest, and from flowering to harvest; weight of the bunch, stalk and fruit per bunch; number of hands per bunch; productivity of the fruit and pulp; weight and number of fingers on the second hand; weight, length and diameter of the finger; pulp diameter; and weight and thickness of the peel. The data were subjected to multivariate statistical techniques (principal component factor analysis, tree clustering, two-way joining, and correspondence). The results showed the extraction of three principal factors that accounted for 89.63% of the total variance of the characteristics under analysis: banana production (Factor 1), vegetative development (Factor 2), and cultivars and fruit diameter (Factor 3). The productive performance of the FHIA02 cultivar was homogeneous and inferior to that of the other cultivars, as seen in the two-way joining cluster analysis. Only the Grande Naine and IAC2001 cultivars are recommended for cultivation in the micro-region of Assis, São Paulo, with Grande Naine showing the largest fruit and, especially, the largest pulp diameter. cycles Farm dAlho d Alho d´Alho Palmital IAC IAC200 FHIA FHIA0 evaluated variables height perimeter harvest bunch hand finger peel analysis clustering twoway two way correspondence. correspondence . correspondence) 8963 89 63 89.63 Factor 1, 1 , 1) 2, 2 2) 3. 3 3) micro region especially IAC20 896 8 6 89.6 IAC2 89.

In recent years, various methods for surface functionalization of magnetite nanoparticles with emerging modifications have been explored and reported. Green nano-chemistry aims to synthesize nanomaterials using bio-based resources, providing new materials for biological and environmental applications. Surface modification of magnetite nanoparticles using phytochemicals extracted from plants is a fundamental principle of green synthesis routes. Agricultural waste from different crops, such as plantain pseudostem, is of particular interest as a renewable resource due to its abundant availability, low toxicity, and economic feasibility. In this study, the juice extracted from plantain pseudostem was utilized for the phytofunctionalization of magnetite nanoparticles. Characterization techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the nanometric dimensions of the composite (size range of 12.6 ± 3.17 nm) and established its organic-inorganic nature. The superparamagnetic properties of the composite were also demonstrated. Moreover, the potential application of this nanohybrid in bioremediation for the immobilization of cadmium(II) and lead(II) showed promising results, highlighting its efficacy in managing water pollutants. years reported nanochemistry nano chemistry biobased bio based resources applications routes crops availability toxicity feasibility study TEM, TEM , (TEM) SEM, SEM (SEM) TGA, TGA (TGA) fouriertransform fourier transform FTIR (FTIR size 126 12 6 12. 317 3 17 3.1 nm organicinorganic organic inorganic nature demonstrated Moreover cadmiumII cadmium II cadmium(II leadII lead lead(II results pollutants (TEM (SEM (TGA 1 31 3.

Abstract Heliconias belong to the group of tropical flowers, which generate economic benefits in the agricultural sector with their agronomic peculiarities. Besides providing the social actors involved with benefits aimed at sustainability in different tropical areas. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the physiological and agronomic characteristics of three commercial cultivars of Heliconias in three locations of a community in the municipality of Fortín, in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Three sites were identified based on the type of agriculture: agroforestry system with Heliconias (site 1), agroforestry system - monoculture, with Heliconias (site 2) and monoculture (only Heliconias, site 3). A randomised complete block design with a split-plot arrangement (A x B) and six replications was used. Factors were: A) In situ cultivation sites, corresponding to three plots (sites) in the municipality of Coapichapan, Mexico, and B) Heliconias cultivars (Heliconia psittacorum, Heliconia wagneriana and H. bihai). The variables evaluated were tillers traits and inflorescence traits. The results show that in an agroforestry system with Heliconia, Heliconia bihai showed better performance in eight variables except for inflorescence number and bract number. In an agroforestry and monoculture system with Heliconia, Heliconia bihai shows better results in leaf length and inflorescence length. In an agroforestry system and monoculture with Heliconia, Heliconia wagneriana performed better in bract number, pseudostem width and leaf length. In monoculture, Heliconia bihai responded best to inflorescence length. Due to the tropical nature of this ornamental, the best growing conditions for Heliconia are in agroforestry systems. Due to its physiological characteristics, Heliconia bihai shows its agronomic potential in this type of agriculture even under monoculture conditions. Therefore, the conditions offered by an agroforestry system have a positive effect on the cultivation of Heliconia. flowers peculiarities areas Therefore Fortín Veracruz Mexico 1, 1 , 1) 2 only 3. 3 . 3) splitplot split plot B used (sites Coapichapan psittacorum H bihai. bihai) ornamental systems

Resumo As helicônias pertencem ao grupo das flores tropicais, que geram benefícios econômicos no setor agrícola com suas peculiaridades agronômicas. Além de proporcionar aos atores sociais envolvidos benefícios voltados à sustentabilidade em diferentes áreas tropicais. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as características fisiológicas e agronômicas de três cultivares comerciais de Heliconias em três locais de uma comunidade no município de Fortín, no estado de Veracruz, México. Três locais foram identificados com base no tipo de agricultura: sistema agroflorestal com Heliconias (local 1), sistema agroflorestal - monocultura, com Heliconias (local 2) e monocultura (somente Heliconias, local 3). Foi usado um delineamento em blocos casualizados com um arranjo de parcelas divididas (A x B) e seis repetições. Os fatores foram: A) Locais de cultivo in situ, correspondentes a três parcelas (locais) no município de Coapichapan, México, e B) Cultivares de Heliconias (Heliconia psittacorum, Heliconia wagneriana e Heliconia bihai). As variáveis avaliadas foram características de perfilhos e características de inflorescência. Os resultados mostram que, em um sistema agroflorestal com Heliconia, a Heliconia bihai apresentou melhor desempenho em oito variáveis, exceto no número de inflorescências e no número de brácteas. Em um sistema agroflorestal e de monocultura com Heliconia, a Heliconia bihai apresentou melhores resultados no comprimento da folha e no comprimento da inflorescência. Em um sistema agroflorestal e em monocultura com Heliconia, a Heliconia wagneriana apresentou melhor desempenho em número de brácteas, largura do pseudocaule e comprimento da folha. Em monocultura, a Heliconia bihai respondeu melhor ao comprimento da inflorescência. Devido à natureza tropical dessa planta ornamental, as melhores condições de cultivo da Heliconia são os sistemas agroflorestais. Devido às suas características fisiológicas, a Heliconia bihai mostra seu potencial agronômico nesse tipo de agricultura, mesmo em condições de monocultura. Portanto, as condições oferecidas por um sistema agroflorestal têm um efeito positivo no cultivo da Helicônia. tropicais Portanto Fortín Veracruz México agricultura 1, 1 , 1) 2 somente 3. 3 . 3) A B repetições situ (locais Coapichapan psittacorum bihai. bihai) inflorescência brácteas ornamental agroflorestais Helicônia

Resumo A Heliconia psittacorum é uma planta que possui destaque na floricultura tropical devido a sua inflorescência com brácteas de diversas colora-ções e seu elevado atributo ornamental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do nitrogênio aplicado, sobre diferentes manejos, no desenvol-vimento de plantas de helicônia (H. psittacorum). O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, na área de ciências do solo, no período de maio a dezembro de 2018, no Campus Belém da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA). Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, distribuído em 5 repetições. Os fatores foram 4 doses de adubação nitrogenada (0, 20, 40 e 60 kg ha-1 de N) e 2 tipos de solo (cultivo convencional e de mata). As variáveis utilizadas para a análise dos tratamentos foram: altura, o diâmetro do pseudocaule, peso fresco do pseu-docaule, da haste floral, das folhas, do rizoma e da raiz. Os resultados do experimento foram submetidos à análise de variância, comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, quando pertinente, e estudos de regressão através do ajuste das equações de acordo com as doses de N utilizadas. Houve diferenças significativas em todas as variáveis estudadas. Os resultados do presente trabalho mostram que, provavelmente, há uma certa escassez dos elementos necessários para a nutrição da planta e com maior suprimento de N, há um maior desenvolvimento de raízes para suprir essa deficiência. colorações colora ções ornamental aplicado manejos desenvol vimento H. H (H psittacorum. . psittacorum) vegetação 2018 UFRA. UFRA (UFRA) casualizado repetições 0, 0 (0 20 6 ha1 ha 1 ha- cultivo mata. mata mata) altura pseudocaule pseu docaule, docaule pseu-docaule floral folhas raiz variância Tukey pertinente estudadas provavelmente deficiência 201 (UFRA (

Abstract Heliconia psittacorum is a plant that stands out in tropical floriculture due to its inflorescence with bracts of different colors and its high ornamental value. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of nitrogen applied under different management methods on the development of heliconia plants (H. psittacorum). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in the soil science area, from May to December 2018, at the Belém Campus of the Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA). A completely randomized design was used, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, distributed over 5 replications. The factors were 4 doses of nitrogen fertilization (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1 of N) and 2 types of soil (conventional cultivation and forest). The variables used to analyze the treatments were: height, pseudostem diameter, fresh weight of the pseudostem, flower stem, leaves, rhizome and root. The results of the experiment were subjected to analysis of variance, compared using the Tukey test, where appropriate, and regression studies by adjusting the equations according to the doses of N used. There were significant differences in all the variables studied. The results of this study show that there is probably a certain shortage of the elements needed for plant nutrition and, with a greater supply of N, there is greater root development to make up for this deficiency. value H. H (H psittacorum. . psittacorum) greenhouse area 2018 UFRA. UFRA (UFRA) scheme replications 0, 0 (0 20 6 ha1 ha 1 ha- conventional forest. forest forest) height diameter stem leaves variance test appropriate studied deficiency 201 (UFRA (

Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe the main characteristics of development, production, and postharvest of the new cultivar of the Prata subgroup, ‘VTP Hayashi’, that is a natural mutation originating from ‘SCS451 Catarina’. The plants of VTP Hayashi showed greater height and diameter of the pseudostem and the fruits are longer, heavier, and more uniform in the cluster, characteristics that differ from ‘SCS451 Catarina’. The development and production cycles and the susceptibility to fungal diseases resemble those of ‘SCS451 Catarina’. At maturity stage 6, it presented average contents of soluble solids of 28.2ºBrix and titratable acidity of 0.69% of malic acid, higher than ‘SCS451 Catarina’. The selection of this cultivar was due to the position of the inflorescence in the vertical direction, giving it a better fruit development. Abstract subgroup Hayashi, , Hayashi’ SCS451 SCS ‘SCS45 Catarina. Catarina . Catarina’ longer heavier cluster 6 282ºBrix ºBrix 28 2ºBrix 069 0 69 0.69 acid direction SCS45 ‘SCS4 2 06 0.6 SCS4 ‘SCS 0.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as principais características de desenvolvimento, produção e pós-colheita da nova cultivar do subgrupo Prata, a VTP Hayashi, mutação natural originada da cv. SCS451 Catarina. As plantas da VTP Hayashi apresentaram altura e diâmetro do pseudocaule maiores, e as frutas são mais longas, pesadas e uniformes no cacho, características que diferem da SCS451 Catarina. Os ciclos de desenvolvimento e de produção e a suscetibilidade às doenças fúngicas assemelham-se aos da cv. SCS451 Catarina. No estádio 6 de maturação, apresentou médias dos teores de sólidos solúveis de 28,1ºBrix e de acidez titulável de 0,69% de ácido málico, superior à SCS451 Catarina. A seleção desta cultivar foi devido ao posicionamento da inflorescência no sentido vertical, conferindo melhor desenvolvimento dos frutos. Termos para indexação: Musa Resumo póscolheita pós colheita Prata cv SCS SCS45 Catarina maiores longas cacho assemelhamse assemelham se maturação 281ºBrix ºBrix 28 1ºBrix 069 0 69 0,69 málico vertical frutos indexação SCS4 2 06 0,6 0,

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the parameters fresh leaf mass and stomatal density in the estimation of ploidy and pre-selection of putative banana autotetraploids. Young plants of the diploid cultivar Ouro (AA), previously subjected to in vitro polyploidization with the antimitotic amiprofos-methyl - APM (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 µM L-1) and colchicine (2.5 mM L-1) were evaluated for survival, height, number of leaves, pseudostem diameter, leaf disc fresh mass, and stomatal density. Ploidy was determined by flow cytometry in a random sample of 200 plants to find the relationship between the genomic content and the analyzed variables. Spearman’s correlation analysis showed a strong correlation (0.84**) between leaf disc fresh mass and tetraploid plants, as well as an absence of significant correlation between stomatal density and ploidy levels. Thus, the pre-selection of plants was carried out using a reference value of leaf disc fresh mass and resulted in 688 plants pre-selected as putative tetraploids. Among them, 318 were confirmed as tetraploids, 291 as diploids, and 79 as mixoploids after flow cytometry analysis. The pre-selection efficiency was 46.2% of tetraploid plants from the total pre-selected. The results indicate that the use of leaf disc fresh mass is a simple, practical, and promising method to estimate ploidy when a high number of plants is obtained in in vitro banana polyploidization studies, reducing the total number of plants to have confirmed ploidy. preselection pre selection autotetraploids AA, AA , (AA) amiprofosmethyl amiprofos methyl 0, 0 (0 10 20 30 40 6 L1 L 1 L-1 2.5 25 2 5 (2. survival height leaves diameter variables Spearmans Spearman s 0.84** 084 84 (0.84** levels Thus 68 preselected selected tetraploids them 31 29 diploids 7 462 46 46.2 preselected. selected. simple practical studies (AA ( 3 4 L- 2. (2 0.84* 08 8 (0.84* 46. 0.84 (0.84 0.8 (0.8 0. (0.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou avaliar a eficiência dos parâmetros massa fresca foliar e densidade estomática na estimativa da ploidia e pré-seleção de autotetraploides putativos de bananeira. Plantas jovens da cultivar diploide Ouro (AA), previamente submetidas à poliploidização in vitro com os antimitóticos amiprofos-metil - APM (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 60 µM L-1) e colchicina (2,5 mM L-1) foram avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência, altura, número de folhas, diâmetro do pseudocaule, massa fresca de disco foliar e densidade estomática. Determinou-se a ploidia, via citometria de fluxo, numa amostra aleatória de 200 plantas, a fim de encontrar relação entre o conteúdo genômico e as variáveis analisadas. Por meio da análise de correlação de Spearman, verificou-se forte correlação (0,84**) entre a massa fresca de disco foliar e as plantas tetraploides, bem como ausência de correlação significativa entre a densidade estomática e os níveis de ploidia. Assim, a pré-seleção das plantas foi feita mediante um valor de referência de massa fresca de disco foliar e resultou em 688 plantas pré-selecionadas como tetraploides putativos. Destas, 318 foram confirmadas como tetraploides, 291 como diploides e 79 mixoploides, após análise de citometria de fluxo. A eficiência de pré-seleção foi de 46,2% de plantas tetraploides do total pré-selecionado. Os resultados indicam que o uso da massa fresca de disco foliar é um método simples, prático e promissor para estimar a ploidia quando é obtido um elevado número de plantas em trabalhos de poliploidização in vitro da bananeira, reduzindo o total de plantas a ter a ploidia confirmada. préseleção pré seleção bananeira AA, AA , (AA) amiprofosmetil amiprofos metil 0, 0 (0 10 20 30 4 6 L1 L 1 L-1 2,5 25 2 5 (2, sobrevivência altura folhas pseudocaule Determinouse Determinou se fluxo analisadas Spearman verificouse verificou 0,84** 084 84 (0,84** Assim 68 préselecionadas selecionadas Destas 31 29 7 mixoploides 462 46 46,2 préselecionado. préselecionado selecionado. selecionado pré-selecionado simples confirmada (AA ( 3 L- 2, (2 0,84* 08 8 (0,84* 46, 0,84 (0,84 0,8 (0,8

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) can be obtained from the dehydration of monosaccharides present in biomass, which helps add value to the raw material. The present work sought to study the relationship between the parameters of biomass characterization, including the content of reducing sugars, total soluble solids and the mid-infrared (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectra, and the formation of HMF after synthesis. A thorough analysis was conducted in order to evaluate the residual agricultural biomass samples from sugarcane bagasse, corn stover, cassava branch, banana pseudostem and mango fruits after the drying (45 °C maximum) and ball mill grinding pre-processing procedure. HMF synthesis was performed using 0.50 mol L-1 HCl and n-butanol as extracting solvent. The analytical quantification of HMF and furfural (co-product of synthesis) was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD). The highest efficiency of the synthesis of HMF was observed for the mango fruits (55.0 kg ton-1) and sugarcane bagasse biomass (47.5 kg ton-1) samples. The application of data fusion and principal component analysis (PCA) allowed us to identify the samples with greater potential for HMF synthesis. 5Hydroxymethylfurfural Hydroxymethylfurfural 5 (HMF material characterization sugars midinfrared mid infrared MIR (MIR nearinfrared near NIR (NIR spectra stover branch 45 (4 C maximum preprocessing pre processing procedure 050 0 50 0.5 L1 L 1 L- nbutanol n butanol solvent coproduct co product highperformance high performance diodearray diode array HPLCDAD. HPLCDAD HPLC DAD . (HPLC-DAD) 55.0 550 55 (55. ton1 ton ton-1 47.5 475 47 (47. PCA (PCA 4 ( 05 0. (HPLC-DAD 55. (55 ton- 47. (47 (5

ABSTRACT Chemical fertilization can considerably increase banana production, however, it is important to determine the correct doses for a better use of nutrients. In order to evaluate the effect of nitrogenous and potassium fertilization on growth and yield variables of the banana crop and the potassium content in the soil, an experiment was installed in the district of Guajayvi, Department of San Pedro. A randomized complete block bifactorial experimental design was obtained, where Factor 1 corresponded to N doses (0, 60, 120 kg ha-1) and Factor 2 to K2O doses (0, 100, 200 kg ha-1), totaling 9 treatments with 4 repetitions. The evaluated variables were pseudostem circumference (cm), bunch weight (kg), number of hands per bunch (ud), length of the middle finger of the second hand (cm), plant height (cm) and potassium content in the soil (cmolc kg-1), which were subjected to a normality test by the Kormogorov method, and considering that the distribution of the data was normal, they were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test at 5 % when there were significant differences. Significant statistical differences were observed in all the agronomic variables, but not in the potassium content in the soil. The interaction between the factors of pseudostem circumference and plant height was broken, for which the highest dose of N and K2O allowed the largest diameters and plant height. Bunch weight increased 22.4 % with the application of 120 kg ha-1 of N and 15.0 % with 200 kg ha-1 of K2O, compared to the control. The number of stalks per bunch also increased with the application of the highest doses of N and K2O individually, and the length of the central finger increased 11% with the application of K2O, being not influenced by the application of N. There was no effect of the application of K2O on its concentration in the soil. Both the application of N and K2O in their highest doses increase the growth and production of bananas.

RESUMEN La fertilización química puede elevar considerablemente la producción de banano, sin embargo, es importante determinar las dosis correctas para un mejor aprovechamiento de nutrientes. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada y potásica sobre variables de crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de banano y del contenido de potasio en el suelo. Se instaló un experimento en el distrito de Guajayvi, Departamento de San Pedro. Se utilizó un diseño experimental bifactorial de bloques completos al azar, donde el Factor 1 correspondió a las dosis de N (0, 60, 120 kg ha-1) y el Factor 2 a las dosis de K2O (0, 100, 200 kg ha-1), totalizando 9 tratamientos con 4 repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron circunferencia de pseudotallo (cm), peso del racimo (kg), número de manos por racimo (ud), longitud del dedo central de la segunda mano (cm), altura de planta (cm) y contenido de potasio en el suelo (cmolc kg-1), las cuales fueron sometidas a un test de normalidad por el método de Kormogorov, y considerando que la distribución de los datos fueron normales, se sometieron al análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y al test de Tukey al 5 % cuando hubo diferencia significativa. Se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en todas las variables agronómicas, no así en el contenido de potasio en el suelo. Se observó interacción entre los factores circunferencia del pseudotallo y altura de planta, para las cuales las dosis más altas de N y K2O permitieron los mayores diámetros y altura de planta. El peso de racimo aumentó 22,4 % con la aplicación de 120 kg ha-1 de N y 15,0 % con 200 kg ha-1 de K2O, en comparación al testigo. El número de pencas por racimo también aumentó con la aplicación de las mayores dosis de N y K2O en forma individual, y la longitud del dedo central aumentó 11% con la aplicación de K2O, siendo no influenciada por la aplicación de N. No hubo efecto de la aplicación de K2O sobre su concentración en el suelo. Tanto la aplicación de N como de K2O en sus mayores dosis aumentaron el crecimiento y la producción del banano.

Abstract The removal of heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr) in real non-domestic wastewater (NDWW) from the electroplating industry (Medellín, Colombia) was studied in a batch system using peel biomass (BCB) and banana pseudostem (BPT) obtained by simple physical processes. The results were compared with a commercial activated carbon (CAC). The adsorbents were characterized through FTIR, BET, Isoelectric point, Boehm and XRD, showing little variation towards BCB and BPT materials in terms of chemical composition, morphology and structure. The physicochemical properties of ARnD were also determined prior to adsorption treatment, finding an initial concentration of 18.73 mg/L, 10.1 mg/L, 11.2 mg/L, 36.7 mg/L and 0.44 mg/L by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr, respectively. These values were compared with the Colombian regulations Resolution 0631 of 2015, where it was evidenced that they exceed the maximum permissible limits established. Adsorption tests were carried out at room temperature, pH of 3.65 and 200 rpm varying the amount of adsorbent (1 - 5 mg) for a time of 2 h. The maximum removal percentages were 42.69 %, 83.10 %, 95.17 %, 81.90 % and 99.82 % for Fe, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn and Cr, respectively. It is observed that the values achieved with the bioadsorbents are similar to commercial charcoal, suggesting that banana residues could be a low-cost alternative for the treatment of this type of effluent.

Resumen Se estudió la remoción de metales pesados (Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu y Cr) en aguas residuales no domésticas (ARnD) reales de la industria de galvanoplastia (Medellín, Colombia) en un sistema discontinuo usando biomasa de cáscara (BCB) y pseudotallo de banano (BPT) obtenidos mediante procesos físicos simples. Los resultados fueron comparados con un carbón activado comercial (CAC). Los adsorbentes fueron caracterizados a través de FTIR, BET, Punto isoeléctrico, Boehm y DRX, mostrando poca variación hacia los materiales BCB y BPT en términos de composición química, morfología y estructura. También se determinaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas del ARnD previamente al tratamiento de adsorción encontrando una concentración inicial de 18,73 mg/L, 10,1 mg/L, 11,2 mg/L, 36,7 mg/L y 0,44 mg/L por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica para el Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu y Cr, respectivamente. Estos valores se compararon con la normatividad Colombiana la Resolución 0631 de 2015, donde se evidenció que sobrepasan los límites máximos permisibles establecidos. Las pruebas de adsorción se llevaron a cabo a temperatura ambiente, pH de 3,65 y 200 rpm variando la cantidad de adsorbente (1 - 5 mg) para un tiempo de 2 h. Los porcentajes máximos de remoción fueron de 42,69 %, 83,10 %, 95,17 %, 81,90 % y 99,82 % para Fe, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn y Cr, respectivamente. Se observa que los valores alcanzados con los bioadsorbentes son similares al carbón comercial, lo que sugiere que los residuos de banano podrían ser una alternativa de bajo costo para el tratamiento de este tipo de efluentes.

Resumo A remoção de metais pesados (Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu e Cr) em águas residuais não domésticas reais (NDWW) da indústria de electrodeposição (Medellín, Colômbia) foi estudada num sistema descontínuo utilizando biomassa de casca (BCB) e pseudostem de banana (BPT) obtidos por processos físicos simples. Os resultados foram comparados com um carvão activado comercial (CAC). Os adsorventes foram caracterizados através de FTIR, BET, Isoelectric point, Boehm e XRD, mostrando pouca variação em relação aos materiais BCB e BPT em termos de composição química, morfologia e estrutura. As propriedades físico-químicas da ARnD antes do tratamento de adsorção foram também determinadas, encontrando-se uma concentração inicial de 18,73 mg/L, 10,1 mg/L, 11,2 mg/L, 36,7 mg/L e 0,44 mg/L por espectrofotometria de absorção atómica para Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu e Cr, respectivamente. Estes valores foram comparados com a Resolução 0631 de 2015 dos regulamentos colombianos, onde era evidente que excediam os limites máximos admissíveis estabelecidos. Foram efectuados testes de adsorção à temperatura ambiente, pH de 3,65 e 200 rpm variando a quantidade de adsorvente (1 - 5 mg) durante um tempo de 2 horas. As percentagens máximas de remoção foram de 42,69 %, 83,10 %, 95,17 %, 81,90 % e 99,82 % para Fe, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn e Cr, respectivamente. Observa-se que os valores obtidos com os bioadsorventes são semelhantes aos do carvão vegetal comercial, sugerindo que os resíduos de banana poderiam ser uma alternativa de baixo custo para o tratamento deste tipo de efluente.

Abstract ‘SCS453 Noninha’ and ‘SCS454 Carvoeira’ are new banana cultivars derived from the subgroup Prata (AAB). In comparison with the latter, ‘SCS453 Noninha’ has a low pseudostem height, 'SCS454 Carvoeira' a high yield and both unchanged fruit characteristics. Both also have increased resistance to Panama wilt and ‘SCS454 Carvoeira’ to Sigatoka. SCS453 SCS ‘SCS45 Noninha SCS454 Carvoeira AAB. AAB . (AAB) latter height 'SCS45 characteristics Sigatoka SCS45 ‘SCS4 (AAB 'SCS4 SCS4 ‘SCS 'SCS

Abstract The aim to evaluate the raw material (agroforestry residues) for particleboard manufacture from the: pseudostem of Musa paradisiaca; the stem and pods of Theobroma cacao; and the sawdust of Ceiba pentandra. The particleboards produced from these cellulosic residues are mixed with cassava starch’s natural adhesive and urea formaldehyde’s synthetic adhesive. The results indicate that lignin, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and extractives ranged from 6.2–19.0%, 41.4–50.2%, 24.4–31.5%, and 6.8–18.8% respectively and they were significantly different from each other. Additionally, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, and sterols were the phytochemicals present in biomass materials in different quantities. Also, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and boron were the elementals significantly present in the manufactured particleboards in the range of 35.3–52.8, 30.2–43.0, 4.2–24.0, and 3.2–9.9 percentage concentration respectively. As for the mechanical properties, it was verified that the cellulose content influenced 96.5% of the variability of the modulus of rupture (MOR) values. Understanding the distribution, functional properties, and impact of biomass organic, phytochemicals and elemental constitutions is an impetus to the improvement of processes with higher retention of these constitutions in the utilization of agroforest residues in the particleboard industry. These chemical compositions of the residues under study contributed largely to the characteristics of the manufactured particleboards. agroforestry paradisiaca cacao pentandra starchs starch s formaldehydes formaldehyde lignin αcellulose, αcellulose α cellulose, α-cellulose hemicellulose 62190 6 2 19 0 6.2–19.0% 414502 41 4 50 41.4–50.2% 244315 24 31 5 24.4–31.5% 68188 8 18 6.8–18.8 other Additionally tannins alkaloids saponins flavonoids phenols glycosides quantities Also carbon oxygen nitrogen 353528 35 3 52 35.3–52.8 302430 30 43 30.2–43.0 42240 4.2–24.0 3299 9 3.2–9. properties 965 96 96.5 MOR (MOR values distribution organic industry 6219 1 6.2–19.0 41450 41.4–50.2 24431 24.4–31.5 6818 6.8–18. 35352 35.3–52. 30243 30.2–43. 4224 4.2–24. 329 3.2–9 96. 621 6.2–19. 4145 41.4–50. 2443 24.4–31. 681 6.8–18 3535 35.3–52 3024 30.2–43 422 4.2–24 32 3.2– 62 6.2–19 414 41.4–50 244 24.4–31 68 6.8–1 353 35.3–5 302 30.2–4 42 4.2–2 3.2 6.2–1 41.4–5 24.4–3 6.8– 35.3– 30.2– 4.2– 3. 6.2– 41.4– 24.4– 6.8 35.3 30.2 4.2 6.2 41.4 24.4 6. 35. 30. 4. 41. 24.

Abstract The characterization of clones is a very important step in genetic certification programs, as it describes and recognizes the plant material at every stage of production, allowing the monitoring of genetic quality, improvement and conservation of the germplasm. The aim of this work was to morphologically characterize two elite banana clones. The experimental design applied was in randomized blocks, with four replications, with six plants per parcel. The treatments consisted of two elite banana clones, Prata Gorutuba R1 and Prata Gorutuba R2 and four commercial cultivars: Prata Gorutuba, Prata Ana, Grande Naine and BRS Princesa. The morphological characterization was carried out in the second production cycle (daughter plant), using 23 qualitative descriptors, visually evaluated, classified according to the instructions for carrying out the distinguishability, homogeneity and stability (DHS) tests of banana cultivars. The elite clones Prata Gorutuba R1 and R2 differed from the cultivars Grande Naine and BRS Princesa regarding the descriptors tapering of the pseudostem, predominant color of the pseudostem, intensity of anthocyanin coloration and color of the underside of the basal sheath. The descriptors made it possible to group elite clones into the Prata group, a group that predominates in crops in Brazil, with characteristics already widely accepted by the market. programs quality germplasm blocks replications parcel R Ana daughter plant, , plant) 2 evaluated distinguishability DHS (DHS pseudostem sheath Brazil market

Resumo A caracterização dos clones é uma etapa de suma importância em programas de certificação genética, pois descreve e reconhece o material vegetal em toda etapa de produção, permitindo o monitoramento da qualidade genética, o melhoramento e a conservação do germoplasma. Objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar, morfologicamente, dois clones-elites de bananeira. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, sendo seis plantas úteis. Os tratamentos foram compostos por dois clones-elites de bananeira Prata Gorutuba R1 e Prata Gorutuba R2 e quatro cultivares comerciais: Prata Gorutuba, Prata-Anã,Grande Naine e BRS Princesa. A caracterização morfológica foi realizada no segundo ciclo de produção (planta-filha), utilizando 23 descritores qualitativos, avaliados visualmente, classificados de acordo com as instruções para execução dos ensaios de distinguibilidade,homogeneidade e estabilidade (DHE) de cultivares de bananeira. Os clones-elites Prata Gorutuba R1 e R2 diferiram das cultivares Grande Naine e BRS Princesa referente aos descritores afunilamento do pseudocaule, cor predominante do pseudocaule, intensidade da coloração antocianínica e cor da face inferior da bainha basal. Os descritorespossibilitaram agrupar os clones-elites no grupo Prata, grupo este predominante em cultivos no Brasil,com características já amplamente aceitas pelo mercado. genética germoplasma Objetivouse Objetivou se caracterizar morfologicamente cloneselites elites acaso repetições úteis R comerciais PrataAnã,Grande PrataAnãGrande Anã,Grande Anã plantafilha, plantafilha planta filha , (planta-filha) 2 qualitativos visualmente distinguibilidadehomogeneidade distinguibilidade homogeneidade DHE (DHE pseudocaule basal Brasilcom Brasil mercado PrataAnã AnãGrande (planta-filha