ABSTRACT The composting of waste from a broiler chicken production chain (BCPC) promotes the mitigation of environmental impacts and allows the commercialization of compost as an agricultural input. Both the characteristics and the potential for use of the final compost depends on the operational conditions during composting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of organic compounds generated from composting BCPC residues and the pruning debris of urban trees in the germination and initial growth of lettuce seedlings. Six organic substrates obtained under different coverage conditions (presence and absence) and number of turns (8, 12, and 16) were evaluated using the germination index (IG) and Dickson quality index (DQI) for the production of seedlings in trays and compared with a commercial substrate. Principal component analysis demonstrated that the IG is not related to the DQI. The compounds produced without coverage showed lower levels of electrical conductivity (p < 0.05) and potassium (p < 0.05) due to the leaching of soluble salts during composting. These substrates did not inhibit seed germination (IG ≥ 75%), but resulted in less robust seedlings, mainly in relation to the aerial portion. BCPC residues were viable for composting treatment and the DQI of the organic compounds (0.0125) used as substrates for the initial growth of lettuce seedlings were, on average, 14% higher than that obtained from the commercial substrate (0.090), indicating that the organic compounds were of better quality.

RESUMEN La peca o mancha negra del aguacate causada por el hongo Pseudocercospora purpurea (Cooke) Deighton, es una de las principales limitantes sanitarias para la producción de aguacate de los cultivares antillanos (Lorena, Choquette, Santana y Semil 44) en la región productora del norte del departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Durante 2014-2017, se realizaron diferentes experimentos en campo con el propósito de determinar la época de mayor susceptibilidad del fruto, el efecto de la poda en la disminución del inóculo, y la selección de moléculas químicas con mayor grado de control, ajuste de su cronología y frecuencia de aplicación. Estos resultados permitieron la implementación y validación técnica, económica y ambiental de una estrategia química de manejo de la enfermedad. La estrategia de manejo realizada por Agrosavia (MA) reportó una incidencia de peca en fruto menor en un 10% en comparación con la observada en el manejo realizado por los productores (MP), con una rentabilidad de 23,75% debida al incremento de frutos de primera calidad. En esta última se emplearon fungicidas DMI (inhibidores de la demetilación) aún sin reportes de resistencia, fungicidas con mezcla de dos ingredientes activos (DMI y QoI) en aplicación intercalada, y algunas veces en conjunto con CuOCl durante la época de mayor susceptibilidad de los frutos a la peca, encaminada a disminuir el riesgo de inducción de resistencia en P. purpurea.

ABSTRACT Leaf spot, or black spot (BS), caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora purpurea (Cooke) Deighton, is one of the principal sanitary limitations in avocado production, particularly in the Antillean cultivars (Lorena, Choquette, Santana, and Semil 44) in the northern region of the Department of Tolima, Colombia. From 2014 to 2017, different experiments were carried out in the field to determine when higher fruit susceptibility occurs, the effect of pruning on inoculum reduction, and the chemical molecules with a high degree of control, adjusting their chronology and frequency of application. The results will facilitate the technical, economic, and environmental implementation and validation of a chemical strategy for management of this disease. The management strategy carried out with Agrosavia reported a 10% lower BS incidence in the fruits, as compared to the one carried out by producers, and a 23.75% return as a result of the increased fruit quality. This strategy used DMI fungicides (demethylation inhibitors), without resistance reports, and fungicides with a mixture of two active ingredients (DMI and QoI) and interspersed applications, sometimes in conjunction with CuOCl during periods of higher BS susceptibility in order to reduce the resistance induction risk in P. purpurea.

ABSTRACT For the production of dry leaf of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under the Cuban climatic conditions, it is necessary to identify the agrotechnical variables with the greatest impact on its yield. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the effect of pruning frequency on biomass production and steviolglycoside content. Plants of S. rebaudiana var. Morita II grown for 180 days in the stonecutter were employed. Three pruning frequencies were tested: every 30, 60 and 90 days. As a control, plants without pruning were used. The variables evaluated were the height of the plant, the number of branches per plant, the number of leaves per plant, the fresh and dry mass of the leaves and stems per plant and the percentage of flowering. In addition, the yield of dry mass per hectare was estimated and the content of steviolglycoside was determined. The results revealed that the best pruning frequency of S. rebauidiana plants was every 60 days. The results of the agronomic variables evaluated were higher than those obtained with pruning every 30 and 90 days, with the exception of the height of the plant and the percentage of flowering. With pruning every 60 days the yield was 1.19 t ha-1 and the steviolglycoside content reached 255.39 mg g-1 of dry mass. The results showed that the pruning frequency influences the production of biomass and the main components of the biomass yield, as well as the content of steviolglycosides in clarified aqueous extracts of S. rebaudiana var. Morita II grown under conditions of stonecutter.

RESUMEN Para la producción de hoja seca de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni en las condiciones climáticas de Cuba es necesario identificar las variables agrotécnicas de mayor impacto en el rendimiento. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la frecuencia de poda en la producción de biomasa y contenido de esteviolglicósidos. Se emplearon plantas de S. rebaudiana var. Morita II cultivadas durante 180 días en cantero. Se ensayaron tres frecuencias de poda: cada 30, 60 y 90 días. Como control se emplearon plantas sin podar. Las variables evaluadas fueron altura de la planta, número de ramas por planta, número de hojas por planta, masa fresca y seca de las hojas y los tallos por planta y el porcentaje de floración. Además, se estimó el rendimiento de masa seca por hectárea y se determinó el contenido de esteviolglicósido. Los resultados revelaron que la mejor frecuencia de poda de las plantas de S. rebauidiana fue cada 60 días. Los resultados de las variables agronómicas evaluadas fueron superiores a los obtenidos con las podas cada 30 y 90 días, con excepción de la altura de la planta y el porcentaje de floración. Con podas cada 60 días el rendimiento fue 1.19 t ha-1 y el contenido de esteviolglicósidos alcanzó 255.39 mg g-1 de masa seca. Los resultados demostraron que la frecuencia de poda influye en la producción de biomasa y en los principales componentes del rendimiento de biomasa, así como en el contenido de esteviolglicósidos en extractos acuosos clarificados de S. rebaudiana var. Morita II cultivada en condiciones de cantero.

Research on grapevines has indicated that organic amendment application (OAA) increases the nutrient content of soil and plant tissue. Microbial functional groups are extensively used as soil fertility indicators because they are highly sensitive to changes in climatic and management conditions and they accurately represent entire biological processes. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the interactive effects of OAA on microbiological and chemical properties of soil and plants of a vineyard in Mendoza, Argentina. The following factors were evaluated: type of organic amendment (compost or vermi compost), application mode (surface or buried) and frequency of application (one or two applications). The field experiment was carried out using a factorial randomized complete block design. The following soil parameters were analyzed before and after OAA: microbial abundance related to the carbon and nitrogen cycle, total microbial activity, salinity and fertility. Yield, pruning weight, trunk diameter and nutritional variables of the vine were determined at the end of the assay. The results showed that microorganisms were not affected by the type of amendment, the application method or frequency. After OAA, the total abundance of microorganisms was similar, and soil salinity was not affected. Phosphorus depended on the strategy or combinations. Total phosphorus in petioles was higher after one or two buried applications (0.43% and 0.39%, respectively). In conclusion, OAA to irrigated soil of arid areas in Mendoza, Argentina, could be considered a promising supplementary treatment to increase the nutrient content in soil and vine.

La aplicación de abonos orgánicos (AAO) en viñedos es una práctica frecuente para aumentar el contenido de nutrientes del suelo y planta. Los grupos funcionales microbianos se utilizan ampliamente como indicadores de fertilidad del suelo porque son altamente sensibles a las condiciones climáticas y culturales, y son los responsables de los procesos biológicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si estas premisas son válidas en las condiciones de la experiencia en un viñedo de Mendoza (Argentina). Los abonos empleados fueron compost y vermicompost con dos tipos de aplicación (superficial y enterrado) y frecuencia de aplicación (una y dos aplicaciones). Los indicadores medidos en suelo fueron: abundancia microbiana relacionada con el ciclo del carbono y nitrógeno; actividad microbiana total; variables de salinidad y fertilidad. En el cultivo se midió rendimiento, peso de poda, diámetro del tronco y contenido de nutrientes. El diseño experimental fue factorial de bloques completos al azar. La abundancia y actividad microbiana no se vieron afectadas por el tipo de abono, el modo o la frecuencia de aplicación. La salinidad del suelo no fue afectada por AAO. El fósforo en el suelo, respondió a las diferentes estrategias combinadas de aplicación. El fósforo total en los pecíolos fue mayor después de una o dos aplicaciones enterradas (0,43% y 0,39%, respectivamente). Los resultados indican la estabilidad de la actividad y abundancia microbiana en relación con la aplicación de los abonos en un suelo con coberturas vegetales. La aplicación de OAA demostró efectos beneficiosos sobre los indicadores nutritivos del cultivo y sobre la economía de los recursos.

ResumenSe evaluó el efecto del pastoreo a los 50, 60 y 70 días en época de lluvias y seca con nortes que son los frentes fríos, que corresponden de octubre a enero junto con la disponibilidad, calidad de biomasa y hábitos alimenticios de ovinos en un sistema silvopastoril de pasto estrella (Cynodon nlemfuensis), tulipán (Hibiscus rosasinensis) y leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala). Para cada tratamiento se utilizaron 2 parcelas de 8x24 m y 6 ovejas adultas raza pelibuey. La disponibilidad de biomasa en leucaena y tulipán se evaluó mediante cosecha total de 20 a 40 plantas por tratamiento. El pasto estrella se midió antes y después del pastoreo. Las 3 especies se separaron en componentes morfológicos, y se determinó proteína cruda y fibra detergente neutra en las hojas. Los hábitos de los ovinos se determinaron mediante observación directa. La disponibilidad de biomasa total, consumo por grupo y utilización del pasto estrella fueron mayores a los 70 días y en la época de lluvias. La proporción de hoja de las 3 especies fue mayor a los 50 días; por efecto de la época, fue más abundante en lluvias, nortes y seca para estrella, leucaena y tulipán, respectivamente. La disponibilidad de PC no varió (p>0,05) por efecto de frecuencia ni época de pastoreo. El mayor tiempo de consumo estuvo destinado a pasto estrella, tulipán y leucaena. Los diseños favorecieron los sistemas silvopastoriles multiasociados pues potenciaron los efectos positivos de sus relaciones. Las frecuencias de pastoreo se ajustaron a la época del año, bajo un modelo de manejo mixto de pastoreo y podas, para mejor utilización de la biomasa.

AbstractThe effect of grazing on the availability, biomass quality and feeding behavior of sheep in a silvopastoral system of star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis), tulip (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), was evaluated at 50, 60 and 70 days in rainy, dry and northern season. For each treatment, 2 plots of 8x24 m and 6 adult pelibuey ewes were used. The availability of biomass in leucaena and tulip was evaluated by total harvest of 20 to 40 plants per treatment. Star grass was measured before and after grazing. The 3 species were separated into morphological components, and crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were determined in leaves. Sheep habits were determined by direct observation. The availability of total biomass, consumption per group and use of star grass were higher at 70 days and in rainy season. The highest leaf ratio of the 3 species was greater at 50 days, as to the affect of the season, it was more abundant in rainy, north and dry for star, leucaena and tulip, respectively. PC availability did not vary (p>0.05) due to frequency nor grazing season. The longest consumption time was dedicated to stargrass, tulip and leucaena. The designs should favor the multi-jointed silvopastoral systems, to enhance the positive effects of their relationships. Grazing frequencies should be adjusted to the time of year, under a mixed grazing and pruning management model, for better utilization of the biomass.

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. shows relatively little growth variation due to climatic differences throughout the year and between years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate various cutting strategies for the management of Gliricidia for forage production in dry and rainy periods of the year. A randomized-block factorial experimental design (12 x 2) was used for the study. The factorial setup consisted of 12 pruning management treatments (cuttings at 45, 60, 75 and 90 days with 30, 60 and 90 cm residual heights) and two periods (dry and rainy season) with four replicates. There were significant interactions between the management regime and the season for plant height, stem diameter, stem diameter and the weight of both fresh and dry forage. The treatment with a cutting frequency of 90 days and a residual height of 90 cm resulted in the highest final average height and the largest stem diameter in the dry period, with reductions of 7.65 and 1.5%, respectively, during the period of water scarcity. The 90 days x 90 cm treatment resulted in the highest production of fresh and dry forage biomass. Application of different cutting strategies to the Gliricidia plants influenced the diameters of the stems and buds, plant height and accumulation of forage biomass during the rainy and dry seasons. The highest cutting frequency (90 days) and lower intensity cutting (90 cm) provided greater stem diameter, number of shoots and plant height, and the higher forage yield of Gliricidia.

La Gliricidia sepium tiene menos variación de crecimiento debido a las diferencias climáticas durante y entre años. El estudio evaluó el efecto de estrategias de corte de Gliricidia sepium en su producción en los períodos secos y lluviosos. Se evaluaron doce tratamientos de manejo de poda (cortes a los 45, 60, 75 y 90 días, con 30, 60 y 90 cm alturas residuales) y dos períodos (temporada seca y lluviosa) con cuatro repeticiones. El diseño estadístico fue de bloques al azar en una configuración factorial (12 x 2). Hubo interacciones significativas entre el régimen de manejo y la estación del año (lluviosa o seca) en la altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, diámetro de los brotes y masa de forraje del tallo, tanto seca como verde. El tratamiento con una frecuencia de corte de 90 días y una altura residual de 90 cm dio lugar a la mayor altura promedio final y al mayor diámetro del tallo en el período seco, con reducciones de 7,65 y 1,5% en el período de la escasez de agua, respectivamente. El tratamiento de 90 días x 90 cm dio lugar a la mayor producción de forraje en masa verde y seca. Las diferentes estrategias de corte de Gliricidia influyen en el diámetro del tallo y brotes, altura de la planta y la acumulación de la masa de forraje durante la estación lluviosa y seca. La mayor frecuencia de corte (90 días) y el punto de corte menor intensidad (90 cm) proporcionan mayor diámetro del tallo, número de brotes y la altura, y el más alto rendimiento de forraje de Gliricidia.

O interesse no cultivo da teca para a produção de toras pode ser demonstrado pelo aumento da área plantada. Entretanto, estudos sobre o desenvolvimento da teca ainda são escassos, principalmente no Estado de Mato Grosso, em que se demonstra alta perspectiva de retorno financeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento quantitativo e qualitativo da teca, até dez anos de idade, em Nossa Senhora do Livramento, Mato Grosso. De 73 parcelas permanentes, foram obtidos os valores de densidade, diâmetro a 1,3 m do solo, alturas total e dominante, área basal, volume total, os incrementos corrente anual e médio anual, e o ajuste de modelos de regressão. Também foram avaliadas as frequências quanto a forma ou qualidade do fuste, além do estado fitossanitário. O plantio de teca apresenta desenvolvimento quantitativo de semelhante a superior aos de Ásia, África e Américas Central e do Sul, sendo que a execução dos desbastes e desramas promovem a melhoria da qualidade.

The interest in the cultivation of teak for timber production can be demonstrated by the increase in planted area. However, studies on the development of teak are still scarce, especially in the state of Mato Grosso, where this cultivation presents a high prospect of financial return. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative development of teak until ten years of age in the municipality of Nossa Senhora do Livramento, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. In an area divided in 73 permanent plots, we obtained the values of density, diameter at 1.3 m above the ground, total and dominant height, basal area, total volume, current annual and mean annual increments, and adjustment to regression models. We also assessed the frequency regarding the form or quality of stem and the phytosanitary status. The teak plantation studied presented quantitative development similar to or greater than those found in Asia, Africa, and South and Central Americas. The execution of thinning and pruning were the main causes of teak cultivation quality improvement.

A ocorrência de doenças fúngicas na videira é fortemente influenciada pelas condições climáticas. No Brasil, a videira Vitis labrusca é cultivada em diversas regiões, desde o Rio Grande do Sul até o norte de Minas Gerais, as quais apresentam distintas características climáticas e, consequentemente, requerem diferentes estratégias de controle das doenças fúngicas. Com base nisto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o risco climático de ocorrência de doenças fúngicas em diferentes regiões produtoras do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, utilizando um modelo de previsão de pulverizações, baseado na ocorrência de chuva. Para tanto, foram empregados dados pluviométricos diários de séries históricas de 30 anos das regiões de Manga (MG), Jales (SP), Jundiaí (SP), São Miguel Arcanjo (SP), Marialva (PR) e Caxias do Sul (RS). Foi determinado o número de pulverizações pelo sistema do calendário (NPcalendário) e pelo sistema pluviométrico (NPchuva), em função da duração do ciclo em cada localidade para os diferentes períodos de safra, referentes a cada época de poda. Em Caxias do Sul, onde as chuvas são mais abundantes e bem distribuídas, o RC [=(NPchuva/NPcalendário)*100] variou de 50 a 55% entre as podas de agosto e setembro, enquanto que na região de Manga o RC variou de 1% nas podas de maio a 24% para as podas de fevereiro. Nas demais regiões, o RC apresentou valores entre 16 e 56%, demonstrando que o risco de ocorrência dessas doenças é variável com o clima e que o monitoramento das condições meteorológicas pode auxiliar para a recomendação racional de pulverizações para o controle de doenças fúngicas na videira Vitis labrusca.

The occurrence of fungal diseases in the grapevine is strongly influenced by climatic conditions. In Brazil, the grapevine Vitis labrusca, is grown in several regions, from Rio Grande do Sul to the north of Minas Gerais, which present distinct climatic conditions therefore requiring different strategies for the control of fungal diseases. Based on that, the aim of this study was to determine climatic risk in the occurrence of fungal diseases in different productive regions of the South and Southeast of Brazil, using a prediction model for spraying, based on rainfall occurrence. In order to do this, daily rainfall data from the regions of Manga (MG), Jales (SP), Jundiaí (SP), São Miguel Arcanjo (SP), Marialva (PR) and Caxias do Sul (RS), taken from a thirty-year time series were used. The number of sprays was determined using the calendar (NScalendar) and rainfall (NSrainfall) sytems, as a function of the duration of every harvest cycle for each location, as related to the pruning periods. In Caxias do Sul, where rainfall is more abundant and better distributed, the RC [= (NSrainfall / NScalendar)*100], varied from 50 to 55% for pruning dates from August to September, whereas in the Manga region, the RC ranged from 1% for pruning carried out in May to 24% for pruning in February. In the remaining regions, the RC values were between 16 and 56%, demonstrating that the risk of occurrence of these diseases varies with the weather, and that the monitoring of weather conditions can help in a rational recommendation of spraying frequency in the control of fungal diseases in the grapevine Vitis labrusca.

Se realizó un experimento en el estado Trujillo, Venezuela con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto del año, la época, la modalidad de asociación, la frecuencia de pastoreo, la estrategia de poda y la profundidad en el comportamiento de la macrofauna edáfica en un sistema de monocultivo de pasto (P) y asociado con Morus alba (M) y Leucaena leucocephala (L) mediante un diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial 4x3x3x2x2 y 3 réplicas. Se realizó una caracterización de la macrofauna al inicio del establecimiento de los sistemas y en diferentes periodos. Para ello se seleccionaron al azar tres sitios de muestreo en cada tratamiento por modalidad de asociación (P; M+P; M+L+P) y se excavaron calicatas de 30x30x30 cm en el suelo. Las muestras fueron separadas en diferentes profundidades 0-10, 10-20 y 20-30 cm. Los ejemplares pertenecientes a la macrofauna fueron separados, contados y clasificados hasta nivel de familia. No se observaron interacciones significativas pero sí efecto de todos los factores estudiados, excepto de la estrategia de poda, en la densidad de individuos/m². Hubo diferencias significativas a favor del segundo (57,8) y tercer año (66,5) de explotación, comparados con el establecimiento (15,9) y en el primer año de explotación (20,9). Durante la época de lluvias se observó la mayor cantidad de individuos/m² (44,78), así como en los sistemas con árboles (M+P: 31,31; M+L+P: 36,95), con la frecuencia de pastoreo más espaciada (39,4) y en los primeros 10 cm de profundidad (56,0; P<0,01). Se determinó mayor riqueza cualitativa en términos de especies en los sistemas asociados. Se concluye que la presencia de la morera y la leucaena favorecieron la colonización en los sistemas asociados y la mayor presencia de phylum, clases, órdenes y familias de organismos edáficos.

An experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of the year, the season, the modality association, the grazing frequency, the pruning strategy and the soil depth in the behavior of the edaphic macrofauna in a grass area (P) and associated systems with Morus alba (M) and Leucaena leucocephala (L) in Trujillo state, Venezuela using a randomized blocks design with factorial arrangement 4x3x3x2x2 and 3 replicates. A characterization from the macrofauna to the beginning of the establishment and different periods was studied. Was selected it at random 3 sampling point in each treatment for association modality (P; M+P; M+L+P; L+P) and calicates of 30x30x30 cm was dug in the floor. The samples were separated in different depths 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. The macrofauna samples were separate, counted and classified until family level. No significant interaction was observed. However, effect of all factors studied was obtained, except of the pruning strategy, among individues/m² density. Significant differences among the second (57.8) and third (66.5) year of exploitation, compared with the establishment (15.9) and in the first year of exploitation (20.9) were observed. During the rainy season (44.78) the biggest quantity in individuals was observed by area unit, as well as in the tree systems (M+P: 31.31; M+L+P: 36,95), with the most spaced grazing frequency (39,40) and in the first 10 cm of depth (56.00; P<0.01). Bigger qualitative wealth in terms of species in the associate systems was observed. The mulberry and leucaena presence favored the colonization in the associate systems and the biggest phylum, classes, orders and families of edaphic organisms were counted.

O experimento foi realizado no município de Aparecida do Rio Doce-GO, no sudoeste Goiano, durante os anos de 2007 e 2008, visando a caracterizar a produção da videira 'Niágara Rosada', em diferentes épocas de poda: (1) 09-07-07; (2) 28-09-07; (3) 03-03-08 e (4) 19-04-08. Variáveis associadas à produção por planta, avaliação de cachos e bagas, folhas remanescentes na colheita, posição de brotos na gema e quantidade de cachos/broto, pH, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT) e relação SS/AT foram analisadas nas produções obtidas nas quatro épocas de poda. A maior massa de cachos foi encontrada nas podas de julho e de abril. As podas realizadas em março e abril permitiram maior número de cachos e maior produtividade. A poda de setembro apresentou maior comprimento, largura e massa de bagas. A qualidade dos frutos foi semelhante entre as safras, mostrando apenas diferenças significativas para pH, AT e para a relação SS/AT nas quatro épocas. A época de poda 3 apresentou o menor valor de folhas remanescentes em relação às demais (6,15 folhas), não sendo considerado como grande desfolha nem causando quedas de produtividade. Para a avaliação da posição do broto na gema, a maior média foi observada na época de poda 1, sendo que as gemas de maior frequência de emissão de ramos com frutos foram aquelas onde se aplicou a cianamida hidrogenada (3ª a 6ª gema), indispensável na estimulação das brotações em videiras. Então, conclui-se que a videira Niágara Rosada pode ser podada nas quatro épocas do ano estudadas no Sudoeste Goiano, já que as avaliações dos cachos e bagas mostraram-se satisfatórias em relação a outras regiões, e as precipitações não afetaram a qualidade final dos frutos em nenhum dos períodos.

The experiment was conducted in Aparecida do Rio Doce, Southwest Goiás, during the year 2007 and 2008, to characterize the production of grapevine cv. Niagara Rosada, in different pruning times: (1) 7/9/07, (2) 9/28/07, (3) 3/3/08 and (4) 4/19/08. Variables associated to plant production, evaluation of bunches and berries, leaves at harvest, position of fruitful branch in the yolk, number of clusters/fruitful branch, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity and soluble solids by titratable acidity ratio related to harvests were analyzed. Time of pruning 3 showed the lowest value of leaves at harvest than the others (6.15 leaves) being not considered large or causing defoliation and loss of productivity. For the evaluation of the position of fruitful branch in the yolk, the highest average was observed at the time of pruning 1, where the yolk of higher transmission frequency of branches with fruit were the ones that have been applied hydrogen cyanamide (3rd to 6th yolk), indispensable in the stimulation of the shoots in grapevines. So it follows that the grapevine Niagara Rosada can be pruned in the four seasons studied in Southwest Goiás, since the evaluations of clusters and berries were shown to be satisfactory in relation to other regions and rainfall did not affect the final quality of fruits in any period.

Este trabalho objetiva caracterizar a estrutura anatômica do lenho de Mollinedia glabra, ocorrente em duas formações vegetais contíguas na restinga da Praia Virgem, município de Rio das Ostras, RJ. Essas formações Arbustiva Aberta de Pal-mae (AAP) e Arbustiva Fechada do Cordão Arenoso (AFCA) estão sobre cordão arenoso e recebem precipitações anuais de 1.100-1.300 mm. Foram obtidas amostras do lenho das duas forações. São características anatôicas gerais da espécie: elementos de vasos solitários, em arranjos radiais ou cachos, de seção de circular a angular; placa de perfuração es-calariforme, com 5-15 barras; parênquima axial escasso; fibro-traqueídes septadas e raios multisseriados largos, com cristais prismáticos. A análise estatística evidenciou aumento significativo na frequência dos elementos de vasos e aumento no diâmetro das fibrotraqueídes nos indivíduos de AAP. Essas características são consideradas adaptações estruturais ao aumento da necessidade de água causada por maior exposição à luz solar. A realização de podas frequentes pode ter relação com a formação de tilos nesses indivíduos. O aumento significativo no comprimento e frequência de raios podem representar uma resposta ao maior diâmetro dos indivíduos em AFCA. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que M. glabra desenvolve adaptações estruturais às variações micro-ambientais da restinga durante seu desenvolvimento.

This paper aimed to characterize the anatomical structure of the wood of specimens of Mollinedia glabra (Spreng.) Perkins growing in two contiguous formations of restinga vegetation at Praia Virgem, in the municipality of Rio das Ostras, RJ. Both the Open Palmae (OPS) and the Sandy Strip Closed Shrub (SSCS) formations are found in coastal regions that receive between 1,100 and 1,300 mm of rainfall per year. Sapwood samples were collected in both formations. Typical anatomical features for this species include: solitary vessels, radial multiples or clusters elements, that are circular to angular in outline, 5-15 barred scalarifor perforation plates, ood parenchya scanty, septate fiber-tracheids, and wide multiseriate rays with prismatic crystals. Statistical analyses indicated a significant increase in the frequency of vessel elements and an increase in fiber-tracheid diameters in OPS individuals. These characteristics are considered structural adaptations to increased water needs caused by a greater exposure to sunlight. Continuous pruning may be responsible for the tyloses observed in OPS plants. The greater lengths and higher frequencies of the rays in SSCS trees ay be due to the greater diaeters of their branches. ur results suggest that . glabra develops structural adaptations to the restinga micro-environmental variations during its development.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da frequência e intensidade de poda sobre a produção e qualidade dos frutos da laranjeira 'Valência', enxertada sobre Poncirus trifoliata, em pomar jovem, sob sistema de manejo orgânico. O plantio foi realizado em agosto de 2001, em espaçamento de 5,0x2,5m, em Montenegro, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Os tratamentos testados foram: A - Testemunha (sem poda); B - Poda anual de 15%; C - Poda bienal de 15%; D - Poda bienal de 30%; e E - Poda trienal de 30% do volume da copa. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, sendo quatro repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. Nas safras de 2006, 2007 e 2008, foram avaliados: número, massa total de frutos e massa média dos frutos, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT) e relação SST/AT do suco dos frutos. Em pomares jovens, com menos de sete anos de idade, durante três safras consecutivas, verificou-se que as podas de frutificação não alteram a produção acumulada, nem a qualidade físico-química dos frutos, mas reduzem a produção no ano subsequente à execução da poda.

This study evaluated the influence of frequency and intensity of pruning on young orchards, with organic management system, on the yield and fruit quality of 'Valencia' oranges. The trees were budded on Poncirus trifoliata rootstock and implanted in August, 2001, in Montenegro-RS. The pruning tested was: A - control, without pruning; B - annual pruning of 15%; C - biennial pruning of 15%; D - biennial pruning of 30% and E - three-year 30% pruning of the canopy volume. The experiment had a randomized complete-block design, with four-trees plots and four replications. The total fruit mass production was registered and the average weight fruit in the crops 2006, 2007 and 2008 was determined. The fruit quality, total soluble solids (TSS), total acids concentration (TTA) and ratio (TSS/TTA) were assessed. In orchards with fewer than seven years old, the pruning does not change the cumulative yield for three seasons, the fruit quality and its physical-chemical properties. The frequencies and intensities of pruning reduce the yield in the year after pruning.

La determinación de la producción de follaje verde en el primer año de siembra de la Acacia decurrens se realizó en la finca La Ramada, Quindío, a 4° 31' 41" de latitud norte y 75° 32' 41'' de longitud oeste, con una temperatura promedio de 16 °C. Las plantas fueron establecidas con un mes de edad, en surcos paralelos a la pendiente, podadas al alcanzar 1,8 m de altura y defoliadas manualmente simulando el ramoneo que realiza el ganado. Las densidades de siembra fueron: alta, media y baja: 1664, 832 y 416 acacias/hectárea, respectivamente; se realizaron defoliaciones por periodos a los 6, 9 y 12 meses de siembra. Las variables a medir fueron: peso en gramos de follaje verde por árbol e incremento en gramos de follaje verde/árbol/día. Todos los datos fueron analizados por ANOVA. No fue encontrada diferencia significativa (P>0,05) entre las variables analizadas al estudiar las diferentes densidades de siembra. Se evidenció diferencia significativa (P<0,05) entre periodos de defoliación, al analizar la variable de incremento en gramos de follaje verde por día, esto indica, que la producción de gramos de follaje verde fue mejor en el tercer periodo. La producción de follaje verde de la acacia en el primer año no se ve afectada por las diferentes densidades de siembra y hay un incremento de la producción de follaje verde a medida que las acacias incrementan su edad.

The determination of green foliage production of Acacia decurrens in the first planting year, was in La Ramada farm, Quindío, located 4° 31' 41'' of latitude north and 75° 32' 41'' longitude west, an average temperature 16 °C. The age for planting was one month, in parallel rows to the slope, pruning to 1,5 m of high and the acacia's browsing was simulated by manual defoliation; The planting densities were high, medium, and low: 1664, 832 and 416 acacias/hectare, respectively; and the periods o frequency of defoliation was to 6, 9 and 12 months of planting. The variables were grams/tree of foliage production and grams/tree/day of foliage increment. All data were analyzed by ANOVA. In this trial, the planting densities were not significantly (P>0.05), however, between periods the grams/tree/day of foliage increment were significantly (P<0.05), because the better production was in the third defoliation period. Acacia foliage production is similar in the first planting year with three different densities, and the foliage production increment improves with the time.

Con el objetivo de determinar el potencial de rendimiento de la morera variedad Tigreada, se estudiaron dos alturas (50 y 100 cm) y dos frecuencias de corte (45 y 90 días), mediante un diseño totalmente aleatorizado en la Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes "Indio Hatuey", Cuba. Se evaluaron las variables agronómicas: rendimiento de materia seca de la biomasa total (BT), rendimiento de materia seca de la biomasa comestible (BC), rendimiento de materia seca de las hojas (BH) y rendimiento de materia seca de los tallos tiernos (BTT) en el periodo lluvioso (PLL) y poco lluvioso (PPLL) en un año de explotación del cultivo. El efecto de la interacción altura x frecuencia fue significativo (P<0,05); los mayores valores se encontraron al cortar la planta cada 90 días y a 50 cm de altura, para la variable BT en el PLL (134,72 g MS/planta). Las interacciones encontradas en el BTT estuvieron mayormente determinadas por los cortes más intensos y la menor altura de poda y se obtuvieron hasta 13,62 g MS/planta en el PPLL. La altura de corte presentó un efecto significativo para la BT en el PPLL y la BH en ambos periodos; las mayores producciones se obtuvieron con los cortes más bajos. Se concluye que para la generalidad de las variables estudiadas existió interacción significativa de los factores altura y frecuencia de corte y con 90 días y 50 cm de poda se alcanzaron rendimientos aceptables de materia seca. Se encontró una acentuada diferencia de la morera, en términos de producción de materia seca, cuando se explotó con la menor altura de corte.

With the objective to determine the potential yield of the mulberry variety Tigreada, two pruning heights (50 and 100 cm) and two cutting frequencies (45 and 90 days) were studied, by using of a completely randomized design at the Experimental Station of Pastures and Forages "Indio Hatuey", Cuba. The agronomic variables: dry matter yield of total biomass (TB), dry matter yield of edible biomass (EB), dry matter yield of leaves biomass (LB), and dry matter yield of fresh stems biomass (FSB) were evaluated in the rainy (RS) and dry seasons (DS) in a year of exploitation of the crop. The height by frequency interaction was significant (P<0.05); the highest values in TB were found when cutting the plant every 90 days and at 50 cm of height in the RS (134.72 g DM/plant). The interactions found in the FSB were mainly determined by the more intense pruning and the lower pruning height, and up to 13.62 g DM/plant was obtained. The cutting height showed a significant effect on TB in the DS and on LB in both periods. The highest plant production was obtained with the lowest pruning height. It is concluded that, in general, for the variables studied there was a significant interaction cutting height and frequency. With 90 days and 50 cm of pruning height, acceptable dry matter yields were achieved. An accentuated difference in terms of dry matter production was found, when mulberry it was exploited with the lowest pruning height.

With the objective of determining the yield potential of mulberry variety Tigreada, two cutting heights (50 and 100) and frequencies (45 and 90 days) were studied, in a completely randomized design, for two consecutive years. Twenty plants were used in each treatment to evaluate the agronomic variables: dry matter yield of the total biomass (DMYBT), dry matter yield of the edible biomass (DMYEB), dry matter yield of the leaves (DMYL), dry matter yield of the fresh stems (DMYFS) and dry matter yield of the ligneous stems (DMYLS), in the rainy (RS) and dry seasons (DS). For some of the agronomic variables significant interaction (P<0,05) was found between the cutting frequency and height. When cutting every 90 days and at 50 cm of height, the highest values were for DMYL in the RS of the second year (91,7 g/plant), DMYTB in the RS of both years (134,7 and 183, 2 g DM/plant, respectively), and DMYLS in the RS of both years and the DS of the second year. The highest value for the DMYFS was found when cutting at 50 cm of height and every 45 days in the second year (27,1 g DM/plant); while the DMYTB in the DS of both seasons and the DMYL in both seasons were affected by the height, with the highest values when cutting at 50 cm. It is concluded that for most of the variables there was interaction of the factors studied. To use cutting frequencies of 90 days and pruning height of 50 cm in order to reach high biomass productions is recommended, as well as to study the effect of other agronomic factors, such as: plant density, doses and sources of fertilization and irrigation regimen, on the biomass production and quality of this species.

Con el objetivo de determinar el potencial de rendimiento de la morera variedad Tigreada, se estudiaron dos alturas (50 y 100 cm) y dos frecuencias de corte (45 y 90 días), en un diseño totalmente aleatorizado, durante dos años consecutivos. En cada tratamiento se utilizaron 20 plantas para evaluar las variables agronómicas: rendimiento de materia seca de la biomasa total (RMSBT), rendimiento de materia seca de la biomasa comestible (RMSBC), rendimiento de materia seca de las hojas (RMSH), rendimiento de materia seca de los tallos tiernos (RMSTT) y rendimiento de materia seca de los tallos leñosos (RMSTL), en los períodos lluvioso (PLL) y poco lluvioso (PPLL). Para algunas de las variables agronómicas se encontró interacción significativa (P<0,05) entre la frecuencia y la altura de corte. Al cortar cada 90 días y a 50 cm de altura, los mayores valores fueron para el RMSH en el PLL del segundo año (91,7 g/planta), el RMSBT en el PLL de ambos años (134,7 y 183,2 g de MS/planta, respectivamente), y el RMSTL en el PLL de ambos años y en el PPLL del segundo año. El mayor valor para el RMSTT se encontró al cortar a 50 cm de altura y 45 días en el segundo año (27,1 g de MS/planta); mientras que el RMSBT en el PPLL de ambos años y el RMSH en ambos períodos del primer año, fueron afectados por la altura, con los valores más altos al cortar a 50 cm. Se concluye que para la mayoría de las variables existió interacción de los factores en estudio. Se recomienda utilizar frecuencias de corte de 90 días y altura de poda de 50 cm para alcanzar altas producciones de biomasa, así como estudiar el efecto de otros factores agronómicos tales como: densidad de plantación, dosis y fuentes de fertilización y régimen de riego, en la producción y calidad de biomasa de esta especie.