RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de inclusões crescentes de Tribulus terrestris (TT) em dietas para ovinos confinados, sobre parâmetros ruminais e metabólitos sanguíneos. O experimento foi conduzido em duas etapas: in vitro, com inclusões que variaram de 0 até 15,0g/kg de TT na matéria seca da dieta, sendo determinadas as digestibilidades in vitro da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, do pH, da mensuração de nitrogênio amoniacal e dos gases de efeito estufa; e in situ, com inclusões de 0 até 5,0g/kg, no qual cinco ovinos canulados foram distribuídos em um delineamento de quadrado latino 5 × 5. Foram avaliados parâmetros fermentativos, populações de protozoários e perfil metabólico sanguíneo. A inclusão de TT, independentemente da dosagem, proporcionou redução na digestibilidade in vitro, com efeito quadrático sobre matéria seca e nutrientes, diminuições do nitrogênio amoniacal e metano. Em termos de parâmetros fermentativos, as dosagens mais seguras in vitro foram 1,25 e 2,5g/kg. A inclusão de até 5,0 g/kg não afetou os parâmetros fermentativos in situ, não prejudicou o perfil metabólico sanguíneo e reduziu a população de pequenos protozoários. Estudos com inclusões maiores que 5,0g/kg devem ser efetuados para confirmar o efeito sobre os protozoários, com posteriores análises de desempenho produtivo.

ABSTRACT The aim was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of Tribulus terrestris (TT) in diets of sheep in confinement on rumen parameters and blood metabolites. The experiment was conducted in two stages, in vitro, with inclusions ranging from 0 to 15.0 g/kg of TT in dry matter of the diet and the in vitro digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, pH, measurement of ammoniacal nitrogen and greenhouse gases were determined. And in situ, with inclusions of 0 to 5.0g/kg, in which five cannulated sheep were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design to evaluate fermentation parameters, protozoan populations and blood metabolic profile. The inclusion of TT, regardless of dosage, resulted in decrease on in vitro digestibility, with quadratic effect on dry matter and nutrients, and reduction in ammoniacal nitrogen and methane. In terms of fermentation parameters, the safest dosages in vitro were 1.25 and 2.5g/kg. Inclusion of up to 5.0g/kg did not affect fermentation parameters in situ, did not harm the blood metabolic profile and reduced the population of small protozoa. Studies with inclusions greater than 5.0g/kg should be carried out to confirm the effect on protozoa, with subsequent analysis of production performance.

Resumen Los parásitos apicomplejos utilizan diversos vertebrados como hospedadores, incluido el ser humano. La detección de estos protozoarios en la fauna silvestre evidencia la contaminación biológica del medio y la existencia de ciclos silvestres, lo que relacionaría su contacto con animales domésticos/seres humanos, debido al avance antropogénico sobre los ambientes naturales. El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en recopilar información sobre estudios parasitológicos, serológicos y moleculares de los géneros Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma, Neospora y Cryptosporidium en especies de la fauna silvestre presente en Argentina. Se seleccionaron 48 trabajos en los que se analizaron especies silvestres de roedores, cánidos, cérvidos, marsupiales, primates, camélidos sudamericanos, cingulados, félidos, mustélidos, suinos, herpéstidos, lagomorfos, aves psitaciformes y gecónidos. El género parasitario reportado en mayor cantidad de provincias fue Sarcocystis, seguido de T. gondii, N. caninum y por último, Cryptosporidium. La condición de vida libre o en cautiverio y los hábitos etológicos de los animales silvestres, entre otros factores, influyeron en la dinámica de la interacción parásito-hospedador y en la presentación de estas infecciones.

Abstract Apicomplexan parasites use several vertebrates as hosts, including humans. The detection of these protozoa in wild animals evidences environmental biological contamination as well as the existence of wild cycles, which would be related to their contact with domestic animals/humans due to anthropogenic advance on natural environments. The aim of this revision article was to compile parasitological, serological and molecular reports of the genera Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma, Neospora and Cryptosporidium present in wild animal species in Argentina. A total of 48 papers that analyzed studies of apicomplexan protozoa in wild species of rodents, canids, cervids, marsupials, primates, South American camelids, cingulates, felids, mustelids, suines, herpestids, lagomorphs, psittaciform birds and geconids were selected. The most reported parasitic genus in provinces of Argentina was Sarcocystis, followed by T. gondii, N. caninum and finally Cryptosporidium. The free-living or captive state and the ethological habits of wild animals, among other factors, influenced the dynamics of parasite-host interactions and the presence of these infections.

RESUMEN El riesgo de infección por agentes parasitarios en hortalizas contaminadas es mayor cuando las características de los puestos de ventas en mercados y la higiene del personal de expendio es deficiente. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de estadios parasitarios e identificar los géneros/especies encontrados en hortalizas expendidas en los principales mercados de la ciudad de Chiclayo. Se analizaron 600 muestras de hortalizas, 75 por cada especie: lechuga, cebolla china, apio, rábano, repollo, cilantro, perejil y espinaca. Mediante montaje húmedo, se determinó que el 51% (IC95% 47-55) de las muestras contenían estadios parasitarios. Se identificó a Entamoeba spp, Giardia spp, Balantidium coli, Taenia spp, Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris spp, Trichuris spp, Toxocara spp, e Hymenolepis nana. La proporción de quistes/ooquistes de protozoarios fue mayor con relación a huevos de helmintos. La lechuga y la cebolla china fueron las hortalizas con mayor presencia de estadios parasitarios. Se concluye que las hortalizas expendidas en las principales ciudades de Chiclayo están altamente contaminadas con estadios parasitarios.

ABSTRACT The risk of infection by parasitic agents in contaminated vegetables is greater when the characteristics of the sale stalls in markets and the hygiene of street vendors is poor. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of parasitic stages and identify the genera/ species found in vegetables sold in the main markets of the city of Chiclayo, Peru. In total, 600 vegetable samples were analysed, 75 for each species: lettuce, green onion, celery, radish, cabbage, coriander, parsley and spinach. Using wet mounting, it was determined that 51% (95%CI 47-55) of the samples contained parasitic stages. Entamoeba spp, Giardia spp, Balantidium coli, Taenia spp, Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris spp, Trichuris spp, Toxocara spp, and Hymenolepis nana were identified. The proportion of protozoan cysts/oocysts was higher than helminth eggs. Lettuce and green onion were the vegetables with the highest presence of parasitic stages. It is concluded that the vegetables sold in the main districts of Chiclayo are highly contaminated with parasitic stages.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Infectious intestinal diseases (diarrhea) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In 2015, it constituted the ninth leading cause of death for all ages. Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of mortality due to infectious intestinal diseases (diarrhea) in Paraguay from 2015 to 2019. Methods: Descriptive, ecological, cross-sectional, retrospective, and non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases was performed. ICD-10 deaths included cholera (A01), typhoid and paratyphoid fever (A01), shigellosis (A03), other bacterial intestinal infections (A04), other bacterial food poisoning (A05), amebiasis (A06), other intestinal diseases due to protozoa (A07), intestinal infections due to viruses (A08), and diarrhea and gastroenteritis of presumed infectious origin (A09). Open access data were obtained from the WEB page of the General Directorate of Strategic Information in Health of the MSP and BS of all the Departments of the country. Crude and adjusted rates (per 100,000 inhabitants) were calculated. Excel and EPI INFO 7.0 were used. Results: 495 deaths were registered; the highest prevalence was in 2019 (adjusted rate of 1.83) and the lowest in 2017 (1.36). The months with the highest mortality rates were January and July (9.9%). 51.72% were women (256), 30.91% were over 80 years old and 28.28% (140) were under 5 years old, average age 50.8, single 56.77% (281) and without any type of education 41.82% (207). A total of 80.61% (399) of the respondents resided in urban areas. The highest rates were registered in Boquerón (33.3) and Amambay (15.2). Diarrhea and gastroenteritis of infectious origin accounted for 95.56% of the cases (473). Discussion: There was a high percentage of mortality from infectious diarrhea. Extremes of life were the most vulnerable populations.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades infecciosas intestinales (diarrea) son una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel mundial. En 2015, constituyeron la novena causa principal de muerte para todas las edades. Objetivo: describir las características epidemiológicas de la mortalidad por enfermedades infecciosas intestinales (diarreas) en Paraguay durante los años 2015 al 2019. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, ecológico, transversal, retrospectivo, muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Se consideraron los óbitos del CIE - 10, que incluyen al cólera (A01), fiebres tifoidea y paratifoidea (A01), shigelosis (A03), otras infecciones intestinales bacterianas (A04), otras intoxicaciones alimentarias bacterianas (A05), amebiasis (A06), otras enfermedades intestinales debidas a protozoarios (A07), infecciones intestinales debidas a virus (A08) y diarrea y gastroenteritis de presunto origen infeccioso (A09). Se utilizaron datos de acceso abierto de la página WEB de la Dirección General de Información Estratégica en Salud del MSP y BS de todos los Departamentos del país. Se calcularon tasas crudas y ajustadas (por 100.000 habitantes). Se utilizaron Excel y EPI INFO 7.0. Resultados: Se registraron 495 muertes, la mayor prevalencia fue en 2019 (tasa ajustada de 1,83) y menor en 2017 (1,36). Los meses con mayor mortalidad fueron enero y julio (9,9%). El 51,72% fueron mujeres (256), 30,91% mayores de 80 años y 28,28% (140) menores de 5 años, edad promedio 50,8, solteros 56,77% (281) y sin ningún tipo de educación 41,82% (207). El 80,61% (399) residía en área urbana. Las mayores tasas se registraron en Boquerón (33,3) y Amambay (15,2). El 95,56% (473) fueron diarreas y gastroenteritis de origen infeccioso. Discusión: Se registra alto porcentaje de mortalidad de diarreas de origen infeccioso. Los extremos de la vida constituyen la población más vulnerable.

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades en los erizos de mar han sido descritas en muchas localidades alrededor del mundo, y se han asociado con la presencia de infecciones por bacterias, protozoarios, hongos y algas. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como finalidad investigar sobre los agentes patógenos que afectan a las poblaciones de Arbacia lixula y Paracentrotus lividus a lo largo de la costa de la Isla de Gran Canaria (Atlántico Centro-Oriental, España). Métodos: El muestreo fue llevado a cabo en la playa de San Cristóbal, al noreste de la isla, dónde los organismos fueron capturados entre 1-3 metros de profundidad, durante junio, julio y octubre del año 2022. Se tomaron muestras en la zona interna y externa de la lesión en cada organismo, y se cultivaron en varios medios de cultivo. Resultados: Fueron identificados ocho agentes patógenos diferentes, incluyendo bacterias y hongos, y siendo Vibrio alginolyticus la bacteria más frecuentemente observada en todas las muestras de erizos enfermos. Además, se observaron protozoarios ciliados dentro de los caparazones, actuando potencialmente como parásitos oportunistas. Conclusiones: Esta investigación proporciona una perspectiva única sobre la enfermedad del erizo desnudo al identificar un número significativo de patógenos asociados, incluida Candida, que no se había reportado previamente en organismos enfermos. Además, el estudio destaca la presencia de una respuesta inflamatoria en tejidos con colonias bacterianas, lo que ofrece información crucial para comprender esta enfermedad de los erizos de mar.

Abstract Introduction: Sea urchin diseases have been documented in several locations worldwide, with reported occurrences of bacterial, protozoan, fungal, and algal infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate pathogen agents in populations of Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus along the coast of Gran Canaria Island (Central-East Atlantic, Spain). Methods: Sampling was conducted at San Cristobal beach, on the Northeast side of the island, where sea urchins were manually collected from depths of 1-3 m during June, July, and October 2022. Swab samples were taken from the external and internal areas of the lesions and cultured on various media plates. Results: Eight different pathogen agents, including bacteria and fungi, were identified, with Vibrio alginolyticus being the most frequently observed bacteria in all diseased sea urchin samples. Additionally, ciliated protozoans were found within the tests, potentially acting as opportunistic parasites. Conclusions: This research provides a unique perspective on bald sea urchin disease by identifying a significant number of associated pathogens, including Candida, previously unreported in diseased organisms. Furthermore, the study highlights the presence of an inflammatory response in tissues with bacterial colonies, offering crucial insights into understanding this sea urchin disease.

Resumen La leishmaniosis es una enfermedad causada por parásitos protozoarios del género Leishmania y transmitida a mamíferos mediante la picadura de insectos dípteros hematófagos del género Lutzomyia en el nuevo mundo. Los caninos son susceptibles de adquirir la forma visceral y la forma cutánea de la enfermedad. Los métodos de diagnóstico incluyen observación directa del parásito por microscopía óptica, serología o técnicas de biología molecular en muestras de perros con signos clínicos evidentes y/o sospecha clínica. En este estudio se evaluó la utilidad de una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa anidada (PCRn) para el diagnóstico de dicha patología en perros. Se analizaron 18 muestras de sangre entera anticoagulada con EDTA de perros de la ciudad de Corrientes con sospecha clínica de padecer leishmaniosis. A partir de las mismas, se extrajo ácido desoxiribonucleico (ADN) y se realizaron dos rondas de amplificación sucesivas de una secuencia que codifica para la subunidad pequeña de ARN ribosomal. Los resultados obtenidos de las PCR anidadas fueron comparados con los resultados obtenidos a partir del método parasitológico directo considerado como gold standard. La técnica aplicada mostró sensibilidad del 100%, especificidad del 75%, valor predictivo positivo del 67% y valor predictivo negativo del 100% lo que la convierte en una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico de leishmaniosis canina.

Abstract Leishmaniosis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and, in the New World, is transmitted to mammals through the bite of blood-sucking dipteran insects of the genus Lutzomyia. Canines are susceptible to infection, developing the visceral form (VL) and the cutaneous form (CL) of the disease. Diagnostic methods include direct observation of the parasite by light microscopy, serology, or molecular biology techniques in samples from dogs with clinical signs and/or clinical suspicion. In this word, the usefulness of a nested PCR designed for the diagnosis of this pathology in dogs was evaluated. A total of 18 samples of EDTA pre-treated dog’s whole blood were analyzed. Dogs were from the city of Corrientes and presented clinical suspicion of suffering from leishmaniasis. From the samples, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted and two successive rounds of amplification of a sequence that codes for the small subunit of ribosomal RNA were carried out. The results obtained from the nested PCRs were compared with this obtained from the direct parasitological method (gold standard). The applied technique showed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 75%, positive predictive value of 67% and negative predictive value of 100%, turning it into a valuable tool for diagnosing canine leishmaniosis.

ABSTRACT: Infectious enteritis is highly prevalent among dogs worldwide and, in some cases, it can be fatal. This study describes the clinical and laboratorial findings of single and mixed infections associated with severe enteritis in 76 dogs from Southern Brazil. Intestinal segments and/or fecal samples were subjected to histopathology and molecular detection of DNA viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Severe intestinal lesions were observed in most cases. Single infections were detected in 52.6% of cases, double (36.8%) and triple (10.5%) infections were also identified. Carnivore protoparvovirus 2 (CPV-2) was the most frequent agent in single infections (36.8%). Coinfection by CPV-2 and Giardia spp. was the most common in dual infections (19.7%), followed by CPV-2 and Cryptosporidium spp. (10.5%). The most frequent triple infection was CPV-2, Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (6.6%). Our results shown that single and mixed infections are associated with severe enteritis in dogs in southern Brazil, mainly involving CPV-2 and Giardia sp.

RESUMO: Enterites infecciosas são altamente prevalentes entre cães em todo o mundo e, em alguns casos, podem ser fatais. Este estudo descreve os achados clínicos e laboratoriais de infecções simples e mistas associadas a enterites graves em 76 cães do sul do Brasil. Segmentos intestinais e/ou fezes foram submetidos à análise patológica e detecção molecular de vírus de genoma DNA, bactérias e protozoários. Lesões intestinais severas foram observadas na maioria dos casos. Infecções únicas foram detectadas em 52,6% dos casos, e infecções duplas (36,8%) e triplas (10,5%) também foram identificadas. O Protoparvovírus carnívoro 2 (CPV-2) foi o agente mais frequente nas infecções simples (36,8% do total). Coinfecção por CPV-2 e Giardia sp. foi a mais comum em infecções duplas (19,7%), seguido por CPV-2 e Cryptosporidium spp. (10,5%). A tripla infecção mais frequente foi CPV-2, Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. (6,6%). Nossos resultados demostraram que infecções simples e mistas estão associadas a enterites graves em cães no sul do Brasil, envolvendo principalmente CPV-2 e Giardia sp.

Resumen La leishmaniasis y la enfermedad de Chagas son causadas por protozoarios que comparten características filogenéticas y eco-epidemiológicas comunes, lo cual provoca dificultad en su identificación y diagnóstico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la información disponible sobre las técnicas de identificación de T. cruzi, de Leishmania spp. y la coinfección con ambos parásitos, así como su impacto en la obtención de datos eco-epidemiológicos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de técnicas de identificación para T. cruzi, Leishmania spp. o ambos. Los estudios se clasificaron por agente etiológico, tipo de publicación, técnica utilizada y hospedero. Se realizó una prueba de X2 para evaluar la relación entre el parásito y la técnica utilizada. También se analizó la relación entre los trabajos publicados por año, la técnica diagnóstica y el parásito. De 138 trabajos analizados, se determinó que no existe un “estándar de oro” para el diagnóstico de estas parasitosis y la coinfección. Por tanto, se requiere la estandarización de protocolos que incrementen la sensibilidad y especificidad, así como el uso de al menos 2 técnicas en la identificación. Es imprescindible estudiar la prevalencia e incidencia de estas parasitosis en la fauna silvestre y la población humana bajo el contexto de cambio climático.

Abstract Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease are caused by protozoa that share common phylogenetic and eco-epidemiological characteristics, which makes them difficult to identify and diagnose. This work aimed to analyze the information available on identification techniques for T. cruzi, Leishmania spp., and coinfection with both parasites, as well as its impact on obtaining eco-epidemiological data. A systematic search for identification techniques for T. cruzi, Leishmania spp., or both was conducted. The studies were classified by etiological agent, type of publication, technique used, and host. A chi-square test was performed to assess the relationship between the parasite and the technique used. The relationship between the papers published per year, the diagnostic technique, and the parasite was also analyzed. Of 138 analyzed works, it will be prolonged that there is no “gold standard” for the diagnosis of these parasitic diseases and coinfection. Therefore, the standardization of protocols that increase the sensitivity and specificity is required, as well as the use of at least 2 techniques in identification. It is essential to study the prevalence and incidence of these parasites in wildlife and the human population in the context of climate change.

Abstract Sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) are considered natural vectors of infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa. About 1,060 species are recognized, of which 73 have been recorded in the state of Tocantins, located in the transition of Amazon and Cerrado biomes, Northern Brazil. Here, we surveyed the sand fly fauna in different environments of the municipality of Palmas, including caves. Also, we evaluated a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) as reliable for species delimitation in this region. The morphological identification of 163 sand flies revealed the presence of 26 species distributed in 13 genera. Of these, Lutzomyia itambe, Deanemyia samueli, Pintomyia gruta, Psathyromyia barretti, and Sciopemyia servulolimai had not yet been recorded in the state of Tocantins, thus, the sand fly fauna of the state is composed of 78 species. The first DNA sequence of Edentomyia sp., were generated, and probably correspond to an undescribed species, and new studies are needed to verify their real taxonomic identity. Also, eight nominal sand fly species were COI-sequenced for the first time, improving the DNA repositories for molecular species identification. The use of COI DNA barcodes proved to be efficient for identifying sand fly species in the state of Tocantins and revealed the existence of cryptic diversity for Nyssomyia whitmani and Psathyromyia aragaoi which need further investigations using an integrative taxonomy approach. However, COI sequences was ineffective in delimiting species of Evandromyia (Aldamyia) and Psychodpygus Chagasi series, and our limited sampling should be evaluated in more robust datasets to check the real usefulness of DNA sequences in identifying sand flies. Diptera, Diptera (Diptera Psychodidae Phlebotominae agents viruses protozoa 1060 060 1,06 recognized 7 biomes Brazil Here Palmas caves Also (COI region 16 2 genera these itambe samueli gruta barretti thus sp sp. generated identity COIsequenced sequenced time approach However Aldamyia (Aldamyia series 106 06 1,0 10 0 1,

Resumo Os flebotomíneos (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) são considerados vetores biológicos de agentes infecciosos como vírus, bactérias e protozoários. São reconhecidas cerca de 1.060 espécies, das quais 73 foram registradas no estado do Tocantins, localizado na transição dos biomas Amazônia e Cerrado, Norte do Brasil. Neste estudo, foi realizado o levantamento da fauna de flebotomíneos em diferentes ambientes do município de Palmas, incluindo cavernas. Além disso, avaliamos um fragmento do gene citocromo c oxidase subunidade 1 (COI) para a delimitação de espécies nesta região. A identificação morfológica de 163 flebotomíneos revelou a presença de 26 espécies distribuídas em 13 gêneros. Destes, Lutzomyia itambe, Deanemyia samueli, Pintomyia gruta, Psathyromyia barretti e Sciopemyia servulolimai ainda não haviam sido registrados no estado do Tocantins, assim, a fauna de flebotomíneos do estado é composta por 78 espécies. A primeira sequência de DNA de Edentomyia sp. foi gerada e provavelmente corresponde a uma espécie não descrita, sendo novos estudos necessários para verificar sua real identidade taxonômica. Além disso, oito espécies foram sequenciadas para o COI pela primeira vez, melhorando os repositórios de DNA para identificação molecular de espécies. O uso de códigos de barras de DNA se mostrou eficiente para identificar espécies de flebotomíneos no estado do Tocantins e revelou a existência de diversidade críptica para Nyssomyia whitmani e Psathyromyia aragaoi, que precisam de mais investigações usando uma abordagem de taxonomia integrativa. No entanto, as sequências de COI foram ineficazes na delimitação de espécies das séries Evandromyia (Aldamyia) e Psychodpygus série Chagasi, e nossa amostragem limitada deve ser avaliada em conjuntos de dados mais robustos para verificar a real utilidade das sequências de DNA na identificação de flebotomíneos. Diptera, Diptera (Diptera Psychodidae Phlebotominae vírus protozoários 1060 060 1.06 7 Cerrado Brasil estudo Palmas cavernas disso (COI região 16 2 gêneros Destes itambe samueli gruta assim sp descrita taxonômica vez aragaoi integrativa entanto Aldamyia (Aldamyia Chagasi 106 06 1.0 10 0 1.

RESUMO: A tripanossomíase bovina impõe significativos ônus econômicos à indústria pecuária global. Os agentes causadores dessa doença pertencem a protozoários do gênero Trypanosoma. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, realizar detecção (parasitológica e molecular) e caracterização genética de Trypanosoma spp. em bovinos de 15 municipalidades do estado do Rio de Janeiro, com foco na sequência 18S rDNA e no gene Cathepsin-L (CatL) de Trypanosoma vivax e Trypanosoma theileri. Um total de 389 amostras de sangue de 15 fazendas leiteiras no estado do Rio de Janeiro foram coletadas, e o DNA foi extraído para subsequente amplificação por PCR dos genes 18S rDNA e CatL de Trypanosoma spp. Os amplicons resultantes foram submetidos a sequenciamento e alinhamento para análise filogenética, com comparações realizadas com isolados do GenBank. No que se refere à análise parasitológica, os esfregaços de sangue apresentaram 4,4% de bovinos positivos (n=17/389) para T. vivax e não mostraram nenhuma forma tripomastigota de T. theileri. A frequência absoluta de Trypanosoma spp. através da detecção molecular visando 18S rDNA foi de 11,6% (45/389). No entanto, ao realizar PCRs específicos de espécies, a frequência de T. vivax, determinada por PCR do gene CatL foi de 12,8%, e a frequência de T. theileri foi de 3,6%. A análise filogenética com base no 18S rDNA revelou baixa diversidade entre as sequências de T. vivax, sugerindo uma possível segregação de hospedeiros. Este estudo enfatiza a alta frequência de amostra positiva pela PCR quando comparada com a parasitológica direta. Além disso, a filogenia de T. vivax direcionada ao 18S rDNA sugere agrupamento de sequências relacionado à espécie hospedeira. Importante destacar que esta investigação revela, pela primeira vez no gado do Rio de Janeiro, a circulação da linhagem ThI de T. theileri, abrangendo os genótipos IIB e IF. Esta descoberta amplia nosso entendimento sobre a distribuição geográfica e diversidade genética desse parasito. RESUMO global Objetivouse, Objetivouse Objetivou se, Objetivou-se spp 1 S CathepsinL Cathepsin L (CatL 38 coletadas GenBank 44 4 4,4 n=17/389 n17389 n 17 (n=17/389 T 116 11 6 11,6 45/389. 45389 45/389 . 45 (45/389) entanto espécies 128 12 8 12,8% 36 3 3,6% hospedeiros direta disso hospedeira revela IF parasito 4, n=17/38 n1738 (n=17/38 11, 4538 45/38 (45/389 12,8 3,6 n=17/3 n173 (n=17/3 453 45/3 (45/38 12, 3, n=17/ n17 (n=17/ 45/ (45/3 n=17 n1 (n=17 (45/ n=1 (n=1 (45 n= (n= (4 (n (

ABSTRACT: Cattle trypanosomiasis imposes significant economic burdens on the global livestock industry. The causative agents of this disease belong to the protozoan Trypanosoma genus. This study aims to perform detection (parasitological and molecular) and genetic characterization to analyze Trypanosoma spp. in cattle from 15 municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, focusing on the 18S rDNA and Cathepsin-L (CatL) gene of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma theileri. A total of 389 blood samples from 15 dairy cattle farms in the state of Rio de Janeiro were collected, and DNA was extracted for subsequent PCR amplification of Trypanosoma spp. 18S rDNA and CatL genes. The resulting amplicons underwent sequencing and alignment for phylogenetic analysis, with comparisons made to GenBank isolates. Concerning parasitological analysis, blood smears presented 4.4% of positive cattle (n=17/389) for T. vivax and did not show any trypomastigote forms of T. theileri. The absolute frequency of Trypanosoma spp. through molecular detection targeting 18S rDNA was 11.6% (45/389). However, when performing species-specific PCRs, the T. vivax frequency, determined through CatL gene PCR, was 12.8%, and the T. theileri frequency was 3.6%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA revealed low diversity among T. vivax sequences, suggesting potential host segregation. This study emphasizes the high frequency of positive samples by PCR when compared to direct parasitological exams. Additionally, T. vivax phylogeny targeting 18S rDNA hints at sequence clustering related to host species. Importantly, this investigation unveils, for the first time in Rio de Janeiro’s cattle, the circulation of T. theileri lineage ThI, encompassing genotypes IIB and IF. This discovery expands our understanding of this parasite’s geographical distribution and genetic diversity. ABSTRACT industry genus spp 1 S CathepsinL Cathepsin L (CatL 38 collected genes isolates 44 4 4.4 n=17/389 n17389 n 17 (n=17/389 T 116 11 6 11.6 45/389. 45389 45/389 . 45 (45/389) However speciesspecific species specific PCRs 128 12 8 12.8% 36 3 3.6% sequences segregation exams Additionally Importantly unveils Janeiros s ThI IF parasites parasite 4. n=17/38 n1738 (n=17/38 11. 4538 45/38 (45/389 12.8 3.6 n=17/3 n173 (n=17/3 453 45/3 (45/38 12. 3. n=17/ n17 (n=17/ 45/ (45/3 n=17 n1 (n=17 (45/ n=1 (n=1 (45 n= (n= (4 (n (

Resumo A crescente investigação da contaminação ambiental por cistos de Giardia spp. e seu impacto na saúde pública despertou o interesse em desenvolver métodos mais sensíveis para detectar esses protozoários, especialmente na água. No entanto, esses métodos ainda são complexos e dispendiosos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de concentração e remoção de cistos de Giardia duodenalis usando um polímero floculante aniônico à base de acrilamida (AFP) em amostras de água de retrolavagem de filtro de uma estação de tratamento de água (ETA) localizada na cidade de Blumenau, sul do Brasil, e compará-lo com a técnica de floculação de carbonato de cálcio (CCF), rotineiramente usada em matrizes de água com alta turbidez. A taxa de recuperação média de cistos de G. duodenalis usando CCF e AFP foi de 33,33% e 43,33%, com uma redução média de turbidez de 98,39% e 98,78%, respectivamente. O uso de um polímero floculante aniônico provou ser uma alternativa eficiente para a concentração e remoção de cistos de protozoários em amostras de água com alta turbidez. É importante destacar que o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de novos estudos e estratégias que aumentem a eficiência da remoção desses organismos de matrizes ambientais complexas trariam benefícios tanto do ponto de vista da saúde pública quanto da perspectiva da saúde única. spp entanto dispendiosos (AFP ETA (ETA Blumenau Brasil comparálo compará lo CCF, , (CCF) G 3333 33 33,33 4333 43 43,33% 9839 98 39 98,39 9878 78 98,78% respectivamente única (CCF 333 3 33,3 433 4 43,33 983 9 98,3 987 7 98,78 33, 43,3 98, 98,7 43,

Abstract The increasing investigation into environmental contamination by Giardia spp. cysts and its impact on public health has spurred interest in developing more sensitive methods for detecting these protozoa, particularly in water. However, these methods remain complex and costly. This study evaluated the concentration and removal efficiency of Giardia duodenalis cysts using an acrylamide-based anionic flocculant polymer (AFP) in filter backwash water samples from a water treatment plant (WTP) located in Blumenau City, southern Brazil, and compared them with the calcium carbonate flocculation technique (CCF), which is routinely used for water matrices with high turbidity. The average recovery rates of G. duodenalis cysts using CCF and AFP were 33.33% and 43.33%, respectively, with an average turbidity reduction of 98.39% and 98.78%. The use of an anionic flocculant polymer proved to be an efficient alternative for the concentration and removal of protozoan cysts in water samples with high turbidity. It is important to highlight that the development and application of new studies and strategies aimed at increasing the efficiency of the removal of these organisms from complex environmental matrices would bring benefits to public health and promote a One Health perspective. spp protozoa However costly acrylamidebased acrylamide based (AFP WTP (WTP City Brazil CCF, , (CCF) G 3333 33 33.33 4333 43 43.33% respectively 9839 98 39 98.39 9878 78 98.78% perspective (CCF 333 3 33.3 433 4 43.33 983 9 98.3 987 7 98.78 33. 43.3 98. 98.7 43.

Resumo As leishmanioses são doenças negligenciadas, transmitidas por vetores que acometem animais domésticos e silvestres, incluindo os humanos. Devido a sua incidência e letalidade, essa zoonose consiste em um problema de saúde pública preocupante, sendo fundamental a identificação de todos os elos da cadeia de transmissão. A infecção de mamíferos silvestres por Leishmania spp. permanece pouco compreendida, especialmente no sul do Brasil. Portanto, objetivou-se pesquisar, por meio da técnica de PCR, a presença de DNA de Leishmania spp. em mamíferos silvestres atropelados no Sul do Brasil. Carcaças de 96 animais foram coletadas, em rodovias da microrregião de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil e submetidas a necropsias. Fragmentos de tecidos (baço, pele, fígado, rim, coração, pulmão, linfonodos, medula óssea e sangue) foram coletados e o DNA genômico foi extraído. Protocolos de PCR visando os genes ITS1, kDNA e 18S foram testados. Não foram encontradas evidências de circulação de Leishmania spp. na população estudada. Porém, estudos epidemiológicos como este são de grande relevância, pois permitem monitorar a ocorrência de patógenos e auxiliam na identificação de possíveis áreas de risco. Como esses animais atuam como marcadores epidemiológicos da presença do microrganismo, estudos devem ser realizados continuamente, para entender se existem fontes de infecção na região. negligenciadas humanos letalidade preocupante transmissão spp compreendida Portanto objetivouse objetivou pesquisar 9 coletadas Pelotas necropsias baço, baço (baço pele fígado rim coração pulmão linfonodos sangue extraído ITS1 ITS S testados estudada Porém relevância risco microrganismo continuamente região

Abstract Leishmaniasis are neglected diseases transmitted by vectors that affect domestic and wild animals, including humans. Due to its incidence and lethality, this zoonosis is a worrying public health problem, making it essential to identify all links in the transmission chain. Infection of wild mammals by Leishmania spp. remains poorly understood, especially in southern Brazil. Therefore, the objective was to research, using the PCR technique, the presence of Leishmania spp. DNA in road-killed wild mammals in Southern Brazil. Carcasses of 96 animals were collected from highways in the Pelotas microregion, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil and subjected to necropsies. Tissue fragments (spleen, skin, liver, kidney, heart, lung, lymph nodes, bone marrow and blood) were collected and genomic DNA was extracted. PCR protocols targeting the ITS1, kDNA and 18S genes were tested. We found no evidence of Leishmania spp. circulation in the studied population. However, epidemiological studies like this one are of great relevance, as they allow monitoring of the occurrence of pathogens and help identify possible risk areas. As these animals act as epidemiological markers for the presence of the microorganism, studies must be carried out continuously to understand whether there are sources of infection in the region. humans lethality problem chain spp understood Therefore research technique roadkilled road killed 9 microregion Sul necropsies spleen, spleen (spleen skin liver kidney heart lung nodes blood extracted ITS1 ITS S tested population However relevance areas microorganism region

Resumo Substâncias químicas, potencialmente lesivas, são rotineiramente utilizadas no tratamento de parasitoses na indústria da aquicultura. Alternativas sustentáveis são constantemente buscadas para a substituição desses métodos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de um novo composto de origem natural chamado BiokosTM, no tratamento contra Epistylis sp. em Carassius auratus. A infestação foi identificada pela presença de placas esbranquiçadas no tegumento de cinco animais e o diagnóstico confirmado por raspados de pele. BiokosTM é um lipopeptídeo derivado da bactéria Pseudomonas, capaz de destruir a funcionalidade da membrana celular de protozoários ciliados. Sua ação é pouco agressiva aos animais e ao meio ambiente, degradando-se em aminoácidos e ácidos graxos em poucos dias. O aquário de 0.15 m3 (150 L) foi tratado com o condicionador de água Ich-AwayTM – fabricado pela empresa dinamarquesa Sundew ApS – que possui o BiokosTM como princípio ativo. Foram utilizados seis tabletes por dia, durante dois dias. Após o tratamento foram realizados novos raspados de pele, que não apresentaram mais lesões ou parasitos e os peixes se apresentavam clinicamente bem. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o BiokosTM pode ser uma alternativa inovadora e sustentável no controle da epistilíase em peixes ornamentais. químicas lesivas aquicultura métodos contexto sp auratus pele Pseudomonas ciliados ambiente degradandose degradando dias 015 0 15 0.1 m 150 (15 L IchAwayTM Ich AwayTM ativo dia bem ornamentais 01 1 0. (1 (

Abstract In the aquaculture industry, biocides are routinely used to treat parasitosis in fish, and researchers are continually developing sustainable alternatives that can replace these harsh chemicals. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new natural compound, BiokosTM, for the treatment against Epistylis sp. in Carassius auratus fish. The infestation was identified by the presence of whitish plaques on the integument of five animals, and the diagnosis was confirmed through skin scrapings. BiokosTM is a lipopeptide derived from the bacteria Pseudomonas that can destroy the functionality of the cell membrane of ciliated protozoa. The action of BiokosTM does not harm animals and the environment because the compound degrades into amino acids and fatty acids within days. A 0.15 m3 (150 L) aquarium was treated with an Ich-AwayTM water conditioner manufactured by the Danish company Sundew ApS, which has BiokosTM as the active ingredient. Six tablets were added to the water daily for two days, and new skin scrapings were performed. The fish were clinically well and no longer possessed lesions or parasites. The results obtained indicate that BiokosTM can be an innovative and more sustainable alternative for controlling epistyliasis in ornamental fish. industry chemicals context sp protozoa days 015 0 15 0.1 m 150 (15 L IchAwayTM Ich AwayTM ApS ingredient performed parasites 01 1 0. (1 (

Resumo O estudo realizou uma revisão do perfil parasitológico de vegetais, de 2001 a 2021, considerando o tipo, consumo e cultivo, global. Foram pesquisadas as bases MEDLINE, SciELO, Web of Science, Science Direct e Scopus com os termos "Detection OR Prevalence OR Incidence OR occurrence OR contamination AND vegetable OR fruit AND Helminth OR egg OR Parasite OR cysts OR protozoa". Foram encontrados 16.600 artigos, 117 dos quais foram revisados. Das 391.291 amostras, 3,85% (15.095) estavam contaminadas por parasitos. Entre as positivas, 30,10% (4.543/15.095) continham enteroparasitos comumente de origem humana e 58,78% (8.873/15.095) eram originadas de mercados. Poucos artigos mencionaram o tipo de cultivo, mas entre esses, o convencional apresentou maior contaminação (42,34%; 224/529). Vegetais herbáceos foram os mais contaminados (56,84%; 8.580/15.095). Ascaris lumbricoides foi encontrado em 10,16% (1.535/15.095) das amostras. Alface foi o vegetal mais contaminado (20,43%; 3.084/15.095). vegetais 200 2021 cultivo global MEDLINE SciELO Detection protozoa. protozoa . protozoa" 16600 16 600 16.60 11 revisados 391291 391 291 391.29 amostras 385 3 85 3,85 15.095 15095 15 095 (15.095 parasitos positivas 3010 30 10 30,10 4.543/15.095 454315095 4 543 (4.543/15.095 5878 58 78 58,78 8.873/15.095 887315095 8 873 (8.873/15.095 mercados esses 42,34% 4234 42 34 (42,34% 224/529. 224529 224/529 224 529 224/529) 56,84% 5684 56 84 (56,84% 8.580/15.095. 858015095 8.580/15.095 580 8.580/15.095) 1016 10,16 1.535/15.095 153515095 1 535 (1.535/15.095 20,43% 2043 20 43 (20,43% 3.084/15.095. 308415095 3.084/15.095 084 3.084/15.095) 202 1660 60 16.6 39129 39 29 391.2 38 3,8 15.09 1509 09 (15.09 301 30,1 4.543/15.09 45431509 54 (4.543/15.09 587 5 7 58,7 8.873/15.09 88731509 87 (8.873/15.09 42,34 423 (42,34 22452 224/52 22 52 56,84 568 (56,84 85801509 8.580/15.09 101 10,1 1.535/15.09 15351509 53 (1.535/15.09 20,43 204 2 (20,43 30841509 3.084/15.09 08 166 6 16. 3912 391. 3, 15.0 150 0 (15.0 30, 4.543/15.0 4543150 (4.543/15.0 58, 8.873/15.0 8873150 (8.873/15.0 42,3 (42,3 2245 224/5 56,8 (56,8 8580150 8.580/15.0 10, 1.535/15.0 1535150 (1.535/15.0 20,4 (20,4 3084150 3.084/15.0 15. (15. 4.543/15. 454315 (4.543/15. 8.873/15. 887315 (8.873/15. 42, (42, 224/ 56, (56, 858015 8.580/15. 1.535/15. 153515 (1.535/15. 20, (20, 308415 3.084/15. (15 4.543/15 45431 (4.543/15 8.873/15 88731 (8.873/15 (42 (56 85801 8.580/15 1.535/15 15351 (1.535/15 (20 30841 3.084/15 (1 4.543/1 4543 (4.543/1 8.873/1 8873 (8.873/1 (4 (5 8580 8.580/1 1.535/1 1535 (1.535/1 (2 3084 3.084/1 ( 4.543/ 454 (4.543/ 8.873/ 887 (8.873/ 858 8.580/ 1.535/ 153 (1.535/ 308 3.084/ 4.543 45 (4.543 8.873 88 (8.873 8.580 1.535 (1.535 3.084 4.54 (4.54 8.87 (8.87 8.58 1.53 (1.53 3.08 4.5 (4.5 8.8 (8.8 8.5 1.5 (1.5 3.0 4. (4. 8. (8. 1. (1. 3. (8

Abstract The study conducted a review of the parasitological profile of vegetables from 2001 to 2021, considering the type, consumption, and cultivation, globally. The databases searched included MEDLINE, SciELO, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus using the terms "Detection OR Prevalence OR Incidence OR occurrence OR contamination AND vegetable OR fruit AND Helminth OR egg OR Parasite OR cysts OR protozoa". A total of 16,600 articles were found, 117 of which were reviewed. Of the 391,291 samples, 3.85% (15,095) were contaminated by parasites. Among those positive, 30.10% (4,543/15,095) contained enteroparasites commonly of human origin and 58.78% (8,873/15,095) came from markets. Few articles mentioned the cultivation type, but among those, conventional cultivation showed more contamination (42.34%; 224/529). Herbaceous vegetables were the most contaminated (56.84%; 8,580/15,095. Ascaris lumbricoides was found in 10.16% (1,535/15,095) of the samples. Lettuce was the most contaminated (20.43%; 3,084/15,095). 200 2021 type consumption globally MEDLINE SciELO Direct Detection protozoa. protozoa . protozoa" 16600 16 600 16,60 11 reviewed 391291 391 291 391,29 samples 385 3 85 3.85 15,095 15095 15 095 (15,095 parasites positive 3010 30 10 30.10 4,543/15,095 454315095 4 543 (4,543/15,095 5878 58 78 58.78 8,873/15,095 887315095 8 873 (8,873/15,095 markets 42.34% 4234 42 34 (42.34% 224/529. 224529 224/529 224 529 224/529) 56.84% 5684 56 84 (56.84% 858015095 580 8,580/15,095 1016 10.16 1,535/15,095 153515095 1 535 (1,535/15,095 20.43% 2043 20 43 (20.43% 3,084/15,095. 308415095 3,084/15,095 084 3,084/15,095) 202 1660 60 16,6 39129 39 29 391,2 38 3.8 15,09 1509 09 (15,09 301 30.1 4,543/15,09 45431509 54 (4,543/15,09 587 5 7 58.7 8,873/15,09 88731509 87 (8,873/15,09 42.34 423 (42.34 22452 224/52 22 52 56.84 568 (56.84 85801509 8,580/15,09 101 10.1 1,535/15,09 15351509 53 (1,535/15,09 20.43 204 2 (20.43 30841509 3,084/15,09 08 166 6 16, 3912 391, 3. 15,0 150 0 (15,0 30. 4,543/15,0 4543150 (4,543/15,0 58. 8,873/15,0 8873150 (8,873/15,0 42.3 (42.3 2245 224/5 56.8 (56.8 8580150 8,580/15,0 10. 1,535/15,0 1535150 (1,535/15,0 20.4 (20.4 3084150 3,084/15,0 15, (15, 4,543/15, 454315 (4,543/15, 8,873/15, 887315 (8,873/15, 42. (42. 224/ 56. (56. 858015 8,580/15, 1,535/15, 153515 (1,535/15, 20. (20. 308415 3,084/15, (15 4,543/15 45431 (4,543/15 8,873/15 88731 (8,873/15 (42 (56 85801 8,580/15 1,535/15 15351 (1,535/15 (20 30841 3,084/15 (1 4,543/1 4543 (4,543/1 8,873/1 8873 (8,873/1 (4 (5 8580 8,580/1 1,535/1 1535 (1,535/1 (2 3084 3,084/1 ( 4,543/ 454 (4,543/ 8,873/ 887 (8,873/ 858 8,580/ 1,535/ 153 (1,535/ 308 3,084/ 4,543 45 (4,543 8,873 88 (8,873 8,580 1,535 (1,535 3,084 4,54 (4,54 8,87 (8,87 8,58 1,53 (1,53 3,08 4,5 (4,5 8,8 (8,8 8,5 1,5 (1,5 3,0 4, (4, 8, (8, 1, (1, 3, (8

Resumo Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário coccídio de importância zoonótica, causador da toxoplasmose. Embora os tratamentos atuais para a toxoplasmose possam estar associados a efeitos adversos e à eficácia limitada para as diferentes formas biológicas do parasita, evidências sugerem que moléculas alcaloides, como a harmalina e a piperina exibem, efeitos antiparasitários contra protozoários parasitas. Essa investigação teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito in vitro da harmalina e da piperina contra taquizoítos de T. gondii em culturas de células Vero infectadas. Após 24 horas da infecção das células hospedeiras, as culturas foram tratadas com harmalina ou piperina (0,49 a 15,63 µg/mL). Os controles negativo e positivo foram RPMI/DMSO (0,1%) e sulfadiazina (200 µg/mL), respectivamente. Harmalina reduziu significativamente a multiplicação parasitária em 20% em comparação ao controle negativo, enquanto a piperina diminuiu entre 55,56% e 88,89%, de forma dose-dependente. De acordo com uma escala de proporção intracelular de parasitas, observou-se que células Vero com baixa ou moderada proliferação parasitária foram mais prevalentes após tratamento com alcaloides. O estudo demonstrou que os alcaloides tinham efeitos antiparasitários sobre o T. gondii, sendo a piperina mais eficaz. Estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para esclarecer outros aspectos da ação dos alcaloides sobre os parasitas. zoonótica parasita exibem parasitas T infectadas 2 hospedeiras 0,49 049 0 49 (0,4 1563 15 63 15,6 µg/mL. µgmL µg/mL . µg mL µg/mL) RPMIDMSO RPMI DMSO 0,1% 01 1 (0,1% 200 (20 µg/mL, , respectivamente 20 5556 55 56 55,56 8889 88 89 88,89% dosedependente. dosedependente dose dependente. dependente dose-dependente observouse observou se eficaz 0,4 04 4 (0, 156 6 15, 0,1 (0,1 (2 555 5 55,5 888 8 88,89 0, (0 ( 55, 88,8 88,

Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is a coccidian protozoan of zoonotic importance that causes toxoplasmosis. Although the current treatments for toxoplasmosis may be associated with adverse effects and limited efficacy for different biological forms of the parasite, evidence suggests that alkaloid molecules such as harmaline and piperine exhibit antiparasitic effects against protozoa parasites. This investigation aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of harmaline and piperine against T. gondii tachyzoites in infected Vero cell cultures. After 24 hours of host cell infection, the cultures were treated with harmaline or piperine (0.49 to 15.63 µg/mL). Negative and positive controls were RPMI/DMSO (0.1%) and sulfadiazine (200 µg/mL). Harmaline significantly reduced parasite multiplication by 20% compared to the negative control, while piperine decreased between 55.56% and 88.89% in a dose-dependent manner. According to an intracellular parasite proportion scale, it was observed that the Vero cells with low or moderate parasitic proliferation were more prevalent after the alkaloid treatment. The study demonstrated that the alkaloids had antiparasitic effects on T. gondii, with piperine being the most effective. Additional studies must be carried out to clarify other aspects of the action of the alkaloids on parasites. parasites T 2 infection 0.49 049 0 49 (0.4 1563 15 63 15.6 µg/mL. µgmL µg/mL . µg mL µg/mL) RPMIDMSO RPMI DMSO 0.1% 01 1 (0.1% 200 (20 20 control 5556 55 56 55.56 8889 88 89 88.89 dosedependent dose dependent manner scale treatment effective 0.4 04 4 (0. 156 6 15. 0.1 (0.1 (2 555 5 55.5 888 8 88.8 0. (0 ( 55. 88.