Abstract Cryptosporidiosis is a disease characterized by episodes of diarrhea in cattle worldwide, caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium spp. of the phylum Apicomplexa and Family Cryptosporiidae. It is responsible for important economic losses, and, in addition to this, it generates an impact on human health, as it can parasitize humans. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in Chiquinquirá (Colombia). A descriptive cross-sectional study with simple random sampling was carried out, with a sample size of 1,044 head of cattle, including males and females of different breeds and age groups, using the WinEpi statistical software. Fecal samples were taken directly from the rectum and processed with the modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) technique for the identification of parasite oocysts using a 100X objective. The data were processed with the Epi Info® statistical software. An overall prevalence of 7.3 % (73/1000) was found; females, 2 to 4-yr-old bovines, and crossbred cattle were the most prevalent. No significant statistical association was found between breed, age, and sex of the individuals evaluated, and protozoan positivity (P≥0.05). The purchase of animals and larger productions were considered risk factors for parasitosis. Protozoan prevention and control plans should be designed and implemented based on sanitary practices to prevent the dissemination of oocysts found in fecal matter.

Resumen La criptosporidiosis en una enfermedad que se caracteriza por generar episodios de diarrea en bovinos alrededor del mundo causada por un parásito protozoario del género Cryptosporidium spp. del phylum Apicomplexa y Familia Cryptosporiidae. Es responsable de importantes pérdidas económicas, y sumado a esto, genera un impacto en la salud humana, al poseer la capacidad de parasitar a humanos. El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a Cryptosporidium spp. en bovinos de Chiquinquirá (Colombia). Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con muestreo aleatorio simple, en donde se tuvo en cuenta un tamaño muestral de 1,044 bovinos, entre machos y hembras, de diferentes razas, y grupos etarios con el programa estadístico WinEpi. Las muestras de materia fecal se tomaron directamente del recto y procesadas mediante la técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada (ZN) para la identificación de ooquistes del parásito en el objetivo de 100X. Los datos se procesaron con el programa estadístico Epi Info®. Se encontró una prevalencia general del 7.3 % (73/1000), las hembras, los bovinos de 2 a 4 años y los cruces raciales fueron los más prevalentes. No se encontró asociación estadística significativa entre la raza, edad y sexo de los individuos evaluados, y la positividad al protozoario (P≥0,05). La compra de animales y las producciones de mayor tamaño se consideraron como factores de riesgo para la parasitosis. Se deben diseñar e implementar planes de prevención y control del protozoario basados en prácticas sanitarias que impidan la diseminación de los ooquistes que se encuentran en materia fecal.

RESUMEN En proyectos hidroeléctricos se han realizado pocas investigaciones para determinar la composición taxonómica de dípteros de la familia Psychodidae, subfamilia Phlebotominae. En este trabajo se realizó un inventario taxonómico de flebótomos en el área de influencia de la central hidroeléctrica de Ituango, departamento de Antioquia con el fin de actualizar su distribución y resaltar su importancia médica como vectores del protozoo del género Leishmania. Para esto, se realizaron monitoreos entomológicos con trampas CDC y trampas Shannon, en diez municipios de la subregión occidente (Santa Fe de Antioquia, Peque, Olaya, Liborina y Sabanalarga) y de la subregión norte (municipios de Ituango, Briceño, Valdivia, Toledo y San Andrés de Cuerquia). Para la identificación taxonómica se utilizaron las claves de Young y Duncan y Galati. En total se recolectaron 7993 flebótomos, distribuidos en 39 especies según Galati, destacándose seis especies consideradas vectores de especies de Leishmania, que causan la leishmaniasis cutánea. Estas especies fueron Lutzomyia (Trl.) gomezi, Lu. (Hel.) hartmanni, Psychodopygus panamensis, Pintomyia (Pif.) columbiana, Nyssomyia trapidoi y Ny. yuilli yuilli. Los datos indican que la zona de muestreo es endémica para la leishmaniasis debido a la presencia de vectores transmisores de este parásito. El inventario sobre la distribución de flebótomos servirá de base para estudios posteriores que permitan la implementación de estrategias de vigilancia y control.

ABSTRACT In hydroelectric projects, few investigations have been carried out to determine the taxonomic composition of diptera of the family Psychodidae, subfamily Phlebotominae. In this work, a taxonomic inventory of phlebotomine sandflies was conducted in the area of influence of the Ituango hydroelectric power plant, in the department of Antioquia, Colombia. We highlight their medical importance as vectors of the protozoan of the genus Leishmania and update their distribution. Entomological monitoring was carried out in ten municipalities from the western subregion (Santa Fe de Antioquia, Peque, Olaya, Liborina and Sabanalarga) and the northern subregion (the municipalities of Ituango, Briceño, Valdivia, Toledo and San Andrés de Cuerquia). CDC traps and Shannon traps were used for monitoring. For taxonomic identification, the keys of Young and Duncan and Galati were used. A total of 7993 phlebotomine sandflies were collected, distributed in 39 species according to Galati, highlighting six species considered vectors of Leishmania spp. that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, which are: Lutzomyia (Trl.) gomezi, Lu. (Hel.) hartmanni, Psychodopygus panamensis, Pintomyia (Pif.) columbiana, Nyssomyia trapidoi and Ny. yuilli yuilli. We conclude that the sampling area is endemic for leishmaniasis due to the presence of vectors transmitting this parasite. The inventory on the distribution of phlebotomine sandflies will serve as a basis for further studies that allow the implementation of surveillance and control strategies.

Abstract Introduction: Sea urchin diseases have been documented in several locations worldwide, with reported occurrences of bacterial, protozoan, fungal, and algal infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate pathogen agents in populations of Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus along the coast of Gran Canaria Island (Central-East Atlantic, Spain). Methods: Sampling was conducted at San Cristobal beach, on the Northeast side of the island, where sea urchins were manually collected from depths of 1-3 m during June, July, and October 2022. Swab samples were taken from the external and internal areas of the lesions and cultured on various media plates. Results: Eight different pathogen agents, including bacteria and fungi, were identified, with Vibrio alginolyticus being the most frequently observed bacteria in all diseased sea urchin samples. Additionally, ciliated protozoans were found within the tests, potentially acting as opportunistic parasites. Conclusions: This research provides a unique perspective on bald sea urchin disease by identifying a significant number of associated pathogens, including Candida, previously unreported in diseased organisms. Furthermore, the study highlights the presence of an inflammatory response in tissues with bacterial colonies, offering crucial insights into understanding this sea urchin disease.

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades en los erizos de mar han sido descritas en muchas localidades alrededor del mundo, y se han asociado con la presencia de infecciones por bacterias, protozoarios, hongos y algas. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como finalidad investigar sobre los agentes patógenos que afectan a las poblaciones de Arbacia lixula y Paracentrotus lividus a lo largo de la costa de la Isla de Gran Canaria (Atlántico Centro-Oriental, España). Métodos: El muestreo fue llevado a cabo en la playa de San Cristóbal, al noreste de la isla, dónde los organismos fueron capturados entre 1-3 metros de profundidad, durante junio, julio y octubre del año 2022. Se tomaron muestras en la zona interna y externa de la lesión en cada organismo, y se cultivaron en varios medios de cultivo. Resultados: Fueron identificados ocho agentes patógenos diferentes, incluyendo bacterias y hongos, y siendo Vibrio alginolyticus la bacteria más frecuentemente observada en todas las muestras de erizos enfermos. Además, se observaron protozoarios ciliados dentro de los caparazones, actuando potencialmente como parásitos oportunistas. Conclusiones: Esta investigación proporciona una perspectiva única sobre la enfermedad del erizo desnudo al identificar un número significativo de patógenos asociados, incluida Candida, que no se había reportado previamente en organismos enfermos. Además, el estudio destaca la presencia de una respuesta inflamatoria en tejidos con colonias bacterianas, lo que ofrece información crucial para comprender esta enfermedad de los erizos de mar.

Abstract Leishmaniosis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and, in the New World, is transmitted to mammals through the bite of blood-sucking dipteran insects of the genus Lutzomyia. Canines are susceptible to infection, developing the visceral form (VL) and the cutaneous form (CL) of the disease. Diagnostic methods include direct observation of the parasite by light microscopy, serology, or molecular biology techniques in samples from dogs with clinical signs and/or clinical suspicion. In this word, the usefulness of a nested PCR designed for the diagnosis of this pathology in dogs was evaluated. A total of 18 samples of EDTA pre-treated dog’s whole blood were analyzed. Dogs were from the city of Corrientes and presented clinical suspicion of suffering from leishmaniasis. From the samples, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted and two successive rounds of amplification of a sequence that codes for the small subunit of ribosomal RNA were carried out. The results obtained from the nested PCRs were compared with this obtained from the direct parasitological method (gold standard). The applied technique showed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 75%, positive predictive value of 67% and negative predictive value of 100%, turning it into a valuable tool for diagnosing canine leishmaniosis.

Resumen La leishmaniosis es una enfermedad causada por parásitos protozoarios del género Leishmania y transmitida a mamíferos mediante la picadura de insectos dípteros hematófagos del género Lutzomyia en el nuevo mundo. Los caninos son susceptibles de adquirir la forma visceral y la forma cutánea de la enfermedad. Los métodos de diagnóstico incluyen observación directa del parásito por microscopía óptica, serología o técnicas de biología molecular en muestras de perros con signos clínicos evidentes y/o sospecha clínica. En este estudio se evaluó la utilidad de una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa anidada (PCRn) para el diagnóstico de dicha patología en perros. Se analizaron 18 muestras de sangre entera anticoagulada con EDTA de perros de la ciudad de Corrientes con sospecha clínica de padecer leishmaniosis. A partir de las mismas, se extrajo ácido desoxiribonucleico (ADN) y se realizaron dos rondas de amplificación sucesivas de una secuencia que codifica para la subunidad pequeña de ARN ribosomal. Los resultados obtenidos de las PCR anidadas fueron comparados con los resultados obtenidos a partir del método parasitológico directo considerado como gold standard. La técnica aplicada mostró sensibilidad del 100%, especificidad del 75%, valor predictivo positivo del 67% y valor predictivo negativo del 100% lo que la convierte en una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico de leishmaniosis canina.

ABSTRACT: Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a multifaceted disease triggered by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, characterized by diverse clinical presentations, including osteoarticular complications. Immune-mediated joint diseases invariably initiate at the synovial membrane, implicating its pivotal role in arthritis pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the influence of natural L. infantum infection on synovial fluid characteristics and the expression of immune markers, including TLR-2, FOXP3, and COX-2, in the synovial membrane. Twenty naturally infected dogs (NID) with L. infantum were sourced from the Zoonosis Surveillance Unit (ZSU). Clinical-orthopedic assessments were conducted, encompassing lameness, joint edema, crepitus, patellar luxation, and the drawer test. Synovial fluid (SF) parameters, including volume, appearance, viscosity, total nucleated cell count (TNC), neutrophil count, and total protein (TP) content, were determined. After anesthesia and euthanasia, synovial membrane specimens were obtained. SF protein concentrations categorized dogs into three groups: GI (2 to 2.5g/dL), GII (2.5 to 6.0g/dL), and GIII (>6g/dL). Inflammatory infiltrates and synovial membrane changes were assessed, and immunohistochemistry evaluated TLR-2, FOXP3, and COX-2 marker expressions. Clinical evaluations revealed various osteoarticular abnormalities in NID dogs, including lameness (55%), joint edema (25%), crepitus (30%), patellar luxation (20%), and positive drawer test (25%). Post mortem examinations revealed bilateral subchondral bone, meniscus, and trochlea erosion in 30% of cases. Amastigotes of L. infantum were identified extracellularly and within macrophages (60%). An inflammatory infiltrate was predominant in 70% of dogs, with varying intensity among the groups. Mononuclear cells, chiefly macrophages and lymphocytes, and neutrophils comprised the infiltrate. TLR-2 and COX-2 expression levels were elevated in GIII compared to GII and GI. Conversely, FOXP3 showed moderate expression in GI and minimal expression in GII and GIII. This study underscores the contributory role of L. infantum infection in the development of joint lesions in CanL. Additionally, alterations in the expression of immune markers TLR2, FOXP3, and COX2 within the synovial membrane imply the perpetuation and exacerbation of the inflammatory processes, shedding light on the intricate pathogenesis of CanL-induced arthritis. ABSTRACT CanL (CanL presentations complications Immunemediated Immune mediated L TLR2 TLR 2, 2 FOXP COX2, COX (NID ZSU. ZSU . (ZSU) Clinicalorthopedic orthopedic conducted (SF parameters volume appearance viscosity TNC, TNC , (TNC) TP (TP content determined euthanasia obtained groups ( 2.5g/dL, 25gdL gdL 2.5g/dL 5g dL g 2.5g/dL) 2.5 25 5 (2. 6.0g/dL, 60gdL 6.0g/dL 6 0g 6.0g/dL) >6g/dL. 6gdL >6g/dL 6g (>6g/dL) assessed COX- expressions 55%, 55 55% (55%) 25%, 25% (25%) 30%, 30 (30%) 20%, 20 20% (20%) 25%. bone meniscus cases 60%. 60 60% (60%) 70 cells lymphocytes TLR- Conversely Additionally processes CanLinduced induced (ZSU (TNC 2. (>6g/dL (55% (25% 3 (30% (20% (60% 7 (55 (25 (30 (20 (60 (5 (3 (6

RESUMO: A leishmaniose canina (LC) é uma doença causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum com diversas manifestações clínicas, incluindo alterações osteoarticulares. A membrana sinovial é o local inicial de eventos patogênicos em todos os tipos de doenças articulares mediadas pelo sistema imunológico. Devido a essa relação, o objetivo foi avaliar a influência da infecção natural por L. infantum nas características do líquido sinovial e na expressão de TLR-2, FOXP3 e COX-2 na membrana sinovial. Cães naturalmente infectados por L. infantum (NID, N=20) foram obtidos na Unidade de Vigilância de Zoonoses (UVZ). Critérios clínicos ortopédicos foram avaliados, assim como foram obtidas amostras de líquido sinovial por artrocentese. O volume, aspecto, viscosidade, contagem total de células nucleadas (TNC) e contagem de neutrófilos e proteína total (PT) no líquido sinovial (LS) foram determinados. Os cães foram anestesiados e posteriormente eutanasiados para obtenção da membrana sinovial. Os animais do estudo apresentaram claudicação (55%), edema (25%), crepitação na articulação do joelho (30%) e luxação patelar medial (20%) e foram positivos no teste da gaveta (25%). Trinta por cento (30%) dos cães apresentaram erosão bilateral do osso subcondral, menisco e tróclea. Amastigotas de L. infantum foram visualizadas extracelularmente e dentro de macrófagos (60% dos animais). Os cães foram ainda divididos em três grupos de acordo com a concentração de proteína no líquido sinovial: GI: 2 a 2,5g/dL (valor de referência normal), GII: 2,5 a 6,0g/dL, GIII: >6g/dL. Infiltrado celular inflamatório, bem como aumento da camada da membrana sinovial, foram identificados em 70% (14/20) dos cães. O infiltrado inflamatório estava ausente em membranas sinoviais originadas de GI, presente em GII com intensidade moderada e presente em GIII com intensidade alta. O infiltrado inflamatório era predominantemente composto por macrófagos, linfócitos e neutrófilos. Houve um aumento na expressão dos marcadores TLR2 e COX2 em GIII em comparação com os grupos GII e GI. Contudo, em relação à expressão de FOXP3, houve uma marcação moderada em GI e apenas uma marcação leve em GII e GIII. Este trabalho reforça o papel da infecção por L. infantum no desenvolvimento de lesões articulares em cães. Além disso, nosso estudo indica que a LC modifica a expressão de TLR2, FOXP3 e COX2 na membrana sinovial, o que implica a manutenção e progressão do processo inflamatório. RESUMO (LC clínicas osteoarticulares imunológico L TLR 2, TLR-2 FOXP COX COX- NID, NID (NID N=20 N20 N 20 UVZ. UVZ . (UVZ) avaliados artrocentese volume aspecto viscosidade TNC (TNC PT (PT LS (LS determinados 55%, 55 55% , (55%) 25%, 25 25% (25%) 30% 30 (30% 20% (20% 25%. subcondral tróclea 60% 60 (60 animais. animais) 25gdL gdL 5g dL g valor normal, normal normal) 5 60gdL 6 0g 6,0g/dL 6gdL 6g >6g/dL 70 14/20 1420 14 (14/20 alta Contudo disso TLR- N=2 N2 (UVZ (55% (25% 3 (30 (20 (6 7 14/2 142 1 (14/2 N= (55 (25 (3 (2 ( 14/ (14/ (5 (14 (1

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus and affects more than 90 countries, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The first treatment for these diseases involves pentavalent antimonial derivatives, which are very toxic and cause severe side effects. The other chemotherapeutic drugs used as second-line agents include different organic compound classes, such as pentamidine, which also cause severe side effects. Thus, new, safer, and efficient antileishmaniasis agents are urgently needed to control and treat these diseases. This mini review, which considered the last two decades of related research, highlighted the principal synthetic methodologies used to access amidine derivatives, focusing on more eco-friendly methods. Furthermore, the results obtained from evaluations of the anti-Leishmania activity and several molecular targets of the amidine derivatives are highlighted. 9 countries regions effects secondline second line classes pentamidine Thus new safer review research ecofriendly eco friendly methods Furthermore antiLeishmania anti

BACKGROUND Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Human-to-human transmission depends on a mosquito vector; thus, the interruption of parasite transmission from humans to mosquitoes is an important approach in the fight against malaria. The parasite stages infectious to mosquitoes are the gametocytes, sexual stages that are ingested by the vector during a blood meal and transform into male and female gametes in the midgut. Immunity against sexual stage antigens expressed by gametocytes, gametes, and the zygote formed after fertilisation can interrupt the parasite sexual cycle in the mosquito. This transmission blocking immunity is mediated by specific antibodies ingested during the mosquito blood feed, inhibiting the parasite development in the midgut. Merozoite thrombospondin related anonymous protein (MTRAP) is a merozoite and gametocyte surface protein essential for gamete egress from erythrocytes and for parasite transmission to mosquitoes. OBJECTIVES Here, we evaluated the potential of the P. berghei MTRAP to elicit antibodies with the ability to inhibit gamete fertilisation in vitro. METHODS We expressed a soluble recombinant PbMTRAP and used it to immunise BALB/c mice. The transmission blocking activity of the anti-rPbMTRAP antibodies was tested through in vivo challenge experiments followed by in vitro conversion assays. FINDINGS Immunisations with the rPbMTRAP induced a strong antibody response and the antibodies recognised the native protein by Western Blot and IFA. Anti-rPbMTRAP present in the blood stream of immunised mice partially inhibited gamete conversion into ookinetes. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that antibodies to PbMTRAP may reduce but are not sufficient to completely block transmission. Plasmodium Humantohuman Human human thus malaria gametocytes midgut feed (MTRAP Here P BALBc BALB c antirPbMTRAP anti assays IFA AntirPbMTRAP Anti ookinetes

ABSTRACT: Trypanosoma evansi, the hemoflagellate pathogen that causes “surra,” is a protozoan that infects the widest variety of mammals worldwide, primarily horses, camels, dogs, and wild animals. Cases of canine trypanosomiasis caused by T.evansi have been reported in the Brazilian pantonal region. This study determined the prevalence of T.evansi and investigate risk factors. The study used blood samples from dogs in the municipality of Barão de Melgaço in the pantonal of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The owner was given a structured epidemiological questionnaire containing information about the risk factors. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect T.evansi DNA using species-specific oligonucleotides TevF and TevR of the gene encoding a 227-bp portion of the glycoprotein of the variant surface (VSG) T.evansi Rode Trypanozoon (RoTat) 1.2. Two (prevalence of 0.5%) genetic materials of T.evansi were reported in the403 samples. Although, no risk factor was associated with infection (P > 0.05), proximity to vegetation and streams, as well as the presence of tabanids, rodents, and marsupials, which are factors in the occurrence of infection, were observed in positive dogs, implying that the municipality of Barão de Melgaço has epidemiological characteristics that allow canine infection by T.evansi. ABSTRACT evansi surra, surra “surra, worldwide horses camels animals Tevansi T region Grosso Brazil speciesspecific species specific 227bp bp 227 VSG (VSG RoTat (RoTat 12 1 2 1.2 0.5% 05 0 5 the40 Although P 0.05, 005 0.05 , 0.05) streams tabanids rodents marsupials “surra 22 1. 0.5 the4 00 0.0 0.

RESUMO: Trypanosoma evansi, o patógeno hemoflagelado que causa a “surra”, é um protozoário que infecta a mais ampla variedade de mamíferos em todo o mundo, principalmente cavalos, camelos, cães e animais selvagens. Casos de tripanossomíase canina causada por T. evansi têm sido relatados na região pantaneira brasileira. Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a prevalência de T. evansi e investigar fatores de risco. O estudo utilizou amostras de sangue de cães do município de Barão de Melgaço, no pantanal do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. O proprietário recebeu um questionário epidemiológico estruturado contendo informações sobre os fatores de risco. A técnica quantitativa de reação em cadeia da polimerase foi utilizada para detectar DNA de T. evansi utilizando oligonucleotídeos específicos da espécie TevF e TevR do gene que codifica uma porção de 227 pb da glicoproteína da superfície variante (VSG) T. evansi Rode Trypanozoon (RoTat) 1.2. Dois (prevalência de 0,5%) materiais genéticos de T. evansi foram encontrados nas 403 amostras. Embora nenhum fator de risco tenha sido associado à infecção (P > 0,05), a proximidade de vegetação e riachos, bem como a presença de tabanídeos, roedores e marsupiais, fatores na ocorrência de infecção, foram observadas em cães positivos, implicando que o município de Barão de Melgaço apresenta características epidemiológicas que permitem a infecção canina por T. evansi. RESUMO surra, surra , “surra” mundo cavalos camelos selvagens T brasileira Grosso Brasil 22 VSG (VSG RoTat (RoTat 12 1 2 1.2 0,5% 05 0 5 40 P 0,05, 005 0,05 0,05) riachos tabanídeos marsupiais positivos “surra 1. 0,5 4 00 0,0 0,

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered a globally neglected disease. To address the problem of VL endemic to Brazil, the Visceral Leishmaniasis Control Program (VLCP) was created, which recommends the development of health surveillance actions such as the identification of human and canine cases, vector control and prevention of disease. We aimed to investigate the epidemiological situation of VL in municipalities of the State of Mato Grosso (MT) and assess the execution of VLCP activities. Data on human cases were obtained from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), and data from entomological and canine inquiry were provided by the State’s Health Department. Analyzes from the period 2019 - 2021 recorded 30 cases of human VL, distributed among 16 municipalities. Vectors were identified in 50% of the municipalities where entomological investigations were carried out, and the predominant specie was Lutzomyia longipalpis. A total of 15,585 dogs were subjected to serological examination, of which 18.91% tested seropositive for Leishmania infantum. However, it must be emphasized that only three municipalities conducted consecutive inquiries involving canine VL. Although VL is distributed widely throughout the State, only a few municipalities have undertaken the actions of the VLCP, thus highlighting the neglected status of the disease. (VL disease Brazil (VLCP created MT (MT activities SINAN, SINAN , (SINAN) States s Department 201 202 3 1 50 out longipalpis 15585 15 585 15,58 examination 1891 18 91 18.91 infantum However (SINAN 20 5 1558 58 15,5 189 9 18.9 2 155 15, 18.

Resumo A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é considerada uma doença mundialmente negligenciada. Em resposta ao cenário endêmico da LV no Brasil, foi criado o Programa de Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral (PCLV), que preconiza o desenvolvimento de ações de vigilância em saúde, como a identificação de casos humanos e caninos, controle vetorial e prevenção da doença. Objetivamos investigar a situação epidemiológica da LV nos municípios de Mato Grosso (MT), e avaliar se as atividades do PCLV estão sendo executadas. Os dados de casos humanos foram obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). E os dados dos levantamentos entomológicos e caninos foram disponibilizados pela Secretaria de Estado de Saúde. As análises do último triênio (2019 - 2021) registraram 30 casos de LV humana, distribuídos entre 16 municípios. Vetores foram identificados em 50% dos municípios que conduziram o levantamento entomológico, e a espécie predominante foi Lutzomya longipalpis. Um total de 15,585 cães foram submetidos a exame sorológico. Destes, 18,91% foram sororreagentes para Leishmania infantum. No entanto, é importante ressaltar que somente três municípios conduziram inquérito canino de forma consecutiva. A LV apresenta ampla distribuição no Estado, mas poucos municípios executaram as ações do PCLV, evidenciando a situação negligenciada da doença. (LV Brasil , (PCLV) saúde MT, MT (MT) executadas SINAN. SINAN . (SINAN) Saúde 2019 (201 2021 3 humana 1 50 entomológico longipalpis 15585 15 585 15,58 sorológico Destes 1891 18 91 18,91 infantum entanto consecutiva (PCLV (MT (SINAN 201 (20 202 5 1558 58 15,5 189 9 18,9 20 (2 155 15, 18, 2 (

Resumo A crescente investigação da contaminação ambiental por cistos de Giardia spp. e seu impacto na saúde pública despertou o interesse em desenvolver métodos mais sensíveis para detectar esses protozoários, especialmente na água. No entanto, esses métodos ainda são complexos e dispendiosos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de concentração e remoção de cistos de Giardia duodenalis usando um polímero floculante aniônico à base de acrilamida (AFP) em amostras de água de retrolavagem de filtro de uma estação de tratamento de água (ETA) localizada na cidade de Blumenau, sul do Brasil, e compará-lo com a técnica de floculação de carbonato de cálcio (CCF), rotineiramente usada em matrizes de água com alta turbidez. A taxa de recuperação média de cistos de G. duodenalis usando CCF e AFP foi de 33,33% e 43,33%, com uma redução média de turbidez de 98,39% e 98,78%, respectivamente. O uso de um polímero floculante aniônico provou ser uma alternativa eficiente para a concentração e remoção de cistos de protozoários em amostras de água com alta turbidez. É importante destacar que o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de novos estudos e estratégias que aumentem a eficiência da remoção desses organismos de matrizes ambientais complexas trariam benefícios tanto do ponto de vista da saúde pública quanto da perspectiva da saúde única. spp entanto dispendiosos (AFP ETA (ETA Blumenau Brasil comparálo compará lo CCF, , (CCF) G 3333 33 33,33 4333 43 43,33% 9839 98 39 98,39 9878 78 98,78% respectivamente única (CCF 333 3 33,3 433 4 43,33 983 9 98,3 987 7 98,78 33, 43,3 98, 98,7 43,

Abstract The increasing investigation into environmental contamination by Giardia spp. cysts and its impact on public health has spurred interest in developing more sensitive methods for detecting these protozoa, particularly in water. However, these methods remain complex and costly. This study evaluated the concentration and removal efficiency of Giardia duodenalis cysts using an acrylamide-based anionic flocculant polymer (AFP) in filter backwash water samples from a water treatment plant (WTP) located in Blumenau City, southern Brazil, and compared them with the calcium carbonate flocculation technique (CCF), which is routinely used for water matrices with high turbidity. The average recovery rates of G. duodenalis cysts using CCF and AFP were 33.33% and 43.33%, respectively, with an average turbidity reduction of 98.39% and 98.78%. The use of an anionic flocculant polymer proved to be an efficient alternative for the concentration and removal of protozoan cysts in water samples with high turbidity. It is important to highlight that the development and application of new studies and strategies aimed at increasing the efficiency of the removal of these organisms from complex environmental matrices would bring benefits to public health and promote a One Health perspective. spp protozoa However costly acrylamidebased acrylamide based (AFP WTP (WTP City Brazil CCF, , (CCF) G 3333 33 33.33 4333 43 43.33% respectively 9839 98 39 98.39 9878 78 98.78% perspective (CCF 333 3 33.3 433 4 43.33 983 9 98.3 987 7 98.78 33. 43.3 98. 98.7 43.

Abstract Epibiosis is an interaction between two organisms, and it can be a relationship with both positive and negative effects. Protozoa of the subclass Suctoria are common epibionts in freshwater environments. Their preference for attaching to other organisms reflects their biological needs, such as food availability and environmental conditions, as well as the anatomy of their hosts. The study area of this work was the lakes of Ingá Park located in Maringá, Paraná state, Brazil. Leeches were collected in August 2019, through an active search on aquatic vegetation, among submerged trunks and rocks. Subsequently, the specimens were sent to the laboratory. In the laboratory, they were fixed in 5% formaldehyde, and subsequently submitted to two procedures, in which permanent slides of the specimens stained by the hydrochloric carmine method were made and images were obtained by electronic scanning microscopy. For the identification and description of the leech species, morphological data, taxonomic characteristics, and the use of the identification key were obtained. The epibiont ciliated protozoa occurred in Antiga Santa Lake, associated with four specimens of the leech Helobdella adiastola. We report the first record of epibiosis among the protozoan epibiont ciliates (Ciliophora: Suctoria) associated with Helobdella adiastola in Brazil. effects environments needs conditions hosts Maringá state Brazil 2019 vegetation rocks Subsequently laboratory 5 formaldehyde procedures microscopy species data characteristics Lake Ciliophora (Ciliophora 201 20 2

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical characteristics and biological activity of progenies from the first cycle of recurrent selection of Varronia curassavica in order to identify promising progenies for the next stages of the breeding program. The seeds were collected from the parental accession VCUR-503 (chemotype E-caryophyllene/viridiflorol) and subsequently sown in seedling containers and transplanted to the field. The essential oil was extracted 300 days after transplanting, and the levels of E-caryophyllene and viridiflorol were analyzed, as well as their activity against the protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Application of the recurrent selection method resulted in increased levels of both compounds. The levels of E-caryophyllene (0.00-23.61%) and viridiflorol (0.00-64.74%) exhibited significant variation within the population under study. The essential oil rich in viridiflorol from progenies led to high mortality (72%) of the protozoan. Promising progenies for the second cycle of recurrent selection were identified based on the variables analyzed. program VCUR503 VCUR 503 VCUR-50 chemotype Ecaryophyllene/viridiflorol Ecaryophylleneviridiflorol E caryophyllene/viridiflorol caryophyllene E-caryophyllene/viridiflorol field 30 transplanting Ecaryophyllene analyzed multifiliis compounds 0.0023.61% 0002361 0.00 23.61% 0 00 23 61 (0.00-23.61% 0.0064.74% 0006474 64.74% 64 74 (0.00-64.74% 72% 72 (72% VCUR50 50 VCUR-5 caryophylleneviridiflorol 3 0023 0.0023.61 000236 000 0.0 2361 23.61 2 6 (0.00-23.61 0064 0.0064.74 000647 6474 64.74 7 (0.00-64.74 (72 VCUR5 5 VCUR- 002 0.0023.6 00023 0. 236 23.6 (0.00-23.6 006 0.0064.7 00064 647 64.7 (0.00-64.7 (7 0.0023. 0002 23. (0.00-23. 0.0064. 0006 64. (0.00-64. ( 0.0023 (0.00-23 0.0064 (0.00-64 0.002 (0.00-2 0.006 (0.00-6 (0.00- (0.00 (0.0 (0. (0

The incorporation of different molecules by eukaryotic cells occurs through endocytosis, which is critical to the cell’s survival and ability to reproduce. Although this process has been studied in greater detail in mammalian and yeast cells, several groups working with pathogenic protists have made relevant contributions. This review analysed the most relevant data on the endocytic process in anaerobic protists (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Tritrichomonas foetus). Many protozoa can exert endocytic activity across their entire surface and do so with great intensity, as with E. histolytica. The available data on the endocytic pathway and the participation of PI-3 kinase, Rab, and Rho molecular complexes is reviewed from a historical perspective. endocytosis cell s reproduce contributions Entamoeba histolytica intestinalis vaginalis foetus. foetus . foetus) intensity E PI3 PI 3 PI- kinase Rab perspective

ABSTRACT Background: Leishmania braziliensis, a protozoan prevalent in Brazil, is the known causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The activation of M1 macrophages is a pivotal factor in the host's ability to eliminate the parasite, whereas M2 macrophages may facilitate parasite proliferation. This study analyzed the clinical outcomes of CL and the patients' immunological profiles, focusing on the prevalence of M1 and M2 macrophages, cytokine production, and annexin-A1 (ANXA1) expression in the lesion. Methods: Data were obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histopathological, immunofluorescence, and cytokine analyses. Results: Patients with exudative and cellular reaction-type (ECR)-type lesions that healed within 90 days showed a significant increase in M1. Conversely, patients with ECR and exudative and granulomatous reaction (EGR)types, who healed within 180 days, showed an elevated number of M2. Cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were higher in ECR lesions that resolved within 90 days (P<0.05). In contrast, IL-9 and IL-10 levels significantly increased in both ECR and EGR lesions that healed after 180 days (P<0.001). The production of IL-21, IL-23 and TGF-β was increased in patients with ECR or EGR lesions that healed after 180 days (P<0.05). The expression of ANXA1 was higher in M2 within ECR-type lesions in patients who healed after 180 days (P<0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the infectious microenvironment induced by L. braziliensis affects the differentiation of M1 and M2 macrophages, cytokine release, and ANXA1 expression, thereby influencing the healing capacity of patients. Therefore, histopathological and immunological investigations may improve the selection of CL therapy. Background Brazil CL. . (CL) M hosts host s proliferation profiles annexinA1 annexinA annexin A1 A annexin-A ANXA (ANXA1 lesion Methods PCR (PCR immunofluorescence analyses Results reactiontype type ECRtype 9 Conversely EGRtypes, EGRtypes types, types (EGR)types 18 IFNγ IFN γ TNFα TNF α P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 0 05 (P<0.05) contrast IL9 IL IL- IL10 10 IL-1 P<0.001. P0001 P<0.001 001 (P<0.001) IL21, IL21 21, 21 IL-21 IL23 23 IL-2 TGFβ TGF β Conclusions L release Therefore therapy (CL (ANXA 1 P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 IL1 P000 P<0.00 00 (P<0.001 IL2 2 P0 P<0. (P<0.0 (P<0.00 P<0 (P<0. P< (P<0 (P< (P

BACKGROUND In Brazil, Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is a widely distributed protozoan parasite. The human leishmaniasis caused by this species is often associated with visceral form. Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) cases due to L. (L.) infantum in the country are considered rare but may be underestimated. Although probably uncommon, these cases represent a new challenge to the prevention and control of leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVES Here, we describe two distinct cases of TL with atypical clinical presentations caused by L. (L.) infantum. METHODS AND FINDINGS Parasites were isolated from cutaneous lesions of the two patients and typed as L. (L.) infantum after sequencing of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer. The dermotropic L. (L.) infantum isolates were compared in terms of growth culture patterns, metacyclogenesis and in vitro infectivity in macrophages. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study addresses the emergence of L. (L.) infantum as a causative agent of cutaneous disease in a visceral leishmaniasis hotspot located in northeast Brazil. The data presented provides novel information about the presence of dermotropic L. (L.) infantum in the country and demonstrates the infectivity potential of theses isolates. Brazil (Leishmania parasite form (TL L (L. underestimated uncommon Here spacer patterns macrophages (L