RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades infecciosas intestinales (diarrea) son una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel mundial. En 2015, constituyeron la novena causa principal de muerte para todas las edades. Objetivo: describir las características epidemiológicas de la mortalidad por enfermedades infecciosas intestinales (diarreas) en Paraguay durante los años 2015 al 2019. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, ecológico, transversal, retrospectivo, muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Se consideraron los óbitos del CIE - 10, que incluyen al cólera (A01), fiebres tifoidea y paratifoidea (A01), shigelosis (A03), otras infecciones intestinales bacterianas (A04), otras intoxicaciones alimentarias bacterianas (A05), amebiasis (A06), otras enfermedades intestinales debidas a protozoarios (A07), infecciones intestinales debidas a virus (A08) y diarrea y gastroenteritis de presunto origen infeccioso (A09). Se utilizaron datos de acceso abierto de la página WEB de la Dirección General de Información Estratégica en Salud del MSP y BS de todos los Departamentos del país. Se calcularon tasas crudas y ajustadas (por 100.000 habitantes). Se utilizaron Excel y EPI INFO 7.0. Resultados: Se registraron 495 muertes, la mayor prevalencia fue en 2019 (tasa ajustada de 1,83) y menor en 2017 (1,36). Los meses con mayor mortalidad fueron enero y julio (9,9%). El 51,72% fueron mujeres (256), 30,91% mayores de 80 años y 28,28% (140) menores de 5 años, edad promedio 50,8, solteros 56,77% (281) y sin ningún tipo de educación 41,82% (207). El 80,61% (399) residía en área urbana. Las mayores tasas se registraron en Boquerón (33,3) y Amambay (15,2). El 95,56% (473) fueron diarreas y gastroenteritis de origen infeccioso. Discusión: Se registra alto porcentaje de mortalidad de diarreas de origen infeccioso. Los extremos de la vida constituyen la población más vulnerable.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Infectious intestinal diseases (diarrhea) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In 2015, it constituted the ninth leading cause of death for all ages. Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of mortality due to infectious intestinal diseases (diarrhea) in Paraguay from 2015 to 2019. Methods: Descriptive, ecological, cross-sectional, retrospective, and non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases was performed. ICD-10 deaths included cholera (A01), typhoid and paratyphoid fever (A01), shigellosis (A03), other bacterial intestinal infections (A04), other bacterial food poisoning (A05), amebiasis (A06), other intestinal diseases due to protozoa (A07), intestinal infections due to viruses (A08), and diarrhea and gastroenteritis of presumed infectious origin (A09). Open access data were obtained from the WEB page of the General Directorate of Strategic Information in Health of the MSP and BS of all the Departments of the country. Crude and adjusted rates (per 100,000 inhabitants) were calculated. Excel and EPI INFO 7.0 were used. Results: 495 deaths were registered; the highest prevalence was in 2019 (adjusted rate of 1.83) and the lowest in 2017 (1.36). The months with the highest mortality rates were January and July (9.9%). 51.72% were women (256), 30.91% were over 80 years old and 28.28% (140) were under 5 years old, average age 50.8, single 56.77% (281) and without any type of education 41.82% (207). A total of 80.61% (399) of the respondents resided in urban areas. The highest rates were registered in Boquerón (33.3) and Amambay (15.2). Diarrhea and gastroenteritis of infectious origin accounted for 95.56% of the cases (473). Discussion: There was a high percentage of mortality from infectious diarrhea. Extremes of life were the most vulnerable populations.

Abstract: This study compared forage yield and agronomic characteristics of 9 maize cultivars (Pioneer 30N11, Pioneer 4444, Pioneer 30K08, SC-128W, SC-166Y, SC-78Y, TWC-324W, TWC-368Y and TWC- 321W) ensiled with or without urea as for ruminants on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability. A factorial randomized complete block design was used. Pioneer 30N11 and Pioneer 4444 showed the greatest silage forage yield, ear weight, and plant height. The chemical composition of maize silage cultivars without urea revealed that Pioneer 30K08 had the greatest (P<0.001) crude protein (CP) content (127 g/kg), while the lowest CP content (89 g/kg) was observed with SC-78Y. CP content ranged from 118 to 156 g/kg when urea was added to the maize silage cultivars. The neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin contents recorded the highest values (P<0.01) in TWC-324W, SC-128W and SC-78Y. Urea treatment of different cultivars affected (P<0.05) the concentrations of CP, ether extract (EE), non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), and fibers. Urea treatment increased CP and EE in all cultivars and increased or decreased truly degraded dry matter (TDDM), truly degraded organic matter (TDOM), protozoa, ammonia and methane (P<0.05). Overall, Pioneer 30N11, Pioneer 4444 and Pioneer 30K08 showed the greatest forage yield and nutritive value as a feed for ruminants.

Abstract Introduction. The multifactorial etiology of gastroenteritis emphasizes the need for different laboratory methods to identify or exclude infectious agents and evaluate the severity of diarrheal disease. Objective. To diagnose the infectious etiology in diarrheic children and to evaluate some fecal markers associated with intestinal integrity. Materials and methods. The study group comprised 45 children with diarrheal disease, tested for enteropathogens and malabsorption markers, and 76 children whose feces were used for fat evaluation by the traditional and acid steatocrit tests. Results. We observed acute diarrhea in 80% of the children and persistent diarrhea in 20%. Of the diarrheic individuals analyzed, 40% were positive for enteropathogens, with rotavirus (13.3%) and Giardia duodenalis (11.1%) the most frequently diagnosed. Among the infected patients, occult blood was more evident in those carrying pathogenic bacteria (40%) and enteroviruses (40%), while steatorrhea was observed in infections by the protozoa G. duodenalis (35.7%). Children with diarrhea excreted significantly more lipids in feces than non-diarrheic children, as determined by the traditional (p<0.0003) and acid steatocrit (p<0.0001) methods. Moreover, the acid steatocrit method detected 16.7% more fecal fat than the traditional method. Conclusions. Childhood diarrhea can lead to increasingly severe nutrient deficiencies. Steatorrhea is the hallmark of malabsorption, and a stool test, such as the acid steatocrit, can be routinely used as a laboratory tool for the semi-quantitative evaluation of fat malabsorption in diarrheic children.

Resumen Introducción. La etiología multifactorial de la gastroenteritis enfatiza la necesidad de usar diferentes métodos de laboratorio para identificar o excluir agentes infecciosos y evaluar la gravedad de la enfermedad diarreica. Objetivo. Diagnosticar la etiología infecciosa de la diarrea en niños y evaluar algunos marcadores fecales asociados con la integridad intestinal. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 45 niños con enfermedad diarreica, en los cuales se evaluaron la presencia de enteropatógenos y los marcadores de malabsorción. Se analizaron las muestras fecales de 76 niños, mediante las pruebas de esteatocrito tradicional y esteatocrito ácido, para la cuantificación de la grasa. Resultados. Se observó diarrea aguda en el 80 % de los niños y diarrea persistente en el 20 %. De los individuos con diarrea, el 40 % fue positivo para enteropatógenos; los más diagnosticados fueron rotavirus (13,3 %) y Giardia duodenalis (11,1 %). Entre los pacientes infectados, la sangre oculta fue más evidente en aquellos portadores de bacterias patógenas (40 %) o enterovirus (40%), mientras que la esteatorrea se observó en infecciones por el protozoo G. duodenalis (35,7 %). Los niños con diarrea excretaron significativamente más lípidos en las heces que aquellos sin diarrea, según lo determinado por los métodos de esteatocrito tradicional (p<0,0003) y esteatocrito ácido (p<0,0001). Conclusiones. La diarrea infantil puede provocar deficiencias graves de nutrientes. La esteatorrea es distintiva de la malabsorción intestinal y puede detectarse mediante la estimación del esteatocrito ácido. Esta prueba podría utilizarse de forma rutinaria como una herramienta de laboratorio para la evaluación semicuantitativa de la malabsorción de grasas en niños con diarrea.

ABSTRACT: Infectious enteritis is highly prevalent among dogs worldwide and, in some cases, it can be fatal. This study describes the clinical and laboratorial findings of single and mixed infections associated with severe enteritis in 76 dogs from Southern Brazil. Intestinal segments and/or fecal samples were subjected to histopathology and molecular detection of DNA viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Severe intestinal lesions were observed in most cases. Single infections were detected in 52.6% of cases, double (36.8%) and triple (10.5%) infections were also identified. Carnivore protoparvovirus 2 (CPV-2) was the most frequent agent in single infections (36.8%). Coinfection by CPV-2 and Giardia spp. was the most common in dual infections (19.7%), followed by CPV-2 and Cryptosporidium spp. (10.5%). The most frequent triple infection was CPV-2, Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (6.6%). Our results shown that single and mixed infections are associated with severe enteritis in dogs in southern Brazil, mainly involving CPV-2 and Giardia sp. ABSTRACT cases fatal 7 Brazil andor or viruses protozoa 526 52 6 52.6 36.8% 368 36 8 (36.8% 10.5% 105 10 5 (10.5% identified CPV2 CPV (CPV-2 36.8%. . CPV- spp 19.7%, 197 19.7% , 19 (19.7%) 10.5%. CPV2, 2, sp 6.6%. 66 6.6% (6.6%) 52. 36.8 3 (36.8 10.5 1 (10.5 (CPV- 19.7 (19.7% 6.6 (6.6% 36. (36. 10. (10. (CPV 19. (19.7 6. (6.6 (36 (10 (19. (6. (3 (1 (19 (6 (

RESUMO: Enterites infecciosas são altamente prevalentes entre cães em todo o mundo e, em alguns casos, podem ser fatais. Este estudo descreve os achados clínicos e laboratoriais de infecções simples e mistas associadas a enterites graves em 76 cães do sul do Brasil. Segmentos intestinais e/ou fezes foram submetidos à análise patológica e detecção molecular de vírus de genoma DNA, bactérias e protozoários. Lesões intestinais severas foram observadas na maioria dos casos. Infecções únicas foram detectadas em 52,6% dos casos, e infecções duplas (36,8%) e triplas (10,5%) também foram identificadas. O Protoparvovírus carnívoro 2 (CPV-2) foi o agente mais frequente nas infecções simples (36,8% do total). Coinfecção por CPV-2 e Giardia sp. foi a mais comum em infecções duplas (19,7%), seguido por CPV-2 e Cryptosporidium spp. (10,5%). A tripla infecção mais frequente foi CPV-2, Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. (6,6%). Nossos resultados demostraram que infecções simples e mistas estão associadas a enterites graves em cães no sul do Brasil, envolvendo principalmente CPV-2 e Giardia sp. RESUMO casos fatais 7 Brasil eou ou DNA protozoários 526 52 6 52,6 36,8% 368 36 8 10,5% 105 10 5 (10,5% identificadas CPV2 CPV (CPV-2 (36,8 total. total . total) CPV- sp 19,7%, 197 19,7% , 19 (19,7%) spp 10,5%. CPV2, 2, 6,6%. 66 6,6% (6,6%) 52, 36,8 3 10,5 1 (10,5 (CPV- (36, 19,7 (19,7% 6,6 (6,6% 36, 10, (10, (CPV (36 19, (19,7 6, (6,6 (10 (3 (19, (6, (1 ( (19 (6

RESUMO O Brasil possui mais de 1.800 espécies de aves catalogadas. Quando mantidos em cativeiro, esses animais podem ser susceptíveis a vários tipos de patógenos, inclusive como parasitos gastrointestinais. No entanto, a falta de informações sobre os principais tipos de parasitos que infectam esses animais e as relações parasito-hospedeiro acabam sendo fatores limitantes na manutenção da saúde dessas aves. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o levantamento de helmintos e protozoários de aves exóticas e silvestres cativas da região Nordeste do Brasil. Para isso, amostras fecais (n = 182 pools) foram coletadas de 656 aves em cativeiro, pertencentes a 9 ordens e a 53 espécies. As análises parasitológicas foram realizadas por técnicas de Mini-FLOTAC®, flotação em sacarose, exame direto e coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen, além da sedimentação por centrifugação. Todos os dados foram analisados usando o software InStat, com um nível de significância definido em P<0,05. Parasitos gastrointestinais foram encontrados em 84,07% (153/182; P<0,0001) das amostras analisadas. Foram identificados 18 tipos de parasitos, sendo os enteroparasitos o mais frequentes: Cryptosporidium sp. (52,28%; P= 0,008), coccídeos não esporulados (41,17%; P= 0,0001), Entamoeba sp. (46,40%; P= 0,0480), Giardia sp. (18,33%; P= 0,0001), Strongyloides sp. (19,60%; P= 0,0001) e Trichostrongylidae (16,33%; P= 0,0001). As aves de rapina (n=17, 94,44%; P= 0,0004) e os psitaciformes (n=12, 66,67%; P=0,0001) apresentaram os maiores percentuais de infecção por endoparasitos gastrointestinais. 1800 1 800 1.80 catalogadas cativeiro patógenos entanto parasitohospedeiro parasito hospedeiro isso n pools 65 5 MiniFLOTAC®, MiniFLOTAC Mini FLOTAC®, FLOTAC Mini-FLOTAC® sacarose ZiehlNeelsen, ZiehlNeelsen Ziehl Neelsen, Neelsen Ziehl-Neelsen centrifugação InStat P005 P 0 05 P<0,05 8407 84 07 84,07 153/182 153182 153 (153/182 P<0,0001 P00001 0001 analisadas frequentes sp 52,28% 5228 52 28 (52,28% 0,008, 0008 0,008 , 008 0,008) 41,17% 4117 41 17 (41,17% 0,0001, 00001 0,0001 46,40% 4640 46 40 (46,40% 0,0480, 00480 0,0480 0480 0,0480) 18,33% 1833 33 (18,33% 19,60% 1960 19 60 (19,60% 16,33% 1633 16 (16,33% 0,0001. . n=17, n17 (n=17 94,44% 9444 94 44 0,0004 00004 0004 n=12, n12 12 (n=12 66,67% 6667 66 67 P=0,0001 180 80 1.8 6 MiniFLOTAC® FLOTAC® Mini-FLOTAC P00 P<0,0 840 8 84,0 153/18 15318 15 (153/18 P<0,000 P0000 000 52,28 522 2 (52,28 0,00 00 41,17 411 4 (41,17 0000 0,000 46,40 464 (46,40 0048 0,048 048 18,33 183 3 (18,33 19,60 196 (19,60 16,33 163 (16,33 n=17 n1 (n=1 94,44 944 n=12 66,67 666 P=0,000 1. P0 P<0, 84, 153/1 1531 (153/1 P<0,00 P000 52,2 (52,2 0,0 41,1 (41,1 46,4 (46,4 004 0,04 04 18,3 (18,3 19,6 (19,6 16,3 (16,3 n=1 (n= 94,4 66,6 P=0,00 P<0 153/ (153/ 52, (52, 0, 41, (41, 46, (46, 18, (18, 19, (19, 16, (16, n= 94, 66, P=0,0 P< (153 (52 (41 (46 (18 (19 (16 P=0, (15 (5 (4 (1 P=0 (

ABSTRACT: Trypanosoma evansi, the hemoflagellate pathogen that causes “surra,” is a protozoan that infects the widest variety of mammals worldwide, primarily horses, camels, dogs, and wild animals. Cases of canine trypanosomiasis caused by T.evansi have been reported in the Brazilian pantonal region. This study determined the prevalence of T.evansi and investigate risk factors. The study used blood samples from dogs in the municipality of Barão de Melgaço in the pantonal of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The owner was given a structured epidemiological questionnaire containing information about the risk factors. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect T.evansi DNA using species-specific oligonucleotides TevF and TevR of the gene encoding a 227-bp portion of the glycoprotein of the variant surface (VSG) T.evansi Rode Trypanozoon (RoTat) 1.2. Two (prevalence of 0.5%) genetic materials of T.evansi were reported in the403 samples. Although, no risk factor was associated with infection (P > 0.05), proximity to vegetation and streams, as well as the presence of tabanids, rodents, and marsupials, which are factors in the occurrence of infection, were observed in positive dogs, implying that the municipality of Barão de Melgaço has epidemiological characteristics that allow canine infection by T.evansi. ABSTRACT evansi surra, surra “surra, worldwide horses camels animals Tevansi T region Grosso Brazil speciesspecific species specific 227bp bp 227 VSG (VSG RoTat (RoTat 12 1 2 1.2 0.5% 05 0 5 the40 Although P 0.05, 005 0.05 , 0.05) streams tabanids rodents marsupials “surra 22 1. 0.5 the4 00 0.0 0.

RESUMO: Trypanosoma evansi, o patógeno hemoflagelado que causa a “surra”, é um protozoário que infecta a mais ampla variedade de mamíferos em todo o mundo, principalmente cavalos, camelos, cães e animais selvagens. Casos de tripanossomíase canina causada por T. evansi têm sido relatados na região pantaneira brasileira. Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a prevalência de T. evansi e investigar fatores de risco. O estudo utilizou amostras de sangue de cães do município de Barão de Melgaço, no pantanal do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. O proprietário recebeu um questionário epidemiológico estruturado contendo informações sobre os fatores de risco. A técnica quantitativa de reação em cadeia da polimerase foi utilizada para detectar DNA de T. evansi utilizando oligonucleotídeos específicos da espécie TevF e TevR do gene que codifica uma porção de 227 pb da glicoproteína da superfície variante (VSG) T. evansi Rode Trypanozoon (RoTat) 1.2. Dois (prevalência de 0,5%) materiais genéticos de T. evansi foram encontrados nas 403 amostras. Embora nenhum fator de risco tenha sido associado à infecção (P > 0,05), a proximidade de vegetação e riachos, bem como a presença de tabanídeos, roedores e marsupiais, fatores na ocorrência de infecção, foram observadas em cães positivos, implicando que o município de Barão de Melgaço apresenta características epidemiológicas que permitem a infecção canina por T. evansi. RESUMO surra, surra , “surra” mundo cavalos camelos selvagens T brasileira Grosso Brasil 22 VSG (VSG RoTat (RoTat 12 1 2 1.2 0,5% 05 0 5 40 P 0,05, 005 0,05 0,05) riachos tabanídeos marsupiais positivos “surra 1. 0,5 4 00 0,0 0,

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a ocorrência de oocistos de Cryptosporidium e cistos de Giardia em águas brutas, filtradas e cloradas, coletadas de duas estações de tratamento de água potável (ETA A e ETA B). A ETA A utiliza filtração direta ou flotação-filtração dependendo da turbidez da água bruta. A ETA B possui duas linhas de tratamento independentes, uma de filtração direta e outra de tratamento convencional. Os oocistos de Cryptosporidium e cistos de Giardia foram concentrados por floculação, identificados por microscopia de imunofluorescência direta e confirmados por coloração com DAPI e microscopia de contraste de fase. Na água bruta, a ocorrência de cistos variou de 75% (ETA A) a 100% (ETA B) das amostras, e de oocistos de 66,6% (ETA A) a 83,3% (ETA B). Ambos os protozoários foram detectados na água tratada por filtração direta (cistos: ETA A e B < 0,27 a 20,0 cistos L-1; oocistos: < 0,48 a 22,5 oocistos L-1) e flotação-filtração (cistos: < 0,27 a 5,0 cistos L-1; oocistos: < 0,48 a 17,5 oocistos L-1) na ETA A. A ausência de cistos e oocistos na água clorada não exclui riscos, pois as limitações das técnicas de concentração e identificação devem ser consideradas, dados os baixos índices de recuperação, especialmente em água com baixa turbidez (15,5 – 72,7% de Giardia; 3,6 – 38,5% de Cryptosporidium). Nas amostras de água bruta da ETA A, foi observada uma correlação moderada entre os protozoários e destes com os parâmetros convencionais de qualidade da água. Nas amostras de água bruta da ETA B, a correlação foi insignificante. Esses resultados reforçam a importância de monitorar protozoários em água destinada ao abastecimento público e a otimização dos processos de tratamento de água para produzir água de baixa turbidez. brutas cloradas B. . flotaçãofiltração flotação independentes convencional floculação fase 75 100 666 66 6 66,6 833 83 3 83,3 (cistos 027 0 27 0,2 200 20 20, L1 L 1 L-1 048 48 0,4 225 22 5 22, 50 5, 175 17 17, riscos consideradas recuperação 15,5 155 15 (15, 727 72 7 72,7 36 3, 385 38 38,5 Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium) insignificante 10 66, 8 83, 02 2 0, L- 04 4 15, (15 72, 38, (1 (

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw, filtered, and chlorinated waters collected from two drinking water treatment plants (WTP A and WTP B). WTP A uses either direct filtration or flotation-filtration depending on the turbidity of raw water. WTP B has two independent treatment lines, a direct filtration and a conventional treatment line. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were concentrated by flocculation, identified by direct immunofluorescence microscopy and confirmed by DAPI staining and phase-contrast microscopy. In raw water, the occurrence of cysts was from 75 (WTP A) to 100% (WTP B) of the samples, and of oocysts from 66.6 (WTP A) to 83.3% (WTP B). Both protozoa were detected in water treated by direct filtration (cysts: < 0.27 to 20.0 cysts L-1; oocysts: < 0.48 to 22.5 oocysts L-1) and flotation-filtration (cysts: < 0.27 to 5.0 cysts L-1; oocysts: < 0.48 to 17.5 oocysts L-1). The absence of cysts and oocysts in chlorinated water does not exclude risks, as the limitations of concentration and identification techniques must be considered, given the low recovery rates, especially in water with low turbidity (15.5 – 72.7% of Giardia; 3.6 – 38.5% of Cryptosporidium). In the raw water samples from WTP A, a moderate correlation was observed between the protozoa, and these with the conventional parameters of water quality. In the raw water samples from WTP B, the correlation was insignificant. These results reinforce the importance of monitoring protozoa in water destined for public supply. filtered B. . flotationfiltration flotation lines line flocculation phasecontrast phase contrast 7 100 666 66 6 66. 833 83 3 83.3 (cysts 027 0 27 0.2 200 20 20. L1 L 1 L-1 048 48 0.4 225 22 5 22. 50 5. 175 17 17. L1. risks considered rates 15.5 155 15 (15. 727 72 72.7 36 3. 385 38 38.5 Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium) quality insignificant supply 10 8 83. 02 2 0. L- 04 4 15. (15 72. 38. (1 (

Resumo A crescente investigação da contaminação ambiental por cistos de Giardia spp. e seu impacto na saúde pública despertou o interesse em desenvolver métodos mais sensíveis para detectar esses protozoários, especialmente na água. No entanto, esses métodos ainda são complexos e dispendiosos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de concentração e remoção de cistos de Giardia duodenalis usando um polímero floculante aniônico à base de acrilamida (AFP) em amostras de água de retrolavagem de filtro de uma estação de tratamento de água (ETA) localizada na cidade de Blumenau, sul do Brasil, e compará-lo com a técnica de floculação de carbonato de cálcio (CCF), rotineiramente usada em matrizes de água com alta turbidez. A taxa de recuperação média de cistos de G. duodenalis usando CCF e AFP foi de 33,33% e 43,33%, com uma redução média de turbidez de 98,39% e 98,78%, respectivamente. O uso de um polímero floculante aniônico provou ser uma alternativa eficiente para a concentração e remoção de cistos de protozoários em amostras de água com alta turbidez. É importante destacar que o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de novos estudos e estratégias que aumentem a eficiência da remoção desses organismos de matrizes ambientais complexas trariam benefícios tanto do ponto de vista da saúde pública quanto da perspectiva da saúde única. spp entanto dispendiosos (AFP ETA (ETA Blumenau Brasil comparálo compará lo CCF, , (CCF) G 3333 33 33,33 4333 43 43,33% 9839 98 39 98,39 9878 78 98,78% respectivamente única (CCF 333 3 33,3 433 4 43,33 983 9 98,3 987 7 98,78 33, 43,3 98, 98,7 43,

Abstract The increasing investigation into environmental contamination by Giardia spp. cysts and its impact on public health has spurred interest in developing more sensitive methods for detecting these protozoa, particularly in water. However, these methods remain complex and costly. This study evaluated the concentration and removal efficiency of Giardia duodenalis cysts using an acrylamide-based anionic flocculant polymer (AFP) in filter backwash water samples from a water treatment plant (WTP) located in Blumenau City, southern Brazil, and compared them with the calcium carbonate flocculation technique (CCF), which is routinely used for water matrices with high turbidity. The average recovery rates of G. duodenalis cysts using CCF and AFP were 33.33% and 43.33%, respectively, with an average turbidity reduction of 98.39% and 98.78%. The use of an anionic flocculant polymer proved to be an efficient alternative for the concentration and removal of protozoan cysts in water samples with high turbidity. It is important to highlight that the development and application of new studies and strategies aimed at increasing the efficiency of the removal of these organisms from complex environmental matrices would bring benefits to public health and promote a One Health perspective. spp protozoa However costly acrylamidebased acrylamide based (AFP WTP (WTP City Brazil CCF, , (CCF) G 3333 33 33.33 4333 43 43.33% respectively 9839 98 39 98.39 9878 78 98.78% perspective (CCF 333 3 33.3 433 4 43.33 983 9 98.3 987 7 98.78 33. 43.3 98. 98.7 43.

Resumen La leishmaniasis y la enfermedad de Chagas son causadas por protozoarios que comparten características filogenéticas y eco-epidemiológicas comunes, lo cual provoca dificultad en su identificación y diagnóstico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la información disponible sobre las técnicas de identificación de T. cruzi, de Leishmania spp. y la coinfección con ambos parásitos, así como su impacto en la obtención de datos eco-epidemiológicos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de técnicas de identificación para T. cruzi, Leishmania spp. o ambos. Los estudios se clasificaron por agente etiológico, tipo de publicación, técnica utilizada y hospedero. Se realizó una prueba de X2 para evaluar la relación entre el parásito y la técnica utilizada. También se analizó la relación entre los trabajos publicados por año, la técnica diagnóstica y el parásito. De 138 trabajos analizados, se determinó que no existe un “estándar de oro” para el diagnóstico de estas parasitosis y la coinfección. Por tanto, se requiere la estandarización de protocolos que incrementen la sensibilidad y especificidad, así como el uso de al menos 2 técnicas en la identificación. Es imprescindible estudiar la prevalencia e incidencia de estas parasitosis en la fauna silvestre y la población humana bajo el contexto de cambio climático.

Abstract Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease are caused by protozoa that share common phylogenetic and eco-epidemiological characteristics, which makes them difficult to identify and diagnose. This work aimed to analyze the information available on identification techniques for T. cruzi, Leishmania spp., and coinfection with both parasites, as well as its impact on obtaining eco-epidemiological data. A systematic search for identification techniques for T. cruzi, Leishmania spp., or both was conducted. The studies were classified by etiological agent, type of publication, technique used, and host. A chi-square test was performed to assess the relationship between the parasite and the technique used. The relationship between the papers published per year, the diagnostic technique, and the parasite was also analyzed. Of 138 analyzed works, it will be prolonged that there is no “gold standard” for the diagnosis of these parasitic diseases and coinfection. Therefore, the standardization of protocols that increase the sensitivity and specificity is required, as well as the use of at least 2 techniques in identification. It is essential to study the prevalence and incidence of these parasites in wildlife and the human population in the context of climate change.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayered membrane-delimited particles secreted by almost any cell type, involved in different functions according to the cell of origin and its state. From these, cell to cell communication, pathogen-host interactions and modulation of the immune response have been widely studied. Moreover, these vesicles could be employed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including infections produced by pathogens of diverse types; regarding parasites, the secretion, characterisation, and roles of EVs have been studied in particular cases. Moreover, the heterogeneity of EVs presents challenges at every stage of studies, which motivates research in this area. In this review, we summarise some aspects related to the secretion and roles of EVs from several groups of pathogens, with special focus on the most recent research regarding EVs secreted by extracellular protozoan parasites. (EVs lipidbilayered lipid bilayered membranedelimited membrane delimited type state communication pathogenhost pathogen host Moreover purposes types parasites characterisation cases studies area review

Resumo Substâncias químicas, potencialmente lesivas, são rotineiramente utilizadas no tratamento de parasitoses na indústria da aquicultura. Alternativas sustentáveis são constantemente buscadas para a substituição desses métodos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de um novo composto de origem natural chamado BiokosTM, no tratamento contra Epistylis sp. em Carassius auratus. A infestação foi identificada pela presença de placas esbranquiçadas no tegumento de cinco animais e o diagnóstico confirmado por raspados de pele. BiokosTM é um lipopeptídeo derivado da bactéria Pseudomonas, capaz de destruir a funcionalidade da membrana celular de protozoários ciliados. Sua ação é pouco agressiva aos animais e ao meio ambiente, degradando-se em aminoácidos e ácidos graxos em poucos dias. O aquário de 0.15 m3 (150 L) foi tratado com o condicionador de água Ich-AwayTM – fabricado pela empresa dinamarquesa Sundew ApS – que possui o BiokosTM como princípio ativo. Foram utilizados seis tabletes por dia, durante dois dias. Após o tratamento foram realizados novos raspados de pele, que não apresentaram mais lesões ou parasitos e os peixes se apresentavam clinicamente bem. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o BiokosTM pode ser uma alternativa inovadora e sustentável no controle da epistilíase em peixes ornamentais. químicas lesivas aquicultura métodos contexto sp auratus pele Pseudomonas ciliados ambiente degradandose degradando dias 015 0 15 0.1 m 150 (15 L IchAwayTM Ich AwayTM ativo dia bem ornamentais 01 1 0. (1 (

Abstract In the aquaculture industry, biocides are routinely used to treat parasitosis in fish, and researchers are continually developing sustainable alternatives that can replace these harsh chemicals. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new natural compound, BiokosTM, for the treatment against Epistylis sp. in Carassius auratus fish. The infestation was identified by the presence of whitish plaques on the integument of five animals, and the diagnosis was confirmed through skin scrapings. BiokosTM is a lipopeptide derived from the bacteria Pseudomonas that can destroy the functionality of the cell membrane of ciliated protozoa. The action of BiokosTM does not harm animals and the environment because the compound degrades into amino acids and fatty acids within days. A 0.15 m3 (150 L) aquarium was treated with an Ich-AwayTM water conditioner manufactured by the Danish company Sundew ApS, which has BiokosTM as the active ingredient. Six tablets were added to the water daily for two days, and new skin scrapings were performed. The fish were clinically well and no longer possessed lesions or parasites. The results obtained indicate that BiokosTM can be an innovative and more sustainable alternative for controlling epistyliasis in ornamental fish. industry chemicals context sp protozoa days 015 0 15 0.1 m 150 (15 L IchAwayTM Ich AwayTM ApS ingredient performed parasites 01 1 0. (1 (

Resumo O estudo realizou uma revisão do perfil parasitológico de vegetais, de 2001 a 2021, considerando o tipo, consumo e cultivo, global. Foram pesquisadas as bases MEDLINE, SciELO, Web of Science, Science Direct e Scopus com os termos "Detection OR Prevalence OR Incidence OR occurrence OR contamination AND vegetable OR fruit AND Helminth OR egg OR Parasite OR cysts OR protozoa". Foram encontrados 16.600 artigos, 117 dos quais foram revisados. Das 391.291 amostras, 3,85% (15.095) estavam contaminadas por parasitos. Entre as positivas, 30,10% (4.543/15.095) continham enteroparasitos comumente de origem humana e 58,78% (8.873/15.095) eram originadas de mercados. Poucos artigos mencionaram o tipo de cultivo, mas entre esses, o convencional apresentou maior contaminação (42,34%; 224/529). Vegetais herbáceos foram os mais contaminados (56,84%; 8.580/15.095). Ascaris lumbricoides foi encontrado em 10,16% (1.535/15.095) das amostras. Alface foi o vegetal mais contaminado (20,43%; 3.084/15.095). vegetais 200 2021 cultivo global MEDLINE SciELO Detection protozoa. protozoa . protozoa" 16600 16 600 16.60 11 revisados 391291 391 291 391.29 amostras 385 3 85 3,85 15.095 15095 15 095 (15.095 parasitos positivas 3010 30 10 30,10 4.543/15.095 454315095 4 543 (4.543/15.095 5878 58 78 58,78 8.873/15.095 887315095 8 873 (8.873/15.095 mercados esses 42,34% 4234 42 34 (42,34% 224/529. 224529 224/529 224 529 224/529) 56,84% 5684 56 84 (56,84% 8.580/15.095. 858015095 8.580/15.095 580 8.580/15.095) 1016 10,16 1.535/15.095 153515095 1 535 (1.535/15.095 20,43% 2043 20 43 (20,43% 3.084/15.095. 308415095 3.084/15.095 084 3.084/15.095) 202 1660 60 16.6 39129 39 29 391.2 38 3,8 15.09 1509 09 (15.09 301 30,1 4.543/15.09 45431509 54 (4.543/15.09 587 5 7 58,7 8.873/15.09 88731509 87 (8.873/15.09 42,34 423 (42,34 22452 224/52 22 52 56,84 568 (56,84 85801509 8.580/15.09 101 10,1 1.535/15.09 15351509 53 (1.535/15.09 20,43 204 2 (20,43 30841509 3.084/15.09 08 166 6 16. 3912 391. 3, 15.0 150 0 (15.0 30, 4.543/15.0 4543150 (4.543/15.0 58, 8.873/15.0 8873150 (8.873/15.0 42,3 (42,3 2245 224/5 56,8 (56,8 8580150 8.580/15.0 10, 1.535/15.0 1535150 (1.535/15.0 20,4 (20,4 3084150 3.084/15.0 15. (15. 4.543/15. 454315 (4.543/15. 8.873/15. 887315 (8.873/15. 42, (42, 224/ 56, (56, 858015 8.580/15. 1.535/15. 153515 (1.535/15. 20, (20, 308415 3.084/15. (15 4.543/15 45431 (4.543/15 8.873/15 88731 (8.873/15 (42 (56 85801 8.580/15 1.535/15 15351 (1.535/15 (20 30841 3.084/15 (1 4.543/1 4543 (4.543/1 8.873/1 8873 (8.873/1 (4 (5 8580 8.580/1 1.535/1 1535 (1.535/1 (2 3084 3.084/1 ( 4.543/ 454 (4.543/ 8.873/ 887 (8.873/ 858 8.580/ 1.535/ 153 (1.535/ 308 3.084/ 4.543 45 (4.543 8.873 88 (8.873 8.580 1.535 (1.535 3.084 4.54 (4.54 8.87 (8.87 8.58 1.53 (1.53 3.08 4.5 (4.5 8.8 (8.8 8.5 1.5 (1.5 3.0 4. (4. 8. (8. 1. (1. 3. (8

Abstract The study conducted a review of the parasitological profile of vegetables from 2001 to 2021, considering the type, consumption, and cultivation, globally. The databases searched included MEDLINE, SciELO, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus using the terms "Detection OR Prevalence OR Incidence OR occurrence OR contamination AND vegetable OR fruit AND Helminth OR egg OR Parasite OR cysts OR protozoa". A total of 16,600 articles were found, 117 of which were reviewed. Of the 391,291 samples, 3.85% (15,095) were contaminated by parasites. Among those positive, 30.10% (4,543/15,095) contained enteroparasites commonly of human origin and 58.78% (8,873/15,095) came from markets. Few articles mentioned the cultivation type, but among those, conventional cultivation showed more contamination (42.34%; 224/529). Herbaceous vegetables were the most contaminated (56.84%; 8,580/15,095. Ascaris lumbricoides was found in 10.16% (1,535/15,095) of the samples. Lettuce was the most contaminated (20.43%; 3,084/15,095). 200 2021 type consumption globally MEDLINE SciELO Direct Detection protozoa. protozoa . protozoa" 16600 16 600 16,60 11 reviewed 391291 391 291 391,29 samples 385 3 85 3.85 15,095 15095 15 095 (15,095 parasites positive 3010 30 10 30.10 4,543/15,095 454315095 4 543 (4,543/15,095 5878 58 78 58.78 8,873/15,095 887315095 8 873 (8,873/15,095 markets 42.34% 4234 42 34 (42.34% 224/529. 224529 224/529 224 529 224/529) 56.84% 5684 56 84 (56.84% 858015095 580 8,580/15,095 1016 10.16 1,535/15,095 153515095 1 535 (1,535/15,095 20.43% 2043 20 43 (20.43% 3,084/15,095. 308415095 3,084/15,095 084 3,084/15,095) 202 1660 60 16,6 39129 39 29 391,2 38 3.8 15,09 1509 09 (15,09 301 30.1 4,543/15,09 45431509 54 (4,543/15,09 587 5 7 58.7 8,873/15,09 88731509 87 (8,873/15,09 42.34 423 (42.34 22452 224/52 22 52 56.84 568 (56.84 85801509 8,580/15,09 101 10.1 1,535/15,09 15351509 53 (1,535/15,09 20.43 204 2 (20.43 30841509 3,084/15,09 08 166 6 16, 3912 391, 3. 15,0 150 0 (15,0 30. 4,543/15,0 4543150 (4,543/15,0 58. 8,873/15,0 8873150 (8,873/15,0 42.3 (42.3 2245 224/5 56.8 (56.8 8580150 8,580/15,0 10. 1,535/15,0 1535150 (1,535/15,0 20.4 (20.4 3084150 3,084/15,0 15, (15, 4,543/15, 454315 (4,543/15, 8,873/15, 887315 (8,873/15, 42. (42. 224/ 56. (56. 858015 8,580/15, 1,535/15, 153515 (1,535/15, 20. (20. 308415 3,084/15, (15 4,543/15 45431 (4,543/15 8,873/15 88731 (8,873/15 (42 (56 85801 8,580/15 1,535/15 15351 (1,535/15 (20 30841 3,084/15 (1 4,543/1 4543 (4,543/1 8,873/1 8873 (8,873/1 (4 (5 8580 8,580/1 1,535/1 1535 (1,535/1 (2 3084 3,084/1 ( 4,543/ 454 (4,543/ 8,873/ 887 (8,873/ 858 8,580/ 1,535/ 153 (1,535/ 308 3,084/ 4,543 45 (4,543 8,873 88 (8,873 8,580 1,535 (1,535 3,084 4,54 (4,54 8,87 (8,87 8,58 1,53 (1,53 3,08 4,5 (4,5 8,8 (8,8 8,5 1,5 (1,5 3,0 4, (4, 8, (8, 1, (1, 3, (8

Resumo Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário coccídio de importância zoonótica, causador da toxoplasmose. Embora os tratamentos atuais para a toxoplasmose possam estar associados a efeitos adversos e à eficácia limitada para as diferentes formas biológicas do parasita, evidências sugerem que moléculas alcaloides, como a harmalina e a piperina exibem, efeitos antiparasitários contra protozoários parasitas. Essa investigação teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito in vitro da harmalina e da piperina contra taquizoítos de T. gondii em culturas de células Vero infectadas. Após 24 horas da infecção das células hospedeiras, as culturas foram tratadas com harmalina ou piperina (0,49 a 15,63 µg/mL). Os controles negativo e positivo foram RPMI/DMSO (0,1%) e sulfadiazina (200 µg/mL), respectivamente. Harmalina reduziu significativamente a multiplicação parasitária em 20% em comparação ao controle negativo, enquanto a piperina diminuiu entre 55,56% e 88,89%, de forma dose-dependente. De acordo com uma escala de proporção intracelular de parasitas, observou-se que células Vero com baixa ou moderada proliferação parasitária foram mais prevalentes após tratamento com alcaloides. O estudo demonstrou que os alcaloides tinham efeitos antiparasitários sobre o T. gondii, sendo a piperina mais eficaz. Estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para esclarecer outros aspectos da ação dos alcaloides sobre os parasitas. zoonótica parasita exibem parasitas T infectadas 2 hospedeiras 0,49 049 0 49 (0,4 1563 15 63 15,6 µg/mL. µgmL µg/mL . µg mL µg/mL) RPMIDMSO RPMI DMSO 0,1% 01 1 (0,1% 200 (20 µg/mL, , respectivamente 20 5556 55 56 55,56 8889 88 89 88,89% dosedependente. dosedependente dose dependente. dependente dose-dependente observouse observou se eficaz 0,4 04 4 (0, 156 6 15, 0,1 (0,1 (2 555 5 55,5 888 8 88,89 0, (0 ( 55, 88,8 88,

Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is a coccidian protozoan of zoonotic importance that causes toxoplasmosis. Although the current treatments for toxoplasmosis may be associated with adverse effects and limited efficacy for different biological forms of the parasite, evidence suggests that alkaloid molecules such as harmaline and piperine exhibit antiparasitic effects against protozoa parasites. This investigation aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of harmaline and piperine against T. gondii tachyzoites in infected Vero cell cultures. After 24 hours of host cell infection, the cultures were treated with harmaline or piperine (0.49 to 15.63 µg/mL). Negative and positive controls were RPMI/DMSO (0.1%) and sulfadiazine (200 µg/mL). Harmaline significantly reduced parasite multiplication by 20% compared to the negative control, while piperine decreased between 55.56% and 88.89% in a dose-dependent manner. According to an intracellular parasite proportion scale, it was observed that the Vero cells with low or moderate parasitic proliferation were more prevalent after the alkaloid treatment. The study demonstrated that the alkaloids had antiparasitic effects on T. gondii, with piperine being the most effective. Additional studies must be carried out to clarify other aspects of the action of the alkaloids on parasites. parasites T 2 infection 0.49 049 0 49 (0.4 1563 15 63 15.6 µg/mL. µgmL µg/mL . µg mL µg/mL) RPMIDMSO RPMI DMSO 0.1% 01 1 (0.1% 200 (20 20 control 5556 55 56 55.56 8889 88 89 88.89 dosedependent dose dependent manner scale treatment effective 0.4 04 4 (0. 156 6 15. 0.1 (0.1 (2 555 5 55.5 888 8 88.8 0. (0 ( 55. 88.

The incorporation of different molecules by eukaryotic cells occurs through endocytosis, which is critical to the cell’s survival and ability to reproduce. Although this process has been studied in greater detail in mammalian and yeast cells, several groups working with pathogenic protists have made relevant contributions. This review analysed the most relevant data on the endocytic process in anaerobic protists (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Tritrichomonas foetus). Many protozoa can exert endocytic activity across their entire surface and do so with great intensity, as with E. histolytica. The available data on the endocytic pathway and the participation of PI-3 kinase, Rab, and Rho molecular complexes is reviewed from a historical perspective. endocytosis cell s reproduce contributions Entamoeba histolytica intestinalis vaginalis foetus. foetus . foetus) intensity E PI3 PI 3 PI- kinase Rab perspective

Abstract Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a hemoflagellate protozoa. CD is diagnosed by epidemiologic history and two positive serological tests. The infection has two main clinical phases: acute, early after acquiring the infection, and chronic. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the first tool to diagnose chronic Chagas heart disease after CD serological diagnosis. In addition, the different cardiac imaging modalities, including chest X-ray, echocardiography, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance, play a crucial role in detecting the cardiac involvement, establishing the prognosis, stratifying patient risk, and addressing the management of CD patients. In this review of the current literature, we summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of CD. We also discuss the indications, advantages, and limitations of the different cardiac imaging modalities. We also present some case examples, where cardiac imaging proved helpful in cardiac CD (CCD). The early mortality and substantial disability caused by CD represents a health, social and economic burden, particularly in the Latin America. To harness the full potential of medical imaging for the effective management of patients with CD, a comprehensive approach is essential. This involves a concerted effort to invest in the education of medical providers and to facilitate widespread access to diagnostic tools. Accessible and timely diagnosis is crucial for initiating prompt and targeted interventions. Finally, continuous investment in research is vital to advance our understanding of CD and develop innovative solutions for improved patient care. (CD NTD (NTD cruzi protozoa tests phases acute ECG (ECG addition modalities Xray, Xray X ray, ray X-ray echocardiography SPECT, SPECT , (SPECT) CT, CT (CT) resonance involvement prognosis risk literature epidemiology pathophysiology indications advantages examples CCD. CCD . (CCD) health burden America essential tools interventions Finally care (SPECT (CT (CCD