Resumen Introducción. Los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) forman asociaciones simbióticas estrechas con el 90 % de las especies vegetales. Entablan un “diálogo” molecular mediante moléculas infoquímicas y de nutrientes para la regulación de esta asociación mutualista. Objetivo. Recopilar información sobre los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la comunicación entre los HMA, su planta hospedera y otros organismos edáficos. Desarrollo. La simbiosis entre los hongos micorrícicos y las plantas depende de moléculas señalizadoras específicas que permiten el reconocimiento, la señalización y la comunicación, además del contacto físico entre ambos organismos. Se describen los mecanismos de comunicación molecular y de las interacciones biológicas entre los HMA y las plantas en los diferentes tiempos de la interacción, con énfasis en la descripción de genes reguladores, proteínas y moléculas diana conocidas. También se describen interacciones moleculares con otros organismos edáficos. Conclusiones. Los mecanismos de comunicación molecular entre hongos micorrícicos y plantas son complejos y aún presentan vacíos de conocimiento que deben ser superados para comprender a cabalidad la importancia ecológica de los HMA y sus interacciones con otros organismos edáficos y así lograr su aprovechamiento.

Abstract Introduction. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form close symbiotic associations with 90 % of plant species. They engage in a molecular dialogue using infochemicals and nutrient molecules to regulate this mutualistic association. Objective. To gather information on the molecular mechanisms involved in the communication between AMF, their host plant and other soil organisms. Development. The symbiosis between mycorrhizal fungi and plants depends on specific signaling molecules that allow recognition, signaling and communication, in addition to physical contact between both organisms. The mechanisms of molecular communication and biological interactions between AMF and plants at different times of interaction are described, with emphasis on the description of currently known regulatory genes, proteins and target molecules. Additionally, molecular interactions with other soil organisms are described. Conclusions. The mechanisms of molecular communication between mycorrhizal fungi and plants are complex and still present gaps in knowledge that must be filled to fully understand the ecological importance of AMF and their interactions with other edaphic organisms, and thus achieve their use.

ABSTRACT: The success of endodontic treatments is related to the neutralization of bacteria and their toxins, inside and outside the root canal system of a tooth. Usually this is achieved, under ideal conditions, by means of a chemical-mechanical action (endodontic files and irrigation with appropriate solutions). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-known for their antibacterial properties, and, for this reason, the aim of this work was to modify the surface of Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) endodontic files with AgNPs, to confer them antimicrobial ability and avoid infections. For this purpose, the preparation and characterization of stable colloids of AgNPs were carried out. Ten NiTi files for endodontics (brand K3 XF, Sybron-Endo Keer) were divided into 2 groups; 5 for group 1 (control, files as received) and 5 for group 2 (files previously coated with AgNPs). Both groups were subjected to biofilm formation using a culture composed of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis, in an anaerobic environment. Endodontic files were successfully modified with silver nanoparticles, and, after exposure under anaerobic conditions to the selected microorganisms. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the proliferation of microorganisms on the surface of the control files. In contrast, the modified and coated files showed no biofilm formation, and the bacteria exhibited changes in cell wall morphology, likely associated with wall rupture and subsequent cell death. The coating of silver nanoparticles on the surface of the files shows to change the morphology of the bacterial wall, causing death and thus inhibition in formation of microbiological biofilms. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unlikely to be present under the anaerobic conditions used, the microbicidal effect of the nanoparticles indicates that ROS-promoted oxidative stress is not an important mechanism of action, and inactivation of thiol-containing proteins could be a more important mechanism.

RESUMEN: El éxito de los tratamientos de endodoncia está relacionado con la neutralización de las bacterias y sus toxinas, dentro y fuera del sistema de conductos radiculares de un diente. Habitualmente esto se consigue, en condiciones ideales, mediante una acción químico-mecánica (limas endodónticas e irrigación con soluciones adecuadas). Las nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) son conocidas por sus propiedades antibacterianas, por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo fue modificar la superficie de limas endodónticas de Níquel-Titanio (NiTi) con AgNPs, para conferirles capacidad antimicrobiana y evitar infecciones. Se realizó la preparación y caracterización de coloides estables de AgNPs. Diez limas NiTi para endodoncia (marca K3 XF, Sybron-Endo Keer) se dividieron en dos grupos; 5 para el grupo 1 (control, limas tal como se recibieron) y 5 para el grupo 2 (limas previamente recubiertas con AgNP). Ambos grupos fueron sometidos a la formación de biopelículas utilizando un cultivo compuesto por Candida albicans y Enterococcus faecalis, en un ambiente anaeróbico. Las limas endodónticas se modificaron exitosamente con nanopartículas de plata y, después de la exposición en condiciones anaeróbicas a los microorganismos seleccionados. El análisis mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido reveló proliferación de microorganismos en la superficie de las limas de control. En contraste, las limas modificadas y recubiertas no presentaron formación de biopelículas, y las bacterias evidenciaron cambios en la morfología de su pared celular, posiblemente asociados a la ruptura de esta y a la consecuente muerte celular. El recubrimiento de nanopartículas de plata en la superficie de las limas cambia la morfología de la pared bacteriana, provocando la muerte y por lo tanto la inhibición en la formación de biopelículas microbiológicas. Dado que es poco probable que estén presentes especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) en las condiciones anaeróbicas utilizadas, el efecto microbicida de las nanopartículas indica que el estrés oxidativo promovido por ROS no es un mecanismo de acción importante, y la inactivación de proteínas que contienen tioles podría ser un mecanismo más importante.

ABSTRACT The global tendency of higher production of fish has naturally led to more available derivatives of this industry such as hydrolysates, whose elevated percentage of proteins and mineral nutrients allows them to be used as a fertilization complement in agriculture. One of these products is salmon hydrolysate fertilizer, with unknown fertilizing value. This study determined the dynamics and delivery rate of N and P from a salmon hydrolysate fertilizer produced in Chile. Under controlled laboratory conditions using volcanic soil, a conventional fertilization treatment (urea and triple superphosphate) and control without fertilization were applied. The soil was incubated at 25 °C and 80% of usable humidity at times of 0, 7, 14, 21, 56 and 112 d. The results indicated that the salmon hydrolyzed fertilizer presented a rapid and high N delivery rate (104.2% availability), and its net N delivery value was higher than that obtained with urea. The P applied with salmon hydrolysate presented a high net delivery rate (68.4% availability) compared to triple superphosphate (6.6% availability) but showed erratic delivery dynamics. Soil pH and electrical conductivity were not affected. These results allow us to promote the idea that the use of salmon hydrolyzed fertilizer constitutes a good alternative to the use of conventional fertilizers.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the role of transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 2 (TMED2) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methodology A bioinformatics analysis was first conducted to explore TMED2 expression in OSCC and its relation with overall survival. The analysis results were further verified by assessing TMED2 expression levels in human normal oral keratinocyte cells and human OSCC cell lines using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and the Western blot. Finally, the effects of TMED2 knockdown and overexpression on the expression levels of TMED2, ADP-ribosylation factor 1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½, and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ proteins were examined in cells using the Western blot. Results The GEPIA2 database showed that OSCC tissues expressed more TMED2 than normal tissues. At the cellular level, TMED2 expression significantly increased in SCC-4, HSC-3, and CAL-27 cells than in human normal oral keratinocyte cells. TMED2 knockdown reduced cell proliferation, increased the apoptosis rate in SCC-4 cells, and led to a higher proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase and a lower proportion in the S phase. Conclusion TMED2 may promote OSCC cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis, potentially by activation of the ADP-ribosylation factor 1/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ signaling pathway.

Abstract Background: Lactylation plays an essential role in pancreatic cancer, but the precise role of lactylated histone in the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer remains to be further clarified. Methods: Twenty-one patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer were enrolled in this study, and the clinico-pathologic characteristics were collected. Lactylation levels of total proteins and histone H3 Lysine-18 (H3K18) of tissues were determined by western blotting and laboratory indicators including serum levels of lactate, Cancer Antigen 19–9 (CA19–9), and Carcinoembryogenic Antigen (CEA) were obtained. Results: Total protein lactylation was found in both pancreatic cancer tissues and para-carcinoma normal tissues, and was more potent in tumor tissues. H3K18la was also highly expressed tumor tissues. Furthermore, H3K18la protein expression correlated positively with serum lactate (r = 0.774, p < 0.001), CA19–9 (r = 0.744, p < 0.001), and CEA (r = 0.589, p < 0.01). The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of H3K18la for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer was 0.848 in serum (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The present findings suggested that H3K18 may be used as a novel potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients.

Abstract Objectives The oral cavity harbors a plethora of bacterial species. Dysbiosis of oral and gut microbiota is associated with several oral and systemic pathologies, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and gastrointestinal diseases. Imbalance in the oral-gut microbial axis has been associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study aims to analyze the bacterial profile of HNSCC across various taxonomic units, investigate molecular patterns associated with prevalent bacterial phylum in HNSCC, and compare the bacterial profile in HNSCC and gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoma using computational analysis. Methodology The microbe-host transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenetic analyses of HNSCC and GI carcinomas were performed using The Cancer Microbiome Atlas (TCMA) database. The differential expression of the host’s mRNA transcripts and proteins associated with tumor microbiome were analyzed using The University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer data analysis (UALCAN) and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) websites. Results A decrease in Actinobacteria and an enrichment of Flavobacteria at the class level, Neisseriales, Pasteurellales, and Campylobacterales at the order level, Pasteurellaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Campylobacteraceae, and Peptoniphilaceae at the family level, and Hemophilus, Porphyromonas, and Leptotrichia at the genus level were observed in HNSCC compared to the normal mucosa. RICTOR protein, mRNA transcripts (HIST1H2BB, SCARNA11, TBC1D21 gene), and hsa-miR-200a-5p miRNA were significantly correlated with prevalent bacterial species in HNSCC. A major increase in Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Spirochaetes was observed in HNSCC compared to GI carcinoma. Conclusion The oral-gut microbial dysbiosis, as reflected by the differential abundance of bacterial species in oral and GI carcinomas, suggests the implication of tumor microbiome and their genomic interactions with the host in carcinogenesis.

Abstract Background: Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) represent the primary cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Rhopalurus junceus venom has been shown to exert cytotoxic effects against a panel of epithelial cancer cells in vitro and suggested that NSCLC was the subtype most susceptible to the treatment. Methods: This study evaluated the effect of Rhopalurus junceus scorpion venom on cell viability, in non-cancerous (MRC-5, lung; CHO-K1, ovary) and NSCLC (A549; NCI-H460) cell lines. The effects on cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell signaling-related proteins were determined by flow cytometry and WB. Protein fractions responsible for the observed effect were identified using HPLC. Results: Scorpion venom was more effective against NSCLC than non-cancerous cells. Emax values were 20.0 ± 5.8% and 22.47 ± 6.02% in A549 and NCI-H460 cancer cells, respectively, as compared to 50 ± 8.1% in MRC-5 and 54.99 ± 7.39% in CHO-K1 cells. It arrested NSCLC cells in the G2/M phase, while non-cancerous cells were arrested in the S (MRC-5) or G0/G1 (CHO-K1) phases. No changes were observed in the Bax/Bcl-2 or the cleaved-caspase 3/Total caspase 3 ratios in cells treated with venom. Likewise, the scorpion venom treatment did not affect p-ERK, p-AKT, or p-38MAPK protein levels. In contrast, scorpion venom treatment increased the cytosolic apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in A549 cells, indicating caspase-independent apoptosis. Additionally, combined etoposide/venom exposure provoked G2/M arrest and apoptosis in NSCLC more strongly than either substance alone. Furthermore, upon crude venom fractioning through RP-HPLC, we found two soluble fractions with high cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: The present study concludes that a specific fraction of Rhopalurus junceus venom reduces cell viability of NSCLC cells. The AIF protein plays a key role in mediating caspase-independent apoptotic cell death. These findings suggest that Rhopalurus junceus venom enhances the anticancer effect of etoposide in vitro by causing cell cycle arrest and caspase-independent apoptosis.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Altas concentrações de radicais livres podem danificar ácidos nucleicos, proteínas e lipídios e o seu acúmulo pode estar envolvido na hipersensibilidade à dor. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito das vitaminas C e E como adjuvantes no tratamento da dor neuropática. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 98 pacientes com dor neuropática, classificados pelo Douleur Neuropathique 4 Questions (DN4), randomizados em dois grupos, controle e intervenção. O grupo controle recebeu 150 mg de pregabalina e o grupo intervenção150 mg de pregabalina associada a 500mg de vitamina C e 400mg de vitamina E. O tratamento e acompanhamento dos participantes foi de 12 semanas. Na avaliação inicial, os pacientes responderam ao Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Quick-DASH) para avaliar a funcionalidade dos membros superiores; a qualidade de vida foi descrita utilizado o World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref (WHOQOL-bref) e a avaliação da dor foi mensurada através da escala analógica visual (EAV). Após 12 semanas de tratamento, os pacientes responderam aos mesmos instrumentos. RESULTADOS: Oitenta e seis pacientes concluíram o tratamento. As perdas de participação na amostra foram por abandono do tratamento (n=7) ou por efeito adverso à pregabalina (n=5). O grupo intervenção apresentou resultados superiores em comparação com o grupo de controle. As comparações múltiplas entre grupos e momentos para os escores avaliados demonstraram uma diferença média do pré-tratamento para o pós-tratamento somente no grupo de intervenção (p < 0,05), com redução média no Quick-DASH e no EAV e um aumento médio no WHOQOL. CONCLUSÃO: Foi observado que o uso da vitamina C e E, em associação com a pregabalina, apresentou um efeito analgésico maior quando comparado ao uso isolado da pregabalina.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: High concentrations of free radicals can damage nucleic acids, proteins and lipids and their accumulation may be involved in hypersensitivity to pain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamins C and E as adjuvants in the treatment of neuropathic pain. METHODS: This study included 98 patients with neuropathic pain, classified by the Douleur Neuropathique 4 Questions (DN4), randomized into two groups: control and intervention. The control group received 150 mg of pregabalin and the intervention group 150 mg of pregabalin combined with 500 mg of vitamin C and 400 mg of vitamin E. Treatment and follow-up of the participants lasted 12 weeks. At the initial assessment, the patients answered the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Quick-DASH) to assess upper limb functionality; quality of life was described using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref (WHOQOL-bref) and pain assessment was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS). After 12 weeks of treatment, the patients responded to the same instruments. RESULTS: 86 patients completed treatment. Losses of participation in the sample were due to abandonment of treatment (n=7) or adverse effects to pregabalin (n=5). The intervention group presented superior results compared to the control group. Multiple comparisons between groups and moments for the evaluated scores demonstrated a mean difference from pre-treatment to post-treatment only in the intervention group (p < 0.05), with a mean reduction in Quick-DASH and VAS and a mean increase from WHOQOL. CONCLUSION: It was observed that the use of vitamin C and E in combination with pregabalin had a greater analgesic effect than the use of pregabalin alone.

ABSTRACT: This study explored the use only of ultrasound (US) for extracting proteins from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) backbones at low temperature and examined its impact on hydrophobicity, solubility, electrophoretic profile, and sulfhydryl levels. Backbones were treated with 35 and 130 kHz for 20, 30, and 40 minutes at 14 ºC, resulting in two protein fractions: solid (TPS) and liquid (TPL). US increased yield compared to the non-sonicated fraction. TPL (35 kHz) exhibited a 16% reduction in total and free sulfhydryl levels and a 25% increase in hydrophobicity. US induced protein conformation and band intensity alterations, particularly between 25 to 100 kDa for TPL at 130 kHz and below 30 kDa for TPS at 35 kHz. This study demonstrated the efficacy of US for protein extraction from fish by-products and its capacity to modify protein characteristics, facilitating the development of innovative food products. ABSTRACT (US Ctenopharyngodon idella hydrophobicity solubility profile 3 13 20 4 1 ºC fractions (TPS TPL. . (TPL) nonsonicated non sonicated fraction (3 16 alterations 2 10 byproducts by products characteristics (TPL (

RESUMO: Este estudo explorou o uso exclusivo do ultrassom (US) para extrair proteínas das espinhas dorsais da carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) em baixas temperaturas e examinou seu impacto na hidrofobicidade, solubilidade, perfil eletroforético e níveis de sulfidrilas. As espinhas dorsais foram tratadas com 35 e 130 kHz por 20, 30 e 40 minutos a 14 ºC, resultando em duas frações de proteínas: sólida (TPS) e líquida (TPL). O US aumentou o rendimento em comparação com a fração não sonificada. TPL (35 kHz) apresentou uma redução de 16% nos níveis totais e livres de sulfidrila e um aumento de 25% na hidrofobicidade. O US induziu alterações na conformação proteica e na intensidade das bandas, especialmente entre 25 e 100 kDa para TPL a 130 kHz e abaixo de 30 kDa para TPS a 35 kHz. Este estudo demonstrou a eficácia do US na extração e na modificação de algumas propriedades das proteínas de subprodutos de peixe, facilitando assim seu emprego no desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios inovadores. RESUMO (US carpacapim carpa capim Ctenopharyngodon idella hidrofobicidade solubilidade sulfidrilas 3 13 20 4 1 ºC (TPS TPL. . (TPL) sonificada (3 16 bandas 2 10 peixe inovadores (TPL (

The in silico study aimed to suggest phytochemicals from Commiphora leptophloeos leaves essential oil as therapies against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2). For that, we used molecular docking (MD), absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) parameters, and pharmacokinetic analysis. MD showed the presence of hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds for nine compounds. β-Selinene and bicyclogermacrene showed the best interaction values with the protein Mpro (ID: 6Y2F) (-5.9) and chimeric receptor complexed with its receptor human ACE2 (ID: 6VW1) (-6.1 and -5.5) proteins, as well as low gastrointestinal and high epithelial absorptions, medium permeability for Caco-2 cells and high epithelial permeability, low oral excretion, and were inhibitors of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 enzymes. On the other hand, both were not permeable to the blood-brain barrier and inhibitors or substrates for glycoprotein-D, and showed carcinogenic potential, but only β-selinene was considered mutagenic. Although little bioavailable, both presented aspects structurally adequate, being compounds with moderate synthesis difficulty. Therefore, more analyses are necessary to evaluate the mechanism of action and unsatisfactory parameters foreseen in bioinformatic assays. COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 2 SARSCoV2. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV . SARS-CoV-2) that MD, , (MD) absorption distribution metabolism excretion ADMET (ADMET analysis βSelinene β Selinene ID (ID 6Y2F YF Y F 5.9 59 5 9 (-5.9 ACE 6VW1 VW 6.1 61 6 1 (-6. 5.5 55 -5.5 proteins absorptions Caco2 Caco Caco- CYPC CYP C CYP2C1 CYP2C enzymes hand bloodbrain blood brain glycoproteinD, glycoproteinD glycoprotein D, D glycoprotein-D potential βselinene selinene mutagenic bioavailable adequate difficulty Therefore assays COVID1 (COVID-1 SARS-CoV-2 (MD 5. (-5. 6VW 6. (-6 -5. (COVID- SARS-CoV- (-5 (- -5 (COVID SARS-CoV ( -

ABSTRACT Herrania umbratica, a native species of South America, is used as a wild cacao source parallelly with Theobroma cacao. Despite its importance, its genomic information are not well presented and available. The gene models and proteins of H. umbratica with T. cacao, three Malvaceae species and three model plants were compared. H. umbratica shared the most proteins and genes with T. cacao, with more than 96% of similarity. The next close species to H. umbratica was Durio zibethinus followed by Gossypium raimondii and Corchorus capsularis. Species-specific genes of H. umbratica like Glu S. griseus protease inhibitor, WRKY34, disease resistance protein At4g27190, RPP13, and CEP are involved in disease response, stress adaptation, and growth and development. Five copies of theobromine synthase genes were revealed for H. umbratica and 10 for T. cacao. By blastn, blastp and blastx respectively, 2,179 gene models, 2,488 proteins and 2,722 gene models distributed in 58 transcription factors families were disclosed for H. umbratica. C2H2 with 739 members, WD40-like with 404, and MYB-HB-like with 311 were the top transcription factors. Simple sequence repeat species-specific markers were one deca-nucleotide unit (TTATTAAATG)3 and five nona-nucleotide units including (AAAAACAAA)3, (CAACAGCAG)3, (GACGATGAC)3, (GACGATGAC)3, and (TGGCGGTGG)3. This study disclosed that H. umbratica is a natural wild genetic resource for cacao breeding and can be used as a reliable gene pool to ameliorate cacao vegetation form, production, disease resistance, and stress adaptation. America importance available H T compared 96 similarity capsularis Speciesspecific Species specific S inhibitor WRKY34 WRKY At4g27190 Atg At g RPP13 RPP response adaptation development 1 blastn respectively 2179 2 179 2,17 2488 488 2,48 2722 722 2,72 5 CH C C2H 73 members WD40like WDlike WD40 WD 404 MYBHBlike MYB HB 31 speciesspecific decanucleotide deca nucleotide TTATTAAATG3 TTATTAAATG 3 (TTATTAAATG) nonanucleotide nona AAAAACAAA3, AAAAACAAA3 AAAAACAAA 3, (AAAAACAAA)3 CAACAGCAG3, CAACAGCAG3 CAACAGCAG (CAACAGCAG)3 GACGATGAC3, GACGATGAC3 GACGATGAC (GACGATGAC)3 TGGCGGTGG3. TGGCGGTGG3 TGGCGGTGG 3. (TGGCGGTGG)3 form production 9 WRKY3 At4g2719 RPP1 217 17 2,1 248 48 2,4 272 72 2,7 7 WD4 40 (TTATTAAATG (AAAAACAAA) (CAACAGCAG) (GACGATGAC) (TGGCGGTGG) At4g271 21 2, 24 4 27 (AAAAACAAA (CAACAGCAG (GACGATGAC (TGGCGGTGG At4g27 At4g2 At4g

ABSTRACT: Bio-based materials from proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids have been studied as biodegradable alternatives to synthetic plastics, as well as matrices for incorporation of bioactive substances. In this context, pectin is a polysaccharide used to produce flexible food packaging films. Propolis is a complex mixture of resinous substances with antimicrobial and other biological properties that can be used to generate active food packaging. However, the application of such materials is still limited due to their hydrophilic nature. Thus, this experimentally evaluated the sorption isotherms and isothermal heat of sorption of pectin-propolis films at temperatures of 15, 25, 30, and 35 °C, and determined the mathematical model that best fits the experimental data obtained. The pectin was extracted from pequi mesocarp, a widely consumed fruit in the Brazilian cerrado biome that generates large amounts of peels (exocarp and mesocarp) which are discarded. Among the mathematical models studied, the Sigma Copace model was found to best represent the hygroscopic behavior of the pectin-propolis films. The isothermal heat of sorption decreased with increasing water content, and the films presented similar behavior to agricultural products. The understanding of such film’s behavior contributed to the application of pectin-propolis films produced using pequi mesocarp as a pectin source. ABSTRACT Biobased Bio based proteins polysaccharides plastics context However nature Thus pectinpropolis propolis 15 25 30 3 C °C obtained exocarp discarded content products film s source 1 2

RESUMO: Materiais de base biológica provenientes de proteínas, polissacarídeos e lipídios têm sido estudados como alternativas biodegradáveis aos plásticos sintéticos, bem como matrizes para incorporação de substâncias bioativas. Neste contexto, a pectina é um polissacarídeo utilizado para produzir filmes flexíveis para embalagens de alimentos. A própolis é uma mistura complexa de substâncias resinosas com propriedades antimicrobianas e outras propriedades biológicas que podem ser usadas para produzir embalagens ativas para alimentos. Contudo, a aplicação de tais materiais ainda está limitada devido à sua natureza hidrofílica. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar experimentalmente as isotermas de sorção e o calor isotérmico de sorção de filmes de pectina-própolis nas temperaturas de 15, 25, 30 e 35 °C, e determinar o modelo matemático que melhor se ajusta aos dados experimentais obtidos. A pectina foi extraída do mesocarpo do pequi, fruta amplamente consumida no bioma cerrado brasileiro que gera grande quantidade de cascas (exocarpo e mesocarpo) descartadas. Dentre os modelos matemáticos estudados, o modelo Sigma Copace foi o que melhor representa o comportamento higroscópico dos filmes de pectina-própolis. O calor isotérmico de sorção diminuiu com o aumento do teor de água, os filmes apresentaram comportamento semelhante aos produtos agrícolas. A compreensão do comportamento deste filme contribui na aplicação de filmes de pectina-própolis produzidos utilizando mesocarpo de pequi como fonte de pectina. RESUMO proteínas sintéticos bioativas contexto alimentos Contudo hidrofílica Portanto pectinaprópolis 15 25 3 C °C obtidos exocarpo descartadas pectinaprópolis. própolis. água agrícolas 1 2

ABSTRACT Plants require iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) at low concentrations for metabolic functions; however, excess soil Fe and Cu can cause toxicity and affect plant development. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of soil Cu and Fe concentrations on seedling emergence, as well as on the metabolism of the main reserve compounds and the biomass in roots, stems, leaves, and cotyledons of Canavalia ensiformis. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design; the Cu and Fe treatments in the soil were: (control, 50, 150, 250 and 350 mg dm-3) over a period of 10 days. Seedling emergence was not affected by the evaluated treatments; however, the results showed an increase in the emergence speed index (EVI) for the Fe treatment at a dose of 150 mg dm-3 of soil compared to 350 mg dm-3 of soil. Treatment with Cu at a dose of 350 mg dm-3 of soil reduced root length. Cu treatments reduced root dry mass. Fe treatments affected the content of soluble amino acids in the stems, leaves and cotyledons, as well as the total soluble proteins in the cotyledons and the carbohydrate content in the leaves. Cu treatments increased protein and carbohydrate content in leaves and starch content in cotyledons. High concentrations of Cu and Fe modify the production of nitrogenous compounds in the plant and reduce root biomass. (Fe (Cu functions however development roots stems ensiformis design were control, control (control 50 25 35 dm3 dm 3 1 days EVI (EVI 15 dm- length mass 5 2

RESUMO As plantas necessitam de ferro (Fe) e cobre (Cu) em baixas concentrações para realizar funções metabólicas. Porém, o excesso de Fe e Cu no solo pode causar toxicidade e afetar o desenvolvimento das plantas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos das concentrações de Cu e Fe no solo na emergência das plântulas, bem como no metabolismo dos principais compostos de reserva e na biomassa de raízes, caules, folhas e cotilédones de Canavalia ensiformis. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado; os tratamentos de Cu e Fe no solo foram: (controle, 50, 150, 250 e 350 mg dm-3) durante um período de 10 dias. A emergência das plântulas não foi afetada pelos tratamentos avaliados; entretanto, os resultados mostraram aumento do índice de velocidade de emergência (EVI) para o tratamento com Fe na dose de 150 mg dm-3 de solo em comparação com 350 mg dm-3 de solo. O tratamento com Cu na dose de 350 mg dm-3 de solo reduziu o comprimento das raízes. Os tratamentos com Cu reduziram a massa seca das raízes. Os tratamentos com Fe afetaram o conteúdo de aminoácidos solúveis nos caules, folhas e cotilédones, bem como as proteínas solúveis totais nos cotilédones e o conteúdo de carboidrato nas folhas. Os tratamentos com Cu aumentaram os teores de proteínas e carboidratos nas folhas e o teor de amido nos cotilédones. Altas concentrações de Cu e Fe modificam a produção de compostos nitrogenados na planta e diminuem a biomassa radicular. (Fe (Cu metabólicas Porém raízes caules ensiformis vegetação casualizado foram controle, controle (controle 50 25 35 dm3 dm 3 1 dias avaliados entretanto EVI (EVI 15 dm- radicular 5 2

Microparticulated whey protein can be used as a fat substitute in foods to enhance their nutritional value and improve their sensory and rheological characteristics. Microparticulation denatures whey proteins through heat treatment, followed by shear rate control to determine the aggregate sizes formed. The processing method used during microparticulation can modify the protein denaturation rate, which may enable the application of new proteins. This study sought to develop a methodology for quantifying whey protein fractions in commercial samples before and after microparticulation at different concentrations and physical states. The developed methodology proved to be applicable because of its selectivity, quantification, detection limits, and precision. The analyzed samples exhibited a higher denaturation rate for β-lactoglobulin than α-lactoalbumin; the denaturation rate varied among samples due to differences in the microparticulation process. characteristics treatment formed states selectivity quantification limits precision βlactoglobulin β lactoglobulin αlactoalbumin α lactoalbumin α-lactoalbumin process

Seaweeds have been explored by humans for thousands of years as a source of chemical compounds. This study describes the content of minerals, ash, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and main metabolites of dichloromethane / methanol extracts of the seaweed Ulva lactuca, Padina gymnospora, Palisada perforata and Gelidiella acerosa from sandstone reefs on the Brazilian tropical coast (Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil). The content (% dry weight) of carbohydrates ranged from 14.35-48.52, proteins 7.49-14.98, total lipids 0.40-8.92, and ash 18.51-37.02. The concentration (mg kg dry algae−1) of Ca (900-3468), Mg (1655-4902), K (810-1707), Na (1062-4580), Mn (19-4462), and Cu (3.6-6.4) were maximum in Palisada and minimum in Padina. In turn, the lowest and highest contents (mg kg dry algae−1) of Fe (100-2312), Zn (18-43), and Cr (0.08-0.93) were recorded in Gelidiella and Ulva, respectively. Neophytadiene was the major compound. Phytol and palmitic acid were found in all seaweeds, although in low quantities. Palisada had the highest contents (% dry weight) of metabolites (neophytadiene: 23.89, phytol: 8.29; palmitic acid: 8.32), while Ulva had the lowest, except phytone, which was present only in this species. Our findings highlight the potential of these macroalgae from the coastal reefs as a source of chemical compounds. compounds minerals protein lactuca gymnospora Pernambuco, Pernambuco (Pernambuco Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) % ( weight 14.3548.52, 14354852 14.35 48.52, 14 35 48 52 14.35-48.52 7.4914.98, 7491498 7.49 14.98, 7 49 98 7.49-14.98 0.408.92, 040892 0.40 8.92, 0 40 8 92 0.40-8.92 18.5137.02. 18513702 18.51 37.02. 18 51 37 02 18.51-37.02 mg algae−1 algae1 algae 1 9003468, 9003468 900 3468 , (900-3468) 16554902, 16554902 1655 4902 (1655-4902) 8101707, 8101707 810 1707 (810-1707) 10624580, 10624580 1062 4580 (1062-4580) 194462, 194462 19 4462 (19-4462) 3.66.4 3664 3.6 6.4 3 6 4 (3.6-6.4 turn 1002312, 1002312 100 2312 (100-2312) 1843, 1843 43 (18-43) 0.080.93 008093 0.08 0.93 08 93 (0.08-0.93 respectively compound seaweeds quantities neophytadiene (neophytadiene 2389 23 89 23.89 phytol 8.29 829 29 8.32, 832 8.32 32 8.32) phytone species 3548 14.3548.52 1435485 1435 14.3 4852 48.52 5 14.35-48.5 4914 7.4914.98 749149 749 7.4 1498 14.98 9 7.49-14.9 408 0.408.92 04089 040 0.4 892 8.92 0.40-8.9 5137 18.5137.02 1851370 1851 18.5 3702 37.02 18.51-37.0 algae− 900346 90 346 (900-3468 1655490 165 490 (1655-4902 810170 81 170 (810-1707 1062458 106 458 (1062-4580 19446 446 (19-4462 66 3.66. 366 36 3. 64 6. (3.6-6. 100231 10 231 (100-2312 184 (18-43 080 0.080.9 00809 008 0.0 093 0.9 (0.08-0.9 238 2 23.8 8.2 82 83 8.3 354 14.3548.5 143548 143 14. 485 48.5 14.35-48. 491 7.4914.9 74914 74 7. 149 14.9 7.49-14. 0.408.9 0408 04 0. 8.9 0.40-8. 513 18.5137.0 185137 185 18. 370 37.0 18.51-37. 90034 34 (900-346 165549 16 (1655-490 81017 17 (810-170 106245 45 (1062-458 1944 44 (19-446 3.66 (3.6-6 10023 (100-231 (18-4 0.080. 0080 00 09 (0.08-0. 23. 8. 14.3548. 14354 48. 14.35-48 7.4914. 7491 7.49-14 0.408. 0.40-8 18.5137. 18513 37. 18.51-37 9003 (900-34 16554 (1655-49 8101 (810-17 10624 (1062-45 194 (19-44 (3.6- 1002 (100-23 (18- 0.080 (0.08-0 14.3548 14.35-4 7.4914 7.49-1 0.408 0.40- 18.5137 18.51-3 (900-3 (1655-4 (810-1 (1062-4 (19-4 (3.6 (100-2 (18 (0.08- 14.354 14.35- 7.491 7.49- 18.513 18.51- (900- (1655- (810- (1062- (19- (3. (100- (1 (0.08 (900 (1655 (810 (1062 (19 (3 (100 (0.0 (90 (165 (81 (106 (10 (0. (9 (16 (8 (0