Brazilian Savanna biodiversity is abundant in native fruits with nutritional and sensory properties with potential technological applications. However, the information available regarding the proprieties of Brazilian native fruits is still limited. This study aimed to analyze the metabolic profile of Brosimum gaudichaudii fruits (BGF) using metabolomics approaches, besides its physicochemical and nutritional proprieties. BGF exhibited protein content at least two times higher than other native fruits. Fifty-five metabolites were identified by the metabolomics approaches, mainly fatty acids (n = 22), carbohydrates (n = 13), organic acids (n = 6), and polyphenols (n = 5). The most abundant constituents were D-fructose (42.97%) for sugars, L-asparagine (6.47%) for amino acids, succinic acid (44.11%) for organic acids, and linolenic acid (3.04%) for fatty acids. Highlighted phytochemicals included chlorogenic acid, α-amyrin, and γ-tocopherol. Additionally, this study revealed that BGF is a good source of vitamin C and dietary fiber and an excellent source of vitamin A. Future studies providing nutritional information and suggesting consumption methods and potential industrial applications are essential to familiarize consumers with these foods. Additionally, clarifying the appropriate planting and harvesting seasons can revive traditional practices, especially for native fruits like BGF. However limited (BGF approaches Fiftyfive Fifty five n 22, 22 , 22) 13, 13 13) 6, 6 6) 5. 5 . 5) Dfructose D fructose 42.97% 4297 42 97 (42.97% sugars Lasparagine L asparagine 6.47% 647 47 (6.47% 44.11% 4411 44 11 (44.11% 3.04% 304 3 04 (3.04% αamyrin, αamyrin α amyrin, amyrin α-amyrin γtocopherol. γtocopherol γ tocopherol. tocopherol γ-tocopherol Additionally A foods practices 2 1 42.97 429 4 9 (42.97 6.47 64 (6.47 44.11 441 (44.11 3.04 30 0 (3.04 42.9 (42.9 6.4 (6.4 44.1 (44.1 3.0 (3.0 42. (42. 6. (6. 44. (44. 3. (3. (42 (6 (44 (3 (4 (

Seaweeds have been explored by humans for thousands of years as a source of chemical compounds. This study describes the content of minerals, ash, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and main metabolites of dichloromethane / methanol extracts of the seaweed Ulva lactuca, Padina gymnospora, Palisada perforata and Gelidiella acerosa from sandstone reefs on the Brazilian tropical coast (Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil). The content (% dry weight) of carbohydrates ranged from 14.35-48.52, proteins 7.49-14.98, total lipids 0.40-8.92, and ash 18.51-37.02. The concentration (mg kg dry algae−1) of Ca (900-3468), Mg (1655-4902), K (810-1707), Na (1062-4580), Mn (19-4462), and Cu (3.6-6.4) were maximum in Palisada and minimum in Padina. In turn, the lowest and highest contents (mg kg dry algae−1) of Fe (100-2312), Zn (18-43), and Cr (0.08-0.93) were recorded in Gelidiella and Ulva, respectively. Neophytadiene was the major compound. Phytol and palmitic acid were found in all seaweeds, although in low quantities. Palisada had the highest contents (% dry weight) of metabolites (neophytadiene: 23.89, phytol: 8.29; palmitic acid: 8.32), while Ulva had the lowest, except phytone, which was present only in this species. Our findings highlight the potential of these macroalgae from the coastal reefs as a source of chemical compounds. compounds minerals protein lactuca gymnospora Pernambuco, Pernambuco (Pernambuco Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) % ( weight 14.3548.52, 14354852 14.35 48.52, 14 35 48 52 14.35-48.52 7.4914.98, 7491498 7.49 14.98, 7 49 98 7.49-14.98 0.408.92, 040892 0.40 8.92, 0 40 8 92 0.40-8.92 18.5137.02. 18513702 18.51 37.02. 18 51 37 02 18.51-37.02 mg algae−1 algae1 algae 1 9003468, 9003468 900 3468 , (900-3468) 16554902, 16554902 1655 4902 (1655-4902) 8101707, 8101707 810 1707 (810-1707) 10624580, 10624580 1062 4580 (1062-4580) 194462, 194462 19 4462 (19-4462) 3.66.4 3664 3.6 6.4 3 6 4 (3.6-6.4 turn 1002312, 1002312 100 2312 (100-2312) 1843, 1843 43 (18-43) 0.080.93 008093 0.08 0.93 08 93 (0.08-0.93 respectively compound seaweeds quantities neophytadiene (neophytadiene 2389 23 89 23.89 phytol 8.29 829 29 8.32, 832 8.32 32 8.32) phytone species 3548 14.3548.52 1435485 1435 14.3 4852 48.52 5 14.35-48.5 4914 7.4914.98 749149 749 7.4 1498 14.98 9 7.49-14.9 408 0.408.92 04089 040 0.4 892 8.92 0.40-8.9 5137 18.5137.02 1851370 1851 18.5 3702 37.02 18.51-37.0 algae− 900346 90 346 (900-3468 1655490 165 490 (1655-4902 810170 81 170 (810-1707 1062458 106 458 (1062-4580 19446 446 (19-4462 66 3.66. 366 36 3. 64 6. (3.6-6. 100231 10 231 (100-2312 184 (18-43 080 0.080.9 00809 008 0.0 093 0.9 (0.08-0.9 238 2 23.8 8.2 82 83 8.3 354 14.3548.5 143548 143 14. 485 48.5 14.35-48. 491 7.4914.9 74914 74 7. 149 14.9 7.49-14. 0.408.9 0408 04 0. 8.9 0.40-8. 513 18.5137.0 185137 185 18. 370 37.0 18.51-37. 90034 34 (900-346 165549 16 (1655-490 81017 17 (810-170 106245 45 (1062-458 1944 44 (19-446 3.66 (3.6-6 10023 (100-231 (18-4 0.080. 0080 00 09 (0.08-0. 23. 8. 14.3548. 14354 48. 14.35-48 7.4914. 7491 7.49-14 0.408. 0.40-8 18.5137. 18513 37. 18.51-37 9003 (900-34 16554 (1655-49 8101 (810-17 10624 (1062-45 194 (19-44 (3.6- 1002 (100-23 (18- 0.080 (0.08-0 14.3548 14.35-4 7.4914 7.49-1 0.408 0.40- 18.5137 18.51-3 (900-3 (1655-4 (810-1 (1062-4 (19-4 (3.6 (100-2 (18 (0.08- 14.354 14.35- 7.491 7.49- 18.513 18.51- (900- (1655- (810- (1062- (19- (3. (100- (1 (0.08 (900 (1655 (810 (1062 (19 (3 (100 (0.0 (90 (165 (81 (106 (10 (0. (9 (16 (8 (0

Abstract Introduction: Macrobrachium amazonicum is widely distributed in South America, occurring in the Orinoco, Amazon and Paraguay river basins, being used as an important source of protein for feeding riverside populations. This prawn is host to the crustacean ectoparasites Probopyrus pandalicola, Probopyrus floridensis and Probopyrus bithynis (Bopyridae) that infest the gill cavity of the species. Objective: To report the prevalence and abundance of ectopasites (P. pandalicola, P. floridensis and P. bithynis) and the condition factor in M. amazonicum from the Amazon River, Eastern Amazon. Methods: The prawns were collected from May 2017 to April 2018, with the artisanal trap matapi in the municipalities of Mazagão (state of Amapá) and Santarém (state of Pará), Brazil. Results: 216 prawns infected with ectoparasites were captured, 133 in the Mazagão region (53 P. pandalicola, 48 P. bithynis and 32 P. floridensis) and 83 in the Santarém region (45 P. pandalicola and 38 P. bithynis). In Mazagão, the highest prevalence values were recorded in May (1.98 %) for P. floridensis, July (2.18 %) for P. bithynis, and March (1.93 %) for P. pandalicola. In the Santarém region, the highest prevalence values were recorded in February, 3.47 for P. pandalicola and 2.89 for P. bithynis. Regarding the abundance of parasites, there was no difference between the species grouped between the regions (t = 0.32, p = 0.739). Parasitized prawns from Mazagão and Santarém presented condition factors below expectations, with an average of 0.85 ± 0.55 for Santarém and 0.88 ± 0.44 for Mazagão. Conclusions: During the study it was found that P. pandalicola, P. bithynis and P. floridensis were present in M. amazonicum throughout the year. Furthermore, there was an effect of parasitism on M. amazonicum in the study areas.

Resumen Introducción: Macrobrachium amazonicum está ampliamente distribuido en América del Sur, se encuentra en las cuencas de los ríos Orinoco, Amazonas y Paraguay, se utiliza como una fuente importante de proteínas para alimentar a las poblaciones ribereñas. Este camarón es hospedero de los ectoparásitos crustáceos: Probopyrus pandalicola, Probopyrus floridensis y Probopyrus bithynis (Bopyridae), que infestan la cavidad branquial de la especie. Objetivo: Reportar la prevalencia y abundancia de ectoparásitos (P. pandalicola, P. floridensis y P. bithynis) y el factor de condición de M. amazonicum en el| río Amazonas, al este de la Amazonía. Métodos: Los camarones fueron recolectados entre mayo 2017 y abril 2018, con la ayuda de matapis (trampa artesanal) en los municipios de Mazagão (Estado de Amapá) y Santarém (Estado de Pará), Brasil. Resultados: Se capturaron un total de 216 camarones parasitados con ectoparásitos, 133 de ellos en la región de Mazagão (53 P. pandalicola, 48 P. bithynis y 32 P. floridensis) y 83 en la región de Santarém (45 P. pandalicola y 38 P. bithynis). En Mazagão, los valores más altos de prevalencia se registraron en mayo (1.98 %) para P. floridensis, julio (2.18 %) para P. bithynis y marzo (1.93 %) para P. pandalicola. En la región de Santarém, los valores más altos de prevalencia se registraron en febrero, de 3.47 para P. pandalicola y 2.89 para P. bithynis. En cuanto a la abundancia de parásitos, no hubo diferencia entre las especies agrupadas entre las regiones (t = 0.32, p = 0.739). Los camarones parasitados de Mazagão y Santarém mostraron factores de condición por debajo de lo esperado, con un promedio de 0.85 ± 0.55 para Santarém y 0.88 ± 0.44 para Mazagão. Conclusiones: Durante el estudio, se encontró que P. pandalicola, P. bithynis y P. floridensis estuvieron presentes en M. Amazonicum todo el año. Además, hubo un efecto de parasitismo sobre M. Amazonicum en las áreas de estudio.

RESUMEN Considerando estudios previos sobre el potencial uso de la vinaza en el sector agropecuario, este estudio busca diseñar un alimento para pollos de engorde en tres presentaciones de acuerdo con las etapas del programa de alimentación del animal (inicio 1-14, crecimiento 15-30 y finalización 31-42 días) que incluya vinaza en la formulación. Para ello, se consideró el grano de soya como fuente de proteína, una dieta con energía metabolizable entre 12.351,06 a 14.025,78 kJ∙kg-1. Se determinó la granulometría de acuerdo con los manuales de manejo de pollos de engorde, y se especificó el proceso de fabricación del alimento en un diagrama de bloques y un diagrama de flujo; de igual forma se propone un protocolo de prueba para el uso del alimento formulado en una muestra de pollos de engorde de la raza Cobb. Esta investigación sugiere que el uso de la vinaza en las fórmulas de los beneficios para pollos de engorde podría aportar importantes beneficios al sector agrícola.

ABSTRACT Considering previous studies on the potential use of vinasse in the agricultural sector, this study seeks to design a feed for broilers in three presentations according to the stages of the animal’s feeding program (start 1-14, growth 15-30 and end 31-42 days) that includes vinasse in the formulation. To this end, soybeans were considered as a source of protein, a diet with metabolizable energy between 12,351.06 and 14,025.78 kJ∙kg-1. The granulometry was determined according to the broiler management manuals, and the feed manufacturing process was specified in a block diagram and a flow diagram; in the same way, a test protocol for the use of the feed formulated in a sample of broilers of the Cobb breed. This research suggests that using vinasse in feed formulations for broilers could provide significant benefits to the agricultural sector.

The Cuban industry La Purísima produces sauces and dressings for the national gastronomy; but it does not have a process for the deposition of chicken eggshells, as a result, 220 kg of eggshells are dumped daily, which generate a negative impact on the environment. The research evaluates the drying of hen eggshells with protein membrane on a laboratory scale, with a view to revalorizing this waste in the production of a calcium-rich poultry feed supplement. The calcium carbonate content of the shell was determined to confirm the potential application of the residue. The drying curve and drying rate curve was obtained by experimental measurement in a drying oven under aeration at 90 °C. The calcium carbonate content of the residue was 93,33 %. The drying curve was fitted to an exponential mathematical model as a function of the drying constant and the moisture in equilibrium at a temperature of 90 °C. The drying regime of the solid presented a period of decreasing drying rate up to a moisture value of 0,021 kg of water / kg of dry solid, for lower values, this presented a deviation from the exponential function in its rate. The utilization of residual eggshells proved to be an attractive source of calcium carbonate with potential for its use in the production of feed supplement for poultry.

RESUMEN En la Industria cubana La Purísima se producen salsas y aderezos para la gastronomía nacional; pero no dispone de un proceso para la deposición de las cáscaras de huevo de gallina, como resultado, se vierten diariamente 220 kg de cáscaras que generan un impacto negativo en el medio ambiente. La investigación evalúa el secado de las cáscaras de huevo de gallina con membrana proteica a escala de laboratorio, con vistas a revalorizar este residuo en la producción de un suplemento alimenticio para aves de corral rico en calcio. Se determinó el contenido de carbonato de calcio en la cáscara para confirmar la aplicación potencial del residuo. La curva de secado y del régimen de secado se obtuvo por medición experimental en un secadero bajo aireación a 90 °C. El contenido de carbonato de calcio en el residual fue de 93,33 %. La curva de secado se ajustó a un modelo matemático exponencial en función de la constante de secado y la humedad en equilibrio a una temperatura de 90 °C. El régimen de secado del sólido presentó un período de velocidad de secado decreciente hasta un valor de humedad de 0,021 kg de agua / kg de sólido seco, para valores inferiores presentó una desviación de la función exponencial en su velocidad. El aprovechamiento de las cáscaras de huevo residuales resultó ser una fuente atractiva de carbonato de calcio con potencialidades para su utilización en la elaboración de suplemento alimenticio para aves de corral.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar viabilidad celular, expresión de proteína Hsp70, degradación del material genético y muerte celular por apoptosis en leucocitos ovinos Katahdin, Dorper y Humanos irradiados in vitro con radiación UVA. Material y métodos. Se utilizó leucocitos, los cuales fueron expuestos in vitro a radiación UVA, para evaluar viabilidad celular, fragmentación de ADN, expresión de proteína Hsp70 y alteraciones morfológicas relacionadas con apoptosis de cada modelo. Resultados. Se encontró una caída en la viabilidad de leucocitos expuestos a radiación UVA, siendo los ovinos los más afectados. Se observó un incremento en la expresión de Hsp70 en los leucocitos humano, Katahdin y Dorper. Se encontró aumento progresivo de la fragmentación de ADN, así como aumento en las alteraciones morfológicas relacionadas con apoptosis conforme aumentó el tiempo de exposición a radiación UVA, siendo el modelo Dorper el más afectado. Conclusiones. La radiación UVA genera estrés en leucocitos ovinos y humanos, observando que los leucocitos humanos son más resistentes, mientras que los ovinos son más susceptibles, principalmente el genotipo Dorper.

ABSTRACT Objective. Determine cell viability, Hsp70 protein expression, degradation of genetic material and cell death by apoptosis in Katahdin, Dorper ovine and human leukocytes irradiated in vitro with UVA radiation. Material and methods. Leukocytes, which were exposed in vitro to UVA radiation, were used to evaluate cell viability, DNA fragmentation, Hsp70 protein expression and morphological alterations related to apoptosis of each model. Results. A drop in the viability of leukocytes exposed to UVA radiation was found, with ovine being the most affected. An increase in the expression of Hsp70 was observed in human, Katahdin and Dorper leukocytes. A progressive increase in DNA fragmentation was found, as well as an increase in morphological alterations related to apoptosis as the time of exposure to UVA radiation increased, with the Dorper model being the most affected. Conclusions. UVA radiation generates stress in ovine and human leukocytes, observing that humans leukocytes are more resistant, while ovines are more susceptible, mainly the Dorper genotype.

ABSTRACT: Psidiummyrtoides fruits food industries produce by-products such as liqueurs, ice cream, jellies, and juices. However, there needs to be more information about the nutritional composition of fruits, as well as the biological potential, mainly of seed flour.Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition and antioxidant and cancer chemopreventive activities of pulp and seed of fruits of Psidiummyrtoides. Moisture content, total minerals and mineral profile, total lipids and fatty acids profile, total proteins, dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble) and total carbohydrates were analyzed. Vitamins C and complex B, organic acids and the profile of phenolic compounds were also determined. DPPH and ABTS methods evaluated the antioxidant activity, and cancer chemopreventive activity was evaluated by quinone reductase induction and NF-κB inhibitory activity. The fruits are a good source of thiamine, iron, phosphorus, potassium, fiber, and protein. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid in both pulp and seed. Quercetin (1600 µg/100g) and pyrogallol(819 µg/100g) were the major phenolic compounds pulp and seed, respectively. The fruits showed strong antioxidant capacity, mainly the seeds, and the ability to induce quinone reductase activity, highlighting a cancer chemopreventive activity. Seed flour has a high potential to enrich food, in addition to valuing agro-industrial by-products, where we can highlight 25%, 13% and 37% of the recommended daily intake for iron (1.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (58 mg/100g) and vitamin B1 (450 µg/100g), respectively, in addition to antioxidant and cancer chemopreventive activities. ABSTRACT byproducts products liqueurs cream jellies juices However flourTherefore Therefore flour.Therefore content proteins soluble insoluble analyzed B determined NFκB NF κB thiamine potassium protein 1600 (160 µg/100g µg100g µgg µg 100g g pyrogallol819 pyrogallol 819 pyrogallol(81 respectively capacity seeds agroindustrial agro industrial byproducts, products, 25 25% 13 37 1.6 16 1 6 (1. mg/100g, mg100g mgg mg/100g , mg 58 (5 450 (45 µg/100g, 160 (16 pyrogallol81 81 pyrogallol(8 2 3 1. (1 5 ( 45 (4 pyrogallol8 8 pyrogallol( 4

RESUMO: Frutos de Psidium myrtoides são utilizados na produção de subprodutos como licores, sorvetes, geleias e sucos, porém, existem poucas informações sobre a composição nutricional das frutas, bem como o potencial biológico, principalmente da farinha de sementes. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a composição nutricional e as atividades antioxidante e quimiopreventiva de câncer da polpa e sementes de frutos Psidium myrtoides. Foram analisados o teor de umidade, minerais totais e perfil de minerais, lipídios totais e perfil de ácidos graxos, proteínas totais, fibra alimentar (solúvel e insolúvel) e carboidratos totais. Também foram determinadas as vitaminas C e do complex B, ácidos orgânicos e perfil de compostos fenólicos. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelos métodos DPPH e ABTS, e a atividade quimiopreventiva de câncer foi avaliada pela indução da enzima quinona redutase e pela atividade inibitória do NF-κB. Os resultados mostraram que os frutos são boas fontes de vitamina B1, ferro, fósforo e potássio, além de fibras (polpa: 7%; semente: 25%) e proteínas. O ácido linoléico foi o principal ácido graxo tanto na polpa quanto na semente. Quercetina (1600 µg/100g) e pirogalol (819 µg/100g) foram os principais compostos fenólicos encontrados na polpa e na semente, respectivamente. A fruta apresentou forte capacidade antioxidante, principalmente as sementes, que também apresentam capacidade de induzir a atividade da enzima quinona redutase, ressalando atividade quimiopreventiva de câncer. A farinha de semente tem grande potencial para enriquecer alimentos, além de valorizar subprodutos agroindustriais, em que podemos destacar 25%, 13% e 37% da ingestão diária recomendada para ferro (1,6 mg/100g), fósforo (58 mg/100g) e vitamina B1 (450 µg/100g), respectivamente, além de atividades antioxidantes e quimiopreventivas do câncer. RESUMO licores sorvetes sucos porém frutas biológico forma umidade graxos solúvel insolúvel B ABTS NFκB. NFκB NF κB. κB NF-κB potássio (polpa 7% 7 25% 25 1600 (160 µg/100g µg100g µgg µg 100g g 819 (81 respectivamente alimentos agroindustriais 13 37 1,6 16 1 6 (1, mg/100g, mg100g mgg mg/100g , mg 58 (5 450 (45 µg/100g, 2 160 (16 81 (8 3 1, (1 5 ( 45 (4 8 4

Summary The effectiveness of collagen extracted from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish scale on the encapsulation of β-carotene was evaluated. Two encapsulations were performed by lyophilization: encapsulation with soy protein (EP) and encapsulation with collagen and soy protein (ECP) in 1:4 ratio. The samples were physiochemically characterized, their fluidity properties were evaluated, and mathematical and kinetic models were used to predict the stability of the encapsulated β-carotene stored at 35°C for eight weeks. Collagen extraction yield was 13.85 %, collagen had the following proximal composition: protein 47 %, ash 40 %, fat 9 % and moisture 7.9 %. Initially, ECP showed a higher retention rate (TR = 83.4 %) than EP (TR = 53.3 %), while after storage at 35 °C for eight weeks, β-carotene retention in ECP was 0.84%, while in EP reached only 0.48 %. ECP encapsulation efficiency (66.7 %) was better than that of EP (42.6 %). High cohesiveness and intermediate fluidity were found in EP and intermediate cohesiveness and intermediate fluidity in ECP. According to results, collagen from this source proved to be a functional material for encapsulating β-carotene.

Resumen Se evaluó la efectividad del colágeno extraído de la escama del pez Tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) en la encapsulación de β-caroteno. Se realizaron dos encapsulaciones por liofilización: encapsulación con proteína de soya (EP) y encapsulación con colágeno y proteína de soya (EPC) en proporción 1:4. Las muestras se caracterizaron fisicoquímicamente, se evaluaron sus propiedades de fluidez y se utilizaron modelos matemáticos y cinéticos para predecir la estabilidad del β-caroteno encapsulado almacenado a 35 °C durante ocho semanas. Se obtuvo un rendimiento de extracción de colágeno del 13.85 %, el colágeno tuvo la siguiente composición proximal: proteína 47 %, ceniza 40 %, grasa 9 % y humedad 7.9 %. Inicialmente, EPC mostró una mayor tasa de retención (TR = 83.4 %) que EP (TR = 53.3 %), mientras que después del almacenamiento a 35 °C durante ocho semanas, la retención de β-caroteno en EPC fue de 0.84 %, mientras que en EP alcanzó solo 0.48 %. La eficiencia de encapsulación de EPC (66.7 %) fue mejor que la de EP (42.6 %). Se encontró alta cohesividad y fluidez intermedia en EP y cohesividad intermedia y fluidez intermedia en EPC. Según los resultados, el colágeno de esta fuente demostró ser un material funcional para encapsular el β-caroteno.

Summary: Arachis hypogaeaL. originated in South America and has been taken to most of the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world as a valuable food crop with high protein content and a source of high energy unsaturated oil. The origin of the cultivated peanut, 2n = 4x= 40, has been the subject of many discussions, but the primitive parents have been agreed on by most asA. duranensisbeing the A genome donor andA. ipaënsisthe B donor; both diploids with 2n= 20. Whether the chromosome doubling of this hybrid occurred in a natural setting or in the garden of a hunter-gatherer-cultivator is also a subject of debate, but most likely it occurred in nature. Molecular analyses have established thatA. duranensiswas the female of the cross. Until recently no one had been successful in making and establishing plants of the cross in that direction. However, the reciprocal cross is easily accomplished and has been reported several times. The primary objective of this paper is to report the successful cross and development of hybrid plants, amphidiploids and populations from the hybrid,A. duranensis×A. ipaënsis.

Resumen: Arachis hypogaeaL. se originó en América del Sur y ha sido llevado a gran parte de las zonas tropicales y subtropicales del mundo como un valioso cultivo alimenticio con alto contenido de proteínas y como una fuente de aceite insaturado. El origen del maní cultivado, 2n= 4x= 40, ha sido objeto de muchas discusiones, pero la mayoría concuerda en queA. duranensissería el donante del genoma A yA. ipaënsisel donante B; ambos diploides con 2n= 20. También es objeto de debate si la duplicación cromosómica de este híbrido ocurrió en un entorno natural o en el jardín de un cazador-recolector-cultivador. Los análisis moleculares han establecido queA. duranensisfue el progenitor femenino del cruzamiento. Hasta hace poco nadie había tenido éxito en hacer el cruzamiento y establecer plantas del mismo en esa dirección. El cruzamiento recíproco se logra fácilmente y se ha informado varias veces. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es informar sobre el éxito del cruzamiento y el desarrollo de plantas híbridas, anfidiploides y poblaciones del híbridoA. duranensis×A. ipaënsis.

Resumen: El gel de Aloe vera es considerado una fuente natural de múltiples beneficios, originados por la acción combinada de vitaminas, aminoácidos, compuestos fenólicos, enzimas, minerales, ácidos orgánicos, lípidos y carbohidratos, que se relacionan con la mejora de enfermedades neuro-degenerativas como Alzheimer. Los ensayos in vitro e in silico permiten confirmar e identificar posibles beneficios de esta planta y sus compuestos en enfermedades. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante del gel de A. vera y mediante análisis in silico, establecer el potencial terapéutico de sus compuestos bioactivos en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se obtuvieron hojas de A. vera, de las que se extrajo el gel, retirando el exocarpio, se liofilizó y almacenó hasta su uso. Se caracterizó la capacidad antioxidante, se cuantificaron los compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides y se analizó la relación que existe entre los parámetros mediante correlación de Pearson. Mediante análisis in silico se evaluó el potencial de interacción de 8 compuestos del gel con la proteína gamma secretasa. El gel de A. vera obtuvo alta capacidad antioxidante por ABTS, DPPH, radical OH y poder reductor, usando bajas concentraciones para inhibir el 50 % de los radicales, y correlaciones positivas con fenoles totales y flavonoides. En el estudio in silico el compuesto que presentó mejor unión con gamma secretasa fue aloe-emodina, con menor energía libre de unión y menor concentración de constante de inhibición, sugiriendo su potencial uso como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

Abstract: Aloe vera gel is considered a natural source of multiple benefits, originated by the combined action of vitamins, amino acids, phenolic compounds, enzymes, minerals, organic acids, lipids and carbohydrates, which are related to the improvement of neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. In vitro and in silico tests allow us to confirm and identify possible benefits of this plant and its compounds in diseases. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of A. vera gel and, through in silico analysis, to establish the therapeutic potential of its bioactive compounds in Alzheimer’s disease. A. vera leaves were obtained, from which the gel was extracted, removing the exocarp, lyophilized and stored until use. The antioxidant capacity was characterized, the phenolic compounds and flavonoids were quantified, and the relationship between the parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The interaction potential of 8 compounds in the gel with the gamma secretase protein was evaluated through in silico analysis. The A. vera gel obtained high antioxidant capacity due to ABTS, DPPH, OH radical and reducing power, using low concentrations to inhibit 50 % of the radicals, and positive correlations with total phenols and flavonoids. In the in silico study, the compound that showed the best binding with gamma secretase was aloe-emodin, with lower binding free energy and lower inhibition constant concentration, suggesting its potential use as an adjuvant in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Abstract Common duckweeds are flowering plants of the family Araceae, comprising the smallest angiosperms of the plant kingdom, a species of aquatic algae of universal distribution, found on the surface of freshwater bodies, mainly in puddles, swamps, lakes, and calm rivers. Recently, different research has been carried out on its potential and usefulness. Due to its nutritional composition, protein contribution, high fiber content and low fat and carbohydrate content, it would be an adequate input to generate products of high nutritional value, characteristics that make it interesting compared to other species. It is used as a complement to commercial diets in a wide variety of animals such as birds, ruminants, non-ruminants, crustaceans, and fish, reducing feed costs by up to 50 %. Likewise, used in remediation processes of a wide range of chemical contaminants with a high elimination rate, they can absorb some dissolved substances and provide oxygen through photosynthesis. It has been indicated that they are low cost of construction, maintenance, easy to operate, have a wide tolerance to growing conditions, are generally easy to harvest, and do not compete with farmland. In the environmental field, it is important to find alternative and innovative raw materials, even without the need to use growth media or fertilizers, however, their acceptance as a food source needs extensive research regarding their nutritional value, large-scale yield, economic market supply and analysis of antinutritive components for human food.

Resumen Las lentejas de agua son plantas con flores de la familia Aráceas, comprenden las angiospermas más pequeñas del reino vegetal, una especie de algas acuáticas de distribución universal, se encuentran en la superficie de los cuerpos de agua dulce principalmente en charcos, ciénagas, lagos y ríos calmados. Recientemente, se han llevado a cabo diferentes investigaciones sobre su potencial y utilidad. Por su composición nutricional, aporte de proteína, alto contenido de fibra y bajo contenido de grasas y carbohidratos, resultaría ser un insumo adecuado para generar productos de alto valor nutricional, características que la hacen interesante frente a otras especies. Se emplea como complemento a dietas comerciales en una gran variedad animales como aves, rumiantes, no rumiantes, crustáceos y peces, reduciendo hasta un 50 % los costos por alimentación. Así mismo, usada en procesos de remediación de una amplia gama de contaminantes químicos con alta tasa de eliminación, pueden absorber algunas sustancias disueltas y brindar oxígeno mediante la fotosíntesis. Se ha indicado bajo costo de construcción, mantenimiento, fáciles de operar, poseen amplia tolerancia a condiciones de crecimiento, facilidad general de cosecha y no compiten con las tierras de cultivo. En el ámbito ambiental es importante encontrar materias primas alternativas e innovadoras, incluso sin la necesidad de utilizar medios de crecimiento o fertilizantes, sin embargo, su aceptación como fuente de alimento necesita investigaciones exhaustivas con respecto a su valor nutritivo, rendimiento a gran escala, suministro de mercado económico y análisis de componentes antinutritivos para la alimentación humana.

ABSTRACT The effect of a partial substitute of fish meal by biofloc meal on the growth and survival of fry Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus was evaluated over nine weeks. Two biofloc meals were obtained by drying them in two processes: A) sun exposure and B) convection oven. A randomized design of eight isonitrogenous (40%) and isoenergetic (17 kJ g-1) diets was used, where 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the fish meal was substituted for the two biofloc meals. The nutritional study was conducted in a recirculating aquaculture system with Nile tilapia fry (initial weight: 0.64 ± 0.16 g). The survival range was similar in all treatments and higher than 97%. Tilapia fed with the treatments A5, A10, B5, and B10 of substitution of biofloc meal showed similar and significantly better final weight, individual weight gain, specific growth rate, and condition factor than A15, A20, B15, and B20 treatments; as well as efficiency of use of the feed: protein efficiency ratio, carcass nitrogen deposition, apparent nitrogen utilization, and apparent digestibility. Therefore, these results suggest that biofloc meal is possible in diets for tilapia, thus reducing the need for fishmeal as the main source of protein in the diet.

Abstract Pastures is important for livestock production, are source of food mainly for ruminant livestock. The study was conducted in grasslands of the highlands of Puno, Peru, at an altitude of 3818 masl. The objective was to determine the effect of revegetation with two native grasses: Festuca dolichophylla Presl "chilligua" (Fedo) and Poa gilgiana Pilger "K'achu" (Pogi) in the recovery of degraded pastures with the addition of sheep manure as a source of organic matter (OM), conducted under a split-plot design whose study factors were 2 native species, 2 fertilization factors with and without the addition of sheep feces and urine (OM), in 3 blocks; The results indicate that the highest growth and biomass yield was for Fedo, probably due to its adaptive capacity, the green matter yield of Fedo and Pogi was higher in the treatment with the addition of OM, the incorporation of manure to the pasture had a positive influence on the recovery of the pasture, on the other hand Fedo had a greater height than Pogi; Likewise, the seed production of the treatments with added OM was higher than the treatments without OM; the protein content with addition of OM was higher in both species and the NDF was higher in the species without addition of OM; the application of OM favored the growth and nutritive value of the species. It was concluded that revegetation and incorporation of sheep manure had a favorable effect on the recovery and nutritional quality of the pasture.

Resumen Los pastizales naturales son importantes para la producción ganadera, son fuente de alimentación principalmente para el ganado rumiante. El estudio se realizó en pajonales del altiplano de Puno Perú a una altitud de 3818 msnm el objetivo fue determinar el efecto de la revegetación con dos gramíneas nativas: Festuca dolichophylla Presl “chilligua” (Fedo) y Poa gilgiana Pilger “K´achu” (Pogi) en la recuperación de pastizales degradados con adición de estiércol de ovino como fuente de materia orgánica (MO), conducido bajo el diseño de parcelas divididas cuyos factores de estudio fueron 2 especies nativas, 2 factores de abonamiento con y sin adición de (MO) heces y orina de ovino, en 3 bloques; los resultados indican que el mayor crecimiento y rendimiento de biomasa fue para Fedo probablemente por su capacidad de adaptación, rendimiento de materia verde de Fedo y Pogi fue superior en el tratamiento con adición de MO, la incorporación de estiércol al pastizal influyo positivamente en la recuperación del pasto, por otra parte Fedo resulto con mayor altura que Pogi;; la producción de semilla de los tratamientos adicionados con MO fueron superiores a los tratamientos sin aporte de MO; el contenido de proteína con adición de MO fue mayor en ambas especies, la FDN fue mayor en las especies sin adición de MO, la aplicación de MO favoreció el crecimiento y el valor nutritivo de las especies. Se concluye que la revegetación e incorporación de estiércol de ovino tuvo un efecto favorable en la recuperación y calidad nutritiva del pastizal.

ABSTRACT After 60 days of experimentation, the effect of three diets based on chemical silage (CHS) and black bean sprouts (BS) was evaluated (DC = control diet; D1 = CHS; D2 = BS; D3 = CHS+BS) on enzymatic defense (activity of superoxide dismutase, SOD, and catalase, CAT) in the liver of tilapia, and production parameters (weight gain, protein efficiency rate, survival, feed conversion factor), prior chemical characterization of CHS, BS and the experimental diets (proximate chemical analysis, amino acids, fatty acids, anti-nutritional substances, total phenols (TPH), total flavonoids (TFl) and antioxidant capacity (AC). A randomized block design was applied with three replications using 120 masculinized GIFT tilapia juveniles of average weight of 9.6 ± 0.12 g. TPH, TFlv, and AC were analyzed by Pearson, and correlation coefficient, enzymatic activity, and productive parameters were evaluated with a one-way ANOVA and a Tukey post-hoc test (95%). Survival was 100% in all treatments and there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the effect on diets. The best diet in growth and production parameters in the fish was D3, suggesting a synergy between the components of CHS and BS. This last component was a source of antioxidants that improved SOD and CAT activities, promising health promotion. D3 represents an alternative food for the growth and health promotion of tilapia, prior challenge testing and evaluation with adverse factors, and verifying its efficiency in the following growth stages under real conditions.

RESUMEN Después 60 días de experimentación se evaluó el efecto de tres dietas a base de ensilado químico (EQ) y germinado de frijol negro (GF) (DC = dieta control; D1 = EQ; D2 = GF; D3 = EQ+GF) sobre la defensa enzimática (superóxido dismutasa, SOD, y catalasa, CAT ) del hígado de tilapias y los parámetros de producción (ganancia de peso, tasa de eficiencia proteica, sobrevivencia, factor de conversión alimenticia), previa caracterización química del EQ, GF y las dietas experimentales (análisis químico proximal, aminoácidos, ácidos grasos, sustancias antinutrionales, fenoles totales (CFT), flavonoides totales (FlvT) y capacidad antioxidante (CA). Fue aplicado un diseño de bloques al azar con tres réplicas utilizando 120 juveniles de tilapia var GIFT masculinizados con peso promedio 9.6 ± 0.12 g. El CFT, FlvT y CA fueron analizados mediante Pearson y coeficiente de correlación, la actividad enzimática y parámetros productivos con ANOVA de una vía y a posteriori Tukey (95%). La sobrevivencia fue 100% en todos los tratamientos y hubo diferencias significativas (p<0.05) del efecto entre las dietas, siendo la D3 la mejor en crecimiento y parámetros de producción en los peces, sugiriendo una sinergia entre los componentes del EQ y el GF. Este último fue una fuente de antioxidantes que mejoró las actividades SOD y CAT, prometiendo promoción de la salud. La D3 representa una alternativa alimenticia para el crecimiento y promoción de la salud de la tilapia, previa prueba de desafío y evaluación con factores adversos, y comprobar su eficiencia en las siguientes etapas de crecimiento bajo condiciones reales.

Abstract Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the reasons of end-stage kidney disease, and elucidating the pathogenesis and offer new treatment options is important. Oxidative stress might trigger pathogenesis systemically or isolated in the kidneys. Octreotide (OCT) has beneficial antioxidant effects. We aimed to investigate the source of oxidative stress and the effect of OCT on experimental NS model. Methods: Twenty-four non-uremic Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. Control group, 2 mL saline intramuscular (im); NS group, adriamycin 5 mg/kg intravenous (iv); NS treatment group, adriamycin 5 mg/kg (iv) and OCT 200 mcg/kg (im) were administered at baseline (Day 0). At the end of 21 days, creatinine and protein levels were measured in 24-hour urine samples. Erythrocyte and renal catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) were measured. Renal histology was also evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference among the 3 groups in terms of CAT and TBARS in erythrocytes. Renal CAT level was lowest in NS group, and significantly lower than the control group. In treatment group, CAT level significantly increased compared with NS group. In terms of renal histology, tubular and interstitial evaluations were similar in all groups. Glomerular score was significantly higher in NS group compared with control group and it was significantly decreased in treatment group compared to NS group. Conclusions: Oxidative stress in NS might be due to the decrease in antioxidant protection mechanism in kidney. Octreotide improves antioxidant levels and histology in renal tissue and might be a treatment option. Introduction (NS endstage stage disease important kidneys (OCT effects model Methods Twentyfour Twenty four nonuremic non uremic im mgkg mg kg iv (iv 20 mcgkg mcg (im Day 0. 0 . 0) days 24hour hour 24 samples (CAT (TBARS evaluated Results erythrocytes Conclusions option

Resumo Introdução: Síndrome nefrótica (SN) é uma das causas de doença renal em estágio terminal. É importante elucidar a patogênese e oferecer novas opções de tratamento. Estresse oxidativo pode desencadear a patogênese sistemicamente ou isoladamente nos rins. O octreotide (OCT) tem efeitos antioxidantes benéficos. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a fonte de estresse oxidativo e efeito do OCT no modelo experimental de SN. Métodos: Dividimos 24 ratos albinos Wistar não urêmicos em 3 grupos. Grupo controle, 2 mL de solução salina intramuscular (im); grupo SN, adriamicina 5 mg/kg intravenosa (iv); grupo tratamento SN, adriamicina 5 mg/kg (iv) e OCT 200 mcg/kg (im) foram administrados no início do estudo (Dia 0). Aos 21 dias, mediram-se os níveis de creatinina e proteína em amostras de urina de 24 horas. Mediu-se a catalase (CAT) eritrocitária e renal e a substância reativa ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Avaliou-se também histologia renal. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os três grupos em termos de CAT e TBARS em eritrócitos. O nível de CAT renal foi menor no grupo SN e significativamente menor que no grupo controle. No grupo tratamento, o nível de CAT aumentou significativamente em comparação com o grupo SN. Quanto à histologia renal, as avaliações tubular e intersticial foram semelhantes em todos os grupos. O escore glomerular foi significativamente maior no grupo SN em comparação com o grupo controle e diminuiu significativamente no grupo de tratamento em comparação com o grupo SN. Conclusões: Estresse oxidativo na SN pode ser devido à diminuição do mecanismo de proteção antioxidante nos rins. O octreotide melhora níveis de antioxidantes e histologia do tecido renal e pode ser uma opção de tratamento. Introdução (SN terminal rins (OCT benéficos Métodos im mgkg mg kg iv (iv 20 mcgkg mcg (im Dia 0. 0 . 0) dias mediramse mediram se horas Mediuse Mediu (CAT TBARS. (TBARS) Avaliouse Avaliou Resultados eritrócitos Conclusões (TBARS