Resumen: El bosque Atlántico del Alto Paraná (BAAP) constituye una ecorregión boscosa compartida entre los países de Paraguay, Brasil y Argentina siendo albergue de una gran variedad de especies animales entre ellas de la Panthera onca (Jaguareté). En Paraguay este animal se encuentra catalogado como en peligro crítico de extinción debido a la caza furtiva, el comercio ilegal y la pérdida de su hábitat por la deforestación que ha provocado que su población no pueda crecer en cantidad por lo cual los 3 países del BAAP han coordinado y tomado acciones en conjunto para la conservación y se ha logrado proteger la especie consiguiendo un aumento de su población en los años recientes, por esto, con el fin de proyectar a futuro la población del Jaguareté se han utilizado herramientas matemáticas como el software OriginPro para el cálculo de polinomios de interpolación y valores extrapolados así como el software Vensim con el método de integración de Euler que ha permitido realizar una simulación de la cantidad de animales hasta el año 2025, los resultados proyectados por el método de Spline y la simulación con Vensim muestran una tendencia al incremento en la población del Jaguareté para los siguientes 3 años, en tanto utilizando el método lineal existe un posible escenario el cual proyecta una disminución en la población de animales.

Abstract: The Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest (BAAP) constitutes a forest ecoregion shared by the countries of Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina, being home to a great variety of animal species, including the Panthera onca (Jaguareté). In Paraguay, this animal is listed as critically endangered due to poaching, illegal trade and the loss of its habitat due to deforestation, which has caused its population to not grow in quantity, which is why the 3 BAAP countries They have coordinated and taken joint actions for conservation and the species has been protected, achieving an increase in its population in recent years. For this reason, in order to project the population of the Jaguareté into the future, mathematical tools such as software have been used. OriginPro for the calculation of interpolation polynomials and extrapolated values as well as the Vensim software with the Euler integration method that has allowed a simulation of the number of animals until the year 2025, the results projected by the Spline method and the simulation with Vensim shows a tendency to increase in the Jaguareté population for the following 3 years, while using the method linear there is a possible scenario which projects a decrease in the animal population.

SUMMARY The natural heritage and ecological processes of protected wilderness areas (ASP) are constantly threatened by a variety of factors, including wildfires. This study seeks to evaluate the impacts of large wildfires (IFM, ≥ 200 ha) in the ASPs of central Chile over the last 20 years (2000 - 2020), by identifying and characterizing the affected areas as well as the damages caused. To identify the affected sectors, burned areas were mapped using historical records along with remote sensing tools. The maps of burned areas allowed for the identification of 35 large wildfires that have impacted the ASPs of central Chile, including 17 SNASPE units and Nature Sanctuaries. The origin of most wildfires was located outside of the administrative limits of the ASPs and began in native forests and plantations. Regarding the main damages caused, 16 ecosystem types were affected by IFMs, 12 of which were under a significant level of risk. Additionally, considering the effects on water quality, an average of 21.2 ha of affected riparian vegetation was recorded per year, while 15 units recorded damage to soil conservation. Regarding CO2 emissions, an average of 10,389 tCO2 per year were released into the atmosphere. Finally, the results led to four different guideline recommendations for managing and preserving these areas, which focused on reducing occurrences, preventing large wildfires, and post-fire management in the ASPs.

RESUMEN El patrimonio natural y los procesos ecológicos que albergan las áreas silvestres protegidas (ASP) se ven constantemente amenazadas por los incendios forestales. En el presente estudio se evaluaron los impactos de incendios forestales de magnitud (IFM, ≥ 200 ha) en áreas silvestres protegidas de Chile central entre los años 2000 y 2020, mediante la identificación y caracterización de las áreas afectadas junto con los daños causados. Como primera etapa se elaboró una cartografía del área quemada a partir de registros históricos de incendios junto con la aplicación de herramientas de teledetección. La cartografía del área quemada permitió identificar 35 grandes incendios con afectación a las áreas silvestres protegidas, los que a su vez afectaron 17 unidades del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del Estado y Santuarios de la Naturaleza. La mayor parte de estos siniestros se inició fuera de los límites administrativos de estas áreas y tuvieron inicio en formaciones de bosque nativo y de plantaciones. En relación con los daños y efectos causados, 16 tipos de ecosistemas fueron afectados por incendios, de los cuales 12 se encuentran bajo un nivel de riesgo importante para su conservación. Adicionalmente, se registró un total de 21,2 ha promedio al año de vegetación ribereña afectada, mientras que 15 unidades registraron daños a la conservación de suelos. Para las emisiones de CO2, se registró un total de 10.389 tCO2 promedio al año liberados a la atmósfera. Finalmente, los resultados permitieron proponer cuatro directrices para el manejo y conservación de estas áreas, las cuales se enfocaron en la reducción de ocurrencias, prevención y manejo post incendios forestales.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos : El aumento de plantas invasoras en ecosistemas de altura amenaza la conservación de la biodiversidad y de los servicios ecosistémicos en áreas protegidas de montaña. En este trabajo evaluamos si una leñosa exótica, Cotoneaster franchetii Bois, responde a la heterogeneidad ambiental de manera similar a la leñosa nativa dominante, Polylepis australis Bitter, o si puede ocupar una mayor variedad de hábitats dado el carácter generalista que se espera de ella. M&M : Registramos la ocurrencia y cobertura de ambas especies en 120 parcelas entre los 1200 y los 2200 msnm, dentro y en inmediaciones del Parque Nacional Quebrada del Condorito y la Reserva Hídrica Pampa de Achala (Córdoba, Argentina). Comparamos su distribución en relación con la vegetación y la topografía. Resultados : Cada especie dominó en altitudes diferentes pero, a escala local, ambas fueron más frecuentes en valles y laderas sur, con menor cobertura de pajonal y mayor cobertura rocosa y pendiente. Al contrario que la nativa, la cobertura de C. franchetii no se vio afectada por las características topográficas ni de la vegetación circundante. Conclusiones : La elevada ocurrencia de C. franchetii y la ausencia de restricciones para aumentar su cobertura una vez establecida sugieren un elevado potencial invasor. Su expansión representa un riesgo directo para P. australis por preferir hábitats similares. Al igual que en la expansión altitudinal, una elevada tolerancia ambiental promovería la invasión por leñosas hacia la vegetación natural en montañas.

Summary Background and aims : Invasive plants succeeding at high-elevation ecosystems threaten biodiversity and ecosystem services conservation in mountain protected areas. In this study we assessed whether an exotic woody species, Cotoneaster franchetii Bois, responds to mountain environmental heterogeneity in a similar way to the dominant coexisting native woody species, Polylepis australis Bitter, or if it instead occupies a greater variety of habitats aided by the wide environmental tolerance expected for mountain invaders. M&M : We recorded C. franchetii and P australis occurrence and cover in 120 square plots between 1200 and 2200 masl, inside and surrounding “Quebrada del Condorito” National Park and “Pampa de Achala” natural reserve (Córdoba, Argentina). We compared both species' distribution and its relationship with vegetation and topograpy. Results : Each species dominated at different elevations. However, at local scale, both species were more frequent in plots placed at valleys and south-facing steep slopes, with less cover of tussock grassland and more rock cover. Contrary to the native species, C. franchetii cover was unaffected by vegetation and topographic characteristics. Conclusions : High occurrence and no restrictions for increasing cover once established suggest a high spread potential of C. franchetii in these mountains. Polylepis australis is seemingly at risk since both species share habitat preferences. Wide environmental tolerance would not only trigger upward expansion of invasive species in mountains but also towards natural vegetation.

ABSTRACT Shading is a way of cooling in hot and sunny areas to modify the microclimate and improve crop growth. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of shading treatments on eggplant and sweet pepper growth, under plastic house conditions, at the beginning of the summer, when there are high temperatures and solar radiation intensity. The plastic covers were lifted at the beginning of April and the shading nets used in May and June. The shading treatment improved the plant height, vegetative weight, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, plant yield and total yield per plastic house for both crops, especially for the sweet pepper. The sweet pepper hybrid (Charisma) and the local variety of eggplant showed the highest values for most of the studied characteristics. growth conditions summer intensity June height weight crops Charisma (Charisma characteristics

RESUMO O sombreamento é uma forma de resfriamento em áreas quentes e ensolaradas para modificar o microclima e melhorar o crescimento das culturas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de tratamentos de sombreamento no crescimento de berinjela e pimentão, em condições de casa-de-vegetação, no início do verão, quando ocorrem elevadas temperaturas e intensidades de radiação solar. Os filmes plásticos foram recolhidos no início de abril e as malhas de sombreamento utilizadas nos meses de maio e junho. O sombreamento melhorou a altura de planta, peso vegetativo, número de frutos por planta, peso de frutos, rendimento por planta e rendimento total por casa-de-vegetação para ambas as culturas, especialmente para o pimentão. O híbrido de pimentão (Charisma) e a variedade local de berinjela apresentaram os maiores valores para a maioria das características estudadas. culturas Objetivouse Objetivou se casadevegetação, casadevegetação casa vegetação, vegetação verão solar junho vegetativo Charisma (Charisma estudadas

Savannahs are structurally complex ecosystems consisting of a diverse community of plants and animals such as arthropods. Arthropods are essential in many ecosystem processes that help maintain life on Earth. The anthropogenic conversion of natural landscapes into croplands, residential and industrial areas has a negative impact on surface-active arthropods that have limited dispersal abilities and narrow habitat preferences. This study investigated the effect of disturbance on assemblages of ants, beetles and spiders in the savannah vegetation in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. We compared species richness, abundance and composition of these three taxa between the pristine savannah and the savannah that is exposed to a variety of anthropogenic activities (disturbed savannah). Arthropods were collected using pitfall traps in 15 sites in pristine savannah and 15 sites in disturbed savannah. We found that disturbance affects species richness and abundance of these taxa differently. Disturbance did not affect species richness of spiders and abundance of beetles, while greater species richness of ants and beetles, as well as abundance of ants and spiders was in disturbed than in pristine savannah. Furthermore, the species compositions of all taxa were different between disturbed and pristine savannah. The disturbed savannah had twice more unique indicator species than the pristine savannah. Differences in assemblages of arthropods between pristine and disturbed habitats suggest that it may be important to consider habitats in and outside protected areas in the conservation of arthropods, particularly in areas with greater percentage of natural and semi-natural landscapes occurring outside protected areas.

ABSTRACT The invasive and predatory lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) has been caught and recorded in areas more than 100 km off the Yucatan coast, as far as Scorpion Reef (22°22´5” N, 89°40´57” W), in the Gulf of Mexico. On August 2020, fishermen from the Dzilam de Bravo community captured and recorded an adult lionfish 338 mm in length and 568 g in weight. This site consists of a marine bottom that is mainly rock formation, where different juvenile fish species gather. The diet is wide and voracious, hence lionfish present many threats to a variety of fry and juvenile fish species; fish that are of commercial fisheries interest. Consequently, the fishing community is concerned since the lionfish specimen was caught nearby known fishing areas. Its presence poses a threat to their livelihood and may affect the catch rate. Therefore, the present study aims to provide early warning signs that could encourage the corresponding authorities to monitor the lionfish population in this area and along the Yucatán coastline.

RESUMEN En el Golfo de México, particularmente en el Estado de Yucatán, se ha reportado la presencia y captura de pez león (Pterois volitans/miles) en zonas a más de 100 kilómetros de la costa como es Arrecife Alacranes (22°22´5” N, 89°40´57” W). En agosto de 2020, pescadores de la comunidad de Dzilam de Bravo capturaron un ejemplar adulto de pez león de 338 mm de longitud total y 568 gramos de peso a 22 kilómetros de la costa y 13.4 metros de profundidad. El paisaje marino en este sitio está conformado por formaciones rocosas en donde se agregan peces juveniles de diferentes especies. La voracidad y amplitud de dieta de este organismo presentan una potencial amenaza debido al consumo de alevines y juveniles de especies de importancia pesquera. Por tal motivo, la presencia de este organismo en una zona cercana a la costa causa inquietud entre los pescadores de la comunidad debido al posible efecto sobre las tasas de captura. El presente estudio pretende generar una alerta temprana e incentivar a las autoridades correspondientes a monitorear esta y otras zonas de la costa yucateca.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo de fresa (Fragaria ananassa) es importante en Costa Rica por su alta demanda como fruta fresca y para elaboración de mermeladas. En 2015 empezaron reportes de muerte de plantas, presumiblemente, asociada a complejos de hongos habitantes en el suelo. Los síntomas eran enrojecimiento y necrosis de hojas, coronas, raíce y luego, el desplome de las plantas. Con pérdidas hasta del 90% en plantaciones nuevas. Objetivo. Determinar la patogenicidad de hongos asociados a plantas de fresa enfermas y describir la micro morfología del patosistema. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron plantas enfermas variedad Festival, y se realizaron aislamientos a partir de corona y raíz. Se clasificaron los morfotipos recuperados, se eligieron 3 para secuenciación del espaciador interno transcrito del ADN nuclear ribosomal (nrDNA ITS por sus siglas en inglés) y ejecución de los Postulados de Koch, con 3,5 x 105 conidios/ml inoculados en gránulos de alfalfa. Las plantas se mantuvieron 19 semanas en ambiente protegido. Luego, se realizó el reaislamiento y la secuenciación de los hongos inoculados y se describió el patosistema por medio de microscopía electrónica de barrido. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 10 aislamientos de hongos de corona y 22 de raíz, que se clasificaron en 9 morfotipos. Se eligieron 3 que de acuerdo con el ITS, se ubicaron en las unidades taxonómicas operativas Fusarium oxysporum, Neonectria/Dactylonectria y Sydowia polyspora. Se registró 100% de incidencia en todas las plantas inoculadas y los síntomas coincidieron con los de campo, mientras que el testigo permaneció sano. Los porcentajes de similitud de las secuencias de ITS de los hongos aislados de plantas enfermas provenientes de campo y de los hongos recuperados de la prueba de patogenicidad, fueron > 99%. A nivel ultraestructural se observó que las raíces pierden la epidermis y son colonizadas por los hongos. Conclusión. Los hongos inoculados fueron patogénicos a plantas de fresa variedad Festival; además, tuvieron la capacidad de dañar la epidermis radical y multiplicarse internamente.

Abstract Introduction. Strawberries are important in Costa Rica due to their high demand as fresh fruit and for making jams. In 2015, reports of plant death began, presumably associated with soil-dwelling fungal complexes. The symptoms were redness and necrosis of leaves, crowns, and roots, then the collapse of the plants. With losses of up to 90% in new plantations. Objective. To determine the pathogenicity of fungi associated with diseased strawberry plants and to describe the micromorphology of the pathosystem. Materials and methods. Diseased Festival variety plants were collected, and isolations were made from crown and root. The recovered morphotypes were classified, three were chosen for sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA ITS) and execution of Koch's Postulates, with 3.5 x 105 conidia/ml inoculated in alfalfa granules. The plants were kept for 19 weeks in a protected environment. Then, reisolation and sequencing of the inoculated fungi was performed, and the pathosystem was described by means of scanning electron microscopy. Results. Ten isolates of crown and 22 root fungi were obtained, which were classified into 9 morphotypes. Three were chosen, which, according to the ITS, were in the operational taxonomic units Fusarium oxysporum, Neonectria/Dactylonectria and Sydowia polyspora. The 100% incidence was recorded in all the inoculated plants and the symptoms coincided with those in the field, while the control remained healthy. The similarity percentages of the ITS sequences of the fungi isolated from diseased plants, from the field, and of the fungi recovered from the pathogenicity test, were > 99%. At the ultrastructural level, it was observed that the roots lose the epidermis and are colonized by fungi. Conclusion. The inoculated fungi were pathogenic to Festival variety strawberry plants, they had the ability to damage the root epidermis and multiply internally.

Excessive discharge of poorly treated effluent has impacted global water resource systems intensely. The declining state of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a significant source of pollution in water resources. There is evidence of water resource quality deterioration in natural environments caused by effluent discharges. We assessed the impact of wastewater treatment effluent on the quality of the Crocodile River. For spatial distribution, we collected data from three WWTPs discharging effluent into the Crocodile River and from three points situated downstream of each WWTP. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, phosphates, nitrates, ammonia, and Escherichia coli were analysed using standard methods of the American Public Health Association. The water quality index was also calculated to give an overall indication of pollution within the catchment. The results show that WWTPs were not complying with the effluent standards set out in their water use licence. The WWTP effluent had a negative impact on downstream water quality, with the water quality index indicating low quality of discharged effluent. It is recommended that a regular and consistent water resource quality monitoring programme be implemented, particularly in areas where effluent discharges are prevalent. SIGNIFICANCE: In many African nations, water pollution is a serious problem that may be traced to a variety of sources. Surface water pollution has adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and reduces the availability of clean water. In most semi-arid to dry southern African regions (e.g. South Africa), water scarcity is a significant concern. In these regions, water is a vital resource that must be protected at all times, given that the inadequate infrastructure of wastewater treatment facilities adds to the decline in South Africa's water quality standards.

Resumen El Parque Cueva de los Guácharos fue el primer parque nacional declarado en Colombia y, a pesar de su estratégica ubicación, poco se ha publicado sobre la biodiversidad del parque. Este estudio exploró la diversidad de los ensamblajes de aves en diferentes tipos de bosques (andinos, subandinos mixtos y subandinos de roble negro) y el estado de sucesión, que incluye bosques subandinos primarios y secundarios. Para ello, se realizaron puntos de conteo a lo largo de transectos, durante 382 días, entre los años 2005 y 2009. En este muestreo se reportan 202 especies de aves, representando 39 familias. Las comunidades de aves de los bosques subandinos presentaron mayor diversidad y similitud entre sí, independiente de su estado sucesional. La composición fue diferente en los bosques andinos (dominados por roble blanco, Quercus humboldtii) y de roble negro (dominados por Colombobalanus excelsa, Wettinia fascicularis y Motudaea colombiana). Por ejemplo, la especie dominante en los bosques andinos fue Colaptes rivolii y en los bosques de roble negro fue Zimmerius chrysops. Para los bosques subandinos, tanto primarios como secundarios, se compartieron varias especies en la lista de las más frecuentes: Henicorhina leucophrys, Rupicola peruvianus, Ocreatus underwoodii, Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster y Cyanocorax yncas. Este estudio -resalta la alta diversidad de los bosques subandinos, incluyendo bosques secundarios cercanos a bosques primarios protegidos. Esperamos que este trabajo sirva de base para el monitoreo futuro de comunidades de avifauna en el parque.

Abstract Cueva de los Guacharos was the first National Park created in Colombia, but few published information is available on its biological diversity. We used point counts along transects for a total of 382 days from 2005 to 2009, to estimate bird species richness and composition in Andean forests, Mixed Sub-Andean forests and Black Oak Sub-Andean forests. In addition, transects were undertaken in both primary and secondary Sub-Andean forests. We report the occurrence of 202 bird species from 39 families. Bird assemblages in mixed primary and secondary Sub- Andean Forest showed the highest species diversity, independent of the successional stage. A non-parametric ordination (based on species abundance) showed three main groupings: Andean forests (plants dominated by white oaks: Quercus humboldtii), Sub-Andean Black Oak forests (dominated by black oaks Colombobalanus excelsa, Wettinia fascicularis, and Matudaea colombiana), and mixed Sub-Andean forests (including both primary and secondary, with a variety of plant species). The most frequently registered bird species in Andean Forest was Calaptes rivolii. Zimmerius chrysops was the dominant species in Black Oak forests. In both mixed primary and secondary Sub-Andean forests the composition was similar with several species in the list of the most frequently observed: Henicorhina leucophrys, Rupicola peruvianus, Ocreatus underwoodii, Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster and Cyanocorax yncas. This study emphasizes that bird communities in Sub-Andean forests are highly diverse, and secondary forest show similar ensembles to primary forests, when they are protected and located near primary forests. We hope that this study will help to carry out future monitoring programs of bird species in the park.

Resumo A Amazônia tem se tornado cada vez mais um terreno de intensas e variadas disputas locais e transnacionais. No interior de suas matas, recortadas por miríades de grandes rios, paranãs e igarapés, habitam diversos povos de distintas matrizes étnico-culturais que dela dependem para sua sobrevivência. Este trabalho lança um olhar sobre as formas como alguns grupos locais lidam com questões atribuídas por agendas globais voltadas para a preservação da floresta. Através da relação entre três espécies da fauna e o turismo, busca compreender como esses grupos desenvolvem localmente seus processos de negociação e resolução de conflitos para praticar suas formas de conservação e desenvolvimento. Anos de pesquisa de campo, em duas áreas protegidas da Amazônia Brasileira, proporcionam a reflexão sobre as maneiras como a floresta é habitada e manejada, e revelam as formas como comunidades e instituições negociam interesses conflitantes sobre a conservação e o uso do ambiente.

Abstract The Amazon has increasingly become a terrain of intense and distinct local and transnational disputes. In the interior of its forests, cut by myriads of rivers, inhabit a variety of peoples that depend on it for their survival. This work analyses the ways in which some local groups deal with issues assigned by global agendas focused on the preservation of the forest. Through the relationship between three species of fauna and tourism, it seeks to understand how these groups locally develop their processes of negotiation and conflict resolution to practice their forms of conservation and development. Years of field research in two protected areas of the Brazilian Amazon provide a reflection on how the forest is inhabited and managed, revealing the ways in which communities and institutions negotiate conflicts of interests regarding conservation and use of the environment.

Resumen La Amazonía se ha convertido cada vez más en un terreno de intensas y distintas disputas locales y transnacionales. En el interior de sus bosques, cortados por miríadas de ríos, habitan pueblos de diferentes matrices étnico-culturales que dependen del ambiente para su supervivencia. Este trabajo analiza las formas en que grupos locales tratan los temas asignados por las agendas globales enfocadas en la preservación de la selva. A través de la relación entre tres especies de fauna con el turismo, se busca comprender cómo estos grupos desarrollan localmente sus procesos de negociación y resolución de conflictos para practicar sus formas de conservación y desarrollo. Años de investigación de campo, en dos áreas protegidas de la Amazonía brasileña, brindan una reflexión sobre la forma en que se habita y maneja el bosque, y revelan como las comunidades e instituciones negocian intereses en conflicto sobre conservación y uso del ambiente.

Resumo A colaboração inclusiva e equitativa dos atores tem sido cada vez mais reconhecida como elemento essencial para o sucesso da governança na conservação da biodiversidade em larga escala. No entanto, as evidências empíricas sobre o papel dos arranjos de colaboração no estabelecimento e manutenção da governança são ainda limitadas, especialmente em paisagens tropicais megadiversas. Aplicou-se a análise de redes sociais para mapear a rede colaborativa entre os atores envolvidos na governança de um mosaico de áreas protegidas no Brasil e testar se a rede apresentava padrões relacionais favoráveis à boa governança. A rede é densa e diversificada, contendo variedade de atores e arranjos de colaboração horizontal entre os grupos. Esses aspectos estruturais são consistentes com uma rede que promove o engajamento inclusivo e equitativo. A análise também identificou alguns riscos e desafios que oferecem informações úteis para melhorar a eficácia da governança.

Abstract Inclusive and equitable collaboration of actors has increasingly been recognized as an essential element for successful governance in large-scale biodiversity conservation. However, there is still limited empirical evidence of the role of collaboration arrangements in establishing and maintaining governance, especially in megadiverse tropical landscapes. Social network analysis was applied to map the collaborative network between the actors involved in the governance of a mosaic of protected areas in Brazil and test whether the network displayed relational patterns favorable to good governance. The network is dense and diversified, containing a variety of actors and horizontal collaboration arrangements between groups. These structural aspects are consistent with a network promoting inclusive and equitable engagement. The analysis also identified some risks and challenges that provide useful information to improve governance effectiveness.

Resumen La colaboración inclusiva y equitativa de los actores está siendo cada vez más reconocida como elemento esencial para el éxito de la gobernanza en la conservación de la biodiversidad a gran escala. Sin embargo, las evidencias empíricas sobre el papel de los arreglos colaborativos en el establecimiento y mantenimiento de la gobernanza son aún limitadas, especialmente en paisajes tropicales megadiversos. Se aplicó el análisis de redes sociales para mapear la red colaborativa entre los actores involucrados en la gobernanza de un mosaico de áreas protegidas en Brasil y probar si la red presentaba patrones relacionales favorables a la buena gobernanza. La red es densa y diversificada, englobando diferentes actores y arreglos de colaboración horizontal entre grupos. Estos aspectos estructurales son consistentes con una red que promueve la participación inclusiva y equitativa. El análisis también identificó algunos riesgos y desafíos que ofrecen informaciones útiles para mejorar la eficacia de la gobernanza.

ABSTRACT Fragmentation is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss in tropical forests through consequences on their different components. Beta diversity patterns across fragments have been studied across multiple spatial scales, but comparisons with intact landscapes and in a variety of vegetation types are scarce. In order to address this issue of anthropogenic landscape disturbance, we tested two hypotheses relating to fragmentation and beta diversity: 1. Floristic homogenization at patch-level scale and 2. Floristic differentiation at landscape-level scale. The study was conducted in the Espinhaço Range biosphere reserve, Brazil. Three landscapes encompassing a broad range of vegetation types were sampled in 115 plots. Two landscapes were fragmented due to mining activities (Sabará and Brumadinho) and one is protected (Parque Estadual Serra do Rola-Moça). Results showed high overall beta diversity both between landscapes (conserved and fragmented) and vegetation types (forest, Brazilian savanna “campos rupestres”, ecotone and ironstone “canga”) with high turnover and species losses, even in highly disturbed vegetation types. The conserved landscape was most diverse in terms of richness. Thus, fragmentation effects differed from the expected with a main role of differentiation processes, and we argue that high beta diversity is not always a good predictor of ecosystem health.

Summary: The application of biofertilizers and biostimulants influence numerous physiological crop responses, with which potentiated production can be achieved and crop quality improved. The use of these products can reduce synthetic fertilization besides improving plant tolerance to stress. Therefore, research was performed with the objective of evaluating the effect of chitosan, mycorrhizal fungi and humic acids on growth and development of pepper varieties under protected conditions. A completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement was used with three replications, where the first factor was varieties (Magaly and Lycal) and the second one biostimulants: humic acids (1:30 v/v), chitosan (3 g L-1 of water) and mycorrhizal fungi (20 g of spores ml-1), and one control (control) for each variety (without bioactive application). The results showed that the three bioactive agents studied increased seed germination from 11.66 to 16.67% while emergence was enhanced by humic acids and chitosan. On the other hand, humic acids produced plants of higher height at 25 and 45 days after sowing (dap), and stems of higher diameter, which in turn increased seedling fresh and dry biomass (339.38 and 106.72 g). In the same way, they influenced fruit increase per plant (15.33 fruit), length, diameter and weight (12.22 cm, 43.33 mm and 92.22 g), which is why higher values were generated in the Magaly variety yield with 29.16 Mg ha-1. The Magaly variety significantly outperformed Lycal variety in terms of germination (96.67%), emergence (95%), plant height, and stem diameter (25 and 45 dap).

Resumen: La aplicación de biofertilizantes y bioestimulantes influyen en varias respuestas fisiológicas de los cultivos, con ello se puede potencializar la calidad de las cosechas. Por lo cual la utilización de dichos productos puede minimizar la fertilización sintética, al mismo tiempo de incrementar la tolerancia al estrés biótico en el agroecosistema. Este estudio fue desarrollado con el propósito de valorar el impacto del quitosano, hongos micorrízicos y ácidos húmicos en el crecimiento de variedades de pimiento en condiciones protegidas. El método de prueba utilizado fue aleatorio en un factorial 2 × 4 con 3 réplicas, donde el primer factor fueron las variedades (Magaly y Lycal), y el segundo los bioestimulantes: ácidos húmicos (1:30v/v), quitosano (3 g L-1 de agua) y hongos micorrízicos (20 g de esporas ml-1), y un testigo (control) por cada variedad (sin aplicación de bioactivos). Los resultados demostraron que los tres bioactivos estudiados incrementaron entre 11.66 y 16.67% la germinación de las semillas, mientras que la emergencia fue potenciada por los ácidos húmicos y quitosano. Por su parte los ácidos húmicos produjeron plantas de mayor altura a los 25 y 45 días después de la siembra (ddt), y tallos de mayor diámetro. Esto a su vez incrementó la biomasa fresca y seca de las plántulas (339.38 y 106.72 g), de la misma manera influyeron en el incremento de frutos por planta (15.33 frutos), longitud, diámetro y peso (12.22 cm, 43.33 mm y 92.22 g). Se generaron valores mayores en el rendimiento de la variedad Magaly con 29.16 Mg ha-1. La variedad Magaly superó significativamente a la variedad Lycal en cuanto a germinación (96.67%), emergencia (95%), altura de plantas y diámetro del tallo (25 y 45 ddt).

Abstract The production of habanero pepper is mainly done with chemical fertilization, which can be inefficient since much of the applied fertilizer is released into the environment and can often become unavailable to plants. One way in which the use of chemical fertilizers can be reduced and the absorption of nutrients by the crop can be improved is by using biostimulants in the fertilization of plants. The objective of the work was to evaluate three microbial biostimulants on seeds, seedlings and the quality of habanero pepper fruit under protected macro tunnel conditions. The work was carried out in 2021 at the Tecnológico Nacional de México, Úrsulo Galván campus. The habanero pepper seeds used were of the Jaguar variety provided by the Cotaxtla Experimental Field- National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research. The treatments evaluated were: 1) T22®+mycorrhizae INIFAP®; 2) Mix®; 3) Genifix®; and 4) control. An evaluation of the treatments in seed germination, growth and biomass of seedlings and quality of habanero pepper fruits was carried out. There were no significant differences in seed germination, but in height and dry weight of seedlings at 20 days after inoculation, since the seeds inoculated with the biostimulant Genifix were the ones that reached the highest height and dry weight. In terms of fruit size and weight, the plants treated with the biostimulants produced significantly larger and heavier fruits than the control plants.

Resumen La producción de chile habanero se realiza principalmente con fertilización química, la cual puede ser ineficiente, ya que gran parte del fertilizante aplicado se libera al medio ambiente y a menudo puede dejar de estar disponibles para las plantas. Una forma en la que se puede reducir el uso de fertilizantes químicos y mejorar la absorción de nutrientes por parte del cultivo es mediante el uso de bioestimulantes en la fertilización de las plantas. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar tres bioestimulantes microbianos sobre semillas, plántulas y la calidad de fruto de chile habanero bajo condiciones protegidas de macrotúnel. El trabajo se realizó en el año 2021 en el Tecnológico Nacional de México, Campus Úrsulo Galván. Las semillas de chile habanero utilizadas fueron de la variedad Jaguar proporcionadas por el Campo Experimental Cotaxtla-Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Los tratamientos que se evaluaron fueron: 1) T22®+micorriza INIFAP®; 2) Mix®; 3) Genifix®; y 4) testigo. Se realizó una evaluación de los tratamientos en germinación de semillas, crecimiento y biomasa de plántulas y calidad de frutos de chile habanero. No se registraron diferencias significativas en germinación de semillas, pero si en altura y peso seco de plántulas a los 20 días después de la inoculación, ya que las semillas inoculadas con el bioestimulante Genifix fueron las que alcanzaron la mayor altura y peso seco. En cuanto al tamaño y peso de frutos, las plantas tratadas con los bioestimulantes produjeron frutos significativamente más grandes y pesados que las plantas testigo.

Abstract The poblano chili pepper crop sown in soil in the Alto Atoyac in Puebla has been affected by the presence of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and nematodes, generating losses in yield and reduction of the sowing area. The production under greenhouse and hydroponics is an alternative solution to this problem, since it allows the development of crops in a controlled environment using inert substrates, ensuring a greater percentage of production. The objective was to evaluate the growth, yield and fruit quality of two local varieties of poblano chili pepper (Tlacotepec and Tlalancaleca) and a commercial variety (San Luis), supplied nutritionally by three concentrations of the Steiner nutrient solution under greenhouse and hydroponics in order to know their agronomic and productive behavior. A 3x3 factorial treatment design in a completely randomized experimental design was considered. The variables evaluated were: plant height, stem thickness, number of leaves, number of bifurcations, number of flowers, yield and fruit quality. The results showed that the San Luis variety reached the highest yield and fruit quality. As for the three concentrations of nutrient solution, there was no significant effect on the yield and the agronomic behavior of creole varieties in the substrate, greenhouse and hydroponics system may be an option for the production of poblano chili pepper in the Alto Atoyac region

Resumen El cultivo de chile poblano sembrado en suelo en el Alto Atoyac en Puebla se ha visto afectado por la presencia de enfermedades causadas por hongos, bacterias y nematodos, generando pérdidas en el rendimiento y reducción de la superficie de siembra. La producción bajo invernadero e hidroponía constituye una alternativa de solución a esta problemática, pues permite el desarrollo de cultivos en un ambiente controlado utilizando sustratos inertes, asegurando en mayor porcentaje la producción. El objetivo fue evaluar el crecimiento, rendimiento y calidad de fruto de dos variedades locales de chile poblano (Tlacotepec y Tlalancaleca) y una variedad comercial (San Luis), abastecidas nutrimentalmente mediante tres concentraciones de la solución nutritiva Steiner bajo invernadero e hidroponía con la finalidad de conocer su comportamiento agronómico y productivo. Se consideró un diseño de tratamientos factorial 3 x 3 en un diseño experimental completamente al azar. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de planta, grosor de tallo, número de hojas, número de bifurcaciones, número de flores, rendimiento y calidad de fruto. Los resultados mostraron que la variedad San Luis alcanzó el mayor rendimiento y calidad de fruto. En cuanto a las tres concentraciones de solución nutritiva, no se presentó efecto significativo en el rendimiento y el comportamiento agronómico de las variedades criollas en el sistema de sustrato, invernadero e hidroponía puede ser una opción para la producción de chile poblano en la región del Alto Atoyac.