Abstract Introduction: The creation of protected natural areas within urban environments has played an essential role in providing small reservoirs of native vegetation and refuges for endemic species. However, knowledge of how land management and landscape design can influence the different community structures of urban parks is scarce. Objective: To analyze, through ant communities, the influence of urbanization in a protected natural area (PNA) located in an urban zone. Methods: From April to July 2022, using bait traps and pitfall traps along 100 m transects, the presence of ant species was recorded in the El Refugio State Park Natural Area in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Alpha diversity was assessed using Hill numbers, while beta diversity was evaluated using the Jaccard index. Additionally, indicator species were identified through the indicator value (IndVal). Multiple correspondence analysis was conducted to associate the presence of species with environmental variables and vegetation types, and contingency tables were created to relate ant presence to vegetation cover size. Results: In total 18 565 individuals were captured (five subfamilies, 22 genera, and 29 species). Species richness and diversity decreased in sites with low vegetation cover, such as in Tamaulipan thornscrub; secondary vegetation retained greater species richness. Indicator species found in secondary vegetation and grassland areas were mainly composed of species that tolerate high temperatures and generalists such as Forelius mccooki and Tetramorium spinosum. The presence of these species is primarily associated with temperature, humidity, and vegetation cover. A relationship between the presence of ant species and vegetation cover size was evident. Conclusion: The structure and composition of ant communities vary according to the type of vegetation structure, particularly in areas that have undergone greater anthropogenic damage. Therefore, the conservation of landscapes, as well as monitoring of these areas, should be considered in future research.

Resumen Introducción: La creación de espacios naturales protegidos en entornos urbanos desempeñan un papel esencial, proporcionando reservorios de vegetación autóctona y refugios de fauna endémica. Sin embargo, es escaso el conocimiento sobre cómo la gestión del suelo y el diseño del paisaje influye en las diferentes estructuras comunitarias de parques urbanos. Objetivo: Analizar a través de comunidades de hormigas la influencia de la urbanización en un área natural protegida en zona urbana. Métodos: De abril a julio de 2022, en transectos de 100 m se colocaron trampas de cebo y Pitfall, se registró la presencia de especies de hormigas del Parque Estatal “El Refugio” (PER), Tamaulipas, México. La diversidad Alfa se evaluó mediante números de Hill y la diversidad Beta con el índice de Jaccard. Se identificaron especies indicadoras con el Valor Indicador (IndVal). Se realizó un análisis de correspondencia múltiple asociando la presencia de especies con variables ambientales y tipos de vegetación. Se realizó una tabla de contingencia para relacionar la presencia de hormigas con el tamaño de cobertura vegetal. Resultados: En total, se capturaron 18 565 individuos (cinco subfamilias, 22 géneros y 29 especies). La riqueza y diversidad de especies disminuyó en sitios con baja cobertura vegetal, como en matorral espinoso tamaulipeco; la vegetación secundaria conservó mayor riqueza de especies. Áreas de vegetación secundaria y pastizal registraron especies indicadoras, principalmente especies generalistas y tolerantes a las altas temperaturas como Forelius mccooki y Tetramorium spinosum. La presencia de especies está asociada con la temperatura, humedad y cobertura vegetal. Se evidenció una relación entre presencia de especies de hormigas y tamaño de cobertura vegetal. Conclusiones: La estructura y composición de las comunidades de hormigas varía de acuerdo con la estructura vegetal, principalmente en áreas que han sufrido mayor daño antropogénico. La conservación de los paisajes y el monitoreo de estas áreas, deben ser considerados en futuras investigaciones.

Abstract Background: Altas Cumbres is a protected natural area located in the center of the state of Tamaulipas, which has not been sufficiently studied. Although legumes are a family well represented in the area, until now, no studies had been carried out to reveal their richness and distribution. Questions: How many and which legume species are found in the study area and how are they distributed along an environmental gradient? Species study: Fabaceae family. Study site and dates: Altas Cumbres, Tamaulipas, Mexico, during 2022 and 2023. Methods: Botanical material was collected and identified using specialized bibliography; Herbarium specimens and online databases were reviewed. An analysis of similarity was carried out with the sites studied, using the Jaccard index to obtain β diversity and observe its distribution. Results: A total of 132 species were obtained, belonging to 57 genera and three subfamilies. The greatest diversity of legumes belonged to the subfamily Papilionoideae (86 species / 37 genera), followed by Caesalpinoideae (41/18) and finally Cercidoideae (5/2). Herbaceous plants were dominant with respect to woody plants. Most species were recorded in an elevation range between 300 and 499 m asl, in submontane scrub and pine-oak forest communities. Conclusions: Altas Cumbres is an important reservoir for legumes from Tamaulipas and Sierra Madre Oriental considering its high richness and endemism (33 species restricted to Mexico).

Resumen Antecedentes: Altas Cumbres es un área natural protegida ubicada en el centro del estado de Tamaulipas, la cual no ha sido suficientemente estudiada. A pesar de que las leguminosas son una familia bien representada en la zona, hasta ahora, no se habían realizado estudios que dieran a conocer su riqueza y distribución. Preguntas: ¿Cuántas y cuáles especies de leguminosas se encuentran en el área de estudio y cómo se distribuyen en un gradiente ambiental? Especies de estudio: Familia Fabaceae. Sitio y años de estudio: Altas Cumbres, Tamaulipas, México, de 2022 a 2023. Métodos: Se colectó material botánico y se identificó taxonómicamente utilizando bibliografía especializada; además de revisar ejemplares de herbario y bases de datos en línea. Se realizó un análisis de similitud con los sitios estudiados, utilizando el índice de Jaccard para obtener la diversidad β y observar su distribución en un gradiente ambiental. Resultados: Se registró un total de 132 especies, pertenecientes a 57 géneros y tres subfamilias de Fabaceae. La subfamilia Papilionoideae presentó la mayor diversidad (86 especies / 37 géneros), seguidas por las Caesalpinoideae (41/18) y por último las Cercidoideae (5/2). Las plantas herbáceas fueron dominantes con respecto a las leñosas. La mayoría de las especies se registraron en un rango de altitud entre los 300 a 499 m snm, en matorral submontano y bosque de pino-encino. Conclusiones: Altas Cumbres es un reservorio importante para las leguminosas de Tamaulipas y de la Sierra Madre Oriental, considerando su alta riqueza y endemismo (33 especies restringidas para México).

Abstract Background: Lobelia villaregalis is an endemic and endangered species in Jalisco, Mexico. Knowing the structure and genetic diversity of populations of species at risk can contribute to improving strategies for their conservation. This information has not been generated for L. villaregalis. Questions: 1) Does L. villaregalis present low levels of genetic diversity?, 2) Are there genetic differences between its populations?. Studied species: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbaceous perennial. Study site and dates: During 2018-2020, field work was carried out in El Bosque La Primavera Natural Protected Area, in Zapopan, Jalisco, in order to locate new populations of the species and collect leaf material. Methods: The diversity and genetic structure of 87 individuals in five populations were evaluated using ISSR molecular markers. Results: The average genetic diversity of L. villaregalis is low (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) as well as the total diversity (HT = 0.069). Molecular analysis of variance showed that most of the genetic variation (92 %) occurred within populations. The Mantel test indicates that there is no correlation between the genetic distances and the geographical distances for the five populations of the species (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). With the genetic assignment analysis, 4 groups were identified, however there is no genetic structure (GST = 0.060). Conclusions: Lobelia villaregalis requires urgent actions of conservation to maintain the genetic diversity present in all its populations, giving the highest priority to three of them.

Resumen Antecedentes: Lobelia villaregalis es una especie endémica y en peligro de extinción en Jalisco, México. Conocer la estructura y diversidad genética de las poblaciones de especies en riesgo puede contribuir a mejorar las estrategias para su conservación. Esta información no se ha generado para L. villaregalis. Preguntas: 1) ¿Presenta L. villaregalis niveles bajos de diversidad genética?, 2) ¿Existen diferencias genéticas entre sus poblaciones? Especies de estudio: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbácea perenne. Sitio y años de estudio: Durante 2018-2020 se realizó trabajo de campo en el Área Natural Protegida Bosque La Primavera, Zapopan, Jalisco, para localizar nuevas poblaciones de la especie y recolectar material foliar. Métodos: Se evaluó la diversidad y estructura genética de 87 individuos en cinco poblaciones utilizando marcadores moleculares ISSR. Resultados: La diversidad genética promedio de L. villaregalis es baja (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) así como la diversidad total (HT = 0.069). El análisis de varianza molecular mostró que la mayor parte de la variación genética (92 %) ocurrió dentro de las poblaciones. La prueba de Mantel indica que no hay correlación entre las distancias genéticas y las distancias geográficas para las cinco poblaciones estudiadas (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). Con el análisis de asignación genética se identificaron 4 grupos, sin embargo, no existe estructura genética (GST = 0.060). Conclusiones: Lobelia villaregalis requiere acciones urgentes de conservación para mantener la diversidad genética de todas sus poblaciones, dando máxima prioridad a tres de ellas.

Abstract Determining the diet of herbivores through the epidermal structures present in their excreta makes it possible to identify the plants consumed and estimate the variations at different times of the year. The objective of the study was to determine the botanical composition of the diet of the deer Central American Red Brocket (Mazama temama), in the Parque Nacional Cañón del Río Blanco (PNCRB), Veracruz, Mexico. The vegetation where the study was carried out is an evergreen tropical forest with the presence of induced vegetation. Sampling was carried out during the dry and rainy season of 2021. The plant species consumed were identified with the microhistological analysis of epidermal residues in fecal samples. The diet consisted of 18 species of plants belonging to 14 botanical families. The highest percentage of consumption was for the Solanaceae family (16.6%), followed by Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitacea and Malvaceae (11.1% each). 66% of the plants were consumed in the dry season, and consumption increased by 34% during the rainy season, showing 100% of the plant species in the rainy season, showing 100% consumption in the rainy season.. The plants consumed were 10 herbaceous plants (55.5%), six arboreal plants (33.5%), one shrub and one grass (5.5% each); forest edge plants (BB = 44%), forest interior plants (IB = 33%) and cultured plants (CP = 23%), constituted the diet. M. temama adapted its diet to the availability and temporal and spatial distribution of plants in the habitat and based on climatic conditions (dry vs. rainy).

Resumen La determinación de la dieta de herbívoros a través de las estructuras epidérmicas presentes en sus excretas permite identificar las plantas consumidas y estimar las variaciones entre épocas del año. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la composición botánica de la dieta del venado temazate rojo (Mazama temama) en el Parque Nacional Cañón del Río Blanco (PNCRB), Veracruz, México. La vegetación donde se realizó el estudio es un bosque tropical perennifolio con presencia de vegetación inducida. Los muestreos se realizaron en la época de secas y de lluvias del 2021. Las especies vegetales consumidas se identificaron con análisis microhistológico de residuos epidérmicos en muestras fecales. La dieta estuvo conformada por 18 especies de plantas de 14 familias botánicas. El mayor porcentaje de consumo lo tuvo la familia Solanaceae (16.6%), enseguida Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitacea y Malvaceae (11.1% cada una). El 66% de las plantas fueron consumidas en la época de secas, y aumentó un 34% de consumo durante lluvias, mostrando un 100% del porcentaje de consumo en lluvias. Las plantas consumidas fueron 10 de porte herbáceo (55.5%), seis de porte arbóreo (33.5%), una arbustiva y un pasto (5.5% cada una); plantas de borde de bosque (BB = 44%), de interior de bosque (IB = 33%) y cultivadas (PC = 23%), constituyeron la dieta. M. temama adaptó su dieta a la disponibilidad y distribución temporal y espacial de las plantas en el hábitat y con base en las condiciones climáticas (secas vs lluvias).

Abstract Understanding forest structure and diversity allows the development and analysis of strategies for the sustainable management of natural resources. The objective of the research was to contribute to the knowledge of tree structure, as well as its regeneration capacity in an altitudinal gradient in a Natural Protected Area in Madera, Chihuahua. The study included three altitudinal intervals: lower (2 307 to 2 466 m), middle (2 466 to 2 625 m) and upper (2 625 - 2 785 m), in which 30 circular sites of 500 m2 were distributed where the diameter and height of the upper trees were measured, as well as the density of regeneration. The vertical structure was obtained with the Pretzsch index (A), in addition, the importance value index (IVI), diversity with the Shannon-Wiener index (H') and richness with Margalef (D mg ) were evaluated, as well as the renewal capacity and damage present. The values of A show the greatest structural homogeneity in interval 2; the Pinaceae family registered the highest ecological weight in the IVI; the values of H' and Dmg were higher in stratum II, however, all are considered of low diversity and richness; the species Abies concolor and Pseudotsuga menziesii, showed the highest proportion of regeneration in the community, in which suppression is the frequent damage, however, 95% of the individuals were not affected. This information is useful for the conservation of these ecologically important communities in temperate forests.

Resumen Comprender la estructura y diversidad forestal permite elaborar y analizar estrategias para el manejo sustentable de los recursos naturales. El objetivo de la investigación fue contribuir al conocimiento de la estructura arbórea, así como su capacidad de regeneración en un gradiente altitudinal en un Área Natural Protegida, en Madera, Chihuahua. El estudio comprendió tres intervalos altitudinales: inferior (2 307 a 2 466 m), medio (2 466 a 2 625 m) y superior (2 625 - 2 785 m), en los que se distribuyeron 30 sitios circulares de 500 m2 donde se midió el diámetro y altura del arbolado superior, así como la densidad de la regeneración. La estructura vertical se obtuvo con el índice de Pretzsch (A), además, se evaluó el índice de valor de importancia (IVI), la diversidad con el índice de Shannon-Wiener (H’) y riqueza con Margalef (D mg ), asimismo, se estimó la capacidad de renuevo y los daños presentes. Los valores de A muestran la mayor homogeneidad estructural en el intervalo 2; la familia Pinaceae registró el peso ecológico superior en el IVI; los valores de H’ y D mg fueron superiores en el estrato II, sin embargo, todos se consideran de baja diversidad y riqueza; las especies Abies concolor y Pseudotsuga menziesii, mostraron la mayor proporción de regeneración en la comunidad, en la que la supresión es el daño frecuente, no obstante, el 95% de los individuos no presentaron afectaciones. Esta información es de utilidad para la conservación de estas comunidades de importancia ecológica en bosques templados.

Abstract (Introduction): Natural parks with a recreational vocation play a fundamental role in promoting pro-environmental actions among their visitors. However, for the Latin American region, the programs aimed at these purposes have not had the expected results; on the contrary, one of the causes that have intensified the environmental deterioration of the parks are recreational activities. One of the major challenges to promote conservation in these areas is the development of environmental awareness among visitors. (Objective): To analyze the stages of environmental awareness of 190 visitors to Sierra Morelos State Park, a natural protected area in the municipality of Toluca, State of Mexico, to support a management that strengthens conservation and generates attitudes and involves visitors in pro-environmental practices. (Methodology): In order to collect data, a structured questionnaire was designed based on the four dimensions of environmental awareness (cognitive, affective, conative and active). A factor analysis, a cluster analysis and to identify differences between groups a Kruskal-Wallis test was applied. (Results): Eleven factors were identified explaining 70.88 % of the cumulative variance. The cluster analysis identified three groups; Stage 1: passive discursive-intentional; Stage 2: environmental predisposition and Stage 3: affective of agreed actions. (Conclusions): The results show that there is no definite number of stages that explain one or several realities for which the human experiences are the key to environmental awareness.

Resumen (Introducción): Los parques naturales con vocación recreativa desempeñan un papel fundamental para fomentar acciones proambientales entre sus visitantes. Sin embargo, para la región de América Latina los programas dirigidos a estos propósitos no han tenido resultados esperados, por lo contrario, una de las causas que han intensificado el deterioro ambiental de los parques son las actividades recreativas. Entre los mayores retos para favorecer la conservación en estas áreas se encuentra el desarrollo de la conciencia ambiental de los visitantes. (Objetivo): Para sustentar una gestión que fortalezca la conservación y genere actitudes e involucre a los visitantes en prácticas proambientales, este estudio analiza la conciencia ambiental de 190 visitantes al Parque Estatal Sierra Morelos, área natural protegida, ubicada en el municipio de Toluca, Estado de México. (Metodología): Para recolectar los datos se diseñó un cuestionario estructurado, a partir de las cuatro dimensiones de la conciencia ambiental (cognitiva, afectiva, conativa y activa). Se realizó un análisis factorial, un análisis de conglomerados y una prueba de Kruskal-Wallis para identificar las diferencias entre grupos. (Resultados): Fueron 11 factores identificados, explicando el 70.88 % de la varianza acumulada. El análisis de conglomerados identificó tres grupos; Estadio 1: discursivo-intencional pasivo; Estadio 2: predisposición ambiental y; Estadio 3: afectivo de acciones convenidas. (Conclusiones): Los resultados muestran que no existe un número definido de estadios que explique una o varias realidades y que las experiencias humanas con la naturaleza son la clave de la conciencia ambiental.

Resumen El Pico de Orizaba es un área natural protegida en la que destacan bosques de Pinus hartwegii sometidos a presiones naturales y antrópicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los parámetros dasométricos de ocho rodales con cuatro exposiciones (N, S, E y O) y dos altitudes (3 700 y 3 900 m). Se ubicaron áreas con cobertura representativa y se establecieron tres sitios de dimensiones fijas de 1 000 m2 por cada combinación de exposición-altitud. La obtención de información se complementó con imágenes de un vehículo aéreo no tripulado (VANT). Se obtuvo mayor densidad de arbolado (593 árboles ha-1) en la combinación E-3 700 y la mínima en la zona O-3 900 (113 árboles ha-1). Los extremos de área basal mínima (11.9 m2 ha-1) y máxima (35.2 m2 ha-1) correspondieron a las combinaciones S-3 900 y E-3 700, respectivamente. El área basal y volumen disminuyeron con la altitud. La estructura horizontal mostró mayor número de individuos en categorías diamétricas bajas (10-40 cm) y la estructura vertical en las de 25 a 30 m de altura. La prueba de Kruskal-Wallis evidenció diferencias significativas entre las ocho combinaciones para las variables diámetro (DN), altura total (AT) y volumen (VOL), cuya reducción más notable fue sobre la exposición sur al incrementar la altitud de 3 700 a 3 900 m, lo que indica que la combinación S-3 900 es menos favorable para el crecimiento del arbolado. Las combinaciones exposición-altitud con parámetros dasométricos superiores y más potencial de crecimiento fueron N-3 700, E-3 700, S-3 700 y O-3 900.

Abstract Pico de Orizaba is a natural protected area with Pinus hartwegii forests subjected to natural and anthropogenic pressures. The objective of this study was to compare the mensuation parameters of eight stands with four exposures (N, S, E, and W) at two different altitudes (3 700 and 3 900 m). Areas with representative coverage were located and three sites of fixed dimensions of 1 000 m2 were established for each exposure-altitude combination. The collected information was complemented with images from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The highest tree density (593 trees ha-1) was obtained in the E-3 700 combination, and the lowest, in the W-3 900 area (113 trees ha-1). The extremes of minimum (11.9 m2 ha-1) and maximum (35.2 m2 ha-1) basimetric area corresponded to combinations S-3 900 and E-3 700, respectively. The basimetric area and volume decreased with the altitude. The horizontal structure showed a greater number of individuals in low diameter categories (10-40 cm), and the vertical structure in the 25 to 30 m height categories. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences between the eight combinations for the diameter (DN), total height (TA) and volume (VOL) variables. The most notable reduction was on the southern exposure, as the altitude increased from 3 700 to 3 900 m, indicating that the S-3 900 combination is less favorable for tree growth. The exposure-elevation combinations with superior mensuration parameters and more growth potential were N-3 700, E-3 700, S-3 700, and W-3 900.

Abstract: The Port of Veracruz, Mexico was artificially built at the beginning of the 21st century, dredging the sea floor and removing reefs to allow the entry of large ships, which led to a growth in the traffic of goods and people through it, making it the largest commercial port in all of Mexico. In 1992 the Government of Mexico decreed the area of coastal reefs near the Port of Veracruz as a protected natural area with the name of the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PSNSAV). In 2013, with the demand of international trade, the decision was made to expand the port, generating job growth in the area and an increase in the flow of containers and automobiles, also have a greater capacity to transport cereals, minerals and fuels. In contrast to the disagreements of the society due to the loss of protected space, the Parks polygon had to be modified. This work try to demonstrated that the construction of the port expansion began previous the presentation to the environmental authorities of the Environmental Impact Statement and the change in the protected limits with the disappearance of the Punta Gorda reefs and the dredging of Vergara Bay for the arrival of deep draft vessels. Through a systematic mapping of the scientific literature combined with satellite mapping and visual interpretation of images, and documentary analysis, we determined the damage to the reef system, which has protected species according to Mexican national regulations.

Resumen: El Puerto de Veracruz, México fue construido de manera artificial a principios del siglo XXI, dragando el suelo marino y removiendo arrecifes para permitir la entrada de buques de gran tamaño, lo que conllevó a un crecimiento en el tráfico de mercancías y personas a través de él y convirtiéndolo en el mayor puerto comercial de todo México. En 1992 el Gobierno de México decretó en la zona de arrecifes litorales cercanos al Puerto de Veracruz como un área natural protegida con el nombre de Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PSNSAV). En 2013, con la demanda del comercio internacional, se tomó la decisión de ampliar el puerto, generando un incremento de empleo en la zona y un aumento del flujo de contenedores y automóviles, además de tener una mayor capacidad para transportar cereales, minerales y combustibles. Frente a las disconformidades de la sociedad por la pérdida de espacio protegido, el polígono de Parques tuvo que ser modificado. Con este trabajo se demuestra que la construcción de la ampliación del puerto se inició previa autorización de las autoridades ambientales de la Manifestación de Impacto Ambiental y el cambio en los límites protegidos, lo dicho tuvo inicio con la desaparición de los arrecifes de Punta Gorda y el dragado de la Bahía de Vergara para el arribo de buques de gran calado. A través de un mapeo sistemático de la literatura científica combinado con mapeo satelital e interpretación visual de imágenes, así como el análisis documental, se determinó el daño al sistema de arrecife, el cual cuenta con especies protegidas de acuerdo a la normatividad nacional mexicana.

Abstract Background: Inland sand dunes are expanding and increasing mobility. Knowledge on the plants growing on them is keystone for their management. One of the largest inland dune systems in Mexico is the Médanos de Samalayuca area. Questions: How many and which species of vascular plants are in Samalayuca? Which is the distribution pattern of that flora? Are there endemisms? Are there species of conservation concern? Studied species: Vascular plants. Study site and dates: Médanos de Samalayuca protected area, northern Chihuahua, Mexico; 2017-2022. Methods: A database was generated based on literature, electronic sources, herbarium specimens, photographing, and collection and identification of materials. Distribution, endemism level and conservation status were recorded. Results: The updated checklist of vascular plants for Samalayuca includes 400 species of 246 genera and 65 families. Most species grow in Mixed desert scrub and in Sand dune vegetation. Almost a half are restricted to the Megamexico 1 region, followed by the North American element. One species is Threatened according to the Mexican Official Norm NOM-059, while two are Vulnerable and one is Almost threatened according to the IUCN. Ribes fontinale appears to be extinct. Conclusions: Considering the arid, extreme climate and the low stability of the psammophilous vegetation, the flora of Samalayuca is richer than expected. The area is home to regional and local endemics. The data and information generated here is baseline for further management programs and action planning to protect these fragile ecosystems and the adjacent communities.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las dunas de arena de interior se están expandiendo e incrementando movilidad. El conocimiento sobre sus plantas es clave para su manejo. En México, uno de los mayores sistemas de dunas de interior es el área de los Médanos de Samalayuca. Preguntas: ¿Cuántas y cuáles especies de plantas vasculares hay en Samalayuca? ¿Qué patrón de distribución presenta esa flora? ¿Hay endemismos? ¿Existen especies en estado de riesgo? Especies de estudio: Plantas vasculares. Sitio y años de estudio: Área de protección Médanos de Samalayuca, Chihuahua, México; 2017-2022. Métodos: Se generó una base de datos con base en revisión de literatura, fuentes electrónicas, especímenes de herbario, fotografías y colección e identificación de material botánico. Se registró la distribución, grado de endemismo y estado de conservación de cada especie. Resultados: La lista florística incluye 400 especies de 246 géneros y 65 familias. La mayoría crecen en Matorral desértico micrófilo y en Vegetación de dunas arenosas. Casi la mitad se restringen a la región conocida como Megamexico 1 y 32 % son Norteamericanas. Una está Amenazada de acuerdo a la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059, mientras dos son Vulnerables y una Casi amenazada de acuerdo a la IUCN. Ribes fontinale parece estar extinta. Conclusiones: Considerando el clima árido y extremo y la inestabilidad de la vegetación psamófila, la flora de Samalayuca es más rica de lo esperado. El área alberga endemismos regionales y locales. La información generada puede apoyar programas de manejo y acciones para proteger estos frágiles ecosistemas.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to examine; Ecosystem Services Based Mangrove Forest with Management Model Strategies, Sustainability of Coastal Natural Resources. This research design uses systematic review namely library research that examines quality and critical journals, which have been filtered with inclusion criteria and uses several Google Scholar, Pubmed, Science Direct and Research gate databases as literacy in this study. A search of 2018-2023 articles returned 17,000 keyword results. Ecosystem Services Based Mangrove Forest with Management Strategies, which were filtered into 10 journals according to the theme and analyzed by reviewing them. Ecosystem Services Based Mangrove Forest with Management Strategies. The research results show that mangrove ecosystem services with an area of 88,556 ha was Rp 6,961,126,186,194 year-1 (US$ 467,974,555.06 year-1) or Rp 78,607,444 ha-1-1 (US$ 5,284.5 ha-1year-1). Ecosystem Services Based Mangrove Forest with Management Strategies, that there are three main components that must be considered in efforts to manage and utilize mangrove ecosystems and coastal natural resources, namely; 1) social activity(social processes) provide socialization or understanding to the community about the importance of protecting mangrove forests and the benefits that the community will receive 2) the economy(economic processes) take advantage of the existing potential by planting mangrove trees, and 3) the natural resources themselves(natural processes) Mangrove forest management includes establishing protected forest areas for mangrove forest conservation so that they are well maintained and sustainable. From the socio-economic, cultural and human aspects, natural resources are needed to be able to continue their lives, on the other hand, the existence or sustainability of coastal natural resources is very dependent on human activities as the main users of natural resources. examine Strategies Resources Scholar Pubmed study 20182023 2018 2023 2018-202 17000 17 000 17,00 1 them 88556 88 556 88,55 6961126186194 6 961 126 186 194 6,961,126,186,19 year1 year year- US$ US (US 46797455506 467 974 555 06 467,974,555.0 78607444 78 607 444 78,607,44 ha11 ha-1- 52845 5 284 5,284. ha1year1. ha1year1 hayear 1year . ha-1year-1) activitysocial activity processes 2 economyeconomic economy economic trees 3 themselvesnatural themselves sustainable socioeconomic, socioeconomic socio economic, socio-economic aspects lives hand 2018202 201 202 2018-20 1700 00 17,0 8855 8 55 88,5 696112618619 96 12 18 19 6,961,126,186,1 4679745550 46 97 0 467,974,555. 7860744 7 60 44 78,607,4 ha1 ha-1 5284 28 5,284 ha1year ha-1year-1 201820 20 2018-2 170 17, 885 88, 69611261861 9 6,961,126,186, 467974555 4 467,974,555 786074 78,607, ha- 528 5,28 ha-1year- 20182 2018- 6961126186 6,961,126,186 46797455 467,974,55 78607 78,607 52 5,2 ha-1year 696112618 6,961,126,18 4679745 467,974,5 7860 78,60 5, 69611261 6,961,126,1 467974 467,974, 786 78,6 6961126 6,961,126, 46797 467,974 78, 696112 6,961,126 4679 467,97 69611 6,961,12 467,9 6961 6,961,1 467, 696 6,961, 69 6,961 6,96 6,9 6,

Resumo Este estudo analisa os serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos por florestas de manguezal e propõe estratégias de manejo para a sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais costeiros. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão sistemática, ou seja, pesquisa bibliográfica que examina periódicos críticos e de qualidade, revisados por pares em bancos de dados como Google Scholar, Pubmed, Science Direct e Researchgate. Uma pesquisa de artigos de 2018-2023 retornou 17.000 resultados com as palavras-chave “Serviços Ecossistêmicos de Florestas de Manguezal com Estratégias de Manejo”. Após filtragem de acordo com o tema, foram analisadas 10 publicações científicas. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que os serviços ecossistêmicos de mangue com uma área de 88.556 ha foram de Rp 6.961.126.186.194 ano-1 (US$ 467.974.555,06 ano-1) ou Rp 78.607.444 ha-1-1 (US$ 5.284,5 ha-1ano-1). O estudo também identificou três componentes principais a serem considerados no manejo e utilização dos ecossistemas de manguezais e recursos naturais costeiros: 1) a atividade social (processos sociais) proporciona socialização ou compreensão à comunidade sobre a importância de proteger os manguezais e os benefícios que a comunidade receberá; 2) a economia (processos econômicos) aproveita o potencial existente plantando árvores de mangue; e 3) os próprios recursos naturais (processos naturais). O manejo dos manguezais inclui o estabelecimento de áreas florestais protegidas para a conservação das florestas de manguezais, para que sejam bem mantidas e sustentáveis. Do ponto de vista socioeconômico, cultural e humano, os recursos naturais são necessários para poder continuar as suas vidas. Por outro lado, a existência ou sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais costeiros está muito dependente das atividades humanas, uma vez que o ser humano é o principal usuário desses recursos. sistemática seja qualidade Scholar Pubmed Researchgate 20182023 2018 2023 2018-202 17000 17 000 17.00 palavraschave palavras chave Serviços Manejo. Manejo . Manejo” tema 1 científicas 88556 88 556 88.55 6961126186194 6 961 126 186 194 6.961.126.186.19 ano1 ano ano- US$ US (US 46797455506 467 974 555 06 467.974.555,0 78607444 78 607 444 78.607.44 ha11 ha-1- 52845 5 284 5.284, ha1ano1. ha1ano1 haano 1ano ha-1ano-1) processos sociais receberá 2 econômicos 3 naturais. naturais) sustentáveis socioeconômico vidas lado humanas 2018202 201 202 2018-20 1700 00 17.0 8855 8 55 88.5 696112618619 96 12 18 19 6.961.126.186.1 4679745550 46 97 0 467.974.555, 7860744 7 60 44 78.607.4 ha1 ha-1 5284 28 5.284 ha1ano ha-1ano-1 201820 20 2018-2 170 17. 885 88. 69611261861 9 6.961.126.186. 467974555 4 467.974.555 786074 78.607. ha- 528 5.28 ha-1ano- 20182 2018- 6961126186 6.961.126.186 46797455 467.974.55 78607 78.607 52 5.2 ha-1ano 696112618 6.961.126.18 4679745 467.974.5 7860 78.60 5. 69611261 6.961.126.1 467974 467.974. 786 78.6 6961126 6.961.126. 46797 467.974 78. 696112 6.961.126 4679 467.97 69611 6.961.12 467.9 6961 6.961.1 467. 696 6.961. 69 6.961 6.96 6.9 6.

Resumen: El turismo de base comunitaria se ha considerado una estrategia fundamental para comprender y apoyar la conservación, valorizar los atributos de la naturaleza y de la cultura y el propio proceso de gestión de unidades de conservación de la naturaleza. Las primeras iniciativas de esa práctica surgieron, a mediados de la década de 1990, en las regiones norte, nordeste y sur de Brasil, caracterizadas por un fuerte componente de participación y protagonismo de la comunidad local, en el proceso de planificación y gestión de las actividades, sobre todo, en defensa de sus territorios tradicionalmente ocupados, que en gran parte están vinculados a las unidades de conservación de uso sostenible. El artículo busca, así, analizar las percepciones de los actores locales e interlocutores institucionales sobre el turismo de base comunitaria en unidades de conservación de uso sostenible federales, considerando cuatro experiencias: Área de Protección Ambiental Guapi-Mirim (RJ), Área de Protección Ambiental de Cairuçu (RJ), Reserva Extractivista Prainha do Canto Verde (CE) y Reserva Extractiva Tapajós-Arapiuns (PA). La metodología de investigación cualitativa adoptada se basó, principalmente, en el estudio bibliográfico y documental, el trabajo de campo virtual y el análisis y tratamiento de los datos. Los principales resultados obtenidos han revelado numerosas oportunidades de turismo de base comunitaria en unidad de conservación de uso sostenible, de organización sociopolítica, reconocimiento y valorización mutua de naturaleza-cultura, además del diálogo entre comunidades, ICMBio, colaboradores y sociedad civil. Resumen surgieron 1990 norte Brasil local actividades todo ocupados busca así federales experiencias GuapiMirim Guapi Mirim RJ, RJ , (RJ) CE (CE TapajósArapiuns Tapajós Arapiuns PA. PA . (PA) basó principalmente documental datos sociopolítica naturalezacultura, naturalezacultura cultura, naturaleza-cultura comunidades ICMBio civil 199 (RJ (PA 19 1

Abstract: Community-based tourism has been considered a fundamental strategy to understand and support conservation, value the attributes of nature and culture and the very process of management of protected areas. The first initiatives emerged in the mid-1990s in the North, Northeast and South regions of Brazil, characterized by a strong component of participation and protagonism of the local community in the process of planning and management of activities. These initiatives are presented, above all, in defense of their traditionally occupied territories, which, for the most part, are linked to the protected areas with sustainable use of natural resources. The article seeks, thus, to analyze the perceptions of local actors and institutional interlocutors on community-based tourism in federal protected areas with sustainable use of natural resources, considering four experiences: Guapi-Mirim Environmental Protection Area (Rio de Janeiro) Environmental Protection Area of Cairuçu (Rio de Janeiro), Prainha do Canto Verde Extractive Reserve (Ceará) and Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve (Pará). The adopted qualitative research methodology was based mainly on bibliographical and documental survey, on virtual fieldwork and on data analysis and treatment. The main results achieved revealed numerous opportunities for community-based tourism in protected areas with a sustainable use of natural resources, socio-political organization, mutual recognition and appreciation of nature-culture, in addition to dialogue between communities, ICMBio, partners and civil society. Abstract Communitybased Community conservation mid1990s mids mid 1990s s North Brazil activities presented all territories which part resources seeks thus communitybased experiences GuapiMirim Guapi Mirim Rio Janeiro Janeiro, , Ceará (Ceará TapajósArapiuns Tapajós Arapiuns Pará. Pará . (Pará) survey treatment sociopolitical socio political organization natureculture, natureculture culture, nature-culture communities ICMBio society (Pará

Resumo: O turismo de base comunitária tem sido considerado uma estratégia fundamental para compreender e apoiar a conservação, valorizar os atributos de natureza e cultura e o próprio processo de gestão de unidades de conservação. As primeiras iniciativas dessa prática surgiram, em meados da década de 1990, nas Regiões Norte, Nordeste e Sul do Brasil, caracterizadas por um forte componente de participação e protagonismo da comunidade local, no processo de planejamento e gestão das atividades, sobretudo, em defesa dos seus territórios tradicionalmente ocupados, que, em sua maioria, são vinculados às unidades de conservação de uso sustentável. O artigo busca, assim, analisar as percepções dos atores locais e interlocutores institucionais sobre o turismo de base comunitária em unidades de conservação de uso sustentável federais, considerando quatro experiências: Área de Proteção Ambiental Guapi-Mirim (RJ), Área de Proteção Ambiental de Cairuçu (RJ), Reserva Extrativista Prainha do Canto Verde (CE) e Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns (PA). A metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa adotada se baseou, principalmente, em levantamentos bibliográfico e documental, no trabalho de campo virtual e na análise e tratamento dos dados. Os principais resultados alcançados revelaram inúmeras oportunidades de turismo de base comunitária em unidade de conservação de uso sustentável, de organização sociopolítica, reconhecimento e valorização mútua de natureza-cultura, além do diálogo entre comunidades, ICMBio, parceiros e sociedade civil. Resumo surgiram 1990 Norte Brasil local atividades sobretudo ocupados que maioria busca assim federais experiências GuapiMirim Guapi Mirim RJ, RJ , (RJ) CE (CE TapajósArapiuns Tapajós Arapiuns PA. PA . (PA) baseou principalmente documental dados sociopolítica naturezacultura, naturezacultura cultura, natureza-cultura comunidades ICMBio civil 199 (RJ (PA 19 1

ABSTRACT A great challenge to overcome is how to maintain and increase the productivity of vegetables, such as jambu (Acmella oleracea), by using natural processes and living organisms that stimulate plant production and release fewer toxic residues into the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of A. oleracea, based on biometric, and physiological responses, following the application of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae and the growth promoter Trichoderma asperellum, under protected and unprotected planting systems, in the rainy and dry seasons of the Amazon. Two trials were conducted simultaneously, in randomized blocks, in a commercial area of peri-urban agriculture in the municipality of Ananindeua, Pará state, Brazil, in protected and unprotected hanging beds. Metarhizium anisopliae, B. bassiana, and T. asperellum isolates promoted growth in jambu in protected and unprotected plantation systems, in both crop cycles. Of note, M. anisopliae matched the results obtained with the growth promoter T. asperellum and stood out for favoring greater performance in all of the evaluated growth variables, especially in the protected cultivation system and in rainy season. In addition, A. oleracea grew better in all treatments in a protected planting system and in both evaluated periods. Therefore, A. oleracea treated with M. anisopliae, B. bassiana, or T. asperellum presented better growth, produced more biomass, and exhibited superior gas exchange. vegetables Acmella , oleracea) environment biometric responses systems Amazon simultaneously blocks periurban peri urban Ananindeua state Brazil beds B T cycles note M variables season addition periods Therefore biomass exchange

RESUMO Um dos grandes desafios a serem superados é manter e aumentar a produtividade de hortaliças, como o jambu (Acmella oleracea), utilizando processos naturais e organismos vivos que estimulem a produção vegetal, com menos resíduos tóxicos no meio ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento de plantas de A.oleracea, por meio de respostas biométricas e fisiológicas, após a aplicação dos fungos entomopatogênicos Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae e do promotor de crescimento Trichoderma asperellum, sob sistemas de plantio protegido e não protegido, nas estações chuvosa e seca da Amazônia. Dois ensaios foram conduzidos simultaneamente, em blocos casualizados, em uma área comercial de agricultura periurbana no município de Ananindeua, Pará, Brasil, em canteiros suspensos protegidos e não protegidos. Os isolados fúngicos de M. anisopliae, B. bassiana e T. asperellum promoveram o crescimento em plantações de jambu, em sistemas de plantio protegido e desprotegido, em ambos os ciclos de cultivo. No entanto, M. anisopliae se igualou aos resultados obtidos com o promotor de crescimento T. asperellum e se destacou por favorecer maior desempenho em todas as variáveis de crescimento avaliadas, principalmente no sistema de cultivo protegido e no período chuvoso amazônico. Além disso, as plantas de A. oleracea apresentaram melhor crescimento em todos os tratamentos, em sistema de plantio protegido, nos dois períodos avaliados. Portanto, plantas de A. oleracea tratadas com fungos como M. ansiopliae, B. bassiana e T. asperellum apresentaram maior crescimento, biomassa e trocas gasosas. hortaliças Acmella oleracea, , oleracea) vegetal ambiente Aoleracea A A.oleracea fisiológicas Amazônia simultaneamente casualizados Ananindeua Pará Brasil M B T desprotegido entanto avaliadas amazônico disso tratamentos avaliados Portanto ansiopliae gasosas

Abstract Aerial census for identification and quantification of nesting sites of Golden Eagle was performed through the mountain ranges of the central Baja California Peninsula, Mexico from 5 to 8 April 2021. We identified a total of 113 nests and 12 territories of Golden Eagle on a sampling trajectory of 1,203 km that encompassed a surface of 176,000 ha. The highest abundance of nests (n = 57) was recorded between 29º and 30º N latitudes with elevations ranging between 600 and 700 m (n = 35) in the Valle de Los Cirios Protected Natural Area, which is mainly associated with mountain biotopes with steep cliffs and ample alluvial valleys that promote foraging and nesting sites for this species. The number of nests of Golden Eagle showed an inverse relationship with the altitude along a latitudinal gradient. This study reports new nesting sites of Golden Eagle in the central peninsular region that includes the mountain ranges of Matomí, Jaraguay, and La Libertad.

Resumen Un censo aéreo para la identificación y cuantificación de sitios de anidación de águila real fue realizado a través de los sistemas montañosos de la parte central de la península de Baja California, México, del 5 al 8 de abril de 2021. Identificamos un total de 113 nidos y 12 territorios de águila real a través de una trayectoria de muestreo de 1,203 km que abarcó una superficie de 176,000 ha. La mayor abundancia de nidos (n = 57) fue registrada entre las latitudes 29º y 30º N con elevaciones variando entre 600 y 700 m (n = 35) en el Área Natural Protegida Valle de Los Cirios, la cual está principalmente asociada a biotopos de montaña con acantilados pronunciados y amplios valles aluviales que promueven sitios de forrajeo y anidación para esta especie. El número de nidos demostró una relación inversa con la altitud a través de un gradiente latitudinal. Este estudio reporta nuevos sitios de anidación de águila real en la región central peninsular que incluye de norte a sur a las sierras de Matomí, Jaraguay y La Libertad.

Resumo A adoção de estratégias de manejo sustentável de recursos de uso comum é uma forma de interferir nos processos de territorialização de povos e comunidades tradicionais. Este artigo visa contextualizar historicamente o uso de recursos naturais na região do lago Amanã, Maraã-AM, descrever a delimitação territorial e as áreas de caça de uma comunidade ribeirinha e apresentar uma proposta de zoneamento para o manejo sustentável da caça de subsistência. Os dados abrangem um recorte temporal de cinquenta anos e foram obtidos através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, mapeamento sistemático de pontos de caça e mapeamento participativo do uso de recursos na região. A proposta de zoneamento formulada buscou referências em modelos consagrados e na discussão junto à comunidade. Ao longo do período analisado foram identificadas duas lógicas territoriais cuja combinação tem impactos importantes na territorialidade da comunidade estudada. A área de caça utilizada por moradores da comunidade acompanha a tendência de retração da área de uso a ela destinada, porém em ritmo distinto, gerando sobreposições e conflitos. A proposta de zoneamento para manejo espacial de fauna (de 22.216,22 ha de área) foi considerada adequada pelos comunitários, mas segue sendo necessário desenvolver esta estratégia de manejo da fauna com base nas territorialidades locais. tradicionais Amanã MaraãAM, MaraãAM Maraã AM, AM Maraã-AM subsistência semiestruturadas estudada destinada distinto conflitos 2221622 22 216 22.216,2 comunitários locais 222162 2 21 22.216, 22216 22.216 2221 22.21 222 22.2 22.

Abstract Implementing sustainable management strategies for common-use resources influences traditional peoples’ and communities’ territorialization processes. This article aims to provide historical context on the use of natural resources in the Amanã Lake region, Maraã, Amazonas, Brazil. It also seeks to describe the territorial boundaries and hunting areas of one riverine community, presenting a proposal for establishing a sustainable management plan for subsistence hunting. Data covered a fifty-year period and were obtained through semi-structured interviews, systematic mapping of hunting locations, and participatory mapping of natural resource use in the region. The proposed take and no-take zones for wildlife management were based on previously established models in the region and on discussions with the villagers. Over the studied period, two territorial perspectives were identified, and their co-occurrence has had significant impacts on the territoriality of the community. The hunting area used by villagers decreased as its designated use area did, but at a different pace. This shift led to overlaps and conflicts over resource use. The proposed spatial wildlife management plan (area of 22,216.22 ha) was considered appropriate by the villagers, but there is still a need to develop this strategy based on local territorialities. commonuse common peoples communities processes Maraã Amazonas Brazil community fiftyyear fifty year semistructured semi structured interviews locations notake no identified cooccurrence co occurrence did pace 2221622 22 216 22,216.2 ha territorialities 222162 2 21 22,216. 22216 22,216 2221 22,21 222 22,2 22,

Resumo Mudanças na paisagem causadas pela construção de barragens hidrelétricas e invasão da agricultura na região ribeirinha têm catalisado alterações na dinâmica da cadeia alimentar de peixes. Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar o estado trófico e o uso da terra de três rios, um diretamente impactado por uma barragem; a estrutura trófica de quatro espécies de peixes de quatro guildas tróficas; e a relação entre o estado trófico e o uso da terra com a estrutura trófica. Encontramos maior contribuição alóctone total no rio regulado pela barragem em contraste com seus tributários, juntamente com menos cobertura natural na região ribeirinha, mas uma alta porcentagem de vegetação natural nas ilhas. Além disso, observamos uma maior contribuição das fontes ribeirinhas para todos os três rios, independentemente do estado trófico e da cobertura natural do rio. A posição trófica foi maior para os peixes no rio em uma área protegida e menor nos rios com uma alta porcentagem de atividades agropastoris nas áreas ribeirinhas. Esses achados mostram a importância da conservação das zonas ribeirinhas, principalmente em rios regulados por barragens, pois essa vegetação fornece a principal fonte de energia dos peixes. tróficas tributários ilhas disso

Abstract Landscape change caused by hydropower dam construction and invasion of agriculture in the riparian zone has been a catalyst for alterations in fish food web dynamics. The objectives of this study were to investigate the trophic state and land use of three rivers, one directly impacted by a dam; the trophic structure of four fish species of four trophic guilds; and the relationship between the trophic state and land use with trophic structure. We found a greater total allochthonous contribution in the dam-regulated river in contrast to its tributaries, along with less natural cover in the riparian zone, but a high percentage of natural vegetation on the islands. Additionally, we observed greater contribution of the riverine sources for all three rivers, independent of the trophic state and natural cover of the river. The trophic position was greater for the fish in the river in a protected area and lower in the rivers with a high percentage of agropastoral activities in the riparian areas. These findings show the importance of the conservation of the riverine zones mainly in dam-regulated rivers, because this vegetation provides the main energy source by fish. dynamics guilds damregulated regulated tributaries islands Additionally areas