Abstract: Over the past thirty years, the Latin American and Caribbean region has been part of the process of deconstructing the protected work model, especially with the impetus of neoliberal policies aimed at flexibilizing these relationships and gradually changing labor laws. One of the indicators is the informalization of employment, in this study referring to the lack of contributions to social security and the social benefits associated with wage labor. Secondary sources from the National Institute of Statistics, Continuous Household Surveys between the years 2010-2022, were analyzed to understand the socio-economic characteristics and profile of workers. It is noteworthy that the Uruguayan and Chilean cases have the particularity of reducing informal labor.

Resumen: Durante los últimos treinta años el continente latinoamericano y caribeño ha sido parte del proceso de deconstrucción del modelo de trabajo protegido, especialmente a partir del impulso de políticas neoliberales de flexibilizar las relaciones laborales y cambiar las legislaciones vinculadas. Uno de los indicadores de esto es la informalización del empleo. Este estudio refiere al no aporte a la seguridad social y a los beneficios sociales que apareja el trabajo asalariado. Se analizaron fuentes secundarias del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, las Encuestas Continuas de Hogares correspondientes al período 2010-2022, para conocer las características socioeconómicas y el perfil de los trabajadores, considerando que el caso uruguayo presenta la particularidad de disminuir la informalidad laboral.

Resumo: Nos últimos trinta anos, o continente latino-americano e caribenho tem sido parte do processo de desconstrução do modelo de trabalho protegido, especialmente impulsionado por políticas neoliberais que buscam flexibilizar essas relações e alterar as legislações trabalhistas. Um dos indicadores desse fenômeno é a informalização do emprego, neste estudo referindo-se à falta de contribuição para a seguridade social e aos benefícios sociais associados ao trabalho assalariado. Foram analisadas fontes secundárias do Instituto Nacional de Estatística, bem como as Pesquisas Contínuas de Domicílios entre os anos de 2010-2022, para compreender as características socioeconômicas e o perfil dos trabalhadores. Vale ressaltar que, no caso uruguaio e chileno, há uma particularidade interessante de redução da informalidade laboral.

Abstract This article analyses the importance of preserving the protected area designated as the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, in the State of Goiás, both from the international perspective, as it is part of Unesco’s World Heritage, and by its biodiversity. The methodology adopted concerns documental and bibliographical analysis, focused on the environmental relevance of the area, also comprehending national and international documents that emphasize the events following its creation and the period when the World Heritage title was jeopardized. Reaching the results demanded a case study strategy, with a qualitative approach, descriptive and exploratory objectives, by means of bibliographical (books, thesis, dissertations and scientific articles) and documental (analysis of international norms, laws, decrees, acts, resolutions, statutes and projects related to the Park) research. At the end, considerations are presented showing that this heritage is still endangered and that reinforcing the strategic management, by inter-federative and multi-level governance, given by the local-to-global interaction, aiming at sustainable development, is of utmost need. Park Goiás perspective Unescos Unesco s biodiversity analysis jeopardized strategy approach objectives books, books (books thesis articles norms laws decrees acts resolutions research end management interfederative inter federative multilevel multi level governance localtoglobal local global interaction development need

Resumo Este artigo analisa a importância da manutenção da Unidade de Conservação denominada Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, em Goiás, tanto do ponto de vista internacional, haja vista ser Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO, como relativamente à sua biodiversidade. Como metodologia, fez-se a análise documental e bibliográfica da relevância ambiental dessa área, compreendendo os documentos nacionais e internacionais, com enfoque nos desdobramentos ocorridos após sua criação e o período em que o título de Patrimônio Mundial esteve em xeque. Para alcançar os resultados, adotou-se a estratégia de estudo de caso, de abordagem qualitativa, com objetivos descritivos e exploratórios, realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica (livros, teses, dissertações e artigos científicos) e documental (análise de normas internacionais, leis, decretos, portarias, resoluções, estatutos, atas e projetos relacionados ao Parque). Ao final, trazem-se como considerações que esse patrimônio ainda corre perigo e que há a necessidade de reforçar a gestão estratégica, por meio da governança interfederativa e multinível, dada pela interação local-global, com vistas à concretização do desenvolvimento sustentável. Veadeiros Goiás internacional UNESCO biodiversidade metodologia fezse fez se área internacionais xeque alcancar alcanc ar resultados adotouse adotou estrategia estrate gia caso qualitativa exploratorios explorato rios exploratórios bibliografica bibliogra fica livros, livros (livros teses dissertacoes dissertac es científicos cientificos cienti ficos análise analise ana lise leis decretos portarias resolucoes resoluc resoluções estatutos Parque. . Parque) final trazemse trazem estratégica multinível localglobal, localglobal local global, global local-global sustentável

Migration has become a global phenomenon and South Africa, like many other countries, is a recipient of migrant workers. Migrant workers can be classified under five categories: permanent residents, refugees, asylum seekers, temporary residents, and undocumented migrants. This article focuses on documented migrants and their right to engage in work. Integral to the right to work is the right to choose one's trade, occupation or profession freely. This is a constitutionally protected right, but is reserved exclusively for citizens, which implies that migrant workers can be lawfully excluded from working in certain occupations or professions. This ties in with South Africa's obligation to protect employment opportunities for citizens. However, South Africa has immigration laws in place that afford substantial rights to certain categories of migrants. Furthermore, as a member of the UN and International Labour Organisation (ILO), South Africa has certain international law obligations. Against this backdrop, this article engages with the recent Constitutional Court decision of Rafoneke v Minister of Justice and Correctional Services where temporary residents were denied the right to be admitted to practise and be authorised to be enrolled as legal practitioners. The article seeks to establish whether this decision, which has been viewed as disappointing, complies with international law and upholds the legal principles endorsed in preceding cases.

South Africa's suite of environmental laws contains many criminal sanctions and penalty provisions. Whether the criminal sanction is an effective tool that realises the constitutionally protected environmental right depends on how it is practically enforced and whether potential offenders become aware of such enforcement measures. This article reports on research aimed at collecting and analysing prosecutions for industrial-related transgressions (conducted mainly in Magistrates' Courts) and involving offences under the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), the Waste Act, the Air Quality Act and the National Water Act. An analysis of 53 prosecutions shows that most cases resulted in convictions, half were concluded through plea and sentence agreements, half involved the conviction of individuals, no direct imprisonment penalties were imposed, and low fines were imposed in most cases. The findings include that there is some inconsistency in how different listed activities or water uses are treated as separate or consolidated criminal charges, and the exact number, outcome, or trends arising from such cases are difficult to determine as there is no central, readily accessible database of concluded prosecutions. Increased access to such information will improve knowledge, implementation and the effective use of the criminal sanction through prosecutions. In turn, this will contribute to the improved realisation of the constitutionally protected environmental right.

Resumen Introducción: La compensación ambiental es un instrumento técnico-jurídico de gestión ambiental utilizado para compensar el daño ambiental debido a los impactos irreversibles e inevitables de proyectos de desarrollo. Por lo general, las regulaciones de compensación se incluyen en la legislación ambiental nacional. Este artículo resume la legislación de compensación ambiental en Costa Rica, un país con una reconocida tradición de conservación y conciencia ambiental. Nuestro objetivo es describir cómo se formula la compensación en ese país e identificar posibles vacíos regulatorios. Métodos: Realizamos una revisión sistemática de la legislación ambiental a través del Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica (http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/avanzada_pgr.aspx), considerando tanto normativa como pronunciamientos sobre medidas de compensación y mitigación. Resultados: La Constitución Política de Costa Rica reconoce el medio ambiente sano como un derecho fundamental de todos los ciudadanos. Actualmente se encuentran en vigencia al menos siete leyes que tratan de temas ambientales y sus respectivos reglamentos. Esta voluminosa legislación tiene como objetivo proteger los recursos naturales regulando su uso y creando un conjunto de áreas silvestres protegidas. Sin embargo, la legislación es algo repetitiva y abierta a interpretación, lo que facilita la confusión. Las acciones que requieren compensación están reguladas de manera general, lo que dificulta establecer cuándo y cómo aplicarlas. Además, la compensación se considera en función de cuándo se identifica el daño y no debido a su nivel de impacto ambiental. Asimismo, la normativa no hace explícitos los principios y objetivos que sustentan las medidas compensatorias ni cómo deben llevarse a cabo, mencionando brevemente algunas acciones que no aseguran que la pérdida ambiental neta sea cero. Conclusiones: Esta revisión revela la necesidad de estandarizar los mecanismos para determinar las medidas compensatorias a nivel regulatorio, analizando además las estrategias que se seguirán para asegurar la proporcionalidad y la equivalencia ecológica. La legislación debe enfatizar la importancia de la compensación como práctica positiva, la cual debe ser incorporada dentro de los lineamientos del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental.

Abstract Introduction: Environmental compensation is a technical-legal instrument of environmental management used to offset damage due to non-reversible and unavoidable impacts. Usually, offset regulations are included in national environmental legislations. This paper summarizes environmental compensation legislation in Costa Rica, a country with a recognized conservation tradition and environmental awareness. Our goal is to describe how compensation is formulated in that country and identify possible regulations gaps. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of environmental legislation through the Costa Rican Legal Information System (http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/avanzada_pgr.aspx), considering both regulations and pronouncements on compensation measures and mitigation. Results: The Political Constitution of Costa Rica recognizes a healthy environment as a fundamental right for all citizens. At least seven laws dealing with environmental issues and their respective regulations are currently enforced. This bulky legislation aims to protect natural resources by regulating their use and creating an assemblage of protected wild areas. However, the legislation is somewhat repetitive and open to interpretation, facilitating confusion. Actions requiring compensation are regulated in a general way, making it difficult to establish when and how to apply them. In addition, compensation is considered based on when the damage is identified and not on its level of environmental impact. Furthermore, the regulations do not make explicit the principles and goals that support the compensatory measures or how they should be carried out, briefly mentioning some actions that do not ensure that the net environmental loss is zero. Conclusions: This review reveals the need to standardize the mechanisms to determine compensatory measures at the regulatory level, also analyzing the strategies that will be followed to ensure proportionality and ecological equivalence. The legislation must emphasize the importance of compensation as a positive practice, which must be incorporated within the guidelines of the Environmental Impact Study.

This paper examines the politicisation of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe through discourse analysis of selected media statements released by Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) officials on the COVID-19 pandemic between March 2020 and February 2021. Theoretically, the paper employs Foucault's theory of biopower to interpret the state-citizen power relations that surfaced in the Zimbabwean government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It argues that the ZANU-PF-led government used COVID-19 as an excuse to pursue its political interests. This is politics that protected ZANU-PF's social, political and economic interests by using COVID-19 as an excuse to pulverise various forms of opposition. The argument advanced herein is that while the implementation of the lockdown in Zimbabwe was necessary to save lives, one of its consequences was the protection of self-interests through selective application of lockdown regulations and the passing of laws to silence critics. This resulted in the prohibition of political gatherings, arbitrary arrests, labelling and name-calling of the opposition and the West by ZANU-PF officials who were safeguarding their party's waning support resulting from their mismanagement of the pandemic.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe students protected by laws and exposed to soft drinks sales and assess whether forbidding laws are associated with lower availability of these beverages. METHODS We identified laws forbidding non-government administered cafeterias or sales of soft drinks in schools in the 27 Brazilian state capitals. Data on soft drinks sales were obtained from Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015 (PeNSE – National Survey of School Health 2015), for a representative sample of 9th graders from public and private schools. Students were attributed with the status of their school regarding the law and sale of soft drinks. Co-variables were school status (public or private), school size, geographic regions, mother’s educational level, score of goods and services. We performed multivariate analyses using Poisson regression. RESULTS The total of 23 laws forbidding sales of soft drinks covered 63.0% of capitals, comprising 56.9% of students. Law coverage was higher among students from more developed regions (67.6%) and in public schools (60.6%), compared with those from less developed regions (38.0%) and private schools (45.8%). Soft drinks were available for 33.9% of students. Students attending public schools in less developed regions had the lowest availability of soft drinks, regardless of law coverage (14.8%; 12.0%); while students attending private schools in these regions had a high availability, regardless of law coverage (82.1%; 73.4%). Restrictive laws were associated with lower sales of soft drinks in more developed regions, and restrictions had a greater association with the availability of soft drinks in public schools (PR = 0.25; 95%CI = 0.15-0.41), compared with private schools (PR = 0.48; 95%CI = 0.35-0.66). CONCLUSION Laws restricting soft drinks in schools were associated with fewer sales in more developed regions. Private schools were less compliant with the law than public schools. A broadly enforced national law could reduce the availability of soft drinks in schools.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe students protected by laws and exposed to soft drinks sales and assess whether forbidding laws are associated with lower availability of these beverages. METHODS We identified laws forbidding non-government administered cafeterias or sales of soft drinks in schools in the 27 Brazilian state capitals. Data on soft drinks sales were obtained from Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015 (PeNSE – National Survey of School Health 2015), for a representative sample of 9th graders from public and private schools. Students were attributed with the status of their school regarding the law and sale of soft drinks. Co-variables were school status (public or private), school size, geographic regions, mother’s educational level, score of goods and services. We performed multivariate analyses using Poisson regression. RESULTS The total of 23 laws forbidding sales of soft drinks covered 63.0% of capitals, comprising 56.9% of students. Law coverage was higher among students from more developed regions (67.6%) and in public schools (60.6%), compared with those from less developed regions (38.0%) and private schools (45.8%). Soft drinks were available for 33.9% of students. Students attending public schools in less developed regions had the lowest availability of soft drinks, regardless of law coverage (14.8%; 12.0%); while students attending private schools in these regions had a high availability, regardless of law coverage (82.1%; 73.4%). Restrictive laws were associated with lower sales of soft drinks in more developed regions, and restrictions had a greater association with the availability of soft drinks in public schools (PR = 0.25; 95%CI = 0.15-0.41), compared with private schools (PR = 0.48; 95%CI = 0.35-0.66). CONCLUSION Laws restricting soft drinks in schools were associated with fewer sales in more developed regions. Private schools were less compliant with the law than public schools. A broadly enforced national law could reduce the availability of soft drinks in schools.

This article is dedicated to the analysis of the legal framework for conservation of the geological heritage in natural protected areas of the Argentine Republic. The main objective is to uncover, in many cases, the absence of geology in national and provincial laws, on the understanding that its presence is necessary to legislate and implement policies of geoconservation of sites of geological interest. There are analyzed each of the laws, and verified that the term geology or related words were considered at the time of there elaboration, with the purpose of preserving the geological and geomorphological structures of regional or national importance. To achieve a better understanding, there are examined the experiences in protected areas laws in three pioneer European countries in geoconservation (Spain, Portugal and the United Kingdom). The article is a contribution to the geoconservation study and the improvement of knowledge of political and legal actions concerning conservation of a country geological heritage.

Este trabajo está dedicado al análisis del marco legal referido a la conservación del patrimonio geológico en las áreas naturales protegidas de la República Argentina. El objetivo principal es poner al descubierto, en muchos de los casos, la ausencia de la geología en las leyes nacionales y provinciales, entendiendo su presencia como necesaria para su legislación y posterior aplicación de políticas en geoconservación en los sitios de interés geológico. Son analizadas cada una de las leyes verificando si el término geología o palabras afines, fueron considerados a la hora de su confección con el fin de conservar las estructuras geológicas y geomorfológicas de importancia regional o nacional. Para lograr una mayor comprensión son examinadas las experiencias en las leyes de Áreas Protegidas en tres países europeos pioneros en la geoconservación (España, Portugal y Reino Unido). El artículo pretende ser una contribución al estudio de la geoconservación y al desarrollo de saberes en políticas y acciones legales de conservación del patrimonio geológico del país.

The right to enjoying the highest attainable standard of health is incorporated in many international and regional human rights instruments. This right contains both freedoms and entitlements, including the freedom to control one's own health and body and the right to an accessible system of health care, goods and services. Both aspects of the right to health - freedoms and entitlements - have important cultural dimensions. The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has for instance stated that the right to health implies that health facilities, goods and services must be culturally appropriate, in other words respectful of the culture of individuals and communities. At the same time, it should be noted that culture and health may have a problematic relationship. Cultural patterns, attitudes or stereotypes may severely limit the health freedoms of people or may prevent certain people from accessing health care. Furthermore, there are some cultural or traditional practices that are condoned but that are very harmful to people's health. It seems that international human rights law demands respect for the cultural dimensions of the right to health, while at the same time requiring protection of the right to health against negative aspects of cultures. How does this work out in practice? What does the concept of "culturally appropriate" health goods and services mean at the national level? Who decides on what is or is not culturally appropriate? How have international supervisory bodies elaborated on the freedoms and entitlements of the right to health and the obligations for States Parties to the treaties in relation to the cultural dimensions of the right to health? This article analyses several treaty provisions and the interpretation of these provisions by the treaty monitoring bodies. Apart from several UN treaties, several regional treaties in Africa are dealt with, notably the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. The article concludes that various cultural dimensions of the right to health are recognised and elaborated upon in recommendations by treaty monitoring bodies both at UN and African level. These bodies have endorsed the idea that health facilities, goods and services must be respectful of the culture of individuals, peoples and communities. At the same time, the right to health should be protected against the negative impact that cultural values, patterns or practices may have, such as on access to health goods and services and on the health of people as such. The latter issue has received most attention at the UN as well as at African level, and there appears to be a clear consensus on several practices that are considered harmful. It is also realised, however, that the identification of a certain practice as harmful by an international body, even if agreed to by the State Party, is not sufficient to eradicate it. Cultural communities are crucial in promoting social and behavioural changes that may be needed to eradicate harmful practices. It is therefore important to involve the cultural communities concerned in the drafting, implementation and evaluation of health laws and policies. This could be more emphasised by the monitoring bodies. The involvement of the cultural community is also crucial to respecting and promoting the more positive cultural dimensions of the right to health. By consulting the cultural communities and individuals concerned, States can implement the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health in a culturally sensitive, appropriate and responsible way.

This contribution is an introductory survey and preliminary evaluation of the conservation status of eagles in South African law. The methodology is primarily an interdisciplinary literature study of legal texts and texts from the natural sciences. Eagles are some of the largest and most powerful avian predators, and the human response to their presence is dualistic and polarised. At the one extreme, many people admire eagles, while at the other extreme they are perceived as a threat to economic and other interests, and may even be actively persecuted in a conviction that they are vermin. This duality in the human perception of eagles is also prevalent in South Africa and complicates their conservation. The mobility of eagles and other birds of prey means that they cannot be restrained by fencing national parks and other protected areas, and this heightens the likelihood of their entering into conflict with human interests. The conservation problems faced by eagles in South Africa can broadly be divided into direct and indirect threats. Direct threats include the intentional killing of eagles, and trade in eagles and their eggs. Indirect threats include non-targeted poisoning (where poisoned bait is used to control other predators, but eagles find the bait, feed on it, and succumb); habitat loss; mortality induced by dangerous structures; and disturbance. The legal status of eagles is influenced by a large body of legislative provisions, ranging from international and regional legal instruments, through national legislation, to provincial legislative measures. An overview of these provisions is given, with concise explanations of how they apply to the legal status of eagles and other birds of prey in South Africa. The conservation status of eagles in South African law is subsequently evaluated by considering the contribution of the applicable laws to three main types of conservation interventions. In respect of the first, habitat preservation, the relevant legal provisions contribute to an impressive array of conserved habitats in national parks and other protected areas. However, the mobility of eagles, and the fact that some species occur mainly outside protected areas, make it imperative for eagles also to be afforded legal protection outside of protected areas. In respect of the second type of intervention, namely management activities to conserve the species in their habitats, an inquiry is made into how the law addresses the threats of the intentional killing of eagles; trade in eagles and their eggs; non-targeted poisoning; mortality induced by dangerous structures; and disturbance. The protection is found to be sound in principle. In respect of the third and most intensive intervention, captive breeding, a regulatory framework is in place, but no such intervention on eagle species is known to be operative in South Africa. In conclusion a number of recommendations are made. The existing laws can be improved by aligning the legal status of species with their Red List status; listing all bird of prey species that are not Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable, as Protected for the purpose of national environmental legislation; and, in the medium rather than the short term, considering the imposition of legal obligations on electricity suppliers to implement measures that will mitigate mortalities on electricity structures. Better application of the existing laws could be achieved by improving compliance and enforcement, and by facilitating the optimal use of Biodiversity Management Plans, environmental research, and environmental education.

Biodiversity loss caused by population growth, the demand of resources and productive activities is inconsistent with the recognition of its importance. In terrestrial ecosystems, the National State System of Protected Areas (SNASPE) contains about 19 % of continental Chile. Although it does not represent all the ecosystems with endangered species, it can be supplemented by implementing new public and private protected areas (PA and PPP, respectively). The development of Marine Protected Areas (AMP) is emerging, and some strategies share conservation responsibility with local stakeholders. In Chile, a set of regulations, laws and international treaties promote different conservation opportunities in land and marine coastal ecosystems. Some of the derived challenges involve standardizing the classification of species in conservation categories according to an international Protocol and optimizing the methodologies for selecting priority conservation areas; both criteria are essential for decision-making in biodiversity conservation. Another challenge is integrating the intrinsic value of biodiversity and the ecosystem services provided for promoting a participatory culture. This would improve the effectiveness of different strategies for the protection and sustainable use of biodiversity, involving education and citizen participation from a bio-cultural perspective. Education promotes nature conservation, as people become aware of their environment. Since participation involves citizens as actors in decision-making, it promotes the effective implementation of strategies for the conservation of biodiversity.

La pérdida de la biodiversidad producida por el crecimiento demográfico, la demanda por recursos y la actividad productiva es contradictoria con el reconocimiento de su importancia. En ecosistemas terrestres, el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas del Estado (SNASPE) contiene cerca del 19 % del territorio de Chile continental; aunque no representa todos los ecosistemas con especies amenazadas, puede ser complementado implementando nuevas áreas protegidas públicas (AP) y privadas (APP). El desarrollo de áreas marinas protegidas (AMP) es incipiente, y algunas iniciativas comparten la responsabilidad de conservación con los usuarios locales. En Chile, un conjunto de reglamentos, normas legales y tratados internacionales promueven distintas oportunidades de conservación en ecosistemas terrestres y marinos costeros, de las cuales emergen nuevos desafíos. Entre estos destacan, estandarizar la clasificación de especies según categorías de conservación en un protocolo internacional y optimizar las metodologías para seleccionar áreas prioritarias, ambos criterios indispensables para decidir qué y dónde conservar. Otro desafío es integrar el valor intrínseco de la biodiversidad con los servicios ecosistémicos que presta para instaurar una cultura participativa. Esto mejoraría la efectividad de las distintas estrategias de protección y uso sustentable de la biodiversidad al incorporar la educación y la participación ciudadana desde una perspectiva biocultural. La educación fomenta la conservación de la naturaleza al hacernos conscientes de nuestro entorno; mientras que la participación involucra a los ciudadanos como un actor más en la toma de decisiones, procurando la aplicación efectiva de las estrategias de conservación de la biodiversidad.

Latin America is at the forefront of global progress in smokefree workplaces. Comprehensive smokefree laws have been implemented in four countries, and in many cities, states and provinces. More than 130 million people in Latin America are now protected from secondhand tobacco smoke. Nevertheless, a survey of tobacco control advocates and governments in Latin America found several challenges to progress in smokefree workplaces: the need for voluntary workplace programs where there is no smokefree legislation; weak legislation or lack of comprehensive national smokefree laws; tobacco industry attempts to undermine progress with smokefree laws or overturn existing laws via litigation; lack of compliance with laws; the need for monitoring and evaluation of smokefree laws; the need to make better use of mass media campaigns; and strengthening civil society. However, much progress has already been achieved to address these challenges, in particular through collaborations and the exchange of experience and expertise across Latin America.

América Latina está a la vanguardia del movimiento en favor de lugares de trabajo libres de humo de tabaco. Se han implementado leyes integrales de ambientes libres de humo en cuatro países, y en muchas ciudades, estados y provincias. Gracias a la implementación de estas políticas, más de 130 millones de personas en América Latina están ahora protegidas del humo de tabaco ajeno. Sin embargo, existen varios desafíos para un continuo progreso en la implementación de lugares de trabajo libres de humo de tabaco. A partir de una encuesta realizada con activistas y funcionarios gubernamentales de América Latina, se indentificaron los siguientes desafíos principales: necesidad de adoptar programas voluntarios en los lugares del trabajo cuando no exista legislación; legislación débil o falta de leyes nacionales integrales de ambientes libres de humo de tabaco; intentos de la industria tabacalera por dificultar el progreso de las leyes de ambientes libres de humo o anular leyes existentes a través del litigio; falta de cumplimiento de las leyes; necesidad de monitoreo y evaluación de las leyes de ambientes libres de humo; necesidad de utilizar más eficientemente las campañas de medios masivos de comunicación; y fortalecimiento de la sociedad civil. No obstante, se ha alcanzado ya un gran progreso para enfrentar estos desafíos, particularmente a través de colaboraciones y el intercambio de experiencias entre los países latinoamericanos.

Latin America is at the forefront of global progress in smokefree workplaces. Comprehensive smokefree laws have been implemented in four countries, and in many cities, states and provinces. More than 130 million people in Latin America are now protected from secondhand tobacco smoke. Nevertheless, a survey of tobacco control advocates and governments in Latin America found several challenges to progress in smokefree workplaces: the need for voluntary workplace programs where there is no smokefree legislation; weak legislation or lack of comprehensive national smokefree laws; tobacco industry attempts to undermine progress with smokefree laws or overturn existing laws via litigation; lack of compliance with laws; the need for monitoring and evaluation of smokefree laws; the need to make better use of mass media campaigns; and strengthening civil society. However, much progress has already been achieved to address these challenges, in particular through collaborations and the exchange of experience and expertise across Latin America.

América Latina está a la vanguardia del movimiento en favor de lugares de trabajo libres de humo de tabaco. Se han implementado leyes integrales de ambientes libres de humo en cuatro países, y en muchas ciudades, estados y provincias. Gracias a la implementación de estas políticas, más de 130 millones de personas en América Latina están ahora protegidas del humo de tabaco ajeno. Sin embargo, existen varios desafíos para un continuo progreso en la implementación de lugares de trabajo libres de humo de tabaco. A partir de una encuesta realizada con activistas y funcionarios gubernamentales de América Latina, se indentificaron los siguientes desafíos principales: necesidad de adoptar programas voluntarios en los lugares del trabajo cuando no exista legislación; legislación débil o falta de leyes nacionales integrales de ambientes libres de humo de tabaco; intentos de la industria tabacalera por dificultar el progreso de las leyes de ambientes libres de humo o anular leyes existentes a través del litigio; falta de cumplimiento de las leyes; necesidad de monitoreo y evaluación de las leyes de ambientes libres de humo; necesidad de utilizar más eficientemente las campañas de medios masivos de comunicación; y fortalecimiento de la sociedad civil. No obstante, se ha alcanzado ya un gran progreso para enfrentar estos desafíos, particularmente a través de colaboraciones y el intercambio de experiencias entre los países latinoamericanos.

We provide an overview of the current status of vertebrate invasive species throughout Chile, updating information on terrestrial exotics and reporting for the first time the situation of exotic freshwater fishes. In addition, we document the legislation and programs that the Chilean government has implemented to limit the entry of exotics to the country or minimize their impact on native wild flora and fauna and on natural ecosystems. We document what is known about the introduction of 26 exotic fish species to continental waters of the country, discussing the distribution and putative effects of those 11 species that may be considered invasive. From a previous list of 24 terrestrial vertebrate invaders, we withdraw the Argentine tortoise (Chelonoidis chilensis), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and mouflon (Ovis ammon) because there are no data on their subsistence in the wild. On the other hand, we add three new species: red-eared freshwater turtle (Trachemys scripta), monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus), and red-crested cardinal (Paroaria coronata), thus keeping the total number of terrestrial invaders unchanged at 24 species. The chief agency in charge of existing laws and regulations regarding the import of exotic freshwater species is the National Fisheries Service (SERNAPESCA, in Spanish), a dependency of the Ministry of Economy. The main agency in charge of enforcing existing laws and regulations regarding the import of exotic terrestrial species to Chile is the Agriculture and Livestock Service (SAG, in Spanish), a dependency of the Ministry of Agriculture. Currently, SAG is not only controlling major border passes, seaports and airports, but also is funding studies to monitor and control already existing invaders. In addition, the Chilean Forest Service (CONAF, in Spanish) is also concerned about invasive species, but only if they enter national parks and reserves within the National System of Protected Wildlife Areas (SNASPE, in Spanish)

Entregamos una revisión del estado actual de las especies de vertebrados invasores en Chile, actualizando información sobre las especies exóticas terrestres y documentando la situación de las especies exóticas de peces dulceacuícolas. Además, revisamos la legislación pertinente y los programas que el gobierno chileno ha implementado para limitar la entrada de especies exóticas al país o para minimizar su impacto sobre la flora y fauna nativas y los ecosistemas naturales. Documentamos lo que se conoce sobre la introducción de 26 especies exóticas de peces a las aguas continentales de Chile, discutiendo la distribución y efectos putativos de 11 especies que pueden considerarse invasivas. De la lista previa de 24 especies invasoras de vertebrados terrestres, nosotros retiramos la tortuga argentina (Chelonoidis chilensis), el reno (Rangifer tarandus) y el muflón (Ovis ammon), porque no hay evidencias de que hayan logrado asilvestrarse. Por otra parte, agregamos la tortuga dulceacuícola de orejas rojas (Trachemys scripta), la cotorra argentina (Myiopsitta monachus) y el cardenal de cresta roja (Paraoria coronata), manteniéndose así el total de invasoras constante en 24 especies. La principal agencia a cargo de implementar las leyes y regulaciones existentes con respecto a la importación de especies exóticas de peces es el Servicio Nacional de Pesca (SERNAPESCA), una dependencia del Ministerio de Economía. La principal agencia a cargo de aplicar las leyes y regulaciones vigentes sobre la importación de especies exóticas terrestres a Chile es el Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG), una dependencia del Ministerio de Agricultura. Actualmente, el SAG no solo controla los pasos fronterizos, puertos y aeropuertos de Chile, sino también financia estudios para monitorear y controlar los invasores ya presentes en el país. Además, la Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF) también se involucra con especies invasoras, pero solo si ellas entran al Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del Estado (SNASPE)