Resumen El artículo está dedicado a la aplicación del derecho a suspender o negarse total o parcialmente al cumplimiento de una obligación en caso de incumplimiento de la otra parte. Como material de investigación, se emplearon los trabajos científicos de los clasicistas civiles en el campo de la obligación, así como las investigaciones de los científicos civiles ucranianos. A lo largo del artículo, se descubre qué deberes se deben considerar conflictivos mediante la distinción entre deberes conflictivos e interdependientes. Se destacan las cuestiones de aplicación de la parte 3 del art. 538 del Código Civil de Ucrania en caso de incumplimiento por parte del comprador de la obligación de pagar la mercancía por adelantado. Por otra parte, se aclara la naturaleza jurídica del derecho a suspender o negarse total o parcialmente al cumplimiento de un deber y se llega a la conclusión de que se trata de una forma de proteger los derechos e intereses civiles. Llama la atención el hecho de que el derecho estudiado se puede aplicar en caso de incumplimiento de una obligación negativa de la otra parte. Por último, se proponen formas de mejorar la legislación de Ucrania sobre el tema especificado.

Abstract The article explores the application of the right to suspend or fully or partially refuse to fulfill an obligation in the event of non-fulfillment of a counter-obligation by the other party. Scientific works of civilian classicists on obligation and research of Ukrainian civilian scientists served as material for study. The article distinguishes between conflicting and interdependent duties. It also highlights the issues of Part 3, Article 538 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, in case the buyer fails to fulfill the obligation to pre-pay for goods. The legal nature of the right to suspend or fully/partially refuse to fulfill a duty has been clarified: This is a way to protect civil rights and interests. Attention is drawn to the fact that the studied right can be exercised if the other party breaches a negative obligation. Ways to improve Ukraine's legislation on the specified topic are proposed.

Résumé Les discussions sur les droits du peuple quilombola sont de plus en plus importantes dans la société. En ce sens, la présente étude visait à discuter de la lutte du peuple quilombola pour ses droits historiques. Il a également été abordé sur les principaux conflits dans les campagnes impliquant les quilombolas, et leurs enjeux d'accès à l'éducation. La méthodologie utilisée a été une étude bibliographique avec une approche descriptive et exploratoire. A travers l'étude, il a été constaté que la réalité des quilombolas en termes d'accès à leurs droits n'est toujours pas idéale. Ainsi, il est du devoir de l'État de mettre en œuvre le droit à la santé, à l'éducation et à la propriété de ces communautés, car la lutte contre l'expropriation foncière est encore très présente dans leur vie. En ce qui concerne l'éducation, il a été constaté qu'il y a eu une augmentation du nombre d'écoles quilombolas dans le pays, ce qui facilite l'accès à l'éducation. Cependant, il y a encore un besoin de former des enseignants dans ces endroits. De ce point de vue, il a été conclu que l'éducation quilombola s'avère efficace et nécessaire pour son peuple dans la mesure où ses conditions structurelles et pédagogiques peuvent fournir une pratique éducative conforme à ce qui est prévu dans les lignes directrices du curriculum.

Resumen Las discusiones sobre los derechos del pueblo quilombola son cada vez más importantes en la sociedad. En ese sentido, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo discutir la lucha del pueblo quilombola por sus derechos históricos. También se abordó sobre los principales conflictos en el campo que involucran a los quilombolas, y sus problemáticas en cuanto al acceso a la educación. La metodología utilizada fue un estudio bibliográfico con un enfoque descriptivo y exploratorio. A través del estudio se percibió que la realidad de los quilombolas en cuanto al acceso a sus derechos aún no es la ideal. Así, es deber del Estado hacer efectivo el derecho a la salud, la educación y la propiedad de estas comunidades, pues la lucha contra la expropiación de tierras sigue muy presente en sus vidas. Con respecto a la educación, se encontró que hubo un aumento en el número de escuelas quilombolas en el país, lo que facilita el acceso a la educación. Sin embargo, todavía existe la necesidad de capacitar a los maestros en estos lugares. Desde esta perspectiva, se concluyó que la educación quilombola demuestra ser eficiente y necesaria para su gente en la medida en que sus condiciones estructurales y pedagógicas puedan propiciar una práctica educativa acorde con lo previsto en los Lineamientos Curriculares.

Abstract Discussions about the rights of the quilombola people are increasingly important in society. In this sense, the present study aimed to discuss the struggle of the quilombola people for their historical rights. It was also approached about the main conflicts in the countryside involving the quilombolas, and their issues regarding access to education. The methodology used was a bibliographic study with a descriptive and exploratory approach. Through the study, it was noticed that the reality of the quilombolas in terms of access to their rights is still not ideal. Thus, it is the duty of the State to implement the right to health, education and property of these communities, as the fight against land expropriation is still very present in their lives. With regard to education, it was found that there was an increase in the number of quilombola schools in the country, which facilitates access to education. However, there is still a need to train teachers in these locations. From this perspective, it was concluded that quilombola education proves to be efficient and necessary for its people insofar as its structural and pedagogical conditions can provide an educational practice consistent with what is foreseen in the Curriculum Guideline.

Resumo As discussões sobre os direitos do povo quilombola se mostram cada vez mais importantes na sociedade. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve por objetivo refletir sobre a luta do povo quilombola pelos seus direitos históricos. Também foram abordados os principais conflitos no campo envolvendo os quilombolas e suas questões perante o acesso à educação. A metodologia utilizada foi um estudo bibliográfico de abordagem descritiva e exploratória. Por meio do estudo percebeu-se que a realidade dos quilombolas no que tange ao acesso aos seus direitos ainda não é a ideal. Dessa forma, é dever do Estado concretizar o direito à saúde, à educação e à propriedade dessas comunidades, pois a luta contra expropriações de terras ainda se faz bastante presente em suas vidas. No que tange à educação, constatou-se que houve um avanço no número de escolas quilombolas no país, o que facilita o acesso à educação. Entretanto, existe ainda a necessidade de capacitação de professores destas localidades. Nessa perspectiva, concluiu-se que a educação quilombola mostra-se eficiente e necessária a seu povo, na medida em que suas condições estruturais e pedagógicas possam proporcionar uma prática educacional condizente com aquilo que é previsto nas Diretrizes Curriculares

Abstract The purpose of this research work was to analyze whether the registration of the declaration of a building at the expense of the social estate violates the property right of the spouse who owns the land in the Peruvian legal system. A qualitative design of dogmatic analytical type was used, through the review of norms, doctrine, pertinent jurisprudence and analysis of two relevant cases. The results highlight that there is a violation of the property right of the spouse owner of the land, due to an erroneous interpretation of the second paragraph of article 310 of the Civil Code. In conclusion, there is an urgent need for a legislative modification of the corresponding civil and registry regulations, in order to protect the right of ownership, recognized and guaranteed by the constitution and the civil system of a property that is already titled and qualified as one’s own.

Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo, analizar si la inscripción de la declaratoria de edificación realizada a costa del caudal social vulnera el derecho de propiedad del cónyuge propietario del suelo en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano. Se usó un diseño cualitativo de tipo dogmática analítica, mediante la revisión de normas, doctrina, jurisprudencia pertinente y análisis de dos casos relevantes. Los resultados resaltan que, existe una vulneración al derecho de propiedad del cónyuge propietario del suelo, debido a una errónea interpretación que se realiza en el segundo párrafo del artículo 310 del Código Civil. En conclusión, surge la imperiosa necesidad de una modificación legislativa de la normativa civil y registral correspondiente, a fin de tutelar el derecho de propiedad, reconocido y garantizado por la constitución y el ordenamiento civil de un bien que ya viene titulado y calificado como propio.

Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), COVID-19 and Ebola have exposed the magnitude of care-related tasks on women. Most often, because of the gendered nature of domestic and reproductive roles, women are expected to assume unpaid care-related, nurturing and domestic work. Despite the valuable duties, women are economically poor and othered. These unpaid care duties are exacerbated by pandemics and ratified even further by religion. For instance, in Nomiya Church (NC), the first African independent church in Kenya, women's experience narratives and biblical texts such as the story of the Proverbs 31 virtuous woman are used to glorify unpaid charitable work for women. Women's virtuous personality, hard work and character are upheld in Christian spaces, thus obstructing sound work theologies. This article employed African Women's theological lens in view of pointing out repressing and transformative tenets in charitable theologies of work for social and gender justice. While applying womanhood hermeneutics in the passage, the article points to valued behavioural postures of hard work in responding to God's stewardship mandate. An affirmation of fair reward and accumulation of property is embraced as a familial complementary role, especially in pandemic contexts. The article amplifies the accumulation of property as a human right and the mandate of stewardship for all earth communities. Hence, charity work is a stewardship framework that all earth communities must engage in for replenishment and sustenance for all. CONTRIBUTION: The article challenges literal biblical interpretations that glorify charity work. It advances a stewardship framework in understanding unpaid and charity work that all earth communities must engage in to replenish and sustain all creation. The framework affirms the dignity of all human persons through a transformational understanding of the theology of work as enabled by the African theological hermeneutics

ABSTRACT The general objective of the scientific literature review article was to analyze various scientific articles that provide us with information and accurate data on the elements of the different concepts and interpretations of the right to possession of urban properties. The qualitative approach and a descriptive study of scientific articles indexed in different certified databases of national and international journals indexed in Scielo, Scopus, Dialnet, Redalyc, Sciencedirect, between the years 2018 - 2023 were used. The reviewed documents are supported by descriptive, analytical, qualitative, quantitative and inductive studies. Regarding the mentioned scientific articles, 70 scientific researches were located, being selected for the purposes of this article 52 of them that were used for the inquiry and interpretation of the information gathered and compiled from the various studies. The main finding is that land ownership in the informal sector is due to poverty and labor shortages. Finally, after an in-depth analysis, it was concluded that possession, understood as the de facto exercise over the property, gives the possessor the power to formalize and obtain the right of ownership, thus becoming the new owner.

RESUMEN El artículo de revisión de literatura científica estableció como objetivo general analizar diversos artículos científicos que nos proporcionen información y datos veraces sobre los elementos de los diferentes conceptos e interpretaciones sobre el derecho a la posesión de predios urbanos. Se utilizó el enfoque cualitativo y un estudio descriptivo de artículos científicos indexados en distintas bases de datos certificadas de revistas nacionales e internacionales indexadas en Scopus, Sciencedirect, Scielo, Dialnet y Redalyc, entre los años 2018 - 2023. Los documentos revisados se sustentan en estudios de tipo descriptivo, analítico, cualitativo, cuantitativo e inductivo. Respecto a los artículos científicos mencionados, se localizaron 70 investigaciones científicas, siendo seleccionados para efectos de este artículo 52 de ellos que se usaron para la indagación e interpretación de la información reunida y recopilada de los diversos estudios. Como principal hallazgo se tiene que las posesiones de predios en el ámbito informal se dan a causa de la pobreza y escases laboral. Finalmente, luego de un análisis profundo se concluyó que la posesión, entendida como el ejercicio de hecho sobre el bien, otorga la facultad al posesionario la facultad de formalizar y obtener el derecho de propiedad, transformándose en el nuevo propietario.

Resumen En México el decreto federal 4715 de 25 de junio de 1856 estableció la desamortización de fincas rústicas y urbanas en poder de corporaciones civiles y eclesiásticas. El artículo 25, de dicho decreto, suprimió la personalidad jurídica de las comunidades indígenas para adquirir o administrar por sí bienes raíces; es decir, se eliminó el derecho de estas comunidades a tener propiedad colectiva. No obstante, en el Estado de México los pueblos conservaron, bajo ciertas disposiciones legales, su personalidad jurídica para adquirir y administrar bienes raíces. En este sentido, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar la personalidad y representación jurídica de los pueblos indígenas en el Estado de México, de 1856 a 1882. Interesa resaltar las estrategias implementadas por los pueblos para conservar su personalidad jurídica y defender sus derechos en los tribunales.

Abstract In Mexico, federal decree 4715 of June 25, 1856 established the confiscation of rural and urban estates held by civil and ecclesiastical corporations. Article 25 of said decree abolished the legal status of indigenous communities to acquire or manage real estate on their own; that is, the right of these communities to have collective property was eliminated. However, in the State of Mexico, the towns retained, under certain legal provisions, their legal personality to acquire and manage real estate. In this sense, the objective of this article is to analyze the personality and legal representation of indigenous peoples in the State of Mexico, from 1856 to 1882. It is interesting to highlight the strategies implemented by the peoples to preserve their legal personality and defend their rights in the courts.

Resumen: En el curso de los procesos de construcción del estado moderno, la integración europea de Ucrania, así como los eventos negativos que se desarrollan como resultado de la agresión armada de Rusia, el derecho de propiedad como uno de los derechos constitucionales fundamentales está experimentando restricciones y transformaciones. El propósito de la investigación científica es resaltar el contenido de la garantía de la inviolabilidad de los derechos de propiedad, y cómo están incorporados en las Leyes Fundamentales de Ucrania, Polonia y Alemania. Los siguientes métodos generales y específicamente jurídicos del conocimiento científico constituyen la base metodológica del estudio: el método estructural-sistémico, el método de comparación y el método lógico-jurídico. El análisis de las garantías constitucionales con respecto a la inviolabilidad de los derechos de propiedad en el ejemplo de Ucrania, Polonia y Alemania se llevó a cabo en el artículo. De acuerdo con los resultados de la investigación realizada, se propone la siguiente separación de las garantías relativas a la inviolabilidad de los derechos de propiedad previstas en las constituciones: garantías de consolidación legislativa de derechos y procedimientos; principios y garantías inmediatas de efectivización de los derechos de propiedad; garantías de apoyo administrativo; garantías de protección y defensa de los derechos de propiedad. Importancia de los resultados y las perspectivas de futuras investigaciones. La clasificación propuesta permite definir con mayor amplitud las garantías constitucionales de los derechos de propiedad, lo que también posibilita brindar la protección jurídica a una gama más amplia de relaciones públicas en torno a la propiedad.

Abstract: In the course of the modern state building processes, European integration of Ukraine, as well as negative events unfolding as a result of Russia's armed aggression, the property right as one of the fundamental constitutional rights is experiencing restrictions and transformations. The purpose of the scientific research is to highlight the content of the guarantee (principle) of the inviolability of property rights, and how they are embedded in the Fundamental Laws of Ukraine, Poland and Germany. The following general and specifically legal methods of scientific knowledge form the methodological basis of the study: the system-structural method, the method of comparison and logical-legal method. The analysis of constitutional guarantees regarding the inviolability of property rights on the example of Ukraine, Poland and Germany was conducted in the article. According to the results of the conducted research, it is proposed the following separation of the guarantees regarding the inviolability of property rights stipulated by the constitutions guarantees of legislative consolidation of rights and procedures; immediate principles and guarantees of effectuation of the property rights; guarantees of administrative support; guarantees of protection and defense of the property rights. Significance of results and the prospects for further research. The proposed classification makes it possible to more widely define the constitutional guarantees of the property rights, which also makes it possible to provide the legal protection to a wider range of public relations regarding the property.

Abstract: The European Court of Human Rights may resolve claims filed by natural persons, groups of individuals or non-governmental organizations accusing the violation of human rights protected in the European Convention and its protocols. In Albert et al v. Hungary, the complainants argued that the state disturbed their right to property by applying stringent regulations to the banks in which they participated as shareholders. This case is about the degree of legitimacy that a person has to sue before the Strasbourg Court the affectation of their right to property, specifically when the national authorities act over a company. In addition, the judgement leads to reflect on the arguments to respond a substantive study, such as proportionality test, the national margin of appreciation and the regional consensus in the regulation of a right.

Resumen: El Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos es competente para resolver las demandas presentadas por personas físicas, grupos de particulares u organizaciones no gubernamentales que acusen la violación de los derechos humanos previstos en el respectivo Convenio Europeo y sus protocolos. En el caso Albert y otros contra Hungría, los quejosos adujeron que el Estado violó su derecho a la propiedad tras aplicar rigurosas regulaciones a los bancos de los que eran accionistas. Este asunto obliga a cuestionar cuál es el grado de legitimación que posee una persona física para demandar ante dicho Tribunal la afectación de su derecho a la propiedad, específicamente cuando las autoridades nacionales actúan sobre una empresa, y no directamente sobre la esfera jurídica de un ser humano. Esta sentencia también invita a reflexionar acerca de los argumentos que pudieron esgrimirse para responder al fondo del asunto, como la proporcionalidad, el margen nacional de apreciación y el consenso regional en la regulación de un derecho.

RESUMEN La confiscación en materia tributaria en la Constitución del Ecuador no está taxativamente prohibida, únicamente la que pueden llegar a soportar inmuebles que hayan sido declarados de utilidad pública y estén siendo expropiados. Ante esta situación, la Corte Constitucional reconoce el principio de no confiscatoriedad, en materia tributaria, señalando que, aunque no haya sido constitucionalizado, el régimen tributario sí es continente del mismo, por consiguiente, las autoridades están en la obligación de aplicarlo y respetarlo permanentemente. En este contexto, pese a que el derecho a la propiedad privada está protegido por la Constitución, existen numerosos casos, principalmente en el plano seccional, que pretenden cobrar tributos excesivos que atentan contra el derecho a la propiedad, desconociendo de forma directa el pronunciamiento de la Corte Constitucional. El irrespeto a la capacidad contributiva de los contribuyentes, de la misma forma como al derecho que estos tienen a que se respete su mínimo vital exento, los coloca en un plano negativo, pues no se atiende a su aptitud real para contribuir, así como tampoco se les otorga la opción de satisfacer sus necesidades básicas, primeramente, sino que se demanda la satisfacción de un tributo excesivo. Finalmente, es menester destacar que el núcleo del derecho a la propiedad privada tiene tres categorías: uso, goce y disposición.

ABSTRACT Confiscation in tax matters in the Ecuadorian Constitution is not strictly prohibited, only which properties suffer from when they are declared of public utility and are expropriated. Faced with this situation, the Constitutional Court recognizes the principle of non-confiscation, in tax matters, indicating that, although it has not been constitutionalized, the tax regime contains it, therefore, authorities are obliged to apply and respect it permanently. In this context, despite the fact that the right to private property is protected by the Constitution, there are numerous cases, mainly at the sectional level, where it is intended to collect excessive taxes that violate the right to property, directly ignoring the pronouncement of the Constitutional Court. The disrespect for taxpayers' ability to pay, in the same way as their right to have their vital minimum exempt respected, places them on a negative status, since their real ability to contribute is not taken into account. In addition, they are also not given the option of satisfying their basic needs first but are demanded the payment of an excessive tax. Finally, it is necessary to point out that the core of the right to private property has three categories: use, enjoyment, and disposal, as this paper outlines the multilayered nature of this issue.

Resumen: Es poco conocido que el uso del apellido del esposo con la partícula “de” por las mujeres casadas fue uno de los cambios socioculturales que caracterizó el periodo Republicano en Colombia. Según datos primarios, durante el período colonial las mujeres mantenían sus apellidos de solteras tras casarse. Este artículo presenta un resumen histórico de las normas y de la práctica social relacionadas con el apellido de las mujeres casadas y un análisis de su significado en cuanto a su identidad. Con fuentes secundarias, se ilustra cómo a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX el uso del “de” se generalizó paralelamente con la construcción ideológica de la mujer casada como “reina del hogar”. El cambio de este uso, en 1934, que pasó de derecho consuetudinario a obligación legal, se dio sin comentarios, aunque sirvió para reforzar la potestad marital justo después que el gobierno liberal fortaleció los derechos de propiedad de las mujeres casadas. En 1970 el uso del “de” se volvió opcional, y para finales del siglo XX su práctica estaba desapareciendo. Con entrevistas a una pequeña muestra intencional de mujeres urbanas de clase media y alta, casadas antes y después del decreto de 1970, el artículo explora cómo fue cambiando la práctica social del uso del “de”. Argumentamos que el uso y la transición al no uso del “de” capta los cambios históricos en la identidad de la mujer casada, pasando de estar anclada en la domesticidad y la maternidad, a ocupar el papel de compañera en relaciones de vida donde ella no pertenece a nadie, en concordancia con cambios estructurales socioeconómicos.

Abstract: It is not well known that women’s use of the preposition “de” ENT#091;belonging toENT#093; before their husbands’ last names was one of the socio-cultural changes associated with the Republican period in Colombia. Primary data shows that during the colonial period women kept their paternal and maternal last names after marriage. This article offers a historical overview of the norms and social practices regarding married women’s last names and an analysis of their relation to the changing identity of married women. Secondary sources illustrate how, by the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, using the particle “de” became generalized in concert with the ideological construction of the wife as “queen of the home.” The change in 1934 from the addition of “de” as a customary right to that of a legal obligation drew hardly any comment. However, it served to reinforce the legal concept of potestad marital ENT#091;the husband’s power over the person and property of his wifeENT#093; at a time when a liberal government had just strengthened married women’s property rights. In 1970, the use of the particle “de” became optional and by the end of the 20th century, this practice was disappearing. The transition in this usage is explored through interviews with a small, intentional sample of urban, middle- and upper-class women. This transition captures, in a manner paralleling socio-economic structural transformations, the historical changes in married women’s identity from one based on their domesticity and maternal role, to that of a partner in a relationship in which she no longer belongs to anyone.

Resumo: É pouco conhecido que o uso do sobrenome do esposo antecedido pela preposição “de” pelas mulheres casadas foi uma das mudanças socioculturais que caracterizou o período republicano na Colômbia. Segundo dados primários, durante operíodo colonial, as mulheres mantinham o sobrenome de solteira após se casarem. Neste artigo, é apresentado um resumo histórico das normas e das práticas sociais relacionadas com o sobrenome das mulheres casadas e uma análise de seu significado quanto à sua identidade. Com fontes secundárias, é ilustrado como, no final do século 19 e início do 20, o uso do “de” foi generalizado paralelamente à construção ideológica da mulher casada como a “rainha do lar”. A mudança desse uso, em 1934, que passou de direito consuetudinário a obrigação legal, ocorreu sem comentários, embora tenha servido para reforçar a potestade marital justo depois de o governo liberal ter fortalecido os direitos de propriedade das mulheres casadas. Em 1970, o uso do “de” se tornou opcional e, para o final do século 20, sua prática estava desaparecendo. Com entrevistas a uma pequena amostra intencional de mulheres urbanas de classe média e alta, casadas antes e depois do decreto de 1970, neste artigo, é explorado como a prática social do uso do “de” foi mudando. Argumentamos que o uso e a transição ao não uso do “de” captam as mudanças históricas na identidade da mulher casada, passando de estar ancorada na domesticidade e na maternidade para ocupar o papel de companheira em relações de vida em que ela não pertence a ninguém, conforme as mudanças estruturais e socioeconômicas.

Interest in the governance of big data is growing exponentially. However, finding the right balance between making large volumes of data accessible, and safeguarding privacy, preventing data misuse, determining authorship and protecting intellectual property remain challenging. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), research ethics committees (RECs) play an important role in reviewing data-intense research protocols. However, this regulatory role must be embedded in a context of robust governance. There is currently a paucity of published literature on how big data are regulated in SSA and if the capacity to review protocols is sufficient. The aim of this study was to provide a broad overview of REC members' awareness and perceptions of big data governance in SSA. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to July 2022. We invited 300 REC members to participate in our online survey via Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). A total of 140 REC members, representing 34 SSA countries, completed the online survey. Awareness of data governance laws, policies and guidelines was variable across the subcontinent. A quarter of respondents (25%) indicated that national regulations on the trans-border flow of research data are inadequate. Institutional policies on research data protection were also regarded as being inadequate. Most respondents (64%) believed that they lacked experience in reviewing data-intense protocols. Data governance and regulation in SSA need to be strengthened at both national and institutional levels. There is a strong need for capacity development in the review of data-intense research protocols on the subcontinent. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first empirical survey in SSA in which awareness and perspectives of REC members have been explored specifically relating to the review of data-intense research protocols. Big data have raised new ethics and legal challenges, and this survey provides a broad overview of these challenges in SSA. Our study confirms that knowledge and awareness of legislative frameworks and ethics guidance in SSA vary considerably where big data are concerned. The research results could be useful for a range of stakeholders, including RECs, data scientists, researchers, research and academic institutions, government decision-makers and artificial intelligence (AI) coders.

Abstract The universal context of the social function of property has been the object of study and debate today, with the direct interest of citizens. The investigation has as general objectives to verify the application of the social function of property in the contemporary Democratic Rule of Law, and as a specific objective to solve the research problem, related to the limits of property law, its social function and environmental sustainability. The adopted methodology can be synthesized in descriptive bibliographic and documental research, in order to make possible the understanding and the interference in the investigated reality. As a result, it was identified that the protection of the environment is supported by several constitutional provisions, and it appears that the right to property does not have an absolute character insofar as it is limited to the observance of the defense of the environment. From a contemporary conception of property, The present study was developed and, thus, the scientific investigation had as its central axis the reflection on the limits to property rights imposed by the defense of the environment in contemporary society.

Resumo O contexto universal da função social da propriedade tem sido objeto de estudo e debate na atualidade, com interesse direto dos cidadãos. A investigação teve como objetivos gerais verificar a aplicação da função social da propriedade no Estado Democrático de Direito contemporâneo e como objetivo específico a resolução do problema da pesquisa, relacionado com os limites do direito de propriedade, a sua função social e a observância da sustentabilidade ambiental. A metodologia adotada pode ser sintetizada em pesquisa bibliográfica descritiva e documental, de forma a possibilitar o entendimento e a interferência na realidade investigada. Como resultado fora identificado que a proteção ao meio ambiente encontra amparo em diversos dispositivos da Constituição brasileira, que se trata de um direito difuso imprescritível e que o direito de propriedade não tem um caráter absoluto na medida em que está circunscrito à observância dos limites ambientais. A partir de uma concepção contemporânea de propriedade, desenvolveu-se o presente estudo e, assim, a investigação científica teve como eixo central a reflexão sobre os limites ao direito de propriedade impostos pela defesa do meio ambiente na sociedade contemporânea.

Abstract: The Chilean Civil Code's treatment of environmental matters shows how the boundary between public and private law is diluted. First, it will be argued that in its articles, the Civil Code contemplates the environmental function of property, and that the protection of the civil property right also means protecting the right to live in an unpolluted environment, embodied in article 19 N.° 8 of the Political Constitution of the Republic, while recognizing the restrictions of the social function emanating from its article 19 N.° 24. Secondly, it will be shown that the legal foundations incorporated in the core of the Andres Bello’s Code allow us to establish a constitutionalization of Private Law, given that the civil norms that protect the environment are coherent and compatible with the Political Constitution. Finally, it will be shown that the constitutional rules do not shape or distort the understanding of private law on environmental protection, but rather the opposite phenomenon: private law nourishes constitutional norms.

Resumen: En el tratamiento de materias medioambientales que realiza el Código Civil chileno es posible apreciar la forma en que el límite entre derecho público y privado se diluye. Primero, se argumentará que, en su articulado, el Código contempla una función ambiental de la propiedad y que la protección del derecho de propiedad civil significa, también, proteger el derecho de vivir en un medioambiente libre de contaminación, consagrado en el artículo 19 número 8 de la Constitución Política de la República, a la vez que reconoce las restricciones de la figura de la función social emanada del artículo 19 número 24 de la misma Carta Fundamental. En segundo término, se ilustrará que los fundamentos jurídicos insertos en el núcleo del Código de Andrés Bello permiten predicar una constitucionalización del derecho privado, dado que las normas civiles que tutelan el medioambiente son coherentes y compatibles con la Constitución Política. Finalmente, se demostrará que los preceptos constitucionales no moldean ni tergiversan la comprensión del derecho privado sobre la protección medioambiental, sino que es el fenómeno inverso: el derecho privado nutre las normas constitucionales.

ABSTRACT When public education institutions manage social media, the number and type of legal problems that are generated in this media has different scopes than those that occur in the private sphere. Most of the violations of rights due to the use of public social media are mostly unknown, their scope is not dimensioned and an irregular defense of the institution and/or the people who make up the educational community is established. The reasons are various, from the incorrect choice of the jurisdictional route to challenge a transgression to the lack of adequate tools that will guarantee nonrepetition, prevention and mitigation of effects. We affirm that in order for said institutions to be able to face the legal problems generated by the use of institutional social media, it is necessary to know the following aspects: what is the applicable law of the digital act that will terminate it (civil, criminal, administrative, labor or several simultaneously); who acts as an offender (an official, academic, student, a group of them or a person external to the institution), and what is the context in which it was left. Here the risks of social networks are analyzed, for which we study four cases of different federal public educational institutions, in order to identify the frequent legal problems, the type of collisions between rights that are exhibited in the media (right to freedom of expression, right to information, right to privacy, right to use of one’s own image, right to protection of personal data, copyright and industrial property, the employer’s right to the worker’s labor secrecy), and the updated crimes for the incorrect use of those (cyberbullying, violation of sexual intimacy and discrimination). At the same time, we present alternative solutions to the aforementioned problems, consisting of three jurisdictional solutions and one self-regulatory, sometimes concurrent: a) administrative or punitive; b) labor; c) civil, and d) self-regulatory.

RESUMEN Cuando las instituciones de educación pública abren y gestionan redes sociodigitales, el número y el tipo de problemas jurídicos que se generan en las redes tienen alcances distintos a los acontecidos en el ámbito privado. La mayoría de las transgresiones a derechos con motivo de su empleo son desconocidas, no se tiene claro cuál es su alcance y la defensa de los afectados es irregular. Las razones son varias, desde la incorrecta elección de la vía jurisdiccional para impugnar una transgresión hasta la falta de herramientas adecuadas que garanticen la prevención, mitigación y no repetición de las afectaciones. Para enfrentar los problemas jurídicos generados por su uso, proponemos considerar los siguientes aspectos: cuál es el derecho aplicable del acto digital que lo generó -civil, penal, administrativo, laboral o varios simultáneamente-; quién funge como infractor -un funcionario, un académico, un alumno, un grupo de ellos o una persona externa a la institución-, y cuál es el contexto en el que se generó. Bajo este panorama, se analizan los riesgos de las redes, para lo cual estudiamos cuatro casos de instituciones educativas públicas federales, a fin de identificar los problemas jurídicos frecuentes, el tipo de colisiones entre derechos que se exhiben en las redes -entre el derecho a la libertad de expresión, el derecho a la información, el derecho a la privacidad, el derecho al uso de la propia imagen, el derecho a la protección de datos personales, los derechos de autor y propiedad industrial, el derecho del patrón a la secrecía laboral del trabajador-, así como los delitos que se actualizan -ciberacoso, violación a la intimidad sexual y discriminación-. A la par, presentamos alternativas de solución a los problemas antes referidos, consistentes en tres soluciones jurisdiccionales y una autoimpositiva, a veces concurrentes: a) la administrativa o sancionatoria; b) la laboral; c) la civil, y d) la autorregulatoria.

The doctrine of subjective rights forms part of South African jurisprudence. This is not the case in English law, which, for instance, does not clearly distinguish between property, as a legal object, and property rights. However, if one considers Sir William Blackstone's famous definition of property in his Commentaries on the Laws of England, it does contain some features of the doctrine: the definition is about the "right of property" and its features. Property as object, and right of property as a right, are distinguished. A right of property has entitlements and operates against third parties. A property right involves a legal relationship between a person and a thing, as well as a legal relationship between a person and third parties. In conclusion, the Blackstonian definition contains features of the doctrine of subjective rights that are useful when analysing property rights in English common law systems. "Give us the tools, and we will finish the job." - Winston Churchill