Abstract Proof of José Ignacio Fernández de Lizard’s distancing from the pre-romantic postulates present in Las Noches lúgubres (1789), by José de Cadalso, was one of the questions long demanded by literary critics. This is the purpose of this contribution: to demonstrate that the Novohispano novelist moves away in his Noches tristes y día alegre (1819) from the narrative pattern of Cadalso and endows his novel with its own signs of identity. Our study shows that Lizardi not only frees himself from Cadalsian tutelage, but also elaborates a story in accordance with the didactic intentions and moral principles that inspire all his literary work.

Resumen La comprobación del distanciamiento de José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi con respecto a los postulados prerrománticos presentes en las Noches lúgubres (1789), de José de Cadalso, era una de las cuestiones demandas desde hace tiempo por la crítica literaria. Este es el propósito de la presente contribución: demostrar que el novelista novohispano se aleja en sus Noches tristes y día alegre (1819) del patrón narrativo de Cadalso y dota a su novela de señas de identidad propias. Nuestro estudio demuestra que Lizardi no solo se libera de la tutela cadalsiana, sino que elabora un relato acorde con las intenciones didácticas y los principios morales que inspiran toda su obra literaria.

Abstract The objective of the article was to establish an informative standard for evidentiary precautionary measures that is able to eliminate an unreasonable degree of subjectivity in decisions to allow their rational controllability. The original hypothesis is that there is not only one standard, understood as a criterion of sufficiency of informative data, for all decisions issued in criminal proceedings. It is necessary to establish the specific standard for each decision, especially the decision that grants an evidentiary precautionary measure. Methodologically, a theoretical-bibliographical study was carried out using the hypothetical-deductive method, divided into two stages, one of a dogmatic nature on precautionary evidential measures, the other on evidential standards, based on the contributions of legal epistemology. The main contributions of this work to the state of the art were: the establishment of a concept and the requirements of evidentiary precautionary measures, the distinction between evidentiary standard and informative standard, the discussion on the different informative standards in decisions in criminal proceedings and, finally, the construction of an informative standard for decisions that grant evidentiary precautionary measures.

Resumo O objetivo do artigo foi estabelecer um standard informativo para as medidas cautelares probatórias que seja apto a eliminar um írrito grau de subjetividade nas decisões para permitir sua racional controlabilidade. A hipótese original é que não há apenas um standard, compreendido como critério de suficiência dos dados informativos, para todas as decisões proferidas no processo penal, sendo necessário estabelecer o standard específico para cada decisão, em especial a decisão que defere a medida cautelar probatória. Metodologicamente realizou-se uma pesquisa teórico-bibliográfica pelo método hipotético-dedutivo, dividida em duas etapas, uma de natureza dogmática sobre as medidas cautelares probatórias, outra sobre os standards probatórios, tomando por base os aportes da epistemologia jurídica. As principais contribuições do trabalho para o estado da arte foram: o estabelecimento de um conceito e dos requisitos das medidas cautelares probatórias, a distinção entre standard probatório e standard informativo, a discussão sobre os distintos standards informativos nas decisões no processo penal e, finalmente, a construção de um standard informativo para as decisões que deferem as medidas cautelares probatórias.

RESUMEN Acerca del cambio climático, de la incidencia antropogénica en su desarrollo, de sus inminentes consecuencias y la necesidad de adoptar medidas urgentes que nos lleven a mitigar sus efectos y adaptarnos, existe en el mundo un notable y creciente consenso. Sin embargo, alrededor de este tema se ha formado un grupo muy heterogéneo, para nada despreciable y sí muy influyente de “escépticos, “opositores” o “negacionistas” empeñados en desacreditar toda la información científica y toda la evidencia que la naturaleza se encarga de aportar. En muchos países se han desplegado grupos como estos, pero en Estados Unidos, desde las instituciones federales y hasta los ciudadanos comunes, estos escépticos, opositores o negacionistas, se han posicionado para, desde sus perspectivas y su poder, defender los intereses de los que, a ultranza, ponen por encima de la sostenibilidad del mundo, de su sobrevivencia, los beneficios que obtienen las grandes industrias de la energía fósil y otros invasores del medio ambiente. Esta situación se acrecentó con la llegada de Donald Trump a la Casa Blanca. Su posición negacionista se hizo evidente desde la propia campaña presidencial. Este trabajo propone un acercamiento a esta tendencia, que se ha convertido en un discurso propio de la derecha más conservadora, en especial en Estados Unidos y que, aun con la fuerza del movimiento ambientalista mundial, ha desplegado mucho poder en aras de lograr desmontar todas las acciones políticas que se despliegan para enfrentar el cambio climático

ABSTRACT About the climatic change, of the incidence anthropogenic in his development, of his imminent consequences and the need to embrace urgent measures that lead to mitigate us his effects and to adapt us, a notable and increasing consent exists in the world. However, about this theme has instructed a very heterogeneous group itself, for despicable nothing and if very influential of skeptics, “opponents or (T. Boykoff, Maxwell, 2015) stubbornly determined refusing in discrediting all of the scientific information and all the proof that it is taken upon oneself to nature contribute.The groups like these have opened out at many countries, but in the United States from the federal institutions and to the common citizens, these skeptics, opponents or negacionistas, they have placed themselves stops, from his perspectives and his power, defending the interests of them than, to the death, lay eggs for on the worldly sustainability, of his survival, the benefits that the fossil and another invaders of the ambient midway obtain the energy's big industries.This situation increased with Donald Trump's arrival home White Note itself. His position negacionista became evident from the own presidential campaign. We intend to have an approach to this tendency that has become an own discourse of the most conservative right hand with this work, especially in the United States and then, even with the force of the movement worldwide environmentalist, a lot of power for the sake of achieving to dismount all the politic stock that open out to confront the climatic change has deployed.

Abstract In the county of Pedra Lavrada - PB, various mineral occurrences of pegmatite are observed with prominence at Alto Dois Irmãos - PB, where quartz, feldspar and mica are mined. The understanding of mineral constituents is fundamental to define their industrial employment and to implement improvements in the beneficiation process. The proposal of this research is the detailed characterization and proof of that part of the ore (quartz) considered waste, presenting low poisoning (Fe2O3) and high silica (SiO2) content, to enable its industrial use. Besides that, to minimize the environmental impact through the reuse of this waste, and to determine the correct utilization of the milling equipment. For the pegmatite characterization, done were density determination tests, mineralogical identification by X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analysis by fluorescents X-rays and morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). Then tests were done for the Work Index (WI) calculous and consequently the empirical determination of the dimensions (LxD) of the pebble mill. The sterile presented a medium density of 2.66g/cm³, majority chemical composition of silicon and oxygen and quartz as the main mineralogical stage, indicating that this material has high purity. The. The Work Index (WI) was 15.9 kwh/t showing that this material can be considered resistant to breaking in the grinding process. The necessary energy to the milling was defined in 11.52 kwh/st, that corresponds to 57.28 HP. This power allowed the mill selection with diammeter and length of 1.83m, that provides the production maximization and the energy saving. PB mined process (quartz waste Fe2O3 FeO Fe O (Fe2O3 SiO2 SiO (SiO2 content use equipment Xray X ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) Xrays rays SEM/EDS. SEMEDS SEM/EDS . SEM EDS (SEM/EDS) WI (WI LxD (LxD 266gcm³ gcm 2 66g cm³ g cm 2.66g/cm³ stage purity 159 15 9 15. kwht kwh t 1152 11 52 11.5 kwhst st kwh/st 5728 57 28 57.2 HP 183m m 1 83m 1.83m saving Fe2O (Fe2O (SiO (XRD (SEM/EDS 266gcm 2.66g/cm 115 5 11. 572 57.

Glossolalia has been a major divisive doctrine in the Christendom, as some Pentecostals claim that it is proof of being a real Christian. This article examined the extent to which tongues-speaking in the neo-Pentecostal churches in Nigeria conforms to New Testament (NT) teaching. It employed narrative criticism and the phenomenological approach. The essay found that glossolalia appeared in the NT in both human and unintelligible languages. As the gift caused disorderliness in the Corinthian church, Paul says it is desirable but should not be allowed to disrupt worship. During worship, there should not be more than three people speaking in tongues, and they should do it in turn. Most importantly, if there is not an interpreter, there should be no tongues-speaking at all. The work further discovered that in the Nigerian neo-Pentecostal churches, it is the unintelligible form of glossolalia that is predominantly practised, and usually without interpretation, thereby contradicting Paul's order. Moreover, the gift is being feigned by many to prove that they are born-again. In terms of its nature and conduct, therefore, glossolalia in the neo-Pentecostal churches in Nigeria is more of a deliberate practice than a continuation of the NT practice. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: The disciplines of NT theology and Christian ethics are implicated in this article. It argues that the glossolalia being practised in the Nigerian neo-Pentecostal churches is virtually a deliberate practice rather than a spiritual gift

Workplace-based evaluation is one of the most important, but challenging aspects of medical education. The aim was to improve the assessment of the rural community-based clinical training for undergraduate 3rd and 4th year family medicine students at the University of Namibia (UNAM) and implement a paperless process. An online module was developed on the Moodle platform to include a study guide, an electronic portfolio, and electronic resources (e-books and apps) to replace the current paper version of the logbook. We explored local resources by engaging with students and clinical trainers on how to best conduct the initial implementation. Engagement also entailed motivating students to actively participate in the implementation process. All 3rd and 4th year community-based education end service (COBES) students are now submitting proof of clinical learning electronically with the use of their phones in their online portfolio and using online resources. In addition, students in the practical family medicine module that has been introduced in the 6th year since 2023 are now also using an electronic portfolio and these assessment tools. CONTRIBUTION: Overall feedback from students and supervisors indicates a positive atmosphere of learning and constructive feedback on performance from all team members, hopefully improving work-based assessments and ultimately patient care. More members of the primary health care team were involved and the carbon footprint has also been decreased

Resumo O presente artigo analisa o trabalho de três artistas contemporâneas, independentes e ativas no panorama da banda desenhada portuguesa: Hetamoé, Joana Mosi e Ana Margarida Matos. Faz uma leitura formal detalhada do seu trabalho, seguindo o artigo fundamental de Peter Wollen sobre contra-cinema. Apesar das ressalvas quanto à adoção de noções absolutas e inequívocas de diferentes media, há suficientes pontos em comum e características narratológicas que proporcionam comparações estimulantes. Tal como no cinema, também na banda desenhada existe um entendimento normativo amplamente aceite do modo de criação de sentido da banda desenhada, contra o qual estas três autoras apresentam aquilo a que se pode chamar, a exemplo de Wollen, estratégias formais de resistência. A banda desenhada portuguesa tem uma história conturbada, que envolve um desenvolvimento económico difícil e a falta de um reconhecimento social mais amplo (como um campo culturalmente relevante). No entanto, os seus domínios e subculturas mais independentes têm dado provas de criadores individuais empenhados, informados e inventivos. As mulheres criadoras não são exceção à regra, e este grupo em particular demonstra três potencialidades para expandir o campo, tanto política como esteticamente. Além disso, estas mesmas estratégias de des/re/construção abordam questões associadas à identidade, ao autorretrato, a questões corporais, à memória e aos próprios processos de criação de significado em que assenta o seu trabalho. As dimensões feministas do seu trabalho, ainda que bastante variadas, permitem detetar interpretações intensas do eu e do papel da mulher num processo mais amplo de autorrealização e vida social. Assim, utilizarei as noções de “cuteness” (fofura) e “animatedness” (animação) de Sianne Ngai para compreender como as três autoras interpretam e constroem o seu eu na banda desenhada.

Abstract The present paper analyses the work of three contemporary, independent women artists active in the Portuguese comics scene: Hetamoé, Joana Mosi, and Ana Margarida Matos. It provides a close formal reading of their work by following Peter Wollen's seminal article on counter-cinema. Despite the caveats of adopting whole cloth and in a clearcut manner notions from different media, there are enough commonalities and narratological features that provide stimulating comparisons. As in cinema, comics also have a broadly accepted normative understanding of comics' way of creating meaning, against which these three authors present what one can call, after Wollen, resisting formal strategies. Portuguese comics have had a troubled history, which entails a difficult economic development and the lack of wider social recognition (as a culturally relevant field). However, its most independent realms and sub-cultures have provided ample proof of engaged, informed, and inventive individual creators. Women creators are no exception to this, and this particular group shows three potentialities of opening up the field, both politically and aesthetically. Moreover, these same de/re/constructive strategies broach issues associated with identity, self-portrait, bodily matters, memory, and the very meaning-making processes at the core of their work. The feminist dimensions of their work, albeit quite varied, allow one to detect intense interpretations of the self and the role of womanhood in a broader process of self-actualization and social life. Thus, I will use Sianne Ngai's notions of "cuteness" and "animatedness" to understand the three author's specific manners of doing so, as depicted and constructed within the medium of comics.

ABSTRACT The topic of the equality of triangles, the fundamental basis for the study of geometric contents, is taught and consolidated in the eighth grade. The present research proposes the feasibility of applying the General Heuristic Program as an alternative for the treatment of the teaching content in the demonstrations of equality of triangles in the eighth grade of Basic Secondary School. The dialectical materialist method was used with the predominance of the quantitative approach and assumed a study sample of 23 students from an intentionally selected group of eighth grade. Observation, analysis of the product of the activity, and interview were applied together with other methods and techniques. These made it possible to verify the difficulties in the teaching-learning process of the contents related to Unit 2 Plane geometry and calculation of bodies, specifically on the topic of equality of triangles. This is complex for the learners since they must apply concepts, propositions as well as procedures. For all these reasons, it is necessary to use the General Heuristic Program, which is incorporated through demonstration exercises. The partial evaluation of this work gave a positive result, which shows the effectiveness of the proposal.

RESUMEN El tema sobre igualdad de triángulos, base fundamental para el estudio de contenidos geométricos, se imparte y consolida en el octavo grado. La presente investigación expone la factibilidad de aplicación del Programa Heurístico General como alternativa para el tratamiento del contenido de enseñanza en las demostraciones de igualdad de triángulos en el octavo grado de Secundaria Básica. Se utiliza el método dialéctico materialista, con predominio del enfoque cuantitativo y asume una muestra de estudio de 23 estudiantes de un grupo de octavo grado seleccionado intencionalmente, en el que se aplicó la observación, el análisis del producto de la actividad y la entrevista entre otros métodos y técnicas, que permitieron constatar las dificultades en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los contenidos relativos a la Unidad 2: Geometría plana y cálculo de cuerpos, específicamente en el tema de igualdad de triángulos. Este resulta complejo para los estudiantes, ya que deben aplicar conceptos, proposiciones y procedimientos. Por todo lo expuesto se precisa la utilización del Programa Heurístico General que es incorporado mediante ejercicios de demostración. La evaluación parcial de este trabajo brindó un resultado positivo, lo que muestra la efectividad de la propuesta.

The topic of the equality of triangles, the fundamental basis for the study of geometric contents, is taught and consolidated in the eighth grade. The present research proposes the feasibility of applying the General Heuristic Program as an alternative for the treatment of the teaching content in the demonstrations of equality of triangles in the eighth grade of Basic Secondary School. The dialectical materialist method was used with the predominance of the quantitative approach and assumed a study sample of 23 students from an intentionally selected group of eighth grade. Observation, analysis of the product of the activity, and interview were applied together with other methods and techniques.  These made it possible to verify the difficulties in the teaching-learning process of the contents related to Unit 2 Plane geometry and calculation of bodies, specifically on the topic of equality of triangles. This is complex for the learners since they must apply concepts, propositions as well as procedures. For all these reasons, it is necessary to use the General Heuristic Program, which is incorporated through demonstration exercises. The partial evaluation of this work gave a positive result, which shows the effectiveness of the proposal.

El tema sobre igualdad de triángulos, base fundamental para el estudio de contenidos geométricos, se imparte y consolida en el octavo grado. La presente investigación expone la factibilidad de aplicación del Programa Heurístico General como alternativa para el tratamiento del contenido de enseñanza en las demostraciones de igualdad de triángulos en el octavo grado de Secundaria Básica. Se utiliza el método dialéctico materialista, con predominio del enfoque cuantitativo y asume una muestra de estudio de 23 estudiantes de un grupo de octavo grado seleccionado intencionalmente, en el que se aplicó la observación, el análisis del producto de la actividad y la entrevista entre otros métodos y técnicas, que permitieron constatar las dificultades en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los contenidos relativos a la Unidad 2: Geometría plana y cálculo de cuerpos, específicamente en el tema de igualdad de triángulos. Este resulta complejo para los estudiantes, ya que deben aplicar conceptos, proposiciones y procedimientos. Por todo lo expuesto se precisa la utilización del Programa Heurístico General que es incorporado mediante ejercicios de demostración. La evaluación parcial de este trabajo brindó un resultado positivo, lo que muestra la efectividad de la propuesta.

A disciplina de igualdade de triângulos, base fundamental para o estudo dos conteúdos geométricos, é ministrada e consolidada no oitavo ano. A presente investigação expõe a viabilidade da aplicação do Programa Heurístico Geral como alternativa para o tratamento do conteúdo didático nas demonstrações de igualdade de triângulos na oitava série do Ensino Médio Básico. Utiliza-se o método dialético materialista, com predominância da abordagem quantitativa e pressupõe uma amostra de estudo de 23 alunos de uma turma de oitavo ano selecionada intencionalmente, na qual foram aplicadas observação, análise do produto da atividade e entrevista entre outros. o que permitiu verificar as dificuldades no processo de ensino-aprendizagem dos conteúdos relativos à Unidade 2: Geometria plana e cálculo de corpos, especificamente na disciplina de igualdade de triângulos. Isso é complexo para os alunos, pois eles devem aplicar conceitos, proposições e procedimentos. Para tudo isso é necessária a utilização do Programa Heurístico Geral, que é incorporado por meio de exercícios de demonstração. A avaliação parcial deste trabalho proporcionou um resultado positivo, o que demonstra a eficácia da proposta.

The rights enshrined in CF/88 were created with the aim of protecting the citizen from excesses of the State, preventing abuses arising from public agents. The control of public administration is regulated through various normative acts, which bring rules, modalities and instruments for the organization of this control. This paper seeks to analyze how the external control of police activity is done by the Brazilian Public Prosecutor's Office (MP), as well as to analyze how such inspection activity can influence internal and external police action. This is an exploratory, applied and bibliographic research. As results we identify the origin of police organizations in Brazil; the execution of public security policies and their consequences for minorities; the normative structure of the State Public Ministry for acting in the external control of police activity. As practical implications we suggest actions that can reduce police violence such as Investing in the continued training of the police force regarding human rights, training and application of non-lethal weapons; Investment in police intelligence to improve the planning of operations; Investment in body cameras and in vehicles, as we believe it will inhibit violent actions, and will be a proof of defense for police officers who act within the law; Definition of norms and operational procedures on the performance in conflicted communities that can be audited by the MPE and accompanied by social bodies; Creation of a specific sector in the MPE for more effective control over police bodies. Strengthening internal control of police organisations.

Los derechos consagrados en la CF/88 fueron creados con el objetivo de proteger al ciudadano de los excesos del Estado, impidiendo los abusos provenientes de los agentes públicos. El control de la administración pública es regulado a través de diversos actos normativos, que traen reglas, modalidades e instrumentos para la organización de este control. Este trabajo busca analizar cómo se realiza el control externo de la actividad policial por parte del Ministerio Público (MP) brasileño, así como analizar cómo esa actividad de fiscalización puede influir en la actuación policial interna y externa. Se trata de una investigación exploratoria, aplicada y bibliográfica. Como resultados identificamos el origen de las organizaciones policiales en Brasil; la ejecución de las políticas públicas de seguridad y sus consecuencias para las minorías; la estructura normativa del Ministerio Público del Estado para actuar en el control externo de la actividad policial. Como implicaciones prácticas sugerimos acciones que pueden reducir la violencia policial tales como Invertir en la formación continuada de la fuerza policial en materia de derechos humanos, entrenamiento y aplicación de armas no letales; Invertir en inteligencia policial para mejorar la planificación de las operaciones; Invertir en cámaras corporales y en vehículos, ya que creemos que inhibirá las acciones violentas, y será una prueba de defensa para los policías que actúan dentro de la ley; Definición de normas y procedimientos operativos sobre la actuación en comunidades conflictivas que puedan ser auditados por el MPE y acompañados por los órganos sociales; Creación de un sector específico en el MPE para un control más efectivo sobre los órganos policiales. Fortalecimiento del control interno de las organizaciones policiales.

Os direitos consagrados na CF/88, foram criados com o objetivo de resguardar o cidadão de excessos do Estado, impedindo abusos decorrentes de agentes públicos. O controle da administração pública é regulamentado através de diversos atos normativos, que trazem regras, modalidades e instrumentos para a organização desse controle. Este trabalho busca analisar como é feito o controle externo da atividade policial pelo Ministério Público (MP) brasileiro, bem como analisar como tal atividade de fiscalização pode influenciar na ação policial interna e externa. Esta é uma pesquisa exploratória, aplicada e bibliográfica. Como resultados identificamos a origem das organizações policiais no Brasil; a execução das políticas de segurança pública e suas consequências para as minorias; A estrutura normativa do Ministério Público Estadual para atuação no controle externo da atividade policial. Como implicações práticas sugerimos ações que podem reduzir a violência policial como: Investir na formação continuada da força policial no que tange aos direitos humanos, ao treinamento e aplicação de armas não letais; Investimento em inteligência policial para melhorar o planejamento das operações; Investimento em câmeras corporais e nas viaturas, pois acreditamos que inibirá as ações violentas, e será uma prova de defesa para os policiais que atuam dentro da lei; Definição de normas e procedimentos operacionais sobre a atuação em comunidades conflagradas que possam ser auditados pelo MPE e acompanhado pelos organismos sociais; Criação de um setor específico no MPE para o controle mais efetivo sobre os organismos policiais. E pelo Fortalecimento do controle interno das organizações policiais.

Resumen Desde el inicio del debate moderno acerca del género de Junia (Rm 16,7) y su apostolicidad, numerosos intérpretes han acudido a la interpretación patrística del pasaje para determinar su significado, dejando en segundo plano incluso el análisis filológico del texto griego neotestamentario. Detractores del género femenino de Junia han apelado a la declaración de Epifanio de Salamina (c. 315-403) en su Index Discipulorum, donde Junia(s) es considerado un hombre y obispo de Apameia. Esta declaración es considerada como históricamente confiable y como una prueba que Junia no fue una mujer apóstol. Dado que un padre griego temprano como Epifanio interpretó Romanos 16,7 de esta manera, se considera que debe ser la interpretación más probable. En esta investigación se analizan los argumentos esgrimidos por los defensores de esta postura. Se presentan cuatro conclusiones. En primer lugar, Epifanio de Salamina no compuso el Index Discipulorum, sino que es una obra medieval pseudoepigráfica. En segundo lugar, la información proporcionada por esta obra no es históricamente confiable, sino que de naturaleza ficticia y anacrónica. En tercer lugar, la obra parece presentar prejuicios de género en contra de la inclusión de mujeres en el círculo de discípulos. Por último, se concluye los intérpretes que apelan a este argumento realizan un uso selectivo de la evidencia disponible.

Abstract Since the beginning of the modern debate about the gender and apostolicity of Junia (Rm 16,7), numerous interpreters have resorted to the patristic interpretation of the passage to determine its meaning, leaving aside even the philological analysis of the New Testament Greek text. Detractors of Junia’s feminine gender have appealed to the statement of Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 315-403) in his Index Discipulorum, where Junia(s) is considered to be a man and Bishop of Apameia. This statement is regarded as historically reliable and proof that Junia was not a female apostle. Since an early Greek father like Epiphanius interpreted Romans 16,7 in this way, it is considered to be the most likely interpretation. This research analyzes the arguments put forward by the defenders of this position. Four conclusions are presented. In the first place, Epiphanius of Salamis is not the author the Index Discipulorum, but rather it is a medieval pseudo-epigraphical work. Second, the information provided by this work is not historically reliable, but rather fictitious and anachronistic in nature. Third, the work seems to present gender biases against the inclusion of women in the circle of disciples. Finally, it is concluded that the interpreters who appeal to this argument make a selective use of the available evidence.

Resumo Este artigo discute formas de contribuição para o aprimoramento do senso crítico dos educandos em sala de aula de Matemática. Especificamente, para fins de promoção dessa modalidade de pensamento chamada senso crítico, expusemos um grupo de alunos de 6º ano a um ambiente de argumentações e refutações, aplicando uma sequência de atividades didáticas que os conduzissem a demonstrar o seguinte resultado da Geometria Plana: “a soma dos ângulos internos de qualquer triângulo é 180°”. Assim, a seguir, usando este resultado, determinassem o valor da soma dos ângulos internos de um polígono qualquer por um processo de inferência lógica. Em relação às tarefas, que envolveram a explicitação de validações, os estudantes foram incentivados a fazer manipulações, produzir questionamentos e levantar hipóteses, visando construir conhecimentos e relações necessárias, tornando, dessa forma, os aprendizados significativos. Para fundamentar nossos trabalhos, apoiamo-nos na teoria do desenvolvimento do pensamento geométrico proposta por Van Hiele, bem como em Balacheff e nos seus trabalhos sobre argumentações e refutações para a construção de validações matemáticas. Para a análise dos resultados, embasamo-nos em Carraher e seus critérios para caracterizar um indivíduo como pensador crítico. Mostramos, assim, que o desenvolvimento do senso crítico pode ser favorecido por meio de um trabalho pedagógico que envolva os alunos na construção de validações geométricas. Matemática Especificamente º Plana 180°. 180 180° . 180°” Assim seguir lógica tarefas manipulações hipóteses necessárias tornando forma significativos apoiamonos apoiamo Hiele matemáticas resultados embasamonos embasamo Mostramos assim geométricas 18 1

Abstract In the present paper, we evaluated how to contribute to the improvement of critical sense of the students in the mathematics classes. Specifically, for the purpose of promoting this way of thinking, named critical sense, we exposed a group of 6th grade students to an environment of argumentations and refutations applying a sequence of didactic activities that leads them to demonstrate the result of Plane Geometry: “the sum of the internal angles of any triangle is 180°”. Next, using this result, that they determined the sum of the internal angles of any polygon through a process of logical inference. In the tasks, which involved the communication of validations, the students were encouraged to make manipulations, to question, and to raise hypotheses, always aiming to build the necessary knowledge and geometric relationships, making their learning meaningful. To support our actions, we relied on Van Hiele and his theory on the development of geometric thinking, as well as on Balacheff and his works whereby him explore argumentations and refutations to the construction of mathematic validations. In analyzing the results, we based ourselves on Carraher and his criteria to characterize an individual as a critical thinker. Thus, we show that the development of critical thinking can be favored through pedagogical work that involves students in the construction of geometric validations, while observing the geometric learning levels proposed by Van Hiele. paper classes Specifically th Geometry 180°. 180 180° . 180°” Next inference tasks validations manipulations question hypotheses relationships meaningful actions results thinker Thus 18 1

Resumo A teoria do risco ou da responsabilidade objetiva dispensa a comprovação da culpa ou do dolo e tem como requisitos a ocorrência do dano e o nexo causal. Embora a constituição disponha a responsabilidade por acidente de trabalho como subjetiva, se tem observado na doutrina e no judiciário a adoção da responsabilidade objetiva em alguns casos de acidentes e doenças ocupacionais. Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar decisões do Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 15ª Região - São Paulo para conhecer em que situações a corte tem utilizado a responsabilidade objetiva. A pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, de caráter exploratório e descritivo, foi desenvolvida com base em análise documental e revisão bibliográfica. A pesquisa documental foi realizada em acórdãos que continham o descritor “acidente de trabalho”, disponíveis na base de dados do Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 15ª Região, julgados no período entre 11/11/2015 e 10/11/2017. Os resultados indicaram que, do total de 559 casos julgados, em 275 a decisão foi de procedência, sendo 15% por responsabilidade objetiva. Considerando apenas os casos procedentes, a responsabilidade objetiva apareceu em 30,5% deles. Esse percentual revela que já é expressiva nessa corte a tomada de decisão com base na noção de responsabilidade objetiva, e que tal adoção tem potencial para afetar práticas de prevenção de acidentes.

Abstract The risk theory or objective liability dispenses proof of guilt or intent and requires only the occurrence of damage and the causal link. Although the constitution establishes the responsibility for work accidents as subjective, it has been observed in the doctrine and in the judiciary the adoption of objective liability in some cases of accidents and occupational diseases. This study aims to analyze the decisions of the Regional Labor Court of the 15th Region - São Paulo to know in which situations the court has used objective liability. The quantitative-qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research was developed based on document analysis and literature review. The document research was carried out in judgments that contained the descriptor “work accident,” available in the database of the Regional Labor Court of the 15th Region, judged between 11/11/2015 and 10/11/2017. The results indicated that, of the total of 559 cases judged, in 275 the decision was founded, being 15% by objective liability. Considering only the founded cases, objective liability appeared in 30.5% of them. This percentage reveals that decision-making based on the notion of objective liability is already expressive in this court, and that such adoption has the potential to affect accident prevention practices.

Abstract Argumentation frameworks are defeasible argumentation models developed in the field of artificial intelligence to analyze the justification of arguments according to their interaction through attacks. Extension semantics for argumentation frameworks are criteria for sanctioning one (skeptical point of view) or several (credulous point of view) subsets of justified arguments. One way to evaluate different extension semantics is by considering whether or not they satisfy some “principles” (that is, reasonable or desirable properties). In addition to these semantics, approaches to argumentation such as dialogue games have also been proposed, as proof theories to find justified arguments through the winning strategies of a proponent, and correspondences between games and extensions have been demonstrated. As a consequence, argumentative dialogue games can be put into correspondence with the principles of extension semantics. However, those correspondences are not always explicitly available. The aim of this work is to reveal such correspondences with cases of simple games, one skeptical and two variants of credulous.

Resumen Los marcos de argumentación son modelos de argumentación derrotable desarrollados en el campo de la inteligencia artificial para analizar la justificación de argumentos según su interacción por medio de ataques. Las semánticas de extensiones para los marcos de argumentación son criterios para sancionar uno (punto de vista escéptico) o varios (punto de vista crédulo) subconjuntos de argumentos justificados. Una forma de evaluar diferentes semánticas de extensiones es considerando si satisfacen o no algunos “principios” (es decir, propiedades razonables o deseables). Además de estas semánticas, también se han propuesto enfoques de la argumentación como juegos de diálogos, a modo de teorías de prueba para encontrar argumentos justificados a través de las estrategias ganadoras de un proponente, y se han demostrado correspondencias entre juegos y extensiones. Como consecuencia, los juegos de diálogos argumentativos se pueden poner en correspondencia con los principios de las semánticas de extensiones. Sin embargo, esas correspondencias no siempre se muestran explícitamente. El objetivo de este trabajo es poner de manifiesto tales correspondencias con casos de juegos simples, uno escéptico y dos variantes de crédulos.

The traditional African society attached special value to female virginity, associating it with personal purity and honour. But today in Nigeria, virginity has lost its importance to premarital sex. The neglect of this virtue should be a concern to the Church in Nigeria because this is now a rising trend being witnessed among the Christian youth. This article, therefore, attempted a re-reading of Deuteronomy 22:13-21 as a response to the problem of premarital sex among Nigerian Christian youth. It employed the historical-critical exegesis and the descriptive approach. The work revealed that several factors are responsible for the prevalence of premarital sex in Nigeria, including a lack of sex education from parents, and the influence of western culture, among others. It also discovered that premarital sexual behaviour has social implications, particularly for female youth. These include unwanted pregnancy and abortion. The article concluded that the prevalence of premarital sex among Nigerian Christian youth is a challenge to the Church and postulated a sexual theology of the Church in which Deuteronomy 22:13-21 takes a central place. Taking a cue from the text, this theology would assign significant roles to the church community, the youth themselves and parents in a bid to provide sex education for the youth so that they avoid premarital sex. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This research involves the disciplines of the Old Testament and Christian ethics. It relates the narrative on virginity proof in Deuteronomy 22:13-21 to the Nigerian context with its high rate of premarital sex. The article postulates that the text can be employed in a sexual theology of the Church that would help in combating prevalent premarital sex.