ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives Multiple Sclerosis has a reasonable prevalence and the diagnosis is generally made at working age, at a stage that is still demanding on a professional level, a time when there are also generally personal/family particularities that require some dedication. Furthermore, given the incidence, diversity and severity of the symptoms presented, limitations often arise that can seriously affect the ability to work or even lead to unemployment. It is then desirable that the members working in Occupational Health and Safety teams have some knowledge on the subject, in order to better guide their performance, safeguarding the interests of everyone involved. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023, in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content It is a demyelinating and autoimmune disease of the Central Nervous System; it is characterized by recurrent and intermittent episodes of inflammation, with generally progressive destruction of axonal myelin. In most cases there is a cycle of relapses and remissions and symptoms of varying intensity; the evolution is unpredictable. Causes autonomic, visual, motor and sensory symptoms; which makes independent daily living and the ability to work difficult; sometimes becoming debilitating. It is incurable and neurodegenerative. The severity varies depending on the neurological areas most affected. The function of myelin is to facilitate conduction at the level of axons; with changes in this, the electrical impulses that coordinate mental and physical functions become less effective. As myelin deteriorates, it is replaced by scars of abnormal tissue, with different consistency (stiffness, plaques), which further disrupts conduction. Injuries to the frontal and parietal lobes often result in cognitive and emotional changes; in the spinal cord, problems arise more easily in the lower limbs. Changes in the optic nerve and occipital lobe can cause visual problems. This is the neurological desease that causes most limitations in the young adult active population. Given the reasonably young age at which symptoms begin, there will be a decrease in quality of life, more significant than in other chronic diseases. Discussion and Conclusions Although the bibliography is not scarce, the emphasis in the vast majority of articles is not on Occupational Health or Safety. It would be relevant for some teams working in large companies with some prevalence, to evaluate the cases in detail, describing the main problems detected, proposed measures and their subsequent evaluation, in order to publish not only the path, but also the conclusions obtained, for greater dissemination of the subject.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos A Esclerose Múltipla tem uma prevalência razoável e o diagnóstico faz-se geralmente em idade ativa, numa fase ainda exigente a nível profissional, altura essa onde geralmente também existem particularidades pessoais/familiares que necessitam de alguma dedicação. Para além disso, dada a incidência, diversidade e gravidade dos sintomas apresentados, com frequência surgem limitações que podem condicionar seriamente a capacidade de trabalho ou até levar ao desemprego. Será então desejável que os elementos a exercer em equipas de Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais tenham alguns conhecimentos sobre o tema, de forma a melhor orientar o seu desempenho, salvaguardando os interesses de todos os envolvidos. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023, nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo É uma doença desmielinizante e auto-imune do Sistema Nervoso Central; carateriza-se por episódios recorrentes e intermitentes de inflamação, com destruição de mielina axonal, geralmente progressiva. Na maioria dos casos existe um ciclo de relapsos e remissões e sintomas de intensidade oscilante; a evolução é imprevisível. Causa sintomas autonómicos, visuais, motores e sensoriais; o que dificulta a vida quotidiana independente e o trabalho, tornando-se por vezes debilitante. É incurável e neurodegenerativa. A gravidade varia com as áreas neurológicas mais atingidas. À medida que a mielina se detiora, ela é substituída por cicatrizes de tecido anormal, com diferente consistência (rigidez, placas), o que perturba ainda mais a condução. Lesões nos lóbulos frontal e parietal geralmente resultam em alterações cognitivas e emocionais; na espinal medula, mais facilmente surgem problemas nos membros inferiores. Alterações no nervo ótico e lobo occipital podem originar alterações visuais. Trata-se da doença neurológica que mais limitações causa na população ativa jovem adulta. Dada a idade razoavelmente jovem do início de sintomas, irá ocorrer diminuição da qualidade de vida, mais significativa que noutras doenças crónicas. Discussão e Conclusões Ainda que a bibliografia não seja escassa, a enfase da grande maioria dos artigos não é dada à Saúde ou Segurança Ocupacionais. Seria relevante que algumas equipas a exercer em empresas grandes e com alguma incidência, avaliassem com detalhe os casos, descrevendo os principais problemas detetados, medidas propostas e avaliação posterior das mesmas, de forma a publicar não só o caminho, mas também as conclusões obtidas, para maior divulgação do assunto.

Resumo A difusão de estratégias que visam desmantelar os efeitos do patriarcado na linguagem suscitou uma grande discussão sobre a legitimidade dos usos não sexistas da linguagem, despertando o interesse de diferentes atores sociais, entre os quais academias da língua como a Real Academia Espanhola e a Academia Chilena de Línguas. Sob a perspectiva glotopolítica, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar as ideologias linguísticas que fundamentam as intervenções e que fazem parte de um ciclo de conferências organizado pela Academia Chilena de Língua. O corpus foi analisado sob as diretrizes teóricas e metodológicas da escola francesa de Análise do Discurso. Os resultados mostram que as ideologias linguísticas subjacentes às intervenções estão ancoradas em um sistema ideológico heteronormativo e patriarcal, no qual a Academia Chilena de Línguas busca se legitimar: por um lado, através da construção de uma auto-imagem progressiva, e, por outro, de seu papel de especialistas.

Resumen La difusión de estrategias que apuntan a la desarticulación de los efectos del patriarcado en el lenguaje ha originado una gran discusión en torno a la legitimidad de los usos no sexistas de la lengua, lo que ha despertado el interés de distintos actores sociales, entre los cuales se encuentran academias de la lengua como la Real Academia Española y la Academia Chilena de la Lengua. Se analizan las ideologías lingüísticas que subyacen en las intervenciones que integran un ciclo de conferencias organizado por la Academia Chilena de la Lengua desde la perspectiva glotopolítica. El marco teórico proviene de los lineamientos teóricos y metodológicos de la Escuela Francesa del Análisis del Discurso. Los resultados muestran que las ideologías lingüísticas identificadas se anclan a un sistema ideológico de tipo hetero normado y patriarcal, en el cual la Academia Chilena de la Lengua busca relegitimarse: por un lado, a través de la construcción de una imagen de sí progresista, y, por el otro, desde el lugar de expertos.

Abstract The circulation of strategies that aim to dismantle the effects of patriarchy in language has given rise to discussions around the legitimacy of non-sexist uses of language, awakening the interest of different social actors including language institutions such as the Royal Spanish Academy and the Chilean Academy of Language. From the glottopolitical perspective, the objective of this study is to analyze the linguistic ideologies that underlie the interventions that form part of a cycle of conferences organized by the Chilean Academy of Language. The corpus was analyzed under the theoretical and methodological guidelines of the French school of Discourse Analysis. The results show that the linguistic ideologies underlying the interventions are anchored on a heteronormative and patriarchal ideological system, in which the Chilean Academy of Language seeks to legitimize itself: on the one hand, through the construction of a progressive self-image, and, on the other, from their role as experts.

Abstract: Burkitt lymphoma is a non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma with a high prevalence in the pediatric population. Abdominal manifestations are well known in sporadic Burkitt lymphoma and vary from nonspecific symptoms to intestinal obstruction due to intussusception; however, mass-like splenic involvement has been scarcely described. Objective: To present a case of a patient with a splenic mass whose histopathological analysis revealed Burkitt lymphoma. Clinical Case: A 13-year-old female patient presented with abdominal pain, progressive weight loss, and fever. Imaging studies showed a splenic mass, intestinal thickening, and ileal intussusception. Histopathological analysis of spleen biopsy revealed Burkitt lymphoma. After the first cycle of chemotherapy (BFM95-NHL protocol), abdominal symptoms resolved; no other signs suggestive of intussusception were observed, as well as a significant reduction of the splenic mass was observed. Conclusions: Burkitt lymphoma in pediatric patients can present as a well-defined splenic tumor, causing no splenomegaly. In addition, its management does not require surgery since it can be resolved with chemotherapy.

Resumen: El linfoma de Burkitt es una neoplasia linfoide no Hodgkin de células B con una alta prevalencia en la población pediátrica. Las manifestaciones abdominales son muy conocidas en el linfoma de Burkitt esporádico y pueden ir desde síntomas inespecíficos hasta obstrucción intestinal debido a intususcepción; sin embargo, el compromiso esplénico en la forma de una masa ha sido poco reportado. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de una paciente con masa esplénica cuyo resultado histopatológico reveló linfoma de Burkitt. Caso Clínico: Paciente mujer de 13 años que presenta dolor abdominal, pérdida de peso progresiva y fiebre. El estudio de imagen mostró una masa esplénica, engrosamiento intestinal e intususcepción ileal. Se realizó una biopsia del bazo, cuyo análisis histopatológico reveló la presencia de un linfoma de Burkitt. Los síntomas abdominales de la paciente se resolvieron, no se observaron otros signos de intususcepción y se evidenció una reducción marcada de la masa esplénica después del primer ciclo de quimioterapia basada en el protocolo institucional (BFM95-NHL). Conclusiones: El linfoma de Burkitt en pacientes pediátricos se puede presentar en forma de un tumor esplénico bien delimitado, sin generar esplenomegalia. Además, para su manejo no requiere cirugía, ya que puede resolverse con quimioterapia.

Abstract: Burkitt lymphoma is a non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma with a high prevalence in the pediatric population. Abdominal manifestations are well known in sporadic Burkitt lymphoma and vary from nonspecific symptoms to intestinal obstruction due to intussusception; however, mass-like splenic involvement has been scarcely described. Objective: To present a case of a patient with a splenic mass whose histopathological analysis revealed Burkitt lymphoma. Clinical Case: A 13-year-old female patient presented with abdominal pain, progressive weight loss, and fever. Imaging studies showed a splenic mass, intestinal thickening, and ileal intussusception. Histopathological analysis of spleen biopsy revealed Burkitt lymphoma. After the first cycle of chemotherapy (BFM95-NHL protocol), abdominal symptoms resolved; no other signs suggestive of intussusception were observed, as well as a significant reduction of the splenic mass was observed. Conclusions: Burkitt lymphoma in pediatric patients can present as a well-defined splenic tumor, causing no splenomegaly. In addition, its management does not require surgery since it can be resolved with chemotherapy.

Resumen: El linfoma de Burkitt es una neoplasia linfoide no Hodgkin de células B con una alta prevalencia en la población pediátrica. Las manifestaciones abdominales son muy conocidas en el linfoma de Burkitt esporádico y pueden ir desde síntomas inespecíficos hasta obstrucción intestinal debido a intususcepción; sin embargo, el compromiso esplénico en la forma de una masa ha sido poco reportado. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de una paciente con masa esplénica cuyo resultado histopatológico reveló linfoma de Burkitt. Caso Clínico: Paciente mujer de 13 años que presenta dolor abdominal, pérdida de peso progresiva y fiebre. El estudio de imagen mostró una masa esplénica, engrosamiento intestinal e intususcepción ileal. Se realizó una biopsia del bazo, cuyo análisis histopatológico reveló la presencia de un linfoma de Burkitt. Los síntomas abdominales de la paciente se resolvieron, no se observaron otros signos de intususcepción y se evidenció una reducción marcada de la masa esplénica después del primer ciclo de quimioterapia basada en el protocolo institucional (BFM95-NHL). Conclusiones: El linfoma de Burkitt en pacientes pediátricos se puede presentar en forma de un tumor esplénico bien delimitado, sin generar esplenomegalia. Además, para su manejo no requiere cirugía, ya que puede resolverse con quimioterapia.

Abstract This study aims to investigate the gene expression of sperm-borne phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ), WW domain-binding protein 2N-Terminal Like (WBP2NL), and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), as a negative control, in spermatozoa and their relationship with fertility and seminal quality in stallions. Ejaculates from 40 Criollo stallions were used, whose fertility was assessed on the basis of their pregnancy rate per cycle in at least two breeding seasons. Pregnancy rates ranged from 20% to 90% and were used to divide the stallions into two groups: High rates (≥ 50%) (n = 25), and Low rates (< 50%) (n = 15). A computer-assisted sperm analysis system - (CASA) analyzed semen after collection. Also were evaluated the physical and functional integrity of the plasmatic membrane and sperm morphology alterations. All stallions expressed PLCζ, WBP2NL, and TNF-α. PLCζ positively correlates with conception rate, total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), plasmatic membrane functionality, and integrity. A simple linear regression was detected between pregnancy rate and PLCζ expression (P = 0.003), TM (P < 0.001) and PM (P < 0.001). PLCζ gene expression was higher (P = 0,012) in the High rates group than in the Low group. WBP2NL and TNF-α did not correlate with seminal quality and stallion’s fertility. It was concluded that PLCζ gene expression in the spermatozoa might be used as a biomarker of fertility and seminal quality in stallions. Parameters of sperm kinetics also showed, positive correlation between TM, PM and pregnancy rate. spermborne borne , (PLCζ) domainbinding domain binding 2NTerminal NTerminal 2N Terminal N WBPNL WBP NL (WBP2NL) TNFα, TNFα TNF α (TNF-α) control 4 seasons 20 90 groups ≥ ( 50% 50 n 25, 25 25) 15. 15 . 15) computerassisted computer assisted CASA (CASA collection alterations TNFα. α. (TM) PM, (PM) functionality P 0.003, 0003 0.003 0 003 0.003) 0.001 0001 001 0.001. 0,012 0012 012 stallion s showed (PLCζ (WBP2NL (TNF-α 2 9 5 1 (TM (PM 000 0.00 00 0,01 01 0.0 0,0 0. 0,

Resumen: La gastritis necrotizante es una entidad infrecuente con prevalencia desconocida, el diagnóstico muchas veces es incidental durante una laparotomía exploradora o autopsias de pacientes con abdomen agudo. Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico de gastritis necrotizante, entidad infrecuente que se debe tener presente en el contexto de pacientes inmunocomprometidos con factores de riesgo asociados. Caso Clínico: Escolar masculino de 7 años con diagnóstico de Leucemia linfoide aguda de precursores T, finalizando ciclo de quimioterapia de inducción con protocolo PETHEMA 2013. Presentó cuadro de 12 días caracterizado por dolor abdominal epigástrico y vómitos, inicialmente se sospechó pancreatitis aguda, descartada por enzimas pancreáticas y tomografía computada de abdomen normales. Por sospecha de enfermedad ácido-péptica asociada a esteroides comenzó tratamiento con inhibidores de la bomba de protones y procinéticos. Considerando cuadro de dispepsia con signos de alarma, como progresión de la neutropenia, proteína C reactiva en aumento y deterioro clínico, se realizó Esofagogastroduodenoscopía (EGD) compatible con gastritis necrotizante, confirmado por histopatología. Recibió manejo farmacológico, régimen cero y soporte parenteral, en controles imagenológicos se evidenció mejoría progresiva. Luego de ayuno por 30 días se inició nutrición enteral bien tolerada, con seguimiento ambulatorio. Tras la mejoría, se completó plan de quimioterapia, destacando remisión completa, sin complicaciones después de 2 años. Conclusión: La gastritis necrotizante es poco frecuente, en el caso descrito los factores de riesgo fueron el inmunocompromiso, el manejo previo con corticoides y citotóxicos y, posiblemente, la exposición a situaciones de estrés durante la hospitalización. El diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz determinaron un pronóstico favorable.

Abstract: Necrotizing gastritis is an infrequent entity with unknown prevalence, the diagnosis is often incidental during exploratory laparotomy or autopsies of patients with acute abdomen. Objective: To present a clinical case of necrotizing gastritis, a rare entity that should be taken into account in the context of immunocompromised patients with associated risk factors. Clinical Case: 7-year-old male schoolboy diagnosed with T-precursor acute lymphoid leukemia, finishing induction chemotherapy cycle with PETHEMA 2013 protocol. He presented 12 days of symptoms characterized by epigastric abdominal pain and vomiting, initially acute pancreatitis was suspected, ruled out by normal pancreatic enzymes and abdominal computed tomography. Due to suspicion of acid peptic disease associated with steroids, treatment with proton pump inhibitors and prokinetics was started. Considering dyspepsia with alarm signs, such as progression of neutropenia, increased C-reactive protein and clinical deterioration, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed, compatible with necrotizing gastritis, confirmed by histopathology. He received pharmacological management, zero regimen and parenteral support, and progressive improvement was evidenced in imaging controls. After fasting for 30 days, enteral nutrition was started, well tolerated, with ambulatory follow-up. After improvement, chemotherapy plan was completed, highlighting complete remission, without complications after 2 years. Conclusion: Necrotizing gastritis is a rare entity, in the case described the risk factors were immunocompromise, previous management with corticosteroids and cytotoxic therapy, and possibly, exposure to stressful situations during hospitalization. Early diagnosis and treatment determined a favourable prognosis.

Resumen: El principal objetivo de este estudio es describir una estrategia de evaluación auténtica como herramienta para evaluar el logro de competencias en la formación de psicólogos. Se realiza una evaluación de ciclo online en 14 estudiantes de una universidad chilena, usando un análisis de caso validado por jueces expertos. Los resultados muestran el logro de dos competencias, diagnóstico e intervención en psicología, con un mejor desempeño en la competencia de intervención. Los resultados del test de entrada y salida muestran que la mayoría (85.7%) de los estudiantes tenía expectativas favorables sobre su desempeño. Se sugiere que se deben reforzar contenidos asociados a la psicología del desarrollo, tales como el desarrollo cognitivo y afectivo. Se concluye que la carrera de psicología y las universidades deben avanzar en la evaluación de competencias por medio de evaluaciones auténticas, además del logro progresivo del perfil de egreso, a fin de asegurar la calidad en la enseñanza impartida.

Abstract: The primary purpose of this study is to describe an authentic assessment strategy, as a tool, to examine the achievement of competencies in the training of psychologists. An online cycle assessment is conducted to survey 14 students from a Chilean university by using a case analysis validated by expert judges. The results show the achievement of two competencies, diagnosis and intervention in psychology, having best performance in intervention. The entry and exit tests reveal that the majority (87.6%) of students have favorable expectations on their performances. The results show that content associated with developmental psychology, such as cognitive and affective development, should be reinforced. It is concluded that psychology degree programs and universities should improve the evaluation of competencies through authentic assessments, in addition to examining progressive achievements of graduate profiles, to accomplish high teaching quality standards.

Resumen: El cambio climático es un fenómeno progresivo que, aunque se puede mitigar, no se puede detener. Como consecuencia, el nivel de incertidumbre es alto para proponer estrategias de diseño resiliente que contrarresten sus efectos sobre el confort y la salud de las personas. Así mismo, una limitación es la recolección de información y acceso a datos climáticos de cada lugar, por lo cual en el presente trabajo se planteó un ciclo de mediciones de temperatura, humedad relativa y velocidad del viento en un estudio de caso de vivienda social en la ciudad de Tunja, Colombia. De manera que, el objetivo del artículo es analizar y validar la fiabilidad de los datos recolectados en sitio. Para ello se realiza un análisis estadístico descriptivo de la información con herramientas como Excel y PSPP versión 1.4.1. Como resultado se encontró que, pese a que el nivel promedio de fiabilidad es aceptable, existen datos por debajo del valor mínimo de aceptabilidad. Se concluyó que, la estadística descriptiva permite conocer el margen de error al cual están expuestos los datos y por tanto reducir la incertidumbre en el diseño resiliente.

Abstract: Climate change is a progressive phenomenon that, although it can be mitigated, it cannot be stopped. As a consequence, the level of uncertainty is high to propose resilient design strategies to counteract its effects on people's comfort and health. Likewise, a limitation is the collection of information and access to climatic data of each place, so in the present work a cycle of temperature, relative humidity and wind speed measurements was proposed in a case study of social housing in the city of Tunja, Colombia. Thus, the objective of the article is to analyze and validate the reliability of the data collected on site. For this purpose, a descriptive statistical analysis of the information was carried out with tools such as Excel and PSPP version 1.4.1. As a result, it was found that, although the average level of reliability is acceptable, there are data below the minimum value of acceptability. It was concluded that descriptive statistics allows to know the margin of error to which the data are exposed and therefore reduce the uncertainty in the resilient design.

Resumen: La gastritis necrotizante es una entidad infrecuente con prevalencia desconocida, el diagnóstico muchas veces es incidental durante una laparotomía exploradora o autopsias de pacientes con abdomen agudo. Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico de gastritis necrotizante, entidad infrecuente que se debe tener presente en el contexto de pacientes inmunocomprometidos con factores de riesgo asociados. Caso Clínico: Escolar masculino de 7 años con diagnóstico de Leucemia linfoide aguda de precursores T, finalizando ciclo de quimioterapia de inducción con protocolo PETHEMA 2013. Presentó cuadro de 12 días caracterizado por dolor abdominal epigástrico y vómitos, inicialmente se sospechó pancreatitis aguda, descartada por enzimas pancreáticas y tomografía computada de abdomen normales. Por sospecha de enfermedad ácido-péptica asociada a esteroides comenzó tratamiento con inhibidores de la bomba de protones y procinéticos. Considerando cuadro de dispepsia con signos de alarma, como progresión de la neutropenia, proteína C reactiva en aumento y deterioro clínico, se realizó Esofagogastroduodenoscopía (EGD) compatible con gastritis necrotizante, confirmado por histopatología. Recibió manejo farmacológico, régimen cero y soporte parenteral, en controles imagenológicos se evidenció mejoría progresiva. Luego de ayuno por 30 días se inició nutrición enteral bien tolerada, con seguimiento ambulatorio. Tras la mejoría, se completó plan de quimioterapia, destacando remisión completa, sin complicaciones después de 2 años. Conclusión: La gastritis necrotizante es poco frecuente, en el caso descrito los factores de riesgo fueron el inmunocompromiso, el manejo previo con corticoides y citotóxicos y, posiblemente, la exposición a situaciones de estrés durante la hospitalización. El diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz determinaron un pronóstico favorable.

Abstract: Necrotizing gastritis is an infrequent entity with unknown prevalence, the diagnosis is often incidental during exploratory laparotomy or autopsies of patients with acute abdomen. Objective: To present a clinical case of necrotizing gastritis, a rare entity that should be taken into account in the context of immunocompromised patients with associated risk factors. Clinical Case: 7-year-old male schoolboy diagnosed with T-precursor acute lymphoid leukemia, finishing induction chemotherapy cycle with PETHEMA 2013 protocol. He presented 12 days of symptoms characterized by epigastric abdominal pain and vomiting, initially acute pancreatitis was suspected, ruled out by normal pancreatic enzymes and abdominal computed tomography. Due to suspicion of acid peptic disease associated with steroids, treatment with proton pump inhibitors and prokinetics was started. Considering dyspepsia with alarm signs, such as progression of neutropenia, increased C-reactive protein and clinical deterioration, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed, compatible with necrotizing gastritis, confirmed by histopathology. He received pharmacological management, zero regimen and parenteral support, and progressive improvement was evidenced in imaging controls. After fasting for 30 days, enteral nutrition was started, well tolerated, with ambulatory follow-up. After improvement, chemotherapy plan was completed, highlighting complete remission, without complications after 2 years. Conclusion: Necrotizing gastritis is a rare entity, in the case described the risk factors were immunocompromise, previous management with corticosteroids and cytotoxic therapy, and possibly, exposure to stressful situations during hospitalization. Early diagnosis and treatment determined a favourable prognosis.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate biomass accumulation and photosynthesis in mangabeira, in response to water deficit and to successive soil drying and wetting cycles. Seedlings were grown in pots and subjected to the three following water regimes: soil at 35, 70, and 100% of field capacity (FC), followed by a drying-down period until photosynthesis (measured weekly) was close to zero. Then, the seedlings were rewatered until completing four drying-wetting cycles. The control treatment was a permanently well-irrigated soil. There was a decline in biomass accumulation under water deficit conditions. Photosynthesis responded to soil rewatering only at 70 and 100% FC and was null at 35% FC. The elapsed time for photosynthesis to reach a null value after rewatering increases with successive drying-wetting cycles. In soil at 100% FC, for photosynthesis to approach zero, it takes five weeks in the first and eight weeks in the last rewatering cycle. Photosynthesis improves with progressive drying-wetting cycles, particularly in soil at 100% FC. The pre-acclimation of mangabeira to drying-wetting cycles should be considered before transplanting the seedlings in the field, and pre-acclimation should be carried out initially with soil at its FC. regimes 35 100 , (FC) dryingdown down measured weekly zero Then dryingwetting wellirrigated well irrigated conditions 7 cycle preacclimation pre acclimation 3 10 (FC 1

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o acúmulo de biomassa e a fotossíntese em mangabeira, em resposta ao deficit hídrico e a ciclos sucessivos de secagem e umedecimento do solo. Mudas foram cultivadas em vasos e submetidas aos três seguintes regimes hídricos: solo a 35, 70 e 100% da capacidade de campo (CC), seguidos de um período de secagem até que a fotossíntese (medida semanalmente) se aproximasse de zero. Em seguida, as mudas foram irrigadas novamente até completar quatro ciclos de secagem-umedecimento. O tratamento-controle foi um solo permanentemente bem irrigado. Houve um declínio no acúmulo de biomassa em condições de deficit hídrico. A fotossíntese respondeu à reirrigação do solo apenas a 70 e 100% da CC e foi nula a 35% da CC. O tempo decorrido para a fotossíntese atingir um valor nulo após irrigação aumenta com os sucessivos ciclos de secagem-umedecimento. Em solo a 100% da CC, para que a fotossíntese se aproxime de zero, são necessárias cinco semanas no primeiro e oito semanas no último ciclo de irrigação. A fotossíntese melhora com ciclos sucessivos de secagem umedecimento, particularmente em solo a 100% de CC. A pré climatização da mangabeira aos ciclos de secagem umedecimento deve ser considerada antes do transplante das mudas no campo, e a pré climatização deve ser realizada inicialmente com o solo em sua CC. hídricos 35 7 100 , (CC) medida semanalmente zero seguida secagemumedecimento. secagemumedecimento umedecimento. secagem-umedecimento tratamentocontrole tratamento controle irrigado 3 10 (CC 1

Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze how a small state like Bolivia faced the mutations of the regional political map during the present century, considering the rise of the progressive cycle and then its decline. This paper uses a qualitative approach to understand the phenomenon and its context. It establishes a dialogue between theoretical-conceptual contributions of small states and empirical references of bolivian case from documentary, bibliographic and statistical sources. As results, it holds that their constraints as small state directed a pragmatic foreign policy to capitalize the possibilities of growth, especially in economic area, beyond the political and ideological differences that could appear.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo radica en analizar cómo un Estado pequeño como Bolivia ha enfrentado las mutaciones del mapa político regional en el transcurso del presente siglo considerando el fervor del denominado ciclo progresista y luego, su decaimiento. Se emplea un abordaje cualitativo para comprender el fenómeno y su contexto, el cual pone a dialogar aportes teóricos-conceptuales sobre la noción de Estados pequeños y referencias empíricas sobre el caso en cuestión, provenientes de fuentes documentales, bibliográficas y estadísticas. En términos de resultados, se sostiene que los constreñimientos propios de su condición direccionaron una política exterior pragmática orientada a capitalizar las posibilidades de crecimiento, sobre todo en materia económica, más allá de las diferencias político-ideológicas que pudieran presentarse.

Borrowing the participation level typology from civic participation literature, in the study reported on here, we explored the level of learner participation in school governance in 1 girls' high school in South Africa. We demonstrate that despite the schools' self-claimed progressive stance, its learner participation still exhibits numerous nuanced examples of tokenism. Using a qualitative research design and purposive sampling, we collected data from interviews and observation to examine the possible causes for, as well as consequences of this tokenism. The findings indicate that adults' beliefs about minors' limited capacity remain a structural barrier to learners' genuine participation. This belief threatens the credibility and legitimacy of the Representative Council of Learners (RCL) and this threat to legitimacy, in turn, reinforces the structural beliefs that adults hold and thus perpetuates a cycle whereby genuine participation is compromised and token participation is entrenched. We conclude this article with recommendations to address, mitigate and transcend token participation.

ABSTRACT The present study was quantitative, interventional, with a quasi-experimental design and aimed to increase reading comprehension in students of the V Cycle of the I.E. N° 50171 "Divine Master of Choquecancha", in Cusco in 2016, through the application of metacognitive strategies in the teaching processes. The study population was 92 students and the sample of 40 students, distributed in the experimental group (20) and the control group (20), the type of sampling was convenience. For data collection, the observation technique was used, and the instruments were validated by expert judgment. They were applied before and after the implementation of metacognitive strategies, to both groups. The pre and posttest consisted of the application of the parallel forms of the Reading Comprehension Test of Progressive Linguistic Complexity. Based on the results obtained in the research, it was possible to affirm that the application of metacognitive strategies was fully effective in improving reading comprehension in students, thus empirically demonstrating the hypothesis raised in the research.

RESUMEN El presente estudio fue de tipo cuantitativo, de intervención, con diseño cuasi experimental y tuvo como objetivo incrementar la comprensión lectora en estudiantes de V Ciclo de la I.E. N° 50171 “Divino Maestro de Choquecancha”, en el Cusco en el año 2016, a través de la aplicación de estrategias metacognitivas en los procesos de enseñanza. La población de estudio fue de 92 estudiantes y la muestra de 40 estudiantes, distribuidos en el grupo experimental (20) y el de control (20), el tipo de muestreo fue por conveniencia. Para la recolección de datos se hizo uso de la técnica de observación y los instrumentos fueron validados por juicio de expertos. Se aplicaron antes y después de la implementación de estrategias metacognitivas, a ambos grupos. El pre y pos-test consistió en la aplicación de las formas paralelas del Test prueba de comprensión lectora de Complejidad Lingüística Progresiva. Tomando como base los resultados obtenidos en la investigación se pudo afirmar que la aplicación de estrategias metacognitivas resultó de plena efectividad para mejorar la comprensión lectora en estudiantes, con lo que se demostró empíricamente la hipótesis planteada en la investigación.

Abstract From a critical perspective, this article raises a set of problems identified in the field of socio-cultural policies in Uruguay, particularly within the cycle of progressive governments (2005-2020). In this sense, it contributes to critically rethinking the sustainability of these strategies, taking into account the risks of ascribing to a rhetoric of the socioeconomic impacts of culture; the precarious working conditions of those who work daily in these policies; the subordination of cultural policies to the agendas of social development and education organizations and institutions; and some of the challenges that commonly emerge in processes based on the participation of low-income and precarious sectors. This paper is based on extensive fieldwork carried out in Montevideo and Paysandú between 2016 and 2020, which included observations in work spaces and interviews with cultural workers enrolled in socially oriented cultural policies and programs.

Resumo O artigo se propõe abordar um conjunto de problemas identificados no setor de políticas socioculturais no Uruguai, especificamente no âmbito de governos progressistas (2005-2020). Nesse sentido, procura-se contribuir para repensar, criticamente, a sustentabilidade desta área das políticas, tendo em conta os riscos de uma retórica dos impactos socioeconómicos da cultura; as precárias condições daqueles que trabalham diariamente nessas políticas; a subordinação das políticas culturais às agendas das organizações e instituições de desenvolvimento social e educação; e os problemas que as vezes se apresentam nos processos que pedem a participação de setores populares e precarizados. Esta produção baseia-se no trabalho de campo realizado em Montevidéu e Paysandu, Uruguay, entre os anos 2016 e 2020, onde foram feitas observações em espaços de trabalho e entrevistas com trabalhadores culturais inscritos em políticas e programas culturais orientados ao “social”.

Resumen El artículo aborda un conjunto de problemas en el sector de las políticas socioculturales en Uruguay, específicamente dentro del ciclo de gobiernos progresistas (2005-2020). En ese sentido, busca realizar un aporte para repensar críticamente la sostenibilidad de estas estrategias atendiendo a los riesgos de adscribir a una retórica de los impactos socioeconómicos de la cultura; las precarias condiciones de trabajo de quienes se desempeñan en ellas; la subordinación a las agendas de organismos e instituciones de desarrollo social y educación; y los problemas que suelen presentarse en los procesos que demandan la participación de sectores populares y precarizados. Este escrito se basa en el trabajo de campo realizado en Montevideo y Paysandú (2016-2020), donde se realizaron observaciones en espacios de trabajo y entrevistas a trabajadores y trabajadoras culturales inscritos en políticas y programas culturales de orientación social.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Early mobilization of patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery who are hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a practice that has a positive impact. Methods: This is a systematic review of studies published until September 2020 in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (or MEDLINE®), Embase, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (or PEDro), Scientific Electronic Library Online (or SciELO), and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (or LILACS) databases. Randomized clinical trials describing mobilization protocols performed early in ICU patients after cardiac surgery were included. Results: According to the eligibility criteria, only 14 of the 1,128 articles found were included in the analysis. Early mobilization protocols were initiated in the immediate postoperative period or first postoperative day. The resources and technics used were progressive mobilization, cycle ergometer, early bed activities, walking protocols, resistance exercise, and virtual reality. Intensity of the mobilization activities was determined using the Borg scale and heart rate. Conclusion: Early mobilization protocols are generalist (not individual), and low-intensity exercises are used, through progressive mobilization, with two daily physical therapy sessions, during 10 to 30 minutes.