The objective of this work was to evaluate the total concentration and bioaccessible fractions of Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Pb, V and Zn in berry fruits and analyze the influence of different cultivars and growing conditions on the obtained results. The variations in bioaccessible concentrations were from 7.7-30, 17-29, 22-50, 1.8-96, 22-33 and 20-51% of the total concentration, for Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn, respectively. Copper showed greater bioaccessibility in blackberry and blueberry. For Fe, bioaccessibility was observed in all strawberries and blueberries and in some blackberries. Zinc presented higher bioaccessible fractions in strawberries. For V, only the sample Blackberry 124 showed bioaccessible concentration, (11% of the total concentration). Regarding the different forms of cultivation, the strawberries that received radiation from the red and white lamps presented a higher production of fruit compared to the other systems, however, in relation to the absorption of nutrients, a small variation was observed between the fruits. Ba Ca Cd Cr Cu Fe K Mg Mn results 7.730, 7730 7.7 30, 7 30 7.7-30 1729, 1729 17 29, 29 17-29 2250, 2250 22 50, 50 22-50 1.896, 1896 1.8 96, 1 8 96 1.8-96 2233 33 22-3 2051% 2051 20 51% 51 20-51 respectively blueberry blackberries 12 11% 11 (11 concentration. . concentration) cultivation systems however nutrients 730 7.730 773 77 7. 3 7.7-3 172 2 17-2 225 5 22-5 896 1.896 189 18 1. 9 1.8-9 223 22- 205 20-5 (1 73 7.73 7.7- 17- 89 1.89 1.8- 20- (

Resumen: Se trata de estudiar, en una primera aproximación, el impacto del cambio en el modo de producción como consecuencia de la telemática y el uso del aprendizaje de las máquinas y la inteligencia artificial en muchas de las aplicaciones y procesos repetitivos en los sistemas sociales de producción y distribución de bienes. Se utilizó el método del construccionismo sistémico, que, en definitiva, parte de la base de que los datos no son datos, sino construcciones con supuestos teóricos inevitables, y de que la lengua es el sistema en el que se construyen los lenguajes que son un límite general para obtener y comunicar información en la sociedad. Esto conduce a una teoría de las acciones algo diferente de las de Parsons y Luhmann, que lleva al concepto de praxemas, y a todo un nuevo análisis de la sociedad y su derecho. Resumen estudiar aproximación bienes sistémico definitiva inevitables Luhmann praxemas derecho

Abstract: The aim is to study, in a first approximation, the impact of the change in the production mode as a result of telematics and the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence in many of the applications and repetitive processes in social systems of production and distribution of goods. The method of systemic constructionism was used, which, in short, assumes that data are not data - they are constructions with unassailable theoretical assumptions and that language is the system in which the general limit languages are constructed to obtain and communicate information in society. This leads to a theory of actions somewhat different from those of Parsons and Luhmann - leading to the concept of praxemas, and to a whole new analysis of society and its law. Abstract study approximation goods used short praxemas law

Resumo: Objetiva-se estudar, em primeira aproximação, o impacto da mudança do modo de produção por efeito da telemática e do emprego do machine learning e inteligência artificial em grande parte das aplicações e processos repetitivos nos sistemas sociais de produção e distribuição de mercadorias. Utilizou-se o método do construcionismo-sistêmico que, em síntese, assume que os dados não são dados – são construções com pressupostos teóricos inafastáveis em que a língua é o sistema no qual se constroem as linguagens, limite geral da obtenção e da comunicação de informações na sociedade. Disso advém uma teoria das ações diferente daquelas de Parsons e Luhmann – conduzindo ao conceito de praxemas e, a toda uma nova analítica da sociedade e de seu direito. Resumo Objetivase Objetiva estudar aproximação mercadorias Utilizouse Utilizou construcionismosistêmico construcionismo sistêmico síntese linguagens direito

Resumen: El hormigón es el material principal utilizado en la construcción en Ecuador. Para su diseño, se consideran dos características: la resistencia a la compresión y el módulo de elasticidad. El módulo de elasticidad se calcula convencionalmente en relación con la resistencia a la compresión, mediante ecuaciones establecidas en códigos de diseño. Sin embargo, investigaciones han demostrado que estas ecuaciones no reflejan con precisión la realidad en Ecuador, ya que el módulo de elasticidad no solo depende de la resistencia a la compresión, sino también de otras variables como el origen del agregado, el tipo de cemento, el proceso de producción, entre otros. En este estudio, se desarrolla un modelo que utiliza la teoría de lógica difusa para estimar el módulo de elasticidad. Se emplea un sistema de inferencia lógica ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems), utilizando datos previos de ensayos de laboratorio como conocimiento previo para crear funciones de membresía (FMs) y reglas difusas del tipo condicional (If-Then) para estimar nuevos datos del módulo de elasticidad. Además de la resistencia a la compresión, se consideran otras variables importantes en la determinación del módulo de elasticidad. Los resultados son favorables, con un coeficiente de correlación R2=0.988 y una desviación estándar S=0.097, lo que indica que el sistema de inferencia lógica (SIL) es capaz de desarrollar un modelo único que permite considerar todas las variables que influyen en la determinación del módulo de elasticidad y proporcionar valores confiables.

Abstract: Concrete is the most frequently used construction material in Ecuador. Two characteristics considered for its design are compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. The latter is conventionally calculated in relation to the former using equations established in design codes. However, research has shown that these equations do not accurately reflect the reality in Ecuador, as the modulus of elasticity depends not only on compressive strength but also on other variables such as aggregate origin, type of cement, production process, among others. In this study, a model using fuzzy logic is developed to estimate the modulus of elasticity by applying an ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems) logical inference system. Previous laboratory test data are used as prior knowledge to create membership functions (MFs) and fuzzy conditional rules (If-Then) to estimate new modulus of elasticity. In addition to compressive strength, other important variables are considered in the determination of the modulus of elasticity. The results are favorable, with a correlation coefficient R2=0.988 and a standard deviation S=0.097, indicating that the logical inference system (LIS) is capable of developing a unique model that allows considering all variables that influence the determination of the modulus of elasticity and providing reliable results.

Summary: Currently, agricultural activity is constantly threatened by the effects of climate change and radical expression of environmental factors as irregular rainfall distribution responsible for water availability and deficit. These factors generate water stress in productive systems, whose negative effect is reflected on morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of vegetative growth. The use of biostimulants arises as a strategy to counteract this impact, improving crop efficiency in the use of resources and generating responses, as metabolite production, among other substances that mitigate the effects of oxidative stress. In this context, waxes, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA) and ALGAENZIMSMR were used on raspberry plants subjected to moderate water stress (-0. 8 MPa) to evaluate the fruit response in aspects of vegetative growth, physiological and biochemical quality. For the establishment, a completely randomized design was used with 5 treatments: Green Cover as 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, salicylic acid 0.27 mM, ALGAENZIMSMR 7.5 mL L-1 and the control with 50% recovery of the transpired volume as well as water potential similar to the rest of plants and 4 replicates. The results showed that waxes, SA and algal extract increased the photosynthetic rate; the four treatments increased root length; waxes increased root height; and H2O2 increased root biomass. Compared to the control, higher levels of vitamin C and anthocyanins were produced in fruits - a very important aspect due to the functionality of these compounds in human health. Therefore, the use of these biostimulants are a very useful tool for crop management in environments with water restriction.

Resumen: En la actualidad la actividad agrícola se ve amenazada constantemente por los efectos del cambio climático y la expresión radical de los factores ambientales, como la irregularidad en la distribución pluvial responsable de la disponibilidad del agua y déficit, que genera estrés hídrico en los sistemas productivos, cuyo efecto negativo se refleja en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, morfológicos, fisiológicos y bioquímicos. El uso de bioestimulantes surge como estrategia para contrarrestar este impacto, mejorando la eficiencia de los cultivos en el uso de los recursos y generar respuestas, como la producción de metabolitos entre otras sustancias, que mitigan los efectos del estrés oxidativo. Bajo este contexto se planteó el uso de ceras, peróxido de hidrogeno (H2O2), ácido salicílico (AS) y algaenzims, sobre plantas de frambuesa sometidas a estrés hídrico moderado (-0.8 MPa) con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, fisiológicos y calidad bioquímica de frutos, para el establecimiento se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con 5 tratamientos: greencover as® 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, ácido salicílico 0.27 mM, algaenzims® 7.5 mL L-1 y el control con recuperación del 50% del volumen transpirado y con potencial hídrico similar al resto de plantas y 4 repeticiones. Como resultados se obtuvo que las ceras, AS y el extracto de algas incrementaron la tasa fotosintética, los cuatro tratamientos aumentaron la longitud de raíces, las ceras la altura, y el H2O2 la biomasa de raíz. Por otro lado, en comparación con el control, se produjeron mayores niveles de vitamina C y antocianinas en frutos, un aspecto muy importante por la funcionalidad de estos compuestos en la salud humana. Por lo tanto, el uso de estos bioestimulantes se puede visualizar como una herramienta de gran utilidad para el manejo de cultivos en ambientes con restricción de agua.

Abstract Introduction. The main control measure for brown spot (BS) caused by Septoria glycines is through the application of foliar fungicide. However, the management of the disease could be accomplished through cultural and genetic practices. Objective. To analyze the evolution of BS in soybean under different production systems. Materials and methods. This study was conducted for two consecutive years (2020 and 2022), in Pergamino, Buenos Aires, using the soybean cultivar DM46i20. The management variables studied were cover crops (CC), rotations (Rt), and timing of foliar fungicide application (MAFF). The evaluated pathometric variable was the area under the progress curve of plant height with symptoms (ABCPAPS), and the quantitative physiology variable was grain yield (R) in kg/ha. Results. Agronomic management practices had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on R and ABCPAPS. CC and MAFF were independent variables and showed a significant response (p<0.0001) on R. On the other hand, there was a significant triple interaction (p<0.0001) among CC, Rt, and MAFF for ABCPAPS, and therefore, the data were explained based on this relationship. Conclusions. The implementation of cover crops, crop rotations, and foliar fungicide significantly reduced (p≤0.05) the evolution of BS in soybean cultivation. There was a significant negative correlation (p≤0.05) between soybean yield and the area under the progress curve of the plant height with BS symptoms.

Resumen Introducción. La principal medida de control de la mancha marrón (MM) causada por Septoria glycines, se realiza mediante la aplicación de fungicida foliar, sin embargo, el manejo de la enfermedad podría realizarse con prácticas de manejo cultural y genético. Objetivo. Analizar la evolución de la MM de la soja en diferentes sistemas de producción. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo durante dos años consecutivos (2020 y 2022), en la localidad de Pergamino, Buenos Aires, sobre un cultivar de soja DM46i20. Las variables de manejo fueron cultivos de cobertura (CC), rotaciones (Rt), momento de aplicación del fungicida foliar (MAFF). La variable patométrica evaluada fue el área bajo la curva de progreso de la altura de la planta con síntomas (ABCPAPS) y como variable cuantitativa fisiología sobre el cultivo el rendimiento (R) en granos en kg/ha. Resultados. Las prácticas de manejo agronómico tuvieron un efecto significativo (p≤0,05) sobre el R y el ABCPAPS. Las variables CC y MAFF fueron independientes y presentaron una repuesta significativa (p<0,0001) sobre el R. En cambio, hubo una triple interacción significativa (p<0,0001) entre los CC, las Rt y el MAFF para el ABCPAPS y, por lo tanto, los datos fueron explicados con base en esta relación. Conclusiones. La implementación de cultivos de cobertura, de rotaciones de cultivo y de fungicida foliar, redujeron significativamente (p≤0,05) la evolución de la MM en el cultivo de soja. Hubo una correlación negativa y significativa (p≤0,05) entre el rendimiento en soja y el área bajo la curva de progreso de la altura de la planta con síntomas de la MM.

RESUMO Os sistemas de produção integrados surgiram como uma estratégia de produção sustentável na intensificação do uso da terra com impacto mínimo nas funções do ecossistema. Este estudo utilizou ferramentas de agricultura de precisão para investigar a variabilidade espacial de propriedades do solo e da vegetação em área de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF) e área de Integração Pecuária-Floresta (IPF) em São Carlos, SP, Brasil. Consequentemente, foram avaliados: (1) as propriedades físico-químicas do solo, (2) a resistividade elétrica, e (3) os atributos da cultura do Eucalyptus urograndis que compõem a área de estudo. As amostragens foram realizadas em (1) agosto de 2021 nas profundidades de 0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m; (2) outubro de 2021 nas profundidades de 0-0,5, 0-1,0 e 0-2,0 m; e (3) abril de 2021 e abril de 2022. Os resultados indicaram que os valores dos parâmetros de fertilidade do solo foram adequados ao desenvolvimento da cultura e apresentaram baixa variabilidade espacial. As análises de solo indicaram baixa acidez, altos teores de matéria orgânica, teores médios de fósforo, potássio e capacidade de troca catiônica e altos teores de cálcio, magnésio e saturação por base. Entretanto, foram observados locais com maior variabilidade espacial para cálcio, refletindo variabilidade na capacidade de troca catiônica e saturação por base. A granulometria e a resistividade elétrica do solo apresentaram baixa variabilidade espacial na camada superficial. Mesmo sem diferenças nas propriedades do solo, houve diferença de 15% no maior volume de madeira no sistema IPF em comparação ao ILPF. ecossistema LavouraPecuáriaFloresta Lavoura Pecuária Floresta ILPF (ILPF PecuáriaFloresta (IPF Carlos SP Brasil Consequentemente avaliados 1 (1 físicoquímicas físico químicas 2 (2 3 (3 202 00,2 002 0 0,2 0-0, 0,20,4 0204 0,4 4 0,2-0, m 00,5, 005 0,5, 5 0-0,5 01,0 010 1,0 0-1, 02,0 020 2,0 0-2, 2022 acidez orgânica fósforo cálcio base Entretanto superficial 15 ( 20 00 00, 02 0, 0-0 0,20, 04 0,2-0 00,5 05 0,5 01 01, 10 1, 0-1 02, 2, 0-2 0- 0,20 0,2-

ABSTRACT Integrated production systems have emerged as a sustainable production strategy in intensifying land use with minimal impact on ecosystem functions. This study used precision agriculture tools to investigate the spatial variability of soil and vegetation properties in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) and in an integrated livestock-forestry (ILF) area of São Carlos city, SP, Brazil. Consequently, the following were assessed: (1) the soil physicochemical properties, (2) the electrical resistivity, and (3) the attributes of the Eucalyptus urograndis crop comprising the study area. Samplings were performed in (1) August 2021 at depths of 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m; (2) October 2021 at depths of 0-0.5, 0-1.0, and 0-2.0 m; and (3) April 2021 and April 2022. Results indicated that the values for soil fertility parameters were suitable for crop development and presented low spatial variability. Soil analyses indicated low acidity, high levels of organic matter, average cation exchange capacity, phosphorus and potassium contents, high base saturation, and calcium and magnesium levels. However, locations with greater spatial variability for calcium were observed, reflecting cation exchange capacity and base saturation variability. Soil granulometry and electrical resistivity had a low spatial variability at the surface layer. Even without differences in the soil properties, there was a difference of 15% in the larger wood volume in the ILF then ICLF system. functions croplivestockforestry livestock forestry (ICLF livestockforestry (ILF city SP Brazil Consequently assessed 1 (1 2 (2 3 (3 202 00.2 002 0 0.2 0-0. 0.20.4 0204 0.4 4 0.2-0. m 00.5, 005 0.5, 5 0-0.5 01.0, 010 1.0, 0-1.0 02.0 020 2.0 0-2. 2022 acidity matter contents However observed layer 15 system ( 20 00 00. 02 0. 0-0 0.20. 04 0.2-0 00.5 05 0.5 01 01.0 10 1.0 0-1. 02. 2. 0-2 0- 0.20 0.2- 01. 1. 0-1

The objective of this article is to discuss the main challenges in implementing integrated and systemic policies aimed at the sustainable transition of food systems. For this purpose, the Farm to Fork strategy, developed by the European Union to promote a fair and sustainable transition in the continent's food systems, was used as the subject of analysis. Through the examination of documents, plans, reports, and articles, four main challenges for the implementation of the strategy were identified: i) the prevalence of sectoral bias in investments focused on niche markets; ii) the concentration of investments in conventional sectors and the weakness of instruments to regulate corporate actions; iii) the limited impact of institutional and economic incentives on the diversity of production models; and iv) the insufficient investment in territorial policies.

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir os principais desafios para a implementação de políticas integradas e sistêmicas, com vistas à transição sustentável dos sistemas alimentares. Para tanto, foi utilizada como objeto a estratégia Farm to Fork, elaborada pela União Europeia para promover uma transição justa e sustentável nos sistemas alimentares do continente. Com base na análise de documentos, planos, relatórios e artigos, foi possível identificar quatro desafios principais para a implementação da estratégia: i) prevalência do viés setorial dos investimentos no fomento a nichos; ii) concentração dos investimentos nos setores convencionais e fragilidade dos instrumentos para condicionar as ações das corporações; iii) baixa incidência dos incentivos institucionais e econômicos sobre a diversidade dos modelos produtivos; e iv) pouco investimento nas ações de caráter territorial.

Abstract This article aims to demonstrate that the use of intersectionality, as an analytical, political and social strategy, is compatible with a critical and radical reading of criminology, considering LGBT issues as a central point of the implications of violence and vulnerability. Intersectionality is used as a strategy for contemporary criminological thinking, given its analytical potential regarding the intersection of power systems and the production of inequalities. The course of reflections, which has LGBTphobic violence as a starting point, begins with a brief exposition of Brazilian data on homotransphobia and its relations with the intersectional perspective. It then justifies the choice of Patricia Hill Collins and her approach to intersectionality as a critical social theory. It advances the analysis of intersectional thinking as a necessary strategy for contemporary criminological criticism, by repositioning reflections on vulnerability, especially regarding LGBT debates. The results of these discussions leave open possibilities for a paradigm shift in Brazilian critical criminological thinking, which has become accustomed to working with social markers of difference in a generic or isolationist bias, a perspective that can be overcome with the intersectional criminology proposed by Hillary Potter. vulnerability inequalities theory criticism debates bias Potter

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar que o uso da interseccionalidade, enquanto estratégia analítica, política e social, se compatibiliza com uma leitura crítica e radical da criminologia, considerando as questões LGBT como ponto central das implicações de violência e vulnerabilidade. A interseccionalidade é empregada como estratégia para o pensamento criminológico contemporâneo, diante do seu potencial analítico quanto ao entrecruzamento dos sistemas de poder e a produção de desigualdades. O percurso das reflexões, que tem a violência LGBTfóbica como ponto de partida, inicia com uma breve exposição de dados brasileiros sobre a homotransfobia e suas relações com a perspectiva interseccional. Em seguida, justifica a escolha de Patrícia Hill Collins e sua abordagem da interseccionalidade como teoria crítica social. Avança na análise do pensamento interseccional como estratégia necessária à crítica criminológica contemporânea, ao reposicionar reflexões sobre vulnerabilidade, especialmente quanto aos debates LGBT’s. Os resultados destas discussões deixam em aberto possibilidades de uma mudança paradigmática no pensamento criminológico crítico brasileiro, que se habituou a trabalhar com marcadores sociais da diferença em um viés genérico ou isolacionista, perspectiva que pode ser superada com a criminologia interseccional proposta por Hillary Potter. analítica social vulnerabilidade contemporâneo desigualdades partida seguida contemporânea LGBTs. LGBTs s. s LGBT’s brasileiro isolacionista Potter

Foi realizada uma análise métrica da revista Gaceta Médica de México (GMM) com base nos indicadores bibliométricos oferecidos pelos sistemas de indexação que cobrem a publicação histórica da revista. A principal fonte de consulta é o índice Scopus, por conter a mais ampla cobertura retrospetiva, a partir de 1945. Essa fonte foi complementada por indicadores obtidos no Scimago (que se baseia em informações bibliográficas da Scopus), Journal Citation Reports (JCR) da Web of Science, Periódica-Biblat, SciELO e Google Scholar Metrics. Os aspectos avaliados são a produção documental da revista, cuja consistência pode ser aferida através da linha do tempo, bem como a representação autoral e institucional dos seus conteúdos, através da qual se pode quantificar o alcance nacional e internacional da publicação enquanto canal de comunicação científica. Por outro lado, a análise de citações e os indicadores baseados em citações avaliam o impacto da publicação como fonte de referência para outros estudos. A conclusão mais geral é que a GMM passou por diferentes fases de crescimento e contração ao longo da sua longa história como a revista mais antiga do nosso país. Os anos mais recentes contrastam com o século e meio que os precedeu, manifestando uma tendência que a coloca num novo patamar de valores e que pode prenunciar uma nova era para a publicação.

A metric analysis of the journal Gaceta Médica de México (GMM) was carried out based on the bibliometric indicators offered by the indexing systems that cover the journal's historical publication. The main source of consultation is the Scopus index, as it contains the broadest retrospective coverage, starting in 1945. This source was complemented by indicators obtained from Scimago (which is based on bibliographic information from Scopus), Journal Citation Reports (JCR) of Web of Science, Periódica-Biblat, SciELO and Google Scholar Metrics. The aspects evaluated are the journal's documentary production, whose consistency can be assessed through the timeline, as well as the authorial and institutional representation of its contents, through which the national and international scope of the publication as a channel of scientific communication can be quantified. On the other hand, citation analysis and citation-based indicators assess the impact of the publication as a source of reference for other studies. The most general conclusion is that GMM went through different fluctuating phases of growth and contraction throughout its long history as the oldest journal in our country. The most recent years contrast with the century and a half that preceded it by manifesting a trend that places it in a new range of values and may foreshadow a new era for the publication.

Se realizó un análisis métrico de la revista Gaceta Médica de México (GMM) basado en los indicadores bibliométricos ofrecidos por los sistemas de indización que cubren la publicación histórica de la revista. La fuente principal de consulta es el índice Scopus, por contener la cobertura retrospectiva más amplia, a partir de 1945. Esta fuente fue complementada por indicadores obtenidos por Scimago (el cual se basa en la información bibliográfica de Scopus), Journal Citation Reports (JCR) de Web of Science, Periódica-Biblat, SciELO y Google Scholar Metrics. Los aspectos evaluados son la producción documental de revista, de la cual puede valorarse su consistencia a través de la línea de tiempo, así como la representación autoral e institucional de sus contenidos, a través de la cual se cuantifica el alcance nacional e internacional de la publicación como canal de comunicación científico. Por otra parte, el análisis de citas y los indicadores basados en la citación, evalúan el impacto de la publicación como fuente de consulta para otros estudios. La conclusión más general es que GMM atravesó por diferentes fases fluctuantes de crecimiento y contracción, a través de su largo historial como la revista más antigua de nuestro país. Los años más recientes contrastan con el siglo y medio que la antecede al manifestar una tendencia que la coloca en nuevo rango de valores y que puede prefigurar una nueva época para la publicación.

Abstract Agroecological and artisanal produce markets have multiplied as part of a broader process that promotes food citizenship oriented towards justice and sustainability. However, this phenomenon is immersed in the complexity of food systems and entails great heterogeneity. This article analyzes the relationship between these types of initiatives and the gentrification processes in some of the areas where they are established. The topic is approached from ethnographic material collected in the framework of a research project on agroecological production initiatives and artisanal transformation in Mexico City and on the citizens’ collectives that facilitate the commercialization of this production. The findings show that in certain areas of the city these markets shape a broader set of “alternative” food supply networks linked to gentrification processes and the findings identify some of the factors that affect the reproduction of social inequalities within the framework of these initiatives. At the same time, the study underscores the agency of the actors involved and documents their abilities to use these spaces through the growing demand for fresh, healthy, and locally-sourced food to advance their own ends in areas subject to gentrification.

Resumen Los mercados de producción agroecológica y artesanal se han multiplicado como parte de un proceso más amplio que busca impulsar ciudadanías alimentarias orientadas a la justicia y la sustentabilidad. No obstante, este fenómeno se encuentra inmerso en la complejidad de los sistemas alimentarios y alberga gran heterogeneidad. En el presente artículo se analizan las relaciones entre este tipo de iniciativas y los procesos de gentrificación de algunas de las áreas donde se establecen. El tema es abordado a partir del material etnográfico recolectado en el marco de un proyecto de investigación enfocado en la documentación de iniciativas de producción agroecológica y la transformación artesanal que operan en la Ciudad de México y en los colectivos ciudadanos que facilitan la comercialización de sus productos. Los hallazgos muestran que en ciertas zonas de la ciudad estos mercados intervienen en un conjunto más amplio de oferta alimentaria “alternativa” vinculada a los procesos de gentrificación e identifica algunos de los factores que inciden en la reproducción de las desigualdades sociales en el marco de estas iniciativas. Al mismo tiempo, se visibiliza la agencia de los actores y se documenta su capacidad de utilizar el espacio de oportunidad creado por la creciente demanda de alimentos frescos, saludables y de origen local en las zonas sujetas a procesos de gentrificación para avanzar hacia sus propios fines.

ABSTRACT Lowland rice in Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, is grown as a sole crop, which has aggravated problems with weeds. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of weed management systems in soybean crops to decrease weed infestation in lowland rice production areas, using pre- and post-emergence herbicides. The experiment was conducted in Turvo, SC, from August 2021 to April 2022. A randomized block design with four replications was used, in a 6 × 5 factorial arrangement. The factors consisted of six pre-emergence herbicides treatments (S-metolachlor, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, and a control without herbicide), and five post-emergence herbicide treatments: control without herbicide, glyphosate at two rates (930 and 1,550 g a.e. ha-1), applied alone or in combination with clethodim. The herbicide sulfentrazone caused persistent phytotoxicity and resulted in the lowest soybean grain yield. The herbicide S-metolachlor was ineffective in controlling weed species, except barnyard grass, even when combined with post-emergence application. The poor control of these weed species does not result in significant interference, causing no significant decreases in grain yield of soybean crops grown in floodplain soils. The use of S-metolachlor, diclosulam, and pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, combined with post-emergence application of glyphosate (930 g a.e. ha-1), resulted in highly effective control of barnyard grass, inhibiting weed seed production. Only the combination of glyphosate (1,550 g a.e. ha-1) with clethodim can suppress barnyard grass seed production without using pre-emergence herbicides. SC , (SC) Brazil crop weeds context areas pre postemergence post emergence Turvo 202 2022 used arrangement preemergence Smetolachlor, Smetolachlor S metolachlor, metolachlor (S-metolachlor diclosulam diuron flumioxazin herbicide) 930 (93 1550 1 550 1,55 ae e a.e ha1, ha1 ha interference soils (1,55 ha-1 (SC 20 93 (9 155 55 1,5 (1,5 ha- 2 9 ( 15 1, (1, (1

RESUMO O arroz irrigado em Santa Catarina é cultivado em monocultivo, o que tem agravado os problemas com plantas daninhas. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja sobre a redução da infestação de plantas daninhas em uma área de produção de arroz irrigado, utilizando para isso herbicidas em pré e/ou pós-emergência da soja. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Turvo - SC no período de agosto de 2021 a abril de 2022. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com tratamentos organizados em esquema fatorial 6 × 5, com quatro repetições. O fator A constou de seis tratamentos aplicados em pré-emergência, os herbicidas utilizados foram: S-metolachlor, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, além de uma testemunha sem herbicida. Já o fator B constou de cinco tratamentos aplicados em pós-emergência: testemunha sem herbicida, gyphosate em duas doses (930 e 1550 g e.a. ha-1), aplicadas de forma isoladas ou em associação com clethodim. O herbicida S-metolachlor foi ineficiente para o controle de outras plantas daninhas, mesmo quando combinado com a aplicação em pós-emergência. O controle deficiente destas espécies não resulta em significativa interferência, não causando decréscimo na produtividade de grãos da soja, em ambientes de terras baixas. O uso dos herbicidas S-metolachlor, diclosulam e pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, combinados com a aplicação em pós-emergência de glyphosate (930 g e.a. ha-1) resultou em controle eficiente de capim-arroz e inibiu a produção de sementes. Apenas a associação de glyphosate (1550 g e.a. ha-1) com clethodim suprimiu a produção de sementes de capim-arroz, sem a aplicação de herbicidas em pré-emergência. monocultivo modo eou pósemergência pós emergência 202 2022 Utilizouse Utilizou se 5 repetições préemergência, préemergência emergência, pré-emergência foram Smetolachlor, Smetolachlor S metolachlor, metolachlor diuron flumioxazin 930 (93 155 ea e.a ha1, ha1 ha 1 , pósemergência. emergência. interferência baixas ha-1 capimarroz capim (155 capimarroz, arroz, préemergência. 20 93 (9 15 ha- (15 2 9 ( (1

There is growing evidence that soil degradation, among other factors, has led to both the decline and constraint of agriculture in southern Africa. Conservation and regenerative agriculture (CA/RA) have been proposed as a grain crop production system that could slow down, halt or even reverse some of these disturbing trends. But the question remains whether it is financially viable. We sought to find an answer to this question by comparing the financial returns of a CA/RA system over a 20-year period to its alternatives, namely conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) production systems. The cumulative free cash flow (CFCF) of the average between the realistic and conservative CA/RA scenarios in year 20 is considerably higher than that of the other systems under investigation. The CFCF for CA/RA in year 20 in Mpumalanga is estimated to be ZAR86 million, compared to -ZAR51 million for CT and about ZAR4 million for NT. That is a net difference between ZAR137 million (compared to CT) and ZAR82 million (compared to NT). In the Maluti area, the CFCF for the CA/RA production system is estimated at ZAR26 million, compared to -ZAR66 million for CT and -ZAR19 million for NT. In the North-West production area, the CFCF for the CA/RA production system is estimated at ZAR35 million, compared to -ZAR9 million for CT and about ZAR21 million for NT. The differences between the CFCF of the CA/RA system and the other systems represent the financial opportunity cost of not converting to the CA/RA system. SIGNIFICANCE: • Soil degradation leads to both the decline and constraint of agriculture in southern Africa. • Conservation and regenerative agriculture (CA/RA) have been proposed as a grain crop production system that could slow down, halt or even reverse some of these disturbing trends. • CA/RA are financially more viable in three grain production areas of South Africa. • The cumulative free cash flow (CFCF) CA/RA in year 20 is considerably higher than that of the other systems. • The differences between the CFCF of the CA/RA system and the other systems represent the financial opportunity cost of not converting to the CA/RA system.

Resumen El uso de ensilados es considerado como estrategia de alimentación en los sistemas de producción animal con rumiantes en periodos de estiaje. El objetivo fue evaluar el rendimiento y valor nutritivo en forraje y ensilado de pasto Mulato II (Urochloa híbrido) y dos aditivos, a diferente edad de rebrote. Se evaluaron edades de 3, 6 y 9 semanas y aditivos (cáscara de naranja y melaza) en ensilados: 1) Mulato II (ME); 2) Mulato II + cáscara de naranja; 3) Mulato II + melaza y 4) Mulato II + cáscara de naranja + melaza, mediante un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Las variables fueron: rendimiento (kg ha-1) de materia seca total (MST) y por componente morfológico, altura de planta (AP, cm), índice de área foliar (IAF), PC, FDN, FDA y lignina en forraje y ensilado; pH, grados brix y MS (%) en ensilados. Al cosechar el forraje a la edad de rebrote de nueve semanas se obtuvo el mayor rendimiento de MS (7 508 kg ha-1), mientras que, el contenido de PC fue mayor en la semana tres de rebrote (201 g kg-1), superando en 10 y 29% a lo encontrado en la sexta y novena semana. Los ensilados con aditivos presentaron los valores mayores de PC y menores de FDA, FDN y pH. A mayor edad de rebrote se obtienen mayores rendimientos de MS, pero el valor nutritivo disminuye, sin embargo, el uso de la cáscara de naranja y melaza en ensilados de pasto mejora el valor nutritivo.

Abstract The use of silage is considered as a feeding strategy in animal production systems with ruminants during dry periods. The objective was to evaluate the yield and nutritive value in forage and silage of Mulato II grass (Urochloa hybrid) and two additives, at different regrowth ages. Ages of 3, 6 and 9 weeks and additives (orange peel and molasses) were evaluated in silages: 1) Mulato II (ME); 2) Mulato II + orange peel; 3) Mulato II + molasses and 4) Mulato II + orange peel + molasses. The variables were: yield (kg ha-1) of total dry matter (TDM) and by morphological component, plant height (PH, cm), leaf area index (LAI), CP, NDF, ADF and lignin in forage and silage; pH, brix degrees and DM (%) in silage. When the forage was harvested at nine weeks of regrowth, the highest DM yield was obtained (7 508 kg ha-1), while the CP content was higher in week three of regrowth (201 g kg-1), exceeding by 10 and 29% that found in the sixth and ninth weeks. The silages with additives presented the highest CP values and the lowest values of ADF, NDF and pH. The higher the age of regrowth, the higher the dry matter yields, while the nutritive value decreased; however, the use of orange peel and molasses in grass silages improved the nutritive value.

Resumen En Tamaulipas la ganadería caprina extensiva de la región semiárida del Altiplano contribuye anualmente con la producción del 41% de ganado en pie y el 87% de leche en el estado. El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar el sistema extensivo que practican las unidades de producción caprinas de los municipios de Jaumave, Bustamante y Tula. Mediante la aplicación de encuestas estructuradas que se realizaron en meses de diciembre 2021 y enero 2022 se obtuvo información socioeconómica, alimenticia, productiva, reproductiva y sanitaria de 40 unidades de producción caprinas. Para sintetizar y tipificar la información se realizó un análisis factorial de componentes principales y un análisis clúster mediante el Programa Estadístico de Ciencias Sociales (SPSS versión 24). Se identificaron cuatro factores (manejo, producción, pastoreo y reproducción) que explican la mayor parte de la variabilidad total de los datos y se determinaron cuatro grupos de unidades de producción. La caracterización del sistema caprino de producción extensiva en el Altiplano de Tamaulipas se describe de forma general con variables de manejo y producción. Sin embargo, el análisis de las tipologías de unidades de producción mostró heterogeneidad en el sistema, en este sentido, las diferencias entre las medias de las agrupaciones que más destacaron fueron finalidad zootécnica, reproducción, producción e ingresos anuales. La subalimentación, escasez de agua y deficiente manejo reproductivo se asocian a la baja productividad y alta mortalidad de los animales.

Abstract In Tamaulipas extensive goat production systems in the semi-arid region of the Altiplano contribute annually with the production of 41% of live animals and 87% of milk in the state. The objective of the study was to characterize the goat production units in the municipalities of Jaumave, Bustamante and Tula, in which a significant number of production units are located. Through the application of structured surveys conducted in December 2021 and January 2022, socioeconomic, nutritional, productive, reproductive, and sanitary information was obtained from 40 goat production units. Data was analyzed using principal component factor analysis and a cluster analysis with the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS version 24). Four factors (management, production, grazing and reproduction) explained most of the total variation of the data and four groups of production units were determined. The characterization of the extensive goat production system in the Altiplano of Tamaulipas is described in general terms with management and production variables. However, the analysis of the typologies of production units showed heterogeneity in the system, in this sense, the differences between the means of the groupings that stood out the most were zootechnical purpose, reproduction, production and annual income. Underfeeding, scarce water sources and poor reproductive management are associated with low productivity and high animal mortality.

ABSTRACT Aquaponics is the cultivation technique that integrates aquaculture with hydroponics. The present work compared two plant production cycles of a hydroponic component of an aquaponic system (tilapia-lettuce-cucumbers) vs. a hydroponic system. The tilapia growth trial lasted 22 weeks in the aquaponic system, during which two plant production cycles -lettuce-cucumber- (seven weeks) were performed. Water quality and environmental variables were recorded, evaluating weight growth and biomass produced in fish rearing. Leaf number, height, and weight were determined in lettuce plants. Stem length and fresh weight were measured in cucumber plants; length, fresh weight, and diameter were determined in cucumber fruit. The results showed that the average tilapia biomass per tank was 33.76 kg m-3 with an average final weight of 592.26 ± 25.45 g fish−1. Lettuce production (plants ha−1) was higher in aquaponics than hydroponics during the first cycle, while in the second one, it was greater in hydroponics. Significant differences (ANOVA, P < 0.05) resulted between treatments in both cucumber production cycles with larger biomass growth in hydroponics than in aquaponics. Cucumber fruit showed larger weight (212.52 ± 18.89 g) and length (14.15 ± 1.75 cm) in hydroponics, thus greater yield (4.97 t ha−1); hydroponics-grown cucumber plants had longer stem lengths (292.51 ± 8.73 cm). In conclusion, the hydroponic system had higher plant production. However, aquaponics provided a double benefit since it produced fish and plants, and the plants used waste from fish rearing without contaminating the environment.