Abstract (Introduction): Within the framework of the present capitalist system, human beings have become an important polluting agent. Current production and consumption processes do not consider the existence of finite natural resources and a planet incapable of treating the waste that the prevailing way of life generates. Given these circumstances, the study of non-linear models is of interest, which make a more rational use of the waste that the productive activity generates, favoring recycling mechanisms. The phenomenon of recycling becomes particularly relevant in the case of electrical and electronic devices, whose ability to be degraded and metabolized by planet Earth is extremely difficult. (Objective): Evaluate the feasibility of installing and starting a recycling plant for electrical and electronics items in the town of Bahía Blanca (Argentina), during 2021. (Methodology): The conventional method for evaluating investment projects was used, considering technical, legal and economic aspects. (Results): The project is not acceptable according to the profitability intended by the investor. The possibility of financing was also included, which made the project even less profitable, and the sensitivity of the results was measured, finding that the price should be 1.48 % higher than that used in the analysis. (Conclusions): Other alternatives must be explored to make this proposal profitable from an economic and financial point of view.

Resumen (Introducción): En el marco del sistema capitalista vigente, el ser humano se ha transformado en un agente significativo de contaminación. Las dinámicas productivas y de consumo actuales no contemplan la existencia de recursos naturales finitos y de un planeta incapaz de procesar los desperdicios que el modo de vida habitual genera. Dadas estas circunstancias, cobra interés el estudio de modelos no lineales, que hagan un uso más racional de los residuos derivados de la actividad productiva, los cuales favorezcan mecanismos de reciclaje. El fenómeno del reciclaje se vuelve, en particular, relevante para el caso de los artefactos eléctricos y electrónicos; la capacidad del planeta Tierra para degradarlos y metabolizarlos resulta sumamente difícil. (Objetivo): Evaluar la factibilidad de la instalación y puesta en marcha de una planta recicladora de artículos eléctricos y electrónicos en la localidad de Bahía Blanca (Argentina), durante el 2021. (Metodología): Se utilizó la metodología convencional de evaluación de proyectos de inversión, considerando aspectos técnicos, legales y económicos. (Resultados): El proyecto no es aceptable según la rentabilidad pretendida por el inversor. También se incluyó la posibilidad de un financiamiento, lo que hizo que el plan fuera menos rentable aún, y se midió la sensibilidad de los resultados: se halló que el precio debiera ser 1.48 % superior al utilizado en el análisis. (Conclusiones): Se deben explorar otras alternativas para lograr que el proyecto sea rentable desde el punto de vista económico-financiero.

Abstract (Introduction): The current cultivation of trees is insufficient to cover the national demand for wood, in this way small producers become an alternative solution to this situation, since despite having small areas, in the country there are abundant farms with these conditions; However, the current forest management scheme does not meet adequate standards for the incorporation of these small producers. (Objective): To present an adaptive forest management scheme (AFMS) to the needs of the small farmer, in addition, to demonstrate the institutional availability to change according to expert criteria. (Methodology): 1) the factors that influence the decision to adopt an agricultural or forestry production system were identified; 2) a profile of an ideal productive system that met the interests and preferences of the small producer was made, which was compared with the characteristics of agricultural and forestry production; 3) the proposal of an EMFA adjusted to the preferences and interest of the producer was made, which was also compared with the ideal profile; 4) three proposed change actions were presented to experts, obtaining different degrees of possibility of changes in the EMFA. (Results): The discrepancy of the forest management scheme for the cultivation of trees with the perspective that a small producer has on an ideal production system was evidenced, as well as the substantial improvement that an EMFA would have in the valuation of the small producer and the institutional availability to change the EMFA according to the perspective of the small producers. (Conclusions): The adjustment of the forest management scheme allows a greater adoption of the activity by the small producer, but it was recognized that any proposal that is made would be successful only if forest governance makes it more flexible and allows change.

Resumen (Introducción): El cultivo actual de árboles es insuficiente para cubrir la demanda nacional de madera, de este modo, los pequeños productores se tornan como una alternativa de solución ante esta situación, ya que pese a contar con áreas pequeñas, en el país son abundantes las fincas con estas condiciones; sin embargo, el esquema actual de manejo forestal no cumple con estándares adecuados para la incorporación de estos pequeños productores. (Objetivo): Presentar un esquema de manejo forestal adaptativo (EMFA) a las necesidades del pequeño productor, además de evidenciar la disponibilidad institucional al cambio, según el criterio experto. (Metodología): 1) se identificaron los factores que influyen en la decisión de adopción de un sistema productivo agrícola o forestal; 2) se realizó un perfil de un sistema productivo ideal que cumpliera con los intereses y preferencias del pequeño productor, el cual se confrontó con las características de la producción agrícola y forestal; 3) se efectuó la propuesta de un EMFA ajustado a las preferencias e interés del productor, que fue también confrontada con el perfil ideal; 4) se expusieron tres acciones de cambio propuestas ante expertos, obteniendo diferentes grados de posibilidad de cambios en el EMFA. (Resultados): Se evidenció la discrepancia del esquema de manejo forestal para el cultivo de árboles con la perspectiva que un pequeño productor tiene sobre un sistema de producción ideal, asimismo la mejora sustancial que un EMFA tendría en la valoración del pequeño productor y la disponibilidad institucional al cambio del EMFA, según la perspectiva de los pequeños productores. (Conclusiones): El ajuste del esquema de manejo forestal permite una mayor adopción del cultivo de árboles por parte del pequeño productor, pero se reconoció que cualquier propuesta que se realice lograría ser exitosa si la gobernanza forestal flexibiliza y posibilita el cambio.

Abstract (Introduction): Vinasse is generated as a residue in the production of ethanol by fermentation-distillation of molasses/sugar cane juice, at a rate of 13 L/L of ethanol. It is an acid liquid, brown in color, characterized by high mineralization and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values of up to 150 000 mg/L, being highly polluting. (Objective): The objective of this research was to evaluate a vinasse treatment process with hydrogen peroxide as a source of hydroxyl radicals at laboratory scale. (Methodology): The vinasse samples, from different distilleries in the province of Tucumán, were characterized following standardized techniques of Standard Methods. The oxidation tests were carried out with different peroxide/vinasses ratios, in a semi-batch reactor, under ambient conditions, measuring COD as an indicator parameter of the treatment. (Results): After 5 days, an 85 % decrease in COD and an increase in the Biodegradability Index were achieved. The kinetics of the oxidative reaction was first order with respect to COD, with an apparent rate constant of 0.3694 1/day. (Conclusions): Although the COD values allowed by local regulations (250 mg/L) were not reached, the proposed treatment is encouraging due to its simplicity, representing a potential option to the environmental challenge represented by vinaze in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La vinaza se genera como residuo en la producción de etanol por fermentación-destilación de melazas/jugos de caña de azúcar, a razón de 13 L/L de etanol. Es un efluente líquido, ácido caracterizado por una elevada mineralización y valores de demanda química de oxígeno (DQO) de hasta 150 000 mg/L, siendo altamente contaminante. (Objetivo): Ealuar un proceso de tratamiento de vinazas con peróxido de hidrógeno, como fuente de radicales hidroxilos, en escala laboratorio. (Metodología): Las muestras de vinazas, de destilerías de la provincia de Tucumán, se caracterizaron según técnicas normalizadas de Standard Methods. Los ensayos de oxidación se realizaron con distintas relaciones de peróxido/vinaza, en un reactor semibatch, en condiciones ambientales, midiendo DQO como parámetro indicador del tratamiento. (Resultados): Al cabo de cinco días se logró una disminución de DQO del 85 % y un aumento del Índice de Biodegradabilidad. La cinética de la reacción oxidativa fue de primer orden respecto de DQO, con una constante aparente de velocidad de 0.3694 1/día. (Conclusiones): Si bien no se lograron los valores de DQO permitidos por la normativa local (250 mg/L), el tratamiento propuesto es alentador por su simpleza, representando una opción potencial al desafío ambiental que representan las vinazas en América Latina.

Abstract This article intends to propose a methodology to characterize the Financial (In)Sustainability of Brazilian municipalities − materialized through the Municipal Financial Sustainability Index (ISFM) − as opposed to the methodology suggested by the Proposed Amendment to the Constitution (PEC) No. 188, whose agenda is to incorporate small municipalities considered unsustainable. Regarding the methods, we used quantitative, applied, descriptive and explanatory research, of the bibliographical and documentary type, in addition to descriptive statistics and correlation/linear regression. The results demonstrate that the ISFM is more robust compared to the methodology proposed by the PEC. The Index was applied to 5,570 Brazilian municipalities and the national average resulted in 56%. Most Brazilian municipalities classified themselves as “Sustainable” and the statistical analysis significantly demonstrated the existence of a positive correlation between the variables ISFM and Local Development. The contributions of the work turn to the production of research on the subject, still incipient nationally. InSustainability In (ISFM PEC (PEC No 188 unsustainable methods quantitative type correlationlinear linear regression 5570 5 570 5,57 56 56% Sustainable “Sustainable Development subject nationally 18 557 57 5,5 1 55 5,

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es proponer una metodología para caracterizar la (In)Sostenibilidad Financiera de los municipios brasileños - materializada a través del Índice de Sostenibilidad Financiera Municipal (ISFM) - en contraposición a la metodología sugerida por la Propuesta de Enmienda a la Constitución (PEC) no 188, que tiene como agenda la incorporación de pequeños municipios considerados insostenibles. Los métodos utilizados fueron cuantitativos, aplicados, descriptivos y explicativos, bibliográficos y documentales, así como la estadística descriptiva y la correlación/regresión lineal. Los resultados muestran que el ISFM es más robusto que la metodología propuesta por el PEC. El Índice se aplicó a 5.570 municipios brasileños y la media nacional fue del 56%. La mayoría de los municipios brasileños fueron clasificados como “Sostenibles” y los análisis estadísticos mostraron una correlación positiva significativa entre las variables ISFM y Desarrollo Local. Las aportaciones de este trabajo se dirigen a la producción de investigaciones sobre el tema, aún incipiente a nivel nacional. InSostenibilidad In (ISFM PEC (PEC 188 insostenibles cuantitativos aplicados explicativos documentales correlaciónregresión regresión lineal 5570 5 570 5.57 56 56% Sostenibles “Sostenibles Local tema 18 557 57 5.5 1 55 5.

Résumé Le but de cet article est de proposer une méthodologie pour caractériser la (In)Durabilité Financière des municipalités brésiliennes - concrétisée par le biais de l’Indice de Durabilité Financière Municipale (ISFM) - en opposition à la méthodologie suggérée par la Proposition d’Amendement Constitutionnel (PEC) n° 188, qui vise à incorporer les petites municipalités considérées comme insoutenables. Les méthodes utilisées comprennent la recherche quantitative, appliquée, descriptive et explicative, de type bibliographique et documentaire, ainsi que la statistique descriptive et la corrélation/régression linéaire. Les résultats montrent que l’ISFM est plus robuste que la méthodologie proposée par la PEC. L’indice a été appliqué aux 5 570 municipalités brésiliennes et la moyenne nationale s’est élevée à 56%. La plupart des municipalités brésiliennes ont été classées comme “Durables” et les analyses statistiques ont démontré de manière significative l’existence d’une corrélation positive entre les variables ISFM et Développement Local. Les contributions de ce travail se concentrent sur la production de recherches sur le sujet, encore peu développé au niveau national. InDurabilité In lIndice l Indice (ISFM dAmendement d Amendement PEC (PEC n 188 insoutenables quantitative appliquée explicative documentaire corrélationrégression régression linéaire lISFM Lindice L indice 57 sest s 56 56% Durables “Durables lexistence existence dune Local sujet national 18 1

Resumo O propósito do presente artigo é propor uma metodologia para caracterização da (In)Sustentabilidade Financeira de municípios brasileiros − materializada por meio do Índice de Sustentabilidade Financeira Municipal (ISFM) − em contraponto à metodologia sugerida pela Proposta de Emenda à Constituição (PEC) no 188, que traz como pauta a incorporação de pequenos municípios considerados insustentáveis. Como métodos utilizou-se pesquisa quantitativa, aplicada, descritiva e explicativa, do tipo bibliográfica e documental, além de estatística descritiva e correlação/regressão linear. Os resultados demonstram que o ISFM possui maior robustez comparado à metodologia proposta pela PEC. O Índice foi aplicado aos 5.570 municípios brasileiros e a média nacional resultou em 56%. A maior parcela dos municípios brasileiros se classificou como “Sustentável” e as análises estatísticas demonstraram, significativamente, a existência de correlação positiva entre as variáveis ISFM e Desenvolvimento Local. As contribuições do trabalho se voltam para a produção de pesquisa sobre a temática, ainda incipiente nacionalmente. InSustentabilidade In (ISFM PEC (PEC 188 insustentáveis utilizouse utilizou quantitativa aplicada explicativa documental correlaçãoregressão regressão linear 5570 5 570 5.57 56 56% Sustentável “Sustentável demonstraram significativamente Local temática nacionalmente 18 557 57 5.5 1 55 5.

Résumé Cet article a pour but de démontrer la pertinence de l´approche transversale des chiffres et des cartes afin de mettre en évidence le pouvoir performatif qui se dégage de leurs intersections tecnhopolitiques telles que le concept de densité de population et la régionalisation du territoire. Appliquée au Brésil, l´étude croisée met en lumière des aspects du processus de construction de l´État, de la centralisation de l´autorité politique et de la création de nouvelles catégories de personnes et d´espaces de gouvernement. Pour ce faire, les tendances qui ont rapproché la statistique et la cartographie au cours de l´Empire brésilien y sont annalysées, en comprenant leur rôle en tant qu´instruments descriptifs du pouvoir souverain. De même, l´article aborde les circonstances qui conduissent à l´importance croissante des chiffres et des cartes comme une référente commune pour l´action collective et la production d´identités sociales. Basé sur le cadre de la sociologie de la quantification, l´article s´intéresse à l´émergence de la cartographie statistique et la régionalisation croissante des données officielles entre les années 1920 et 1940, liée à une nouvelle façon de definir la «brésilité », d´ordonner le territoire et de gouverner la population. On conclut que quantifier, c´est aussi visualiser et imaginer des grandeurs démographiques et économiques dans une spatialité cohérente et unitaire une fois stabilisée par des conventions d´équivalence. lapproche l approche Brésil létude étude lÉtat État l´État lautorité autorité despaces d espaces gouvernement faire lEmpire Empire annalysées quinstruments qu instruments souverain même larticle limportance importance laction action didentités identités sociales quantification sintéresse s intéresse lémergence émergence 192 1940 brésilité » dordonner ordonner quantifier cest c est déquivalence équivalence d´équivalence 19 194 1

Abstract This article takes a cross-disciplinary approach to numbers and maps to demonstrate the performative power that emerges from their technopolitical intersections, such as the concept of population density and regional delineation of territory. Applied to the Brazilian context, this combined analysis sheds light on aspects related to the construction of State authority and its power to create categories of people and places. To do so, this paper examines trends that bring statistics and cartography together in the Brazilian Empire, indicating a common status for maps and numbers as descriptive instruments of sovereign power, including their modes of use and conditions for producing and validating truth. Subsequently, it addresses the factors leading to the growing importance of numbers and maps for collective action and the production of shared identities. Drawing on references from the sociology of quantification, this paper focuses on the emergence of statistical cartography and the increasing regionalization of official data between the 1920s and 1940s – linked to a new way of defining Brazilian identity, organizing territory, and managing population. It concludes that quantifying is also visualizing demographic and economic quantities in a coherent and unitary spatiality, once stabilized by conventions of equivalence. crossdisciplinary cross disciplinary intersections territory context places so Empire truth Subsequently identities quantification s identity spatiality equivalence

Resumen Este artículo realiza un abordaje cruzado de números y mapas con el fin de evidenciar el poder performativo que emerge de sus intersecciones tecnopolíticas, como el concepto de densidad poblacional y el recorte regional del territorio. Aplicado al caso brasilero, el análisis combinado ilustra aspectos relativos a la construcción de la autoridad del Estado y su poder de crear categorías de personas y lugares. Para ese propósito, examinamos las tendencias que aproximan la estadística de la cartografía en Brasil Imperio y que indican un estatuto común a mapas y números como instrumentos descriptivos del poder soberano, sus modalidades de uso y sus condiciones de producción y validación de la verdad. Luego, abordamos los factores que conducen a la creciente importancia de los números y de los mapas para la acción colectiva y para la producción de identidades compartidas. Con base en las referencias de la sociología de la cuantificación, nos enfocamos en la emergencia de la cartografía estadística y en la creciente regionalización de los datos oficiales entre las décadas de 1920 y 1940, vinculadas a un nuevo modo de definir la “brasilidad”, ordenar el territorio y administrar la población. Concluimos que cuantificar es también visualizar cantidades demográficas y económicas en una espacialidad coherente y unitaria, una vez estabilizada por convenciones de equivalencia. tecnopolíticas brasilero lugares propósito soberano verdad Luego compartidas cuantificación 192 1940 brasilidad, brasilidad , “brasilidad” población unitaria equivalencia 19 194 “brasilidad 1

Resumo Este artigo realiza uma abordagem cruzada de números e mapas de modo a evidenciar o poder performativo que emerge de suas interseções tecnopolíticas, como o conceito de densidade populacional e o recorte regional do território. Aplicada ao caso brasileiro, a análise combinada ilumina aspectos relativos à construção da autoridade do Estado e seu poder de criar categorias de pessoas e lugares. Para tanto, examinamos as tendências que aproximam a estatística da cartografia no Brasil Império e que indicam um estatuto comum a mapas e números enquanto instrumentos descritivos do poder soberano, como suas modalidades de uso, e suas condições de produção e validação da verdade. Na sequência, abordamos os fatores que levam à crescente importância dos números e dos mapas para a ação coletiva e para a produção de identidades compartilhadas. Com base nas referências da sociologia da quantificação, enfocamos a emergência da cartografia estatística e a crescente regionalização dos dados oficiais, entre as décadas de 1920 e 1940, ligadas a um novo modo de definir a brasilidade, ordenar o território e gerir a população. Concluímos que quantificar é também visualizar quantidades demográficas e econômicas em uma espacialidade coerente e unitária, uma vez estabilizada por convenções de equivalência. tecnopolíticas brasileiro lugares tanto soberano uso verdade sequência compartilhadas quantificação oficiais 192 1940 brasilidade população unitária equivalência 19 194 1

The objective of this work was to evaluate the total concentration and bioaccessible fractions of Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Pb, V and Zn in berry fruits and analyze the influence of different cultivars and growing conditions on the obtained results. The variations in bioaccessible concentrations were from 7.7-30, 17-29, 22-50, 1.8-96, 22-33 and 20-51% of the total concentration, for Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn, respectively. Copper showed greater bioaccessibility in blackberry and blueberry. For Fe, bioaccessibility was observed in all strawberries and blueberries and in some blackberries. Zinc presented higher bioaccessible fractions in strawberries. For V, only the sample Blackberry 124 showed bioaccessible concentration, (11% of the total concentration). Regarding the different forms of cultivation, the strawberries that received radiation from the red and white lamps presented a higher production of fruit compared to the other systems, however, in relation to the absorption of nutrients, a small variation was observed between the fruits. Ba Ca Cd Cr Cu Fe K Mg Mn results 7.730, 7730 7.7 30, 7 30 7.7-30 1729, 1729 17 29, 29 17-29 2250, 2250 22 50, 50 22-50 1.896, 1896 1.8 96, 1 8 96 1.8-96 2233 33 22-3 2051% 2051 20 51% 51 20-51 respectively blueberry blackberries 12 11% 11 (11 concentration. . concentration) cultivation systems however nutrients 730 7.730 773 77 7. 3 7.7-3 172 2 17-2 225 5 22-5 896 1.896 189 18 1. 9 1.8-9 223 22- 205 20-5 (1 73 7.73 7.7- 17- 89 1.89 1.8- 20- (

The species Oryza sativa (rice) and Musa cavendishii (banana) are sources of cellulose-rich waste biomass in the Amazon region, Tocantins State. This research investigates the nanoscale production of cellulose through the interactions between three choline amino acid ionic liquids Ch[AA]IL and the respective fibers by pretreatment. To this end, the synthesis of three ILs was carried out: choline arginate Ch[Arg], choline glycinate Ch[Gly] and choline lysinate Ch[Lys], characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The samples resulting from the pretreatment were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was possible to infer from the SEM micrographs that Ch[Arg] caused greater fiber breakage than the other ILs. The TEM analyses identified fibers up to 16 nm in diameter. Positive effects were observed in the diffractograms, although no crystallinity was obtained in the pretreated samples. Thermogravimetry curves showed that the fibers treated with Ch[Arg] showed higher thermal stability. rice (rice banana (banana celluloserich rich region State ChAAIL Ch AA IL end out ChArg, ChArg Arg , ChGly Gly Ch[Gly ChLys, ChLys Lys Ch[Lys] FTIR. FTIR . (FTIR) SEM, (SEM) TEM, (TEM) Xray X ray XRD (XRD TGA. TGA (TGA) Ch[Arg 1 diameter diffractograms stability Ch[Lys (FTIR (SEM (TEM (TGA

Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor used in different commercial polymers, is a persistent pollutant commonly found in effluents. Conventional wastewater treatment processes have low chemical removal efficiency and are expensive. This work evaluated BPA removal using laccase enzyme produced from white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. For the enzymatic production, residues of acai berry and pineapple were used as laccase inducers. The use of natural inducers led to a high enzyme production (1139 and 1031 U mL−1 to acai and pineapple, respectively). Bisphenol A was removed to a concentration lower than LOD (limit of detection) after 4 h. The degradation mechanism of BPA occurred by oxidation of methyl to hydroxymethyl group in a propane portion, with breakdown of the aromatic ring. The developed technology brought to the scene a new green, viable methodology, using vegetable waste, adding value to these residues and bringing an alternative to the BPA treatment. BPA, , (BPA) polymers effluents expensive ostreatus 1139 (113 103 mL1 mL 1 mL− respectively. respectively . respectively) limit detection h portion ring green methodology waste (BPA 113 (11 10 11 (1 (

The acetalization or transacetalization reactions produce acetals or ketals used in cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, and fuel additives. Besides synthesizing several products, the acetalization or transacetalization reactions can protect carbonyl groups, 1,2 and 1,3-diols in multi-step synthesis. This work studies the transacetalization of glycerol with 2,2-dimethoxypropane (2,2-DMP) to yield 2,2-dimethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane (solketal) by catalyzing with USY, HBeta, and HZSM-5 zeolites under cleaner and mild reaction conditions (reaction temperature: 25 °C; 2,2-DMP/glycerol molar ratio: 1; reaction time: 1 h; and catalyst concentration: 0.05-5 wt.%). For catalyst concentration equal to or greater than 2,5 wt.%, glycerol conversion stabilized near 96-97% for the three zeolites tested. The product selectivities also assume a constant value, close to 97% for solketal. For the lowest concentration of catalyst, the influence of the zeolite properties on the glycerol conversion, such as acidity and the strong/weak acid site ratio, was observed. Concerning the selectivity of the products, the results suggested that it can be based on zeolite topology, active sites at the particle surface, and the relative amount of micro and mesoporous HBeta, the most selective catalyst for acetals production, was reused at least once without loss of activity and selectivity. cosmetics food pharmaceuticals additives products groups 12 2 1, 1,3diols 13diols diols 1,3 3 multistep multi step synthesis 2,2dimethoxypropane 22dimethoxypropane dimethoxypropane 2,2 2,2DMP 22DMP DMP (2,2-DMP 2,2dimethyl4hydroxymethyl1,3dioxolane 22dimethyl4hydroxymethyl13dioxolane dimethylhydroxymethyldioxolane dimethyl 4 hydroxymethyl dioxolane solketal (solketal USY HBeta HZSM5 HZSM 5 HZSM- temperature °C C 2,2DMP/glycerol 22DMPglycerol DMPglycerol DMP/glycerol ratio time h 0.055 0055 0.05 0 05 0.05- wt.%. wt wt.% . wt.%) 2, 9697% 9697 96 97 96-97 tested value strongweak strong weak observed topology surface production 3diols 13 2dimethoxypropane 22 2DMP 2dimethyl4hydroxymethyl1 3dioxolane 055 005 0.0 wt. 969 9 96-9 dimethylhydroxymethyl 2dimethyl4hydroxymethyl 00 0. 96-

In the Amazon, Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí), is part of the identity of traditional communities, and the fruit is integrated into their everyday sociocultural dynamics. Hydrolysis and pyrolysis of residual biomass can be alternatives to yield sugars, ethanol, biochar and bio-oil. The açaí seeds subjected to oxidative pretreatment followed by acid hydrolysis increased cellulose to fermentable sugars (reaching 23.5%) and second-generation ethanol production (17.441 L t−1). Açaí oil (ca. 30%) was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus (using hexane as solvent) and detected through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), where acids accounted for 82.43% of the total composition, while alcohols comprised only 13.15%. For pyrolysis, temperatures (500 and 550 °C), time (20 and 30 min), and activation temperature (750 and 800 °C) were evaluated, resulting in yields of ca. 22% for biochar and 30% for bio-oil. For the bio-oil, the main compounds detected by GC-MS were acids (16.3%), aldehydes (13.08%), amides (12.19%), alcohols (6.72%), and phenols (4.64%). The obtained biochar displayed surface area values of 553.7 m2 g−1 and 10% crystallinity, indicating its more amorphous nature. Amazon Mart açaí, , (açaí) communities dynamics biooil. biooil bio oil. bio-oil reaching 23.5% 235 23 5 secondgeneration second generation 17.441 17441 17 441 (17.44 t−1. t1 t t−1 . 1 t−1) ca (ca solvent GCMS, GCMS GC MS (GC-MS) 8243 82 43 82.43 composition 1315 13 15 13.15% 500 (50 55 °C, C °C 20 (2 3 min, min min) 750 (75 80 evaluated 22 biooil, oil, 16.3%, 163 16.3% 16 (16.3%) 13.08%, 1308 13.08% 08 (13.08%) 12.19%, 1219 12.19% 12 19 (12.19%) 6.72%, 672 6.72% 6 72 (6.72%) 4.64%. 464 4.64% 4 64 (4.64%) 5537 553 7 553. m g1 g g− 10 crystallinity nature (açaí 23.5 2 17.44 1744 44 (17.4 t− (GC-MS 824 8 82.4 131 13.15 50 (5 ( 75 (7 16.3 (16.3% 130 13.08 0 (13.08% 121 12.19 (12.19% 67 6.72 (6.72% 46 4.64 (4.64% 23. 17.4 174 (17. 82. 13.1 16. (16.3 13.0 (13.08 12.1 (12.19 6.7 (6.72 4.6 (4.64 17. (17 13. (16. (13.0 12. (12.1 6. (6.7 4. (4.6 (1 (16 (13. (12. (6. (4. (13 (12 (6 (4

Species from Pavonia genus (Malvaceae) are traditionally used as antioxidant, n anti inflammatory and antimicrobial remedies. Previous studies have revealed their diversity of specialized metabolites widely used in the development of new medicines. This is the first study on Pavonia glazioviana Gurke, a Brazilian species known as “Malva da Chapada”. The research led to identify fifteen compounds: 132 (S) hydroxy pheophytin a; and 132(S) hydroxy 173 ethoxyphaeophorbide, n decanol, cycloart 23Z ene 3β,25 diol, cycloart 24S 25 ene 3β,24 diol, sitosterol 3 O β D glucopyranoside, stigmasterol 3 O β D glucopyranoside, quercetin, acacetin, kaempferol, tiliroside, 5 hydroxy 3,7,8,4’ tetramethoxyflavone, 5,7 dihydroxy 3,8,4’ trimethoxyflavone, 5,7 dihydroxy 4’ methoxyflavone, 5,7,4’ trihydroxy 3,8 dimethoxyflavone and 5,7,4’ trihydroxy 3 methoxyflavone. The major flavonoids were tested for their antimicrobial activity, and the compound 5,7 dihydroxy 3,8,4’ trimethoxyflavone showed strong activity against Escherichia coli (MIC = 512 μg mL1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 512 μg mL1), Candida albicans (MIC = 512 μg mL1), Candida tropicalis (MIC = 512 μg mL1), Candida parapsilosis (MIC = 512 μg mL1), Aspergillus flavus (MIC = 512 μg mL1) and A. fumigantus (MIC = 512 μg mL1). The total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and radical scavenging potential were determined showing its great production of phenolics and flavonoids, along with interesting radical scavenging potential (DPPH EC50 = 6.36 ± 0.029 mg mL 1). Our findings contributed to characterize P. glazioviana as a source of methoxylated flavonoids with antimicrobial potential. Malvaceae (Malvaceae antioxidant remedies medicines Gurke Malva Chapada. Chapada . Chapada” compounds 13 S (S 132S 132(S 17 ethoxyphaeophorbide decanol Z 3β25 3β 3β,2 diol 2 3β24 24 glucopyranoside quercetin acacetin kaempferol tiliroside 3,7,8,4 3784 7 8 4 tetramethoxyflavone 57 5, 3,8,4 384 methoxyflavone 5,7,4 574 38 3, MIC 51 mL1, mL1 , A mL1. content DPPH EC EC5 636 6 36 6.3 0029 0 029 0.02 1. 1 1) P 3β2 3β, 3,7,8, 378 3,8, 5,7, 63 6. 002 02 0.0 3,7,8 37 00 0. 3,7, 3,7

In the water/triethanolamine/ethanol system, TiCl4 aqueous solution is used as the precursor to regulate the conversion rate of TiCl4 by changing the reaction temperature, water volume, pH value, and ethanol amount. The experiment uses a single-factor method to investigate the dynamic relationship between Ti4+ concentration and time under various factors, thereby achieving controllable TiO2 production. The experimental results showed that under a single factor, the conversion rate showed a trend of first steep and then slow growth within 180 min. After 180 min, the conversion rate tended to stabilize. Considering various factors, it was found that VTiCl4:VC6H15NO3:VH2O:VC2H5OH = 1:6:15:30, pH = 7, reaction time at room temperature was 4 h, and the hydrolysis effect was good. The final conversion rate was 90.46%, and the hydrolysis reaction conforms to the first-order reaction equation. Kinetic parameters: pre-factor (A) = 0.107, activation energy (Ea) = 4488.65 J mol-1. watertriethanolamineethanol triethanolamine system TiCl volume value amount singlefactor factor Ti4 Ti factors TiO production 18 min stabilize VTiCl4VC6H15NO3VH2OVC2H5OH VTiClVCHNOVHOVCHOH VTiCl4 VC6H15NO3 VH2O VC2H5OH VTiCl VC H NO VH O OH 161530, 161530 1 6 15 30, 30 1:6:15:30 7 h good 9046 90 46 90.46% firstorder order equation parameters prefactor pre A (A 0107 0 107 0.107 Ea (Ea 448865 4488 65 4488.6 mol1. mol1 mol 1. mol-1 OVC VCHNO VC6H15NO VHO VCHOH 16153 3 1:6:15:3 904 9 90.46 010 10 0.10 44886 448 4488. mol- 1615 1:6:15: 90.4 01 0.1 44 161 1:6:15 90. 0. 16 1:6:1 1:6: 1:6 1:

ABSTRACT Proper waste management is a major worldwide concern; waste is disposed of directly into the environment, affecting water, soil and air quality. The development and production of green energy sources is strongly encouraged in modern society. The aim of this study, in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 2 and 7 of the 2030 Agenda of the UN, is to combine the correct disposal of animal waste with the generation of energy to mitigate the energy insecurity of families in an extremely vulnerable semi-arid region in the north-east of the country using biodigesters. To this end, a conceptual proposal was drawn up for a low-cost, easy-to-maintain and easy-to-use biodigester. A small-scale prototype was used to assess its operation by evaluating the main factors that affect biogas production (pH, temperature and the biomass properties: total solids, fixed solids, volatile solids, concentration of volatile fatty acids and C/N ratio). Evaluation of the test prototype gave satisfactory results that corroborate other studies and make it possible to propose an economically viable and efficient full-scale biodigester for biogas production. concern environment water quality society study SDGs (SDGs 1 203 UN semiarid semi arid northeast north east biodigesters end lowcost, lowcost low cost, cost low-cost easytomaintain easy maintain easytouse use smallscale small scale pH, pH (pH properties solids CN C N ratio. ratio . ratio) fullscale full 20

ABSTRACT Due to the importance of grain production, and the need to work the soil under limited moisture, the aim of this study was to develop computer software to predict the tractive capacity of wheeled tractors for two types of tyre, the effect of different inflation pressures and levels of soil moisture. A mathematical model was developed to predict the tractive capacity of a 4 x 2 AFT tractor. Software was developed and tested by comparing the computational data with those from tests of a working tractor in the field. The parameters under evaluation were drawbar force and front and rear drive wheel slip. At both moisture levels, the bias tyres had the lowest front to rear slip ratio at the lower pressure; the ratios were similar when equipped with radial tyres. The bias tyres show maximum force at a slip ratio of 1.09 at the higher pressure and 1.03 at the lower, while for the radial tyres the ratio was 1.05 at the higher pressure and 1.07 at the lower. Software was developed to process data from the model, with the results used for estimating the tractive force of the tractor. The tractive force was overestimated by the model, which needs further adjustment for direct application in the field. production tyre field 109 1 09 1.0 103 03 105 05 107 07 10 0 1.

ABSTRACT Given the large differences in the results of inoculation and co-inoculation in the bean crop, an experiment in cultivating winter beans was carried out in 2019 under greenhouse conditions with the aim of evaluating the performance of the beans and a possible increase in plant growth and grain production, using seeds inoculated or co-inoculated with Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense, with and without fungicide and/or insecticide, in sandy and clayey soils. A total of 112 pots were used, and 14 treatments were applied in a completely randomised experimental design, with four replications. The Scott-Knott test was used to analyse the results, and showed that whether using untreated seeds or carrying out complete chemical treatment with fungicide and insecticide plus co-inoculation with R. tropici and A. brasilense, winter bean production was reduced in clayey soil, while the joint use of fungicide and insecticide, fungicide and R. tropici, or fungicide, insecticide and R. tropici, favoured shoot development. Inoculating with A. brasilense, without R. tropici and with insecticide, or insecticide and fungicide, favoured greater root growth in clayey soil. In sandy soil, grain production was higher using seeds treated solely with insecticide, solely with R. tropici, or with a combination of both. Production was lower in the joint treatment with fungicide, insecticide and the co-inoculation of bacteria, or when using insecticide together with A. brasilense. coinoculation co crop 201 coinoculated brasilense andor soils 11 1 design replications ScottKnott Scott Knott R soil development both bacteria 20 2