Parthenolide (PTN) is a secondary metabolite of the plant Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schulz Bip. and is considered the chemical marker of this species. This sesquiterpene lactone (germacrene skeleton) has been described as responsible for the biological activity of the leaf extract. In addition, several studies in the literature have demonstrated its antiparasitic and antineoplastic activity. However, there is a need for knowledge of other safety parameters, such as pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicity evaluations. Therefore, in this investigation, the in vitro metabolism of parthenolide was performed with rat liver microsomes and biomimetic metabolism (such as cytochrome P-450 system) using organometallic catalysts. The biomimetic procedure was validated since the major compound of biomimetic oxidative reaction with meta-chloroperbenzoic acid catalyzed by metalloporphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin iron(III) chloride was also observed with rat liver microsomes. Previous chemoenzymatic synthesis studies of PTN afforded the same epoxide formation, this major oxidative compound was isolated and fully characterized as (1 R,10R)-epoxyparthenolide based on experimental and theoretical calculations of infrared (IR) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) data at the B3PW91/6-311G. Furthermore, for the first time, this metabolite was evaluated for trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activity. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were lower for PTN than its metabolite and showed significant cytotoxic effects for both parasites. This finding holds promise for addressing neglected diseases.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene por objetivo presentar un método de evaluación y análisis de la cadena de suministro como estructura organizativa cuya salida es un producto de calidad y alta demanda en el sector agropecuario. Se presentan definiciones, así como los elementos que definen a la cadena de suministro como estructura organizativa. Se brinda un método de evaluación y análisis, estableciendo sus dimensiones de trabajo y las etapas para su desarrollo. Su aplicación práctica permite realizar una síntesis de los factores que entorpecen y/o facilitan la efectividad de la cadena en el contexto de la economía cubana. Se expone el resultado del proyecto de investigación «Mejorar la cadena de suministro de productos cárnicos del sector agroalimentario para la exportación en fronteras. Código: PN131SS014-011», perteneciente a un Programa Nacional de Ciencia y Técnica.

ABSTRAC This work aims to present a method of evaluation and analysis of the supply chain as an organizational structure whose output is a quality product and high demand in the agricultural sector. Definitions are presented, as well as the elements that define the supply chain as an organizational structure. An evaluation and analysis method is provided, establishing its dimensions of work and the stages for its development. Its practical application allows a synthesis of the factors that hinder and/or facilitate the effectiveness of the chain in the context of the Cuban economy. The result of the research project «Improving the supply chain of meat products in the agri-food sector for export at borders Code PN131SS014-011», belonging to add files National Program of Science and Technique

Resumen El trabajo se apoya en las pruebas individuales del monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial realizado a 5,089 cubanos adultos de ambos sexos, atendidos en la consulta de hipertensión arterial del Hospital Provincial Universitario Cardiocentro Ernesto “Che” Guevara de Villa Clara, entre los años 2012 y 2016, con el fin de estimar experimentalmente sus vulnerabilidades individuales y el peligro asociado a las condiciones meteorológicas influyentes durante las pruebas, para estimar el riesgo meteoro-trópico individual aplicando la metodología para el cálculo del riesgo de desastres, utilizada en los estudios cubanos de peligro, vulnerabilidad y riesgo. Las vulnerabilidades individuales se evaluaron mediante la relación entre los factores de riesgo no modificables de cada paciente y la ocurrencia de anomalías durante el monitoreo ambulatorio. De igual forma, la ocurrencia de estas anomalías se comparó con el comportamiento del estado del tiempo existente durante las pruebas, para definir el llamado “factor de impacto biotrópico” como índice del peligro asociado a cada elemento meteorológico. El estimado del riesgo meteoro-trópico individual se obtuvo como resultado del producto de las vulnerabilidades por los peligros individuales, siendo el riesgo promedio en los hombres un 15 % mayor que en las mujeres de la muestra y con máximos individuales muy altos en algunos individuos de ambos sexos. Los resultados son relevantes para la aplicación práctica de los pronósticos biometeorológicos en el sistema de salud pública del país.

Abstract The work is based on individual tests of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring carried out on 5,089 Cuban adults of both sexes, treated in the arterial hypertension consultation of the Provincial University Hospital Cardiocenter Ernesto “Che” Guevara of Villa Clara, between 2012 and 2016, in order to experimentally estimate their individual vulnerabilities and the danger associated with the meteorological conditions present during the tests. The estimation of the individual meteor-tropic risk was done applying the methodology for calculating disaster risk, used in Cuban studies of danger, vulnerability and risk. Individual vulnerabilities were assessed by the relationship between each patient's non-modifiable risk factors and the occurrence of anomalies during the ambulatory monitoring. Likewise, the occurrence of these anomalies was compared with the behavior of the existing weather conditions during the tests, to define the so-called “biotropic impact factor” as an index of the danger associated with each meteorological element. The evaluation of the individual meteor-tropic risk was reached, as a result of the product of the vulnerabilities and the individual hazards, being the average risk in men 15% higher than in the women of the sample and with very high individual maximums in some individuals of both sexes. The results are relevant for the practical application of biometeorological forecasts in the country's public health system.

Abstract The aim is to analyze the consistency of the BPCG model at the Mexican manufacturing industry level between 1990 and 2021. Using an ARDL model we estimate the strong version of the model including non-price-competitiveness factors and installed capacity on export function. The paper´s results are as follows: i) the Mexican manufacturing industry exhibits an external constraint to growth; ii) the export function responds positively to non-price competitiveness and installed capacity, and iii) the low manufacturing value added is associated with the disarticulation of the productive structure, the high demand for intermediate imported inputs and the insertion into the value chains in assembly activities. Emphasis should be made on promoting an industrial policy based on strengthening productive interconnection, promoting domestic technological capabilities and developing activities with high added value. Future research should focus on the evaluation of the impact of FDI and technological innovation by industrial reclassification or product type. The paper´s contribution lies in the extension of the MCRBP at the manufacturing level including technological competitiveness factors and their empirical evaluation.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo examinar la consistencia del MCRBP a nivel de industria manufacturera mexicana entre 1990 y 2021. Con un modelo ARDL para panel se estimó la versión fuerte del modelo incorporando factores de competitividad no-precio y capacidad instalada a la función de exportaciones. Los principales resultados son: i) la industria presenta restricción externa al crecimiento; ii) la función de exportaciones responde positivamente a la competitividad no-precio y la capacidad instalada, y iii) el bajo valor agregado manufacturero se asocia a la desarticulación de la estructura productiva, la alta demanda por insumos intermedios importados y la inserción en las cadenas de valor en actividades ensambladoras. Se sugiere impulsar una política industrial asentada en la articulación productiva y desarrollo de capacidades tecnológicas en actividades con alto valor agregado. Para futuras investigaciones se deberá delimitar el impacto de la IED y la innovación tecnológica por reclasificación industrial o tipo de producto. La contribución reside en la extensión del MCRBP a nivel manufacturero incorporando factores de competitividad tecnológica y su evaluación empírica para determinar el aprovechamiento de las derramas tecnológicas.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo crear un producto extrusionado similar a las papas fritas convencionales, utilizando el arroz como ingrediente principal e incorporando mezclas de papa para mejorar las propiedades fisicoquímicas y sensoriales durante la fritura. Se procesaron papas trituradas, harina de arroz y aditivos mediante una extrusora de doble tornillo, seguido de una fritura a 160 °C durante 2,15 minutos en tres etapas. En la etapa I, se evaluaron cuatro formulaciones, siendo la que contenía 70% de papa triturada, 30% de harina de arroz y 0,1% de sal, la que presentó una aceptabilidad superior y una absorción mínima de aceite (8%). La etapa II comparó la aplicación de vacío con condiciones sin vacío, revelando una mayor aceptabilidad sensorial con vacío debido a una textura y firmeza mejoradas. La combinación de condiciones óptimas en la etapa III produjo la mejor formulación con un 70% de papas trituradas, 30% de harina de arroz, 0,1% de sal y 48% de humedad. Las condiciones de extrusión resultaron en una evaluación sensorial mejorada en parámetros sensoriales. Este estudio pionero abre una nueva vía para producir alternativas más saludables de papas fritas a base de arroz mediante tecnología de extrusión, mejorando las propiedades de fritura.

Abstract This study aimed to craft an extruded product resembling conventional French fries, utilizing rice as the primary ingredient, and incorporating potato blends to enhance physicochemical and sensory attributes during frying. Mashed potatoes, rice flour, and additives were processed using a twin-screw extruder, followed by frying at 160 °C for 2.15 minutes in three stages. In stage I, four formulations were assessed, with the formulation comprising 70% mashed potato, 30% rice flour, and 0.1% salt displaying superior acceptability and minimal oil absorption (8%). Stage II compared vacuum application to non-vacuum conditions, revealing enhanced sensory acceptability with vacuum due to improved texture and firmness. Combining optimal conditions, stage III yielded the best formulation of 70% mashed potatoes, 30% rice flour, 0.1% salt, and 48% moisture. Extrusion conditions result in heightened sensory evaluation across sensorial parameters. This study pioneers a novel avenue for producing healthier rice-based French fry alternatives via extrusion technology, ameliorating frying attributes.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo criar um produto extrudado similar às batatas fritas convencionais, utilizando o arroz como ingrediente principal e incorporando mixturas de batata para melhorar as propiedades fisico quimicas e sensoriais durante a fritura. Processaram-se batatas trituradas, farinha de arroz e aditivos mediante uma extrusora de dobre parafuso, seguido de uma fritura de 160 °C durante 2,15 minutos en três fases. Na fase I, avaliaram-se quatro formulações, sendo a que tinha 70% de batata triturada, 30% de farinha de arroz e 0,1% de sal, a que apresentou uma aceitabilidade superior e uma absorção mínima de óleo (8%). A fase II comparou a aplicação de vazio com condições sem vazio, revelando uma maior aceitabilidade sensorial com vazio devido a uma textura e firmeza melhoradas. A combinação de condições ótimas na fase III produziu a melhor formulação com um 70% de batatas trituradas, 30% de farinha de arroz, 0,1% de sal e 48% de humidade. As condições de extrusão resultaron numa avaluação sensorial melhorada em parâmetros sensoriais. Este estudo pioneiro abre uma nova via para produzir alternativas mais saudáveis de batatas fritas a base de arroz mediante tecnologia de extrusão, melhorando as propriedades de fritura.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones en la educación superior se mantienen como temáticas de discusión científica a nivel nacional e internacional, empleándose variantes que perfeccionan el escenario pedagógico y didáctico en el proceso de aprendizaje y transmisión de nuevos conocimientos. Objetivo: Elaborar un hiperentorno educativo sobre Atención Estomatológica Integral para la especialidad de Estomatología General Integral, que contribuya al perfeccionamiento del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del postgrado. Métodos: Se desarrolló una investigación-desarrollo e innovación tecnológica en la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, en el curso 2020-2021, siguiendo como etapas generales del proceso de desarrollo: la búsqueda y compilación de información, y la confección y valoración del producto por especialistas y usuarios. Resultados: El producto fue elaborado en la plataforma CrheaSoft 3.5.2, a través de módulos que se interrelacionan y ofrecen diversos recursos hipermedias, que permiten una mejor comprensión y apropiación de los contenidos, de manera interactiva y factible, y contribuye a perfeccionar el aprendizaje en el postgrado en esta especialidad. Los docentes, especialistas de informática y residentes evaluaron de adecuado, pertinente y accesible el hiperentorno, y se demostró que su aplicación puede contribuir al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de Atención Estomatológica Integral en la especialidad de Estomatología General Integral. Conclusiones: El hiperentorno confeccionado permite al residente de Estomatología interactuar con los contenidos esenciales para el estudio de la especialidad, reconociéndose útil para mejorar el aprendizaje del tema que se presenta.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Information and Communication Technologies in higher education is one of the topics of scientific discussion at the national and international level, using variants that improve the pedagogical and didactic scenario in the process of learning and transmission of new knowledge. Objective: To develop an educative hyper-environment on Comprehensive Stomatological Care for the specialty of Comprehensive General Dentistry, which contributes to the improvement of the post-graduate teaching-learning process. Methods: A technological development and innovation investigation was carried out at the Faculty of Stomatology of the University of Medical Sciences of Santiago de Cuba, in the 2020-2021 academic year, following as general steps of the development process: the search and compilation of information, preparation and evaluation of the product by specialists and users. Results: The product was developed on the CrheaSoft 3.5.2 platform, through modules that interrelate and offer various hypermedia resources, which allows a better understanding and appropriation of the contents, in an interactive and feasible way, and contributes to improve the postgraduate learning in this specialty. The teachers, computer specialists and residents evaluated the hyper-environment as appropriate, relevant and accessible, and it was demonstrated that its application can contribute to the teaching-learning process of Comprehensive Stomatological Care in the specialty of Comprehensive General Dentistry. Conclusions: The ready-made hyper-environment allows the Stomatology residents to interact with the essential content for the study of the specialty, being recognized as useful for improving the learning process of the topic treated.

Abstract One of the problems of human activity is the continuous accumulation of garbage, both inorganic and organic, its management, treatment and final disposal. Currently is possible to implement techniques to reduce them and promote the environment improvement. One of these processes is the treatment of organic waste through the composting process, which is a method that transforms organic matter via aerobic decomposition, to gives a stable product, which adds nutrients to the soil, improving its physical and chemical properties that have been attenuated by agricultural activities. The present work evaluates the quality of the final composting products (compost and leachates) generated within a prototype composter from organic kitchen waste and organically light components that, supported by a microbial accelerator and mechanical processes, reduce the process time by 600% compared to conventional processes with a similar product quality according to existing quality parameters. The results show that the organic fertilizer has a humidity of 73% slightly higher than established, does not present a high concentration of toxic heavy metals that are below the permissible limit and a C/N ratio of 6.5 that is adequate to be used as an additive. organic soil improver.

Resumen Uno de los desafíos que debe enfrentar la sociedad actual tiene que ver con la acumulación, gestión, tratamiento y disposición final de desechos orgánicos e inorgánicos. Por eso, en el panorama contemporáneo se requiere de la implementación de técnicas destinadas a mitigar esta problemática con el fin de promover la mejora del entorno ambiental. En cuanto al tratamiento de residuos de origen orgánico, se pueden mencionar estrategias como el proceso de compostaje, un método que propicia la transformación de la materia orgánica mediante la descomposición aeróbica, lo cual genera un producto final estabilizado. Este producto, al ser integrado al suelo, enriquece sus propiedades físicas y químicas, las cuales pueden haberse visto mermadas debido a actividades agrícolas. Explicado lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la calidad de los productos resultantes del compostaje (composta y lixiviados) obtenidos en el seno de un prototipo de compostero, el cual se nutre de desechos orgánicos provenientes de la cocina, así como de componentes orgánicos ligeros. Además, se vale de un coadyuvante microbiano y procesos mecánicos para reducir el tiempo de compostaje hasta en 600 % en comparación con los métodos convencionales, sin menoscabo de la calidad del producto final, según los parámetros de calidad vigentes. En conclusión, los resultados evidencian que el abono orgánico obtenido mediante este procedimiento presenta una humedad del 73 %, ligeramente superior a la estipulada, y carece de una concentración elevada de metales pesados que supere los límites permitidos. Además, se confirma que la relación C/N alcanza un valor de 6.5, lo cual lo convierte en un aditivo orgánico idóneo para mejorar las condiciones de los suelos agrícolas.

Resumo Um dos desafios que a sociedade atual deve enfrentar tem a ver com a acumulação, gestão, tratamento e eliminação final de resíduos orgânicos e inorgânicos. Portanto, no panorama contemporâneo, é necessária a implementação de técnicas que visem a mitigação deste problema, a fim de promover a melhoria do ambiente ambiental. Em relação ao tratamento de resíduos de origem orgânica, podem ser citadas estratégias como o processo de compostagem, método que promove a transformação da matéria orgânica por meio da decomposição aeróbica, que gera um produto final estabilizado. Este produto, quando integrado ao solo, enriquece suas propriedades físicas e químicas, que podem ter sido diminuídas devido às atividades agrícolas. Posto o exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade dos produtos resultantes da compostagem (composto e chorume) obtidos dentro de um protótipo de compostor, que é nutrido por resíduos orgânicos provenientes da cozinha, bem como componentes orgânicos leves. Além disso, utiliza adjuvante microbiano e processos mecânicos para reduzir o tempo de compostagem em até 600% em relação aos métodos convencionais, sem comprometer a qualidade do produto final, de acordo com os parâmetros de qualidade vigentes. Concluindo, os resultados mostram que o fertilizante orgânico obtido através deste procedimento apresenta umidade de 73%, um pouco superior ao estipulado, e carece de alta concentração de metais pesados que ultrapasse os limites permitidos. Além disso, confirma-se que a relação C/N atinge um valor de 6,5, o que o torna um aditivo orgânico ideal para melhorar as condições dos solos agrícolas.

Abstract Soft Skills can be the trigger to empower companies through providing quality services or satisfactory experiences. Service providers must engage emotional and social skills to achieve customer satisfaction. Tourism is an important economic activity in Mexico due to its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product. The analysis of tourism small and medium enterprises (SMEs) was carried out to know the needs to achieve adaptable and competitive companies. The tourism sector and especially SMEs need to make changes arising from the COVID 19 pandemic. In this study, qualitative research was carried out based on the grounded theory with the review of articles and the coding was applied using the Taggette software. To identify growth needs, an approach was made to SMEs within this tourism sector. As a result of this research, it has been emphasized how tourism should strengthen customer service and attention to generate memorable experiences and help preserve the natural, cultural, landscape heritage, which are vital to maintain territorial sustainability as well as the growth of area. The deficiencies in the training and development of those who offer this service are shown, since they lack the knowledge and skills that they must have specifically for this sector; Therefore, this research focuses on the analysis of the soft skills necessary to provide a quality servicie.

Resumen Las habilidades blandas pueden ser el detonante para potenciar a las empresas mediante la prestación de servicios de calidad o experiencias satisfactorias, para lo cual los proveedores deben involucrar habilidades emocionales y sociales para alcanzar la satisfacción de los clientes. Por ende, en el presente trabajo se llevó a cabo un análisis de pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes) turísticas para intentar comprender sus necesidades, de modo que puedan convertirse en empresas adaptables y competitivas, en especial a raíz de la pandemia por covid-19. Para ello, se diseñó una investigación cualitativa basada en la teoría fundamentada mediante la revisión de artículos, y se aplicó la codificación con el software Taggette. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de que el turismo fortalezca el servicio y la atención al cliente para generar experiencias memorables y contribuir a la preservación del patrimonio natural, cultural y paisajístico, elementos vitales para mantener la sostenibilidad territorial y el crecimiento de la zona. Asimismo, se evidencian deficiencias en la formación y desarrollo de quienes ofrecen este servicio, pues carecen del conocimiento y las habilidades específicas necesarias para este sector.

Resumo As soft skills podem ser o gatilho para capacitar as empresas, fornecendo serviços de qualidade ou experiências satisfatórias, para as quais os fornecedores devem envolver competências emocionais e sociais para alcançar a satisfação do cliente. Portanto, neste trabalho foi realizada uma análise às pequenas e médias empresas turísticas (PME) para tentar compreender as suas necessidades, para que possam tornar-se empresas adaptáveis e competitivas, especialmente em consequência da pandemia de covid-19. Para tanto, desenhou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa baseada na teoria fundamentada nos dados, por meio da revisão de artigos, e a codificação foi aplicada com o software Taggette. Os resultados demonstram a importância do turismo reforçar o serviço e a atenção ao cliente para gerar experiências memoráveis e contribuir para a preservação do património natural, cultural e paisagístico, elementos vitais para manter a sustentabilidade territorial e o crescimento da área. Da mesma forma, são evidentes as deficiências na formação e desenvolvimento de quem oferece este serviço, uma vez que carecem de conhecimentos e competências específicas necessárias para este sector.

Over regions with sparse observation networks, including South Africa's Northern Cape Province, gridded data sets represent valuable supplementary data sources enabling spatially detailed climate investigations. Their performance is, however, influenced by regional characteristics, thus a performance assessment should be a prerequisite for any regional application. Through a pairwise comparison with eight point-based temperature records, we evaluated the AgERA5 data sets representation of mean summer (November-March; Tms) and winter (May-September; Tmw) temperatures and respective seasonal heatwave and coldwave characteristics across the Northern Cape for 1980-2020. Correlations ranging from 0.48 to 0.92 for Tms and from 0.38 to 0.94 for Tmw reflect relatively strong, but varying, temporal correspondence between the AgERA5 data and stations. Low biases, averaging -0.08 (0.17) °C and ranging from -0.79 to 2.10 (-0.40 to 1.47) °C for Tms (Tmw) were evident. Biases for the heatwave (coldwave) magnitudes were low, averaging -0.38 (0.19) °C², and ranging from -1.55 to 1.47 (-2.05 to 2.91) °C². Biases for the heatwave (coldwave) frequency were also low, but typically overestimated, averaging 1.19 (0.73) days, and ranging from -1.33 to 5.60 (-1.61 to 3.39) days. Biases for the heatwave (coldwave) number were low and typically overestimated, averaging 0.27 (0.08) events, and ranging from -0.28 to 1.40 (-0.39 to 0.39) events. Despite some stations depicting consistently poor performance, the study results support further application of the AgERA5 product for spatiotemporal analyses of mean and extreme temperatures across the Northern Cape, provided limitations are adequately acknowledged. Further application of the fine-resolution AgERA5 product will greatly inform impact-based studies exploring mean and extreme temperature influences over the Northern Cape Province. SIGNIFICANCE: • The AgERA5 product was assessed on its performance in representing average and extreme temperature characteristics over South Africa's Northern Cape Province. • Good comparability between the AgERA5 product and point-based observations supports further application of the AgERA5 across the Northern Cape. • The AgERA5 product offers a spatially detailed picture of mean and extreme temperatures across the Northern Cape, which is valuable for regions where weather stations are not available. • The AgERA5 product is thus important for impact-based studies assessing, for instance, the impact of extreme temperatures on livestock and human health.

ABSTRACT The Center of Molecular Immunology is an exponent of Cuban biotechnology institution dedicated to basic research, development, production and commercialization of biopharmaceuticals, with the aim of diagnosing and treating cancer and diseases related to the immune system. In this work, a bibliographic synthesis of research that was carried out in this center in the period from 2012 to 2018, was performed, with the purpose of analyzing the application of some Data Mining techniques in the evaluation of fermentation and purification stages of the process for obtaining biopharmaceuticals in three production facilities. The phases of Data Mining were characterized and the practical implication of the results was presented. Principal Components Analysis was applied as a descriptive model using THE UNSCRAMBLER software, and Artificial Neural Networks were applied as a predictive model using the MATLAB neural networks toolbox. The use of these models made it possible to extract useful information for decision making, thereby explaining the behavior of the parameters that influence the quality of the final product, as well as estimating important variables such as the concentration of the protein of interest in the fermentation supernatant and the performance of the purification stage, depending on the process variables that have the greatest influence on its behavior.

RESUMEN El Centro de Inmunología Molecular es una institución exponente de la biotecnología cubana dedicado a la investigación básica, desarrollo, producción y comercialización de biofármacos, con el objetivo de diagnosticar y tratar el cáncer, así como enfermedades relacionadas con el sistema inmune. En este trabajo se realizó una síntesis bibliográfica de investigaciones que se llevaron a cabo en este centro, en el periodo comprendido del 2012 al 2018, con el propósito de analizar la aplicación de algunas técnicas de Minería de Datos en la evaluación de las etapas de fermentación y purificación del proceso de obtención de biofármacos en tres instalaciones productivas. Se caracterizaron las fases de la Minería de Datos y se presentó la implicación práctica de los resultados. Se aplicó como modelo descriptivo el Análisis de Componentes Principales mediante el software THE UNSCRAMBLER, y como modelo predictivo las Redes Neuronales Artificiales con el empleo de la caja de herramientas de redes neuronales del MATLAB. La utilización de estos modelos permitió extraer información útil para la toma de decisiones, se logró con ello explicar el comportamiento de los parámetros que influyen en la calidad del producto final, así como estimar variables de importancia como la concentración de la proteína de interés en el sobrenadante de la fermentación y el rendimiento de la etapa de purificación, en función de las variables del proceso que mayor influencia tienen en su comportamiento.

ABSTRACT Due to the diversification of dairy products developed in the state of Falcón, the introduction of a fermented dairy product derived from yogurt combined with Aloe vera gel, a traditional crop of the region, is novel due to its nutritional properties and health benefits. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of a dairy drink with fermented aloe according to current regulations. Important authors such as Tamime and Robinson 1, Morillo and Toyo 2, Méndez and Romero 3 were taken as references. Product elaboration runs were carried out on a laboratory scale, in order to establish the adequate proportions of the fruity Aloe gel by mixing fruit pulp, sugar and Aloe gel, the most accepted being the 1:1:1 ratio. The physicochemical and microbiological characterization of the raw material and the finished product was carried out using the COVENIN standards and organoleptic tests to untrained judges to ensure the acceptance of the product, from which a fermented milk drink was obtained with the addition of 50 % gel of Fruity Aloe with a pH of 4,51; a titratable acidity of 0,837 % lactic acid; 3,64 % fat and 12,92 % non-fat solids. Regarding the microbiological quality, few yeasts and the absence of coliform bacteria were found, which complies with the physicochemical and microbiological requirements demanded by the regulations, allowing the obtaining of a quality product suitable for human consumption based on natural raw materials.

RESUMEN Debido a la diversificación de los productos de origen lácteo desarrollados en el estado Falcón, la introducción de un producto lácteo fermentado derivado del yogurt combinado con gel de Aloe vera, cultivo tradicional de la región, es novedoso por sus propiedades alimenticias y beneficios a la salud. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad de una bebida láctea fermentada con gel de Aloe frutado según la normativa vigente. Se tomaron como referencias importantes autores como Tamime y Robinson, (1) Morillo y Toyo, (2) Méndez y Romero. (3) Se realizaron corridas de elaboración del producto a escala de laboratorio, a fin de establecer las proporciones adecuadas del gel de Aloe frutado mezclando pulpa de fruta, azúcar y gel de Aloe, siendo la más aceptada la proporción 1:1:1. Se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica y microbiológica de la materia prima y del producto terminado mediante las normas COVENIN y pruebas organolépticas a 10 jueces no entrenados para asegurar la aceptación del producto, de donde se obtuvo una bebida láctea fermentada con la adición de 50 % de gel de Aloe frutado con un pH de 4,51; una acidez titulable de 0,837 % de ácido láctico; 3,64 % de grasa y 12,92 % de sólidos no grasos. Respecto a la calidad microbiológica se encontraron levaduras escasas y ausencia de bacterias coliformes, con lo cual se cumple con los requisitos fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos exigidos por la normativa, permitiendo la obtención de un producto de calidad apto para el consumo humano a base de materias primas naturales.

Abstract Fungal contamination is an important problem in cannabis and medical cannabis production, as fungi can produce toxic compounds or reduce the quality and safety of the product. The aim of this study was to perform a bibliometric evaluation related to fungal contamination in cannabis, analyzing current trends in this field and providing future perspectives for research. For this purpose, an exhaustive search was carried out in the scientific literature in electronic databases such as Scopus and Web of Science (WOS), covering the period from 2000 to 2023. The results obtained were processed through bibliometrics and network analysis, using tools such as RStudio and Bibliometrix software. The results revealed that the main themes associated with fungal contamination in cannabis are focused on: diseases related to fungal contamination of the plant, use of fungi as an alternative biological control in cannabis cultivation, metabolites associated with cannabis and their potential in fungal control, as well as fungal diversity in cannabis cultivation and postharvest and the risk to consumer health. Finally, future research areas are proposed to address the challenge of fungal contamination in medicinal cannabis production, covering topics such as pest control, contamination, genetic resistance, active compounds, analysis methods, and the impact of fungi on cannabis.

Resumo A contaminação fúngica é um problema importante na produção da cannabis e cannabis medicinal, pois os fungos podem produzir compostos tóxicos ou reduzir a qualidade e a segurança do produto. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma avaliação bibliométrica relacionada à contaminação fúngica na cannabis, analisando as tendências atuais nesse campo e fornecendo perspectivas futuras para a pesquisa. Para isso, foi realizada uma busca exaustiva na literatura científica em bases de dados eletrônicas como Scopus e Web of Science (WOS), abrangendo o período de 2000 a 2023. Os resultados obtidos foram processados por meio de bibliometria e análise de redes, utilizando ferramentas como o software RStudio e Bibliometrix. Os resultados revelaram que os principais temas associados à contaminação fúngica na cannabis estão focados em: doenças relacionadas à contaminação fúngica da planta, uso de fungos como alternativa de controle biológico no cultivo da cannabis, metabólitos associados à cannabis e seu potencial no controle de fungos, bem como a diversidade fúngica no cultivo e pós-colheita da cannabis e o risco à saúde dos consumidores. Por último, são sugeridas futuras áreas de pesquisa para enfrentar o desafio da contaminação fúngica na produção de cannabis medicinal, abordando temas como controle de pragas, contaminação, resistência genética, compostos ativos, métodos de análise e impacto dos fungos na cannabis.

Resumen El compostaje es una de las alternativas biotecnológicas más aplicadas para el tratamiento y valorización de los residuos verdes (RV). Sin embargo, su transformación es un reto, debido a las características fisicoquímicas de los RV que afectan los tiempos del proceso y la calidad del producto. Esto limita la aplicación de esta tecnología en países en desarrollo como Colombia. Este artículo presenta aportes alrededor de los avances en la investigación del compostaje de RV, con base en resultados de seis años de estudios realizados por los autores. Se aborda una reflexión sobre: i) el análisis de la calidad fisicoquímica de los sustratos, ii) la evaluación de estrategias para mejorar el proceso y la calidad del producto, y iii) las perspectivas sobre las alternativas implementadas hasta el momento. Los resultados de las investigaciones muestran que las estrategias a diferentes escalas han sido efectiva para reducir los tiempos de proceso (entre 43 y 67 días), mejorar las condiciones para la higienización del material (temperatura en rangos termofílico por mayor tiempo (6 días adicionales) comparado con tratamientos sin estrategias) y un cumplimiento de los estándares de calidad del producto. La reflexión propone nuevas perspectivas para continuar con los estudios de mejoramiento del compostaje de RV, entre los que se abordan temas asociados a uso de co-sustratos, de aditivos, de inóculos bacterianos, así como la evaluación de la calidad del producto y el empleo de herramientas de optimización en el compostaje de RV. Estos estudios ayudan a posicionar el compostaje de RV como una opción adecuada para el manejo de la fracción lignocelulósica presente en los residuos sólidos municipales (RSM).

Abstract Composting is one of the most applied biotechnological alternatives for the treatment and recovery of green waste (GW). However, its transformation is a challenge, due to the physicochemical characteristics of GWs that affect the process time and product quality. This limits the application of this technology in developing countries such as Colombia. This article presents contributions on the advances in GW composting research, based on results of six years of studies carried out by the authors of this paper. Reflections are addressed on: i) the analysis of the physicochemical quality of the substrates, ii) the evaluation of strategies to improve the process and the quality of the product, and iii) the perspectives on the alternatives implemented so far. The results of the investigations show that the strategies at different scales have been effective in reducing process times (between 43 and 67 days), improving the conditions for sanitizing the material (temperature in thermophilic ranges for a longer time -6 additional days- compared to treatments without strategies) and compliance with product quality standards. The reflection proposes new perspectives to continue with the studies of improvement of GW composting, among which issues associated with the use of co-substrates, additives, and bacterial inoculum are addressed, as well as the evaluation of product quality and employment of optimization tools in GW composting. These studies help position GW composting as a suitable option for the management of the lignocellulosic fraction present in municipal solid waste (MSW).

Resumen El grado de calidad de piezas fabricadas por inyección de termoplásticos se puede establecer por el peso del producto, apariencia y mínimos defectos. Adicionalmente, las condiciones del proceso de inyección pueden inducir un efecto en el desempeño mecánico de las piezas inyectadas, donde los esfuerzos residuales de la pieza inyectada generados en el procesamiento pueden promover la formación de grietas o fallas prematuras del producto durante su uso al aplicarle una carga o fuerza externa. El propósito del presente trabajo es evaluar el efecto que genera el procesamiento por inyección en una pieza inyectada en el desempeño mecánico de esta. Para tal fin, se inyectaron probetas bajo diferentes condiciones de proceso y posteriormente estas fueron sometidas a pruebas mecánicas de flexión, algunas piezas fueron llevadas a un tratamiento térmico de recocido “annealing”, con el fin de obtener una relajación molecular que permita reducir sus esfuerzos internos o residuales generados durante el proceso de inyección. Adicionalmente, se hizo una evaluación cualitativa de la distribución de esfuerzos residuales en las piezas inyectadas mediante la técnica de fotoelasticidad, para complementar y validar los resultados de las pruebas mecánicas. Se halló en los resultados de las muestras inyectadas a temperatura de molde de 50 ºC una mayor liberación de esfuerzos residuales de acuerdo con las imágenes de fotoelasticidad analizadas y un mayor porcentaje de incremento en la resistencia a la flexión de estas piezas al aplicar el tratamiento térmico. Lo que podría sugerir una mayor generación de esfuerzos residuales a esta temperatura de molde con respecto a la temperatura de molde recomendada de 80 ºC. El efecto de tratamiento térmico mejora significativamente el desempeño mecánico de todas las piezas evaluadas a las diferentes condiciones de proceso.

Abstract The quality of parts manufactured by thermoplastics injection molding can be evaluated based on product weight, appearance, and presence of defects. Furthermore, the conditions of the injection process can significantly influence the mechanical performance of the molded parts. Residual stresses generated during plastic processing may contribute to the formation of cracks or premature failures when the product is subjected to external loads or forces. This study aims to evaluate the effects of the injection process on an injected part and how they affect its mechanical performance. For this purpose, specimens were injected under different process conditions and, subsequently, employed in a. Some parts were also subjected to annealing (a thermal treatment) to induce molecular relaxation, which helps to reduce internal or residual stresses generated during the injection process. Additionally, a qualitative evaluation of the distribution of residual stresses in the injected parts was conducted using the s technique to complement and validate the results of the mechanical tests. The results of the specimens injected at a mold temperature of 50°C showed a greater release of residual stresses, as indicated in photoelasticity images analyzed here, and a noticeable increase in flexural strength if the heat treatment had been applied. This suggests that more residual stresses are produced at 50°C than at the recommended mold temperature of 80°C. The heat treatment significantly improved the mechanical performance of all the parts injected in this study under different processing conditions.

Resumen Antecedentes: El uso racional del agua y la aplicación de sistemas de tratamiento para las aguas residuales se presentan como alternativa para subsanar la contaminación de los ecosistemas acuáticos. El IHPLUS® activado constituye una alternativa para la biorremediación de fuentes hídricas contaminadas. Objetivo. determinar la toxicidad por exposición única del producto IHPLUS® activado en larvas de Artemia sp. Métodos: Se evaluó la toxicidad por exposición única del bioproducto IHPLUS® activado en larvas de Artemia sp. obtenidas de quistes incluidos en agua de mar artificial. Los grupos experimentales de larvas de Artemia sp. fueron expuestos por 24 horas a cinco concentraciones del producto en estudio y se compararon con un grupo control sin exposición. Se calculó la CL50 del bioproducto y se estudió la influencia de factores que pudieran ser los responsables de la toxicidad/mortalidad, estos fueron la presencia o ausencia de micro-organismos y el pH. Resultados: La CL50 del producto resultó 0,042% en agua de mar artificial, por lo que se clasifica como no tóxico para crustáceos. Se demostró que el IHPLUS® activado resultó tóxico a concentraciones superiores a 0,032% en larvas de Artemia sp., bajo las condiciones del ensayo. El pH resultó ser el factor responsable en la producción de la toxicidad del bioproducto en Artemia sp. Conclusión: El IHPLUS® activado resultó no peligroso para crustáceos de ambientes marinos.

ABSTRACT Background: The rational use of water and the application of treatment systems for wastewater are presented as an alternative to remedy the contamination of aquatic ecosystems. The activated IHPLUS® constitutes an alternative for the bioremediation of contaminated water sources. The objective of the study was to determine the toxicity by single exposure of the activated IHPLUS® product in larvae of Artemia sp. Methods: Toxicity was evaluated by single exposure of the activated IHPLUS® bioproduct in Artemia sp. larvae obtained from cysts included in artificial seawater. The experimental groups of larvae were exposed for 24 hours to five decreasing concentrations of the product under study and were compared with a control group without exposure. The LC50 of the bioproduct was calculated as well as the influence of factors that could be responsible for the toxicity/mortality was studied, these were the presence or absence of micro-organisms and pH. Results: The LC50 of the product was 0,042% in artificial seawater, thus it is classified as non-toxic for crustaceans. It was shown that the activated IHPLUS® was toxic at concentrations higher than 0,032% in Artemia sp. larvae, under the test conditions. The pH turned out to be the responsible factor in the production of the toxicity of the bioproduct in Artemia sp. Conclusion: The activated IHPLUS® was not dangerous for crustaceans in marine environments.