Résumé Le présent travail analyse le discours produit par les généraux des Forces Militaires et les voix des plus hautes autorités politiques de l’ancienne guérilla des FARC-EP, aujourd’hui transformée en le parti politique Comunes. À travers 21 entretiens approfondis avec des acteurs clés, les formes opposées de légitimation, de problématisation et de compréhension de la portée et de la signification de l’Accord de Paix signé en novembre 2016, ainsi que de sa mise en œuvre ultérieure, sont mises en contraste. De cette façon, tant l’institution militaire que la guérilla démobilisée projettent un discours irréconciliable. Bien qu’ils partagent un diagnostic de non-respect de cet Accord, les responsabilités et les accusations suivent des trajectoires très différentes, reflétant la situation de grande polarisation et l’affaiblissement du processus de paix observé ces dernières années. lancienne l ancienne FARCEP, FARCEP FARC EP, EP FARC-EP aujourdhui aujourd hui Comunes 2 clés légitimation lAccord Accord 2016 ultérieure contraste façon linstitution institution irréconciliable quils qu ils nonrespect non respect différentes laffaiblissement affaiblissement années 201 20

Resumo Neste artigo é analisado o discurso produzido pelos generais das Forças Militares e pelas vozes de máxima autoridade política na extinta guerrilha das FARC-EP, que hoje se transformou no partido político Comunes. Por meio de 21 entrevistas em profundidade com atores principais são comparadas as formas opostas de legitimar, problematizar e entender o alcance e significado, tanto do Acordo de Paz assinado em novembro de 2016, quanto de sua subsequente implementação. Assim, tanto o estamento militar quanto a guerrilha desmobilizada projetam um discurso irreconciliável. Embora compartilhem um diagnóstico de descumprimento desse Acordo, as responsabilidades e acusações seguem trajetórias muito diferentes, o que reflete a situação de grande polarização e enfraquecimento do processo de paz experimentado nos últimos anos. FARCEP, FARCEP FARC EP, EP FARC-EP Comunes 2 legitimar significado 2016 implementação Assim irreconciliável diferentes anos 201 20

Abstract The following work analyzes the discourse produced by generals of the Colombian Armed Forces and voices of the highest political authority in the now-defunct Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) guerrilla, which has transformed into the political party Comunes. To this end, this article analyzes the contrasting ways of legitimizing, problematizing, and understanding the scope and significance of the Peace Agreement signed in November 2016 and its subsequent implementation are examined through 21 in-depth interviews with key actors. Thus, the military establishment and the demobilized guerrilla project an irreconcilable discourse. While they share a diagnosis of non-compliance with the Agreement, the responsibilities and accusations follow very different trajectories, reflecting the great polarity and the weakening of the peace process experienced in recent years. nowdefunct now defunct FARCEP FARC EP (FARC-EP Comunes end legitimizing problematizing 201 2 indepth depth actors Thus noncompliance non compliance trajectories years 20

Resumen El siguiente trabajo analiza el discurso producido por generales de las Fuerzas Militares y voces de máxima autoridad política en la extinta guerrilla de las FARC-EP, transformada hoy en el partido político Comunes. A través de 21 entrevistas en profundidad con actores protagonistas se contrastan las formas opuestas de legitimar, problematizar y entender el alcance y significado, tanto del Acuerdo de Paz suscrito en noviembre de 2016, como de su posterior implementación. Así, tanto el estamento militar como la desmovilizada guerrilla proyectan un discurso irreconciliable. Si bien comparten un diagnóstico de incumplimiento a dicho Acuerdo, las responsabilidades y acusaciones discurren por trayectorias muy diferentes, lo cual refleja la situación de gran polaridad y el debilitamiento del proceso de paz experimentado en los últimos años. FARCEP, FARCEP FARC EP, EP FARC-EP Comunes 2 legitimar significado 2016 implementación Así irreconciliable diferentes años 201 20

Résumé Dans cette note technique, nous présentons l’un des principaux legs empiriques de la recherche sur la publicité télévisée des candidats à la députation fédérale de l’État de Rio de Janeiro dans le cadre de la période de 1998 à 2018. Il s’agit d’introduire et de décrire le processus de collecte de cette base de données, les procédures utilisées au fil du temps pour la systématisation des informations et les utilisations possibles de deux bases de données liées à la recherche : la première ayant pour unité d’analyse les programmes électoraux enregistrés pendant la période ; et la seconde ayant pour unité d’analyse les candidats , comptabilisant le temps (en secondes) d’apparition dans le HGPE ; la performance électorale de chaque candidat (votes et résultat final) ; le financement de la campagne et d’autres caractéristiques politiques, sociales et démographiques. La base de données présentée couvre pas moins de 9 433 programmes électoraux enregistrés pendant la période nocturne, auxquels ont participé 1 774 candidatures. technique lun l un lÉtat État 199 2018 sagit s agit dintroduire d introduire danalyse analyse en secondes dapparition apparition votes final dautres autres politiques démographiques 43 nocturne 77 candidatures 19 201 4 7 20 2

Abstract In this technical note, we present one of the main empirical legacies of the research on the electoral campaign of candidates for Federal Deputy in the state of Rio de Janeiro during the free time granted by the government for electoral propaganda (Horário Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral − HGPE) from 1998 to 2018. The aim is to introduce and describe the process of data collection for this database, the procedures used over time for the systematization of information, and the potential uses of two databases linked to the research: the first analyzes the electoral programs recorded during the period and the second the unit of analysis is the individual candidates, coding the time (in seconds) of appearance in the HGPE, the electoral performance of the candidates (votes and final result), campaign financing, and other political, social, and demographic characteristics. The database includes 9,433 electoral programs broadcasted in the evening, in which 1,774 candidates participated. note Horário HGPE 199 2018 information seconds votes result, result , result) financing political social characteristics 9433 9 433 9,43 evening 1774 1 774 1,77 participated 19 201 943 43 9,4 177 77 1,7 20 94 4 9, 17 7 1, 2

Resumen En esta nota técnica, presentamos uno de los principales legados empíricos de la investigación sobre la publicidad televisiva de las candidatas/de los candidatos a diputado federal en el Estado de Río de Janeiro en los Horarios Gratuitos de Publicidad Electoral (HGPE) en el periodo de 1998 a 2018. El objetivo es presentar y describir el proceso de recopilación de esta base de datos, los procedimientos utilizados a lo largo del tiempo para sistematizar la información y los posibles usos de dos bases de datos vinculadas a la investigación: la primera tiene como unidad de análisis los programas electorales registrados durante el periodo; y la segunda tiene como unidad de análisis las candidatas/los candidatos, contabilizando el tiempo (en segundos) que aparecieron en el HGPE; el rendimiento electoral de cada candidato/candidata (votos y resultado final); la financiación de la campaña y otras características políticas, sociales y demográficas. La base de datos presentada incluye no menos de 9.433 programas electorales grabados por la noche, en los que participaron 1.774 candidatas/candidatos. técnica candidatasde candidatas HGPE (HGPE 199 2018 candidataslos segundos candidatocandidata candidato candidata votos final final) políticas demográficas 9433 9 433 9.43 noche 1774 1 774 1.77 candidatascandidatos candidatas/candidatos 19 201 943 43 9.4 177 77 1.7 20 94 4 9. 17 7 1. 2

Resumo Nesta nota técnica apresentamos um dos principais legados empíricos da pesquisa sobre propaganda das candidatas/dos candidatos a Deputado Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro no Horário Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral (HGPE) no período de 1998 a 2018. Trata-se de introduzir e descrever o processo de coleta dessa base de dados, os procedimentos utilizados ao longo do tempo para a sistematização das informações e os possíveis usos de dois bancos de dados vinculados à pesquisa: o primeiro possui como unidade de análise os programas eleitorais gravados no período; e, o segundo, possui como unidade de análise os/as candidatos/candidatas, contabilizando o tempo (em segundos) de aparição no HGPE; desempenho eleitoral de cada candidata/candidato (votos e resultado final); financiamento de campanha e outras características políticas, sociais e demográficas. O banco apresentado abarca nada menos do que 9.433 programas eleitorais gravados à noite, dos quais participaram 1.774 candidatos/candidatas. candidatasdos candidatas HGPE (HGPE 199 2018 Tratase Trata se segundo osas as candidatoscandidatas candidatos/candidatas em segundos candidatacandidato candidata candidato votos final final) políticas demográficas 9433 9 433 9.43 noite 1774 1 774 1.77 19 201 943 43 9.4 177 77 1.7 20 94 4 9. 17 7 1. 2

In this work, using the PM3 semi-empirical method, the oxidation of the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was studied by sulfuric and nitric acid for the incorporation of carbonyl (C=O), phenol (OH) and carboxylic (COOH) groups in the C=C bonds present on the surface of the nanotube. Subsequently, the crosslinking of the oxidized SWCNT (SWCNTox) and chitosan (Q) was observed through hydrogen bonds of the C=O and OH bonds with 2.34 Å, the process was endothermic and soluble in polar solvents due to the presence of OH and NH groups in the structure of SWCNTox/Q. The Monte Carlo modeling allowed to study the adsorption of pesticides in the SWCNTox/Q at different temperatures, where the QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) properties allowed predicting the behavior of the pesticides, that is, the degree of hydrophobicity (log P) and accessible surface area (ASA) were important parameters in the evaluation of SWCNTox/Q as an adsorbent and surface interacting with pesticides respectively. Finally, the adsorption was a physisorption process due to the electronegativity of the CO, OH, NH2, NH and C=O bonds. work PM semiempirical semi empirical method singlewalled single walled (SWCNT C=O, CO , C O (C=O) (OH COOH (COOH CC Subsequently SWCNTox (SWCNTox Q (Q 234 2 34 2.3 Å SWCNToxQ temperatures quantitative relationship is log P ASA (ASA respectively Finally NH2 (C=O 23 3 2.

The recycle and utilization of expired drugs is a challenge for many countries at present. The employment of expired drugs as green corrosion inhibitors is expected to address both drug recycling and corrosion prevention issues, with significant economic and environmental value. Herein, the individually and combination corrosion inhibition performance of expired amoxicillin (AMC) and penicillin V potassium tablets (PVP) for lowcarbon steel in 20% acetic acid solution containing 600 mg L-1 chloride ion are evaluated by electrochemistry and weight loss method. Both the AMC and PVP present the mixed-type corrosion inhibitors mainly affect the cathode process when used individually. The optimum inhibition efficiency is 61.22% (AMC) and 79.21% (PVP), which all appear in 5.0 × 10-3 mol L-1. The AMC and PVP are adsorbed on the steel surface by mixed physisorption and chemisorption, which are consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The corrosion inhibition rate drops sharply when AMC and PVP are combined use with a close mole ratio. But a small amount of PVP significantly enhance the corrosion inhibition effect of AMC, the corrosion inhibition rate from 61.22 to 79.72%. The corrosion inhibition rate of AMC and PVP combination inhibitor decreased with the increase of temperature. issues value Herein (AMC (PVP 20 60 L1 L 1 L- method mixedtype type 6122 61 22 7921 79 21 79.21 PVP, , 50 5 0 5. 103 10 3 10- L1. 1. chemisorption isotherm ratio 61.2 7972 72 79.72% temperature 2 6 612 792 7 79.2 61. 797 79.72 79. 79.7

Efavirenz, an antiretroviral drug, is a class 2 according to the biopharmaceutics classification system. Many dissolution enhancement systems have been tried and our group had success using wet milling to decrease particle size and granules were obtained by spray and freeze drying. In this paper we present data related to the upgrade in the process, raising the solids concentration in the suspension from 10 to 50% (m/v) and changing the drying step for a fluid bed granulation. After that, tablets were obtained. Granules and tablets were fully evaluated and a pharmacokinetic study was also performed with the granules. By powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) it was possible to prove that there was no phase transition in the sample after milling and drying. Dissolution efficiency of 4 from 5 granules was higher than 90%, considering 83% for the raw material. Tablets were technically approved but the dissolution was impacted and just 2 out of 11 showed results > 80%. A high enhancement in the bioavailability was also observed, around 172%. So, it is possible to conclude that efavirenz microcrystals with enhanced dissolution and bioavailability can be formulated into tablets and are a viable system to develop a new drug product. Efavirenz process 1 50 m/v mv m v (m/v granulation Xray X ray PXRD (PXRD FTIR (FTIR 90 90% 83 material 80 80% observed 172 172% So product 9 8 17

ABSTRACT Purpose: The epithelial–mesenchymal transition of human lens epithelial cells plays a role in posterior capsule opacification, a fibrotic process that leads to a common type of cataract. Hyaluronic acid has been implicated in this fibrosis. Studies have investigated the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 in epithelial–mesenchymal transition. However, the role of TGF-β2 in hyaluronic acid-mediated fibrosis of lens epithelial cell remains unknown. We here examined the role of TGF-β2 in the hyaluronic acid-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells. Methods: Cultured human lens epithelial cells (HLEB3) were infected with CD44-siRNA by using the Lipofectamine 3000 transfection reagent. The CCK-8 kit was used to measure cell viability, and the scratch assay was used to determine cell migration. Cell oxidative stress was analyzed in a dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay and by using a flow cytometer. The TGF-β2 level in HLEB3 cells was examined through immunohistochemical staining. The TGF-β2 protein level was determined through western blotting. mRNA expression levels were determined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Treatment with hyaluronic acid (1.0 μM, 24 h) increased the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of HLEB3 cells. The increase in TGF-β2 levels corresponded to an increase in CD44 levels in the culture medium. However, blocking the CD44 function significantly reduced the TGF-β2-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition response of HLEB3 cells. Conclusions: Our study showed that both CD44 and TGF-β2 are critical contributors to the hyaluronic acid-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells, and that TGF-β2 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition is regulated by CD44. These results suggest that CD44 could be used as a target for preventing hyaluronic acid-induced posterior capsule opacification. Our findings suggest that CD44/TGF-β2 is crucial for the hyaluronic acid-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells. Purpose epithelialmesenchymal mesenchymal opacification cataract TGFβ2 TGFβ TGF β2 β (TGF)-β However TGF-β acidmediated mediated unknown Methods HLEB (HLEB3 CD44siRNA CDsiRNA siRNA CD 300 reagent CCK8 CCK 8 CCK- viability migration dichlorodihydrofluorescein dichloro dihydro fluorescein cytometer staining blotting realtime real time reaction Results 1.0 10 1 0 (1. μM 2 h CD4 medium TGFβ2mediated TGFβmediated Conclusions acidinduced induced CD44/TGFβ2 CD44TGFβ2 CDTGFβ CD44/TGF CD44/TGF-β (HLEB 30 1. (1 CD44/TGFβ CD44TGFβ CD44TGF CDTGF 3 (

This work developed an effective and eco-friendly analytical method to support quality control for Brazilian Bill proposal No. 5332/2009. The bill advocates the creation of the “Brazilian bread” by mandating the incorporation of cassava byproducts into wheat flour, with the aim of reducing Brazil’s external dependency on wheat imports and promoting domestic cassava family farming. For this, a handheld near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer was utilized for on-site determination of cassava starch in commercial wheat flour. The quantitative analysis, which utilized NIR spectra pre-processed with offset correction (OFF) combined with linear baseline correction (LBC), alongside the successive projections algorithm for interval selection in partial least squares (iSPA-PLS), exhibited superior predictive capability, achieving a relative error of prediction below 8%. Furthermore, the classification process, which involved NIR spectra pre-processed with LBC and iSPA-PLS for discriminant analysis (iSPA-PLS-DA), yielded an impressive 94% overall accuracy, with only 3 misclassifications in the test set. ecofriendly eco friendly No 53322009 5332 2009 5332/2009 bread flour Brazils Brazil s farming this nearinfrared near infrared (NIR onsite site preprocessed pre processed OFF (OFF LBC, , (LBC) iSPAPLS, iSPAPLS iSPA PLS (iSPA-PLS) capability 8 8% Furthermore process iSPAPLSDA, iSPAPLSDA DA (iSPA-PLS-DA) 94 accuracy set 5332200 533 200 5332/200 (LBC (iSPA-PLS (iSPA-PLS-DA 9 533220 53 20 5332/20 53322 5 2 5332/2 5332/

Poly(amidoamine)-type dendrimers (PAMAM) were synthesized by divergent routes, and generations (G0.5, G1.0, G1.5, G2.0 and G2.5) along with hydroxylated half-generation polymers (G0.5-OH, G1.5-OH and G2.5-OH) were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture tests were performed using thermogravimetric analysis. Among the absorption temperatures tested, 60 °C was the most promising: 0.77, 1.08, and 1.14 mol CO2 L 1 for G0.5-OH, G1.5-OH and G2.5-OH, respectively, of CO2 and partial pressure of 45 kPa. This showed that dendrimers with larger molecular structures have more hydroxyl groups and consequently capture more CO2. However, at low partial pressures (< 2 kPa), CO2 solubility in PAMAM increased with temperature reduction, confirmed by Henry’s solubility constant (398.4 mol m3 kPa 1, in G2.5-OH at 40 °C). According to the thermodynamic properties of CO2 solubilization, the process was spontaneous (∆Gsol < 0) and exothermic (∆Hsol < 0). Polyamidoaminetype Poly amidoamine type (PAMAM routes G0.5, G05 G G0 5 (G0.5 G10 G1 0 G1.0 G15 G1.5 G20 G2 G2. G2.5 G25 halfgeneration half generation G0.5OH, G05OH GOH G0.5 OH, OH (G0.5-OH G1.5OH G15OH G2.5OH G25OH Fouriertransform Fourier transform spectroscopy calorimetry CO (CO2 tested 6 C promising 077 77 0.77 108 08 1.08 114 14 1.1 G0.5-OH G2.5OH, respectively 4 However ( kPa, , kPa) reduction Henrys Henry s 398.4 3984 398 (398. m °C. . °C) solubilization ∆Gsol Gsol ∆Hsol Hsol 0. (G0. G1. 5OH G0.5OH G0. (CO 07 7 0.7 10 1.0 11 1. 398. 39 (398 (G0 3 (39 (G (3

The use of materials such as organofunctionalized silica for application in solid phase extraction (SPE) allows the preconcentration of several ions, including Pt, and subsequent detection. This work aims to synthesize and characterize an organofunctionalized silica (Sil-TMSDT) with the silylant N’(trimethoxysilyl)propylethylenetriamine and its application as a solid phase in the preconcentration Pt4+ ions in aqueous media, using detection by flame atomization atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the aminofunctionalization of the silica. For the adsorption process, a preconcentration mini-column with 200 mg of Sil-TMSDT, a solution of 0.485 mg L−1 of K2[PtCl6] at pH 10 and HNO3 0.5 mol L−1 as eluent were used, obtaining an enrichment factor of 15-fold with retention efficiency higher than 99%. The Pt4+ ion determined by FAAS showed a linear response between 0.02 and 0.40 mg L−1; a linear coefficient where R = 0.9981; a 16-fold preconcentration factor; a limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) of 0.045 and 0.014 mg L−1, respectively. The proposal system showed analytical applicability to determining Pt4+ ion in an aqueous medium and could be used to detect traces of this potentially toxic metal in biological fluids such as urine and blood. SPE (SPE Pt SilTMSDT Sil TMSDT (Sil-TMSDT Ntrimethoxysilylpropylethylenetriamine N trimethoxysilyl propylethylenetriamine Pt4 media FAAS. . (FAAS) Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR (FTIR SEM (SEM energydispersive energy dispersive EDS (EDS process minicolumn mini column 20 SilTMSDT, TMSDT, Sil-TMSDT 0485 0 485 0.48 L1 L 1 L− K2PtCl6 KPtCl K2 PtCl6 K PtCl K2[PtCl6 HNO 05 5 0. 15fold fold 15 99 99% 002 02 0.0 040 40 0.4 0.9981 09981 9981 16fold 16 LOQ (LOQ LOD (LOD 0045 045 0.04 0014 014 0.01 respectively blood (FAAS 2 048 48 K2PtCl K2[PtCl 9 00 04 4 0.998 0998 998 004 001 01 0.99 099 0.9 09

The present work focused on the screening process of different inorganic oxides and different temperatures for the epoxidation reaction of macaw palm vegetable oil without using solvent, a promising Brazilian biomass that can substitute other vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) in technological applications. This oil has an iodine value of 108.48 g of I2 per 100 g being categorized as a semi-dry oil. The epoxidized vegetable oil can be applied in manifold areas in polymer science. The epoxidation reaction here presented avoided organic solvents and organic acids and aimed to produce a greener route using metal oxides or niobium phosphate as a peroxide-activating catalyst. The experimental parameters were maintained as 10 mol% of catalyst loading and a time of 24 h; however, the temperature for some catalysts was changed to improve the epoxide conversion. Experiments were measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Experiments using titanium oxide (TiO2) as a catalyst reached a conversion greater than 84.7%, while experiments using aluminium oxide (Al2O3) or lanthanum oxide (La2O3) achieved conversions of 22.6 and 30.1%, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that both niobium compounds instantly react with hydrogen peroxide to form peroxy derivatives. solvent e.g., eg e (e.g. applications 10848 108 48 108.4 I semidry semi dry science peroxideactivating activating 1 mol 2 h however 1H H NMR. NMR . NMR) TiO2 TiO (TiO2 847 84 7 84.7% Al2O3 AlO Al O (Al2O3 La2O3 LaO La (La2O3 226 22 6 22. 301 30 30.1% respectively Furthermore derivatives e.g. (e.g 1084 4 108. (TiO 8 84.7 Al2O (Al2O La2O (La2O 3 30.1 e.g 84. 30.

Assessing the dynamics of pollutants in the environment is a very complex challenge, primarily because of the large number of variables involved. Thus, in addition to processes that depend on the physicochemical properties of the pollutant and the main characteristics of the contaminated environment, there are less obvious phenomena that also influence the dynamics of pollutants, such as colloid-mediated transport. The objective of this work is to elucidate the main characteristics of this process and its influence on the transport of pollutants through the soil, taking glyphosate as an example. Although this pollutant is strongly retained by soil components, its presence in groundwater is quite frequent, often due to this facilitated transport by colloids. challenge involved Thus colloidmediated colloid mediated example components frequent colloids

ABSTRACT Planting is considered one of the most essential steps in coffee growing. Lack of uniformity in planting may compromise future operations. Therefore, verifying planting operations quality is fundamental to optimizing production processes and reducing costs. This study aimed to investigate planting techniques through Statistical Process Control (SPC) and aerial images. Carried out in two areas, managed manually and semi-mechanized in the Bom Jardim Farm (MG - Brazil). Data were collected through Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA). Quality control charts and density maps were used to identify variations in distribution and spacing between plants and planting rows. It was found that the planting carried out manually was 4.7% wider than projected due to spacing reduction from 0.5 m to 0.48 m. The semi-mechanized system displayed a deficit of 7% compared to the projected planting system, using 0.55 m between plants. The density map showed the most significant planting alignment variations. Despite displaying lower results than the manual system, the semi-mechanized system improvements are valid for their minimal average variations. Thus, correcting points found outside the limits can increase the efficiency of semi-mechanized planting. growing Therefore costs SPC (SPC images areas semimechanized semi mechanized MG Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) RPA. RPA (RPA) rows 47 4 7 4.7 05 0 5 0. 048 48 0.4 055 55 Thus (RPA 4. 04

This work aimed to incorporate the active compounds of the jambolan leaf in sunflower seed oil, in order to increase the nutritional quality of the oil. For this purpose, ultrasound-assisted extraction was conducted to establish the process conditions related to temperature, potency, solvent:sample ratio and time to obtain the enriched sunflower seed oil (ESSO). An experimental design was applied to examine the effect of variables (temperature, power, solvent:sample ratio and time) on the extraction mass yield (EMY). The application of maximum temperature, increased power, sample:solvent ratio and time resulted in higher EMY. Maximum theoretical EMY value was 35.16% (60 °C, 100%, 1:12 g mL-1 and 15 min). The characterization of the oils obtained from ESSO and sunflower seed oil (SSO) verified a higher content of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, a large proportion of active compounds, antioxidant activity, content of phytosterols, α-tocopherol and squalene, and induction time for ESSO. purpose ultrasoundassisted ultrasound assisted temperature potency solventsample solvent sample . (ESSO) (temperature power (EMY) samplesolvent 3516 35 16 35.16 60 (6 C °C 100 100% 112 1 12 1:1 mL1 mL mL- min. min min) SSO (SSO flavonoids activity phytosterols αtocopherol α tocopherol squalene (ESSO (EMY 351 3 35.1 6 ( 10 11 1: 35.

ABSTRACT: In general, allelopathy can be defined as a biological process by which an organism produces one or more metabolites that can change the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms, and thus influencing the stability of agroecosystems. Cholesterol is a very abundant sterol isolated from the marine red alga Plocamium brasiliense that has been studied regarding its potential inhibitory effects on seed germination, radicle elongation, and hypocotyl development of the weeds Mimosa pudica (malicia) and Senna obtusifolia (mata-pasto). Cholesterol was isolated from a hexane extract by chromatographic methods. Over a 15-day period, germination bioassays were performed at 25 ºC with a 12-h photoperiod. Radicle elongation and hypocotyl development were assayed at 25 ºC with a 24-h photoperiod. Later, Petri dishes 9.0 cm in diameter were coated with filter paper, and 25 seeds were placed in a germination chamber. Six pre-germinated seeds were placed in the Petri dish for 2-3 days. After 10 days, radicle and hypocotyl extensions were measured, and the inhibitory potential of cholesterol was assessed at 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm. In both herbs, M. pudica and S. obtusifolia, they were significantly affected by the action of cholesterol, achieving higher percentages of inhibition in seed germination (50% and 33%, respectively), radical germination (68% and 60%, respectively), and hypocotyl development (66% and 55%, respectively). The inhibition effects were dose-dependent in all experiments, having more pronounced allelopathic effects at 20ppm. ABSTRACT general growth survival organisms agroecosystems malicia (malicia matapasto. matapasto mata pasto . (mata-pasto) methods 15day day 15 period 2 12h h 12 photoperiod 24h 24 Later 90 9 0 9. paper chamber pregerminated pre germinated 23 3 2- days 1 measured 5 ppm herbs M S 50% 50 (50 33 33% respectively, respectively , respectively) 68% 68 (68 60 60% 66% 66 (66 55 55% respectively. dosedependent dose dependent experiments 20ppm (mata-pasto (5 6 (6 (

RESUMO: Em geral, alelopatia pode ser definido como o processo biológico no qual um organismo produz metabolitos que alteram a germinação, o crescimento, a sobrevivência e a reprodução de outros organismos, influenciando a estabilidade de agroecossistemas. O colesterol, o mais abundante esterol isolado da alga vermelha marinha Plocamium brasiliense, foi estudado quanto ao seu potencial efeito inibitório na germinação de sementes, alongamento das radículas e desenvolvimento do hipocótilo das ervas daninhas Mimosa pudica (malicia) e Senna obtusifolia (mata-pasto). Colesterol foi isolado do extrato em Hexano por métodos cromatográficos. Durante 15 dias, os bioensaios de germinação foram realizados a 25 ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 horas, enquanto os bioensaio de alongamento da radícula e do hipocótilo foram realizados a 25 ºC e fotoperíodo de 24 horas. Posteriormente, placas de Petri de 9,0 cm de diâmetro foram revestidas de papelfiltro, e 25 sementes foram mantidas em câmaras de germinação, enquanto seis sementes pré-germinadas foram postas em placas de Petri por 2-3 dias. Após dez dias, a extensão da radícula e do hipocótilo foi medida. O potencial inibitório do colesterol foi avaliado a 5, 10, 15 e 20 ppm. Em ambas as ervas M. pudica e S. obtusifolia, foram afetadas significativamente pela ação do cholesterol alcançando maiores percentuais de inibição na germinação das sementes (50% e 33%, respectivamente), alongamento da radícula (68% e 60%, respectivamente) e desenvolvimento do hipocótilo (66% e 55%, respectivamente). Os efeitos inibitórios foram dose-dependentes em todos os experimentos, tendo efeitos alelopaticos mais acentuados a 20 ppm. RESUMO geral crescimento organismos agroecossistemas brasiliense malicia (malicia matapasto. matapasto mata pasto . (mata-pasto) cromatográficos 1 dias 2 horas Posteriormente 90 9 0 9, papelfiltro prégerminadas pré germinadas 23 3 2- medida 5 10 ppm M S 50% 50 (50 33 33% respectivamente, respectivamente , 68% 68 (68 60 60% 66% 66 (66 55 55% respectivamente. dosedependentes dose dependentes experimentos (mata-pasto (5 6 (6 (

To control vehicle emissions, the new homologation process must be reported according to the California Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) scale’s procedure to calculate the ozone forming potential (OFP) of each new vehicle. This work calculates an MIR scale suitable for the Brazilian reality. Meteorological and hourly pollutant data from the Bangu Automatic Air Quality Station was inventoried and processed from March to September 2020 to adjust OZIPR Lagrangean model and obtain the MIR scale by making small increments in the concentrations of each volatile organic compounds (VOC) and calculate the ozone increase/decrease. It was found that the VOC that had the greatest impact on ozone formation was 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, with 2.06 ppb O3 ppbC-1 VOC. The OFP was calculated based on the VOC emissions of a vehicle and it was found a value of 9.421 mg O3 km-1, a much lower value when compared using the California MIR scale of 136.608 mg O3 km-1. It is concluded that meteorological conditions and VOC speciation data in the air mixture in the studied region directly affect the photochemical reactions of ozone formation. (MIR scales s (OFP reality 202 (VOC increasedecrease increase decrease increase/decrease 1,2,4trimethylbenzene, 124trimethylbenzene trimethylbenzene 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene, 1 2 4 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 206 06 2.0 O ppbC1 ppbC ppbC- 9421 9 421 9.42 km1, km1 km 1, km-1 136608 136 608 136.60 km1. 1. 20 4trimethylbenzene 1,2,4trimethylbenzene 124 1,2, 0 2. 942 42 9.4 km- 13660 13 60 136.6 12 1,2 94 9. 1366 6 136.