RESUMEN El objetivo general del estudio es determinar la percepción de los estudiantes de una universidad privada en Asunción frente a las medidas de seguridad implementadas en un caso específico de amenaza de tiroteo en el año 2023. El enfoque del estudio es cuantitativo, de diseño no experimental de corte transversal y alcance descriptivo. La población considerada para el estudio estuvo conformada por 8089 estudiantes, determinándose una muestra de 385 personas. La tasa de respuesta fue de 99,7% (384). Los criterios de inclusión considerados fueron estar activo e inscripto en la modalidad presencial, tomar clases presenciales en la sede central y estar de acuerdo en completar la encuesta. Se utilizó la encuesta como recolección de datos mediante un cuestionario diseñado con Google Forms de 12 preguntas. Los resultados más relevantes fueron: 41,9% se encuentra muy de acuerdo que sus pertenencias sean revisadas al ingreso a la institución y 39,3% muy conforme con los mecanismos de seguridad implementados por la universidad. Otras opiniones sobre las medidas de seguridad para prevenir y responder a una amenaza de tiroteo son: uso de detectores de metales manuales, mayor presencia de guardias de seguridad, proponer a la administración el abordaje de la salud mental en la malla curricular, habilitar botón de pánico, simulacros de emergencia y rayos-X para los bolsos y mochilas. Se concluye que el estudiantado se encuentra satisfecho ante las dos dimensiones analizadas: seguridad institucional ante el peligro e identificación, satisfacción y sensación de seguridad por parte del estudiante.

ABSTRACT The general objective of the study is to determine the perception of students at a private university in Asunción regarding the security measures implemented in a specific case of a shooting threat, 2023. The approach of the study is quantitative, with a cross-sectional, non-experimental design. and descriptive scope. The population considered for the study was made up of 8089 students, determining a sample of 385 people. The response rate was 99.7% (384). The inclusion criteria considered were being active and enrolled in the in-person modality, taking in-person classes at the headquarters, and agreeing to complete the survey. The survey was used as data collection through a 12-question questionnaire designed with Google Forms. The most relevant results were: 41.9% strongly agree that their belongings are searched upon entry to the institution and 39.3% strongly agree with the security mechanisms implemented by the university. Other opinions on security measures to prevent and respond to a shooting threat are: use of manual metal detectors, increased presence of security guards, proposing to the administration to address mental health in the curriculum, enabling a stop button panic, emergency drills and X-rays for bags and backpacks. It is concluded that the student body is satisfied with the two dimensions analyzed: institutional security in the face of danger and identification, satisfaction and feeling of security on the part of the student.

Abstract: In November 2021, the President of Mexico (2018-2024) declared that the priority megaprojects of the National Development Plan (Maya Train, Isthmus of Tehuantepec Interoceanic Corridor, Dos Bocas Refinery) fall within the realm of national security. Public and private investments in these projects are directed towards southeastern Mexico, covering the states of Oaxaca, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Yucatán, and Tabasco. These regions are home to indigenous peoples and communities that hold 45% of Mexico’s total social property. In some cases, these communities are visibly linked to national political organizations that defend land and territory. The decree is considered a state of exception applied to land-territory use, with dual implications. On one hand, it represents the undivided social field monopolized by monetary metrics. On the other hand, it signifies the expansion of a neocolonial condition promoted by the Mexican federal government, which marginalizes the voice of resistance in favor of adopting the capital logic defined by the stratification of the global economy. The methodology involves participatory action research since 2019, collaborative research through the coordination of workshops, caravans, marches, and political-community meetings, promoted in conjunction with assemblies fighting for territorial defense. We anticipate the increased use of such state of exception in response to the intertwined rise of health, environmental, and economic contingencies that drive the economic cycle, coupled with ineffective governmental policies formulated for regular times. In other words, the state of exception is activated to ensure the continuity of capital accumulation driven by the concentration of private property.

Resumo: Em novembro de 2021, o chefe do Poder Executivo federal do México (2018-2024) decretou os megaprojetos prioritários do Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento (Tren Maya, Corredor Interoceânico do Istmo de Tehuantepec, Refinaria Dos Bocas) no campo da segurança nacional. Os investimentos públicos e privados nesses projetos são destinados ao sudeste do México, que inclui os estados de Oaxaca, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Yucatán e Tabasco. Esses estados abrigam povos e comunidades indígenas que detêm 45 % da propriedade social total do México e, em alguns casos, estão visivelmente ligados a espaços nacionais de organização política em torno da defesa do território. Consideramos que esse decreto é um estado de exceção exercido sobre o uso da terra-território, com uma dupla implicação. Por um lado, a indivisão do campo social provocada pelo direito monopolizado pela métrica monetária. Por outro, a expansão da condição neocolonial promovida pelo governo federal do México ao deslocar a voz da resistência para adotar a lógica do capital, conforme definido pela estratificação da economia mundial. A metodologia está inscrita no processo de pesquisa-ação participativa desde 2019, pesquisa colaborativa por meio da coordenação de oficinas, caravanas, marchas e reuniões político-comunitárias, promovidas em conjunto com assembleias de luta e resistência pela defesa territorial. Prevemos o uso crescente desse tipo de estado de exceção diante do aumento entrelaçado das contingências sanitárias, ambientais e econômicas, que marcam o ritmo do ciclo econômico, e da ineficácia da política governamental formulada para tempos regulares. Em outras palavras, o estado de exceção é viabilizado para garantir a perpetuidade da acumulação de capital gerada pela concentração da propriedade privada.

Resumen: En noviembre de 2021, el titular del poder ejecutivo federal de México (2018-2024) decretó los megaproyectos prioritarios del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (Tren Maya, Corredor Interoceánico del Istmo de Tehuantepec, Refinería Dos Bocas) en el ámbito de seguridad nacional. Las inversiones públicas y privadas de aquellas obras tienen como destino el sureste de México que abarca los estados de Oaxaca, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Yucatán y Tabasco. Albergan allí pueblos originarios y comunidades que detentan el 45 % del total de la propiedad social de México y, en algunos casos, es visible su vinculación a espacios nacionales de organización política en torno a la defensa de la tierra-territorio. Ese decreto lo consideramos un estado de excepción ejercido sobre el uso de la tierra-territorio, con una doble implicación. Por un lado, la indivisión del campo social que trae consigo el derecho monopolizado por la métrica monetaria. Por el otro, la expansión de la condición neocolonial promovida por el Gobierno federal de México al desplazar la voz de la resistencia para adoptar la lógica del capital que se encuentra definida por la estratificación de la economía-mundo. La metodología se inscribe en el proceso de investigación acción participante desde 2019, investigación colaborativa por medio de la coordinación de talleres, caravanas, marchas y encuentros político-comunitarios, promovidos en conjunto con asambleas en lucha y resistencia por la defensa territorial. Anticipamos el uso creciente de esta clase de estado de excepción ante el incremento imbricado de las contingencias sanitarias, ambientales y económicas, que marcan el ritmo del ciclo económico, y la inefectiva política gubernamental formulada para tiempos regulares. En otras palabras, el estado de excepción es habilitado para garantizar la perpetuidad de la acumulación de capital gestada con la concentración de la propiedad privada.

INTRODUCTION: Participation in meaningful activities is compromised in mental health care users living with major depressive disorder. In acute mental health settings, occupational therapy groups are the main treatment modality used to address occupational dysfunction or activity participation in these mental health care users. However, the evidence for the therapeutic impact of occupational therapy groups on activity participation is limited This study aimed to determine change in the activity participation of mental healthcare users with major depression attending occupational therapy groups based on the Occupational Therapy Interactive Group Model during their admission to an acute private mental health setting. METHOD: A quasi-experimental, longitudinal, pre-post group study design was employed to collect data from a sample of 70 participants diagnosed with major depressive disorder. The Activity Participation Outcome Measure (APOM) was used to measure change in activity participation in this study RESULTS: A significant improvement in activity participation was evident from admission to discharge across all the domains of the APOM. Correlations between the independent variables and improvement in APOM scores indicated stronger correlations for the number of groups attended by participants than their length of stay. Additionally, closed groups yielded a stronger correlation with improvement in APOM scores in comparison to open groups DISCUSSION: Occupational therapy groups play an integral role in the road to healing for mental health care users diagnosed with major depression admitted to acute private mental health settings IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: • Incorporating the Occupational Therapy Interactive Groupwork Model (OTIGM) in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, especially with closed groups, enables members to experience a sense of security and continuity, which can enhance therapeutic outcomes. • Integrating tools such as the APOM in clinical settings to measure the efficacy of interventions and identify areas needing further attention, will build evidence-based practice. • Incorporating stress management techniques, such as mindfulness, relaxation therapy, Tension Release Exercises (TRE) and sensory activities, into the therapeutic regimen can be highly beneficial in the treatment of the acute symptoms of major depressive disorder.

Resumen El uso de armas de fuego provenientes de naciones extranjeras es determinante en la ampliación y aumento de resultados mortales en la dinámica de seguridad latinoamericana. Este documento busca explorar los debates teóricos existentes respecto a este tema en el marco del derecho internacional público. Se propone como hipótesis que, aunque existen elementos de soft law en el derecho internacional público, la implementación de una respuesta jurídico-institucional estaría sostenida únicamente a través del derecho a la seguridad colectiva, el cual no ha sido completamente definido en el derecho internacional. El texto propone que el deber de garantía de los Estados también se relaciona con las responsabilidades de las personas jurídicas de derecho privado en su deber de respetar la normativa, tanto nacional como internacional. Por lo tanto, cualquier esfuerzo futuro para controlar el flujo de armamento implica respuestas coordinadas e intraestatales para otorgar niveles de obligatoriedad al Derecho Internacional.

Abstract The use of firearms from foreign nations is a determining factor in the expansion and increase of lethal results in Latin American security dynamics. This paper seeks to explore the existing theoretical debates on this issue within the framework of public international law. It is proposed as a hypothesis that, although there are elements of soft law in public international law, the implementation of a legal-institutional response would be sustained only through the right to collective security, which has not been fully defined in international law. The text proposes that the duty of guarantee of states also relates to the responsibilities of private law legal persons in their duty to respect both national and international law. Therefore, any future effort to control the flow of armaments implies coordinated and intrastate responses to make international law binding.

RESUMEN El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto de la calidad de la educación en los procesos económicos dentro de las instituciones de educación superior. La confiabilidad y validez de los resultados de la investigación están garantizadas por el análisis teórico de la literatura científica pertinente, un análisis de materiales estadísticos de referencia sobre la educación superior en la República de Kirguistán y el análisis de documentos. Además, la investigación considera los hallazgos de académicos kirguises junto con investigadores del extranjero cercano y lejano. Como resultado de la investigación realizada, se analizan las características peculiares del impacto que produce la calidad de la educación en los procesos económicos dentro de las universidades de la República de Kirguistán. Esta influencia resulta contradictoria porque la orientación de las universidades públicas y privadas competidoras hacia la diversificación de las fuentes de financiación les impide resolver las tareas de la política educativa nacional y alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible del país. A partir de opiniones de expertos, se establece que la comunidad local considera discriminatoria la política de gestión de la calidad de los servicios educativos en relación con los estudiantes extranjeros, ya que existe una brecha significativa en la calidad de la educación (se invita a profesores extranjeros, las actividades educativas se organizan utilizando exportar programas educativos en lugar de basarlos en estándares locales de educación vocacional superior). Éste es el precio de preparar la educación superior de la República de Kirguistán para la integración global.

ABSTRACT The study aims to analyze the impact of education quality on economic processes within higher education institutions. The reliability and validity of research findings are ensured by theoretical analysis of pertinent scientific literature, an analysis of reference statistic materials on higher education in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, and document analysis. Additionally, the research considers the findings of Kyrgyz scholars along with researchers from near and far abroad. As a result of the conducted investigation, the peculiar features of the impact produced by education quality on economic processes within universities of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan are analyzed. This influence is found to be contradictory because the orientation of competing public and private universities towards diversification of funding sources sets them back from solving the tasks of national education policy and achieving the country's sustainable development goals. Drawing on expert opinions, it is established that the local community views the policy of educational services quality management in relation to foreign students as discriminatory, as there is a significant gap in the quality of education (foreign teachers are invited, educational activities are organized using export educational programs rather than based on local standards of higher vocational education). This is the price of preparing the higher education of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan for global integration.

Resumen Objetivo: El artículo examina la intersección entre políticas de seguridad y políticas educativas para el caso uruguayo, en ocasión de ciertas prácticas de gobierno que toman al deporte como herramienta. Para tal cometido estudiamos un programa llevado adelante por el Ministerio del Interior, denominado Pelota al medio a la esperanza. Tal análisis se procura centrar en la categoría de sujeto consciente de sí, y su estrecho vínculo con la propiedad privada como bien sagrado de la sociedad capitalista. Método: Examinaremos un conjunto de entrevistas realizadas a informantes claves del Programa, Coordinadores/as, Profesores/as de Educación Física, Psicólogas/os, que han diseñado y puesto en marcha las actividades del mismo. A su vez, analizamos un conjunto de versiones taquigráficas del Parlamento uruguayo en las que se discutieron asuntos relacionados a la Seguridad Ciudadana. Resultados: Adelantamos que hay ciertos elementos discursivos que se pueden observar en las prácticas de gobierno asociadas a la educación y la seguridad, que son comunes al universo político uruguayo. Conclusiones: Pudimos concluir que la noción de sujeto consciente de sí y su vínculo con la propiedad privada, es un común denominador que subyace los discursos políticos y educativos, haciendo lazo en la relación entre seguridad y educación.

Resumo Objetivo: O artigo examina a interseção entre políticas de segurança e políticas educacionais no caso uruguaio, por ocasião de certas práticas governamentais que utilizam o esporte como ferramenta. Para isso, estudamos um programa realizado pelo Ministério do Interior, denominado Pelota al medio a la esperanza (Bola no meio da esperança). Essa análise se enfoca na categoria do sujeito consciente de si e sua estreita ligação com a propriedade privada como um bem sagrado na sociedade capitalista. Método: Examinaremos um conjunto de entrevistas com informantes-chave do Programa, Coordenadores, Professores de Educação Física, Psicólogos, que elaboraram e implementaram as atividades do Programa. Ao mesmo tempo, analisamos um conjunto de versões estenográficas do Parlamento uruguaio em que foram discutidas questões relacionadas à Segurança Cidadã. Resultados: Concluímos que há certos elementos discursivos que podem ser observados nas práticas governamentais associadas à educação e à segurança, que são comuns ao universo político uruguaio. Conclusões: Concluímos que a noção de sujeito consciente de si e seu vínculo com a propriedade privada é um denominador comum subjacente aos discursos políticos e educacionais, estabelecendo um vínculo na relação entre segurança e educação.

Abstract Objective: This article examines the intersection between security policies and educational policies in Uruguay, focusing on certain government practices that use sport instrumentally. For this purpose, a program carried out by the Ministry of the Interior called “Pelota al medio a la esperanza” is studied. This analysis is centered on the category of the self-aware subject and its close relationship with private property as a sacred asset in capitalist societies. Method: The authors review a set of interviews with key stakeholders of the program, including coordinators, Physical Education teachers and psychologists involved in designing and implementing program activities. They also analyze transcripts of discussions on citizen security in the Uruguayan Parliament. Results: The authors’ findings suggest that certain discursive elements present in government practices related to education and security are consistent within the Uruguayan political landscape. Conclusions: The notion of self-conscious subject and its association with private property serves as a fundamental aspect underlying political and educational discourses, establishing a connection between security and education.

Resumen Las prestaciones por invalidez son el tema más frecuente en el Poder Judicial de Brasil, y los altos costos de estas demandas amenazan el mantenimiento de estas prestaciones en el sistema público de pensiones, con la posibilidad de que el riesgo se transfiera a un seguro privado. Atender estas reclamaciones identificando las causas de presentación, además de reducir la litigiosidad, puede garantizarlas en el régimen general. El objetivo de este artículo es esbozar el panorama del asegurado, las causas de rechazos y enfermedades incapacitantes, los procesos relacionados con este tema, en particular el tiempo de tramitación, la importancia del dictamen pericial, la concordancia de la sentencia con el examen técnico y de este último con la decisión administrativa, el porcentaje de confirmación de la solicitud administrativa. Para eso, se utilizó un método científico-inductivo, por intermedio de una técnica de investigación observacional a través de un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo sobre los procesos de la materia judicial de la prestación por enfermedad y jubilación por incapacidad entre 2015 y 2019 en ciudades que representan cinco regiones de los Tribunales Especiales Federales, elegidos entre tribunales del interior y de la capital, especializados o no. A partir de los resultados, se discutieron las situaciones que dieron origen a demandas de este orden, desde la perspectiva de las enfermedades y del proceso mismo, concluyendo que existen formas de contener la masificación de demandas por infortunios que afectan la capacidad de trabajo. Brasil pensiones privado presentación litigiosidad general asegurado incapacitantes tramitación pericial administrativa eso científicoinductivo, científicoinductivo científico inductivo, inductivo científico-inductivo descriptivo 201 Federales capital no resultados orden mismo trabajo 20 2

Abstract Disability benefits are a more frequent issue in the Federal Courts and the high costs of these lawsuits threaten its maintenance in the Social Security, with the possibility of the risk being transferred to private insurance. Addressing these demands by identifying the causes of filing, in addition to mitigating litigation, can ensure them in the general regime. The objective of the paper is, thus, to outline the insured, the causes of administrative refusals and the disabling diseases, the processes related, notably, the processing time, the importance of the expertise, the agreement of the sentence with the expertise and from this with the administrative decision, the percentage of confirmation of the administrative request. To this end, an inductive scientific method was used, through an observational investigation technique through a descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study on the processes of the judicial subject sickness benefit and disability retirement between 2015 and 2019 in cities that represent the 5 regions of the Federal Special Courts, chosen from among interior and capital courts, specialized or not. From the results, the situations that rose demands of this order were discussed, under the prism of diseases and the process itself, concluding that there are ways to contain the massification of demands for misfortunes that affect working capacity. Security insurance filing litigation regime is thus insured related notably time decision request end used descriptive crosssectional cross sectional 201 courts not results discussed itself capacity 20 2

Resumo Benefícios por incapacidade representam o assunto mais frequente no Judiciário Federal, e os altos gastos desses processos ameaçam a manutenção dessas prestações na previdência pública, com possibilidade de o risco passar ao seguro privado. Debruçar-se sobre essas demandas mediante identificação das causas de ajuizamento, além de minorar a litigiosidade, pode assegurá-las no regime geral. O objetivo do presente artigo é traçar o panorama do segurado, das causas de indeferimentos e das doenças incapacitantes, dos processos atinentes a esse assunto, notadamente o tempo de tramitação, a importância da perícia, a concordância da sentença com o exame técnico e deste com a decisão administrativa, o percentual de confirmação do pedido administrativo. Para isso, foi utilizado método científico-indutivo, por meio de técnica de investigação observacional mediante estudo descritivo, transversal e retrospectivo sobre os processos do assunto judicial auxílio-doença e aposentadoria por invalidez entre 2015 e 2019 em cidades que representam cinco regiões dos Juizados Especiais Federais, escolhidas entre varas de interior e de capital, especializadas ou não. A partir dos resultados, foram discutidas as situações que ensejaram demandas dessa ordem, sob o prisma das doenças e do processo em si, concluindo que há meios de conter a massificação de demandas por infortúnios que afetam a capacidade laborativa. Federal pública privado Debruçarse Debruçar se ajuizamento litigiosidade assegurálas assegurá las geral segurado incapacitantes tramitação perícia administrativa administrativo isso científicoindutivo, científicoindutivo científico indutivo, indutivo científico-indutivo descritivo auxíliodoença auxílio doença 201 Federais capital não resultados ordem si laborativa 20 2

Resumo O presente artigo objetiva lançar luz sobre um ator social pouco conhecido da dinâmica criminal carioca. Os “pi-lícias” são civis “desejosos em ser polícia” na vida cotidiana, e que acabam eventualmente trabalhando ilegalmente para policiais de diferentes formas: no mercado da segurança privada, em funções mais “ocultas” do policiamento cotidiano enquanto “informantes” em investigações, ou mesmo tal qual “forças auxiliares” em operações policiais e/ou paramilitares contra o tráfico varejista. Baseado em trabalho de campo etnográfico junto a candidatos à carreira policial militar no Rio de Janeiro, pretendo demonstrar que a fundação de “comunidades morais” entre “pi-lícias”, policiais militares e milicianos é fundamental para o agenciamento de alguns “esquemas” criados a partir dos mercados ilegais da segurança privada presentes na metrópole. carioca pilícias pi lícias “pi-lícias desejosos polícia cotidiana formas ocultas “ocultas informantes “informantes investigações forças auxiliares eou varejista Janeiro comunidades morais pilícias, , esquemas “esquemas metrópole

Abstract The present paper sheds light on a little-known social actor in Rio de Janeiro's criminal landscape. “Pi-licias” are civilians who impersonate policemen in everyday life, working illegally for legitimate police officers in different ways. They are found in private security markets, as “informants” in parallel police investigations, or even as “auxiliary forces” in police and/or paramilitary raids against drug trafficking gangs. Based on ethnographic fieldwork with candidates for the military police career, the study aims to demonstrate how the “moral communities” founded among military police officers, militias, and “pi-licias” pave the way for illegal “schemes” that emerge from private security markets in Rio de Janeiro. littleknown little known Janeiros Janeiro s landscape Pilicias Pi licias “Pi-licias life ways informants “informants investigations auxiliary forces andor gangs career moral communities militias pilicias pi “pi-licias schemes “schemes

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) has experienced rapid development in area-specific applications, including smart transportation systems, healthcare, industries, and smart agriculture, to enhance socio-economic development over the past few years. This IoT system includes different actuators, interconnected sensors, and network-enabled devices that exchange various data through private networks and the Internet infrastructure. The intrusion detection system (IDS) is deployed with preventive security mechanisms, namely access control and authentication. The usual behaviors of the mechanism distinguish malicious and normal activities based on specific patterns or rules of IDSs. Therefore, this article focuses on developing IDS using Double Adaptive Weighting Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning (DAWAOA-DL) approach in the IoT environment. The DAWAOA-DL methodology's objective is to recognise and classify intrusions in the IoT platform accurately. To execute this, the presented DAWAOA-DL approach involves the design of the DAWAOA technique for the feature selection procedure. Next, the convolutional neural network-gated recurrent unit (CNN-GRU) technique is used for the intrusion detection task. Finally, the Adam optimizer is exploited as a hyperparameter optimizer of the CNN-GRU methodology. A series of simulations were performed on the BoT-IoT dataset to exhibit the effectual detection performance of the DAWAOA-DL method. A widespread experimental validation demonstrated the betterment of the DAWAOA-DL method over other recent models under several metrics. (IoT areaspecific area applications systems healthcare industries agriculture socioeconomic socio economic years actuators sensors networkenabled network enabled infrastructure (IDS mechanisms authentication IDSs Therefore DAWAOADL DL (DAWAOA-DL environment methodologys methodology s accurately procedure Next networkgated gated CNNGRU CNN GRU (CNN-GRU task Finally BoTIoT BoT metrics

ABSTRACT Recent research indicates that public and private organizations worldwide face cybersecurity breaches due to a need for more cybersecurity awareness among their employees. This study assesses the cybersecurity culture in different organizations across various sectors in Leon City, Mexico. For this purpose, an evaluation process was implemented, which involved anonymous online surveys among employees from multiple sectors, including service companies, wholesale trade businesses, manufacturing industries, construction companies, and retail trade establishments. The study took place in 2022 and achieved a response rate of 73.33% from employees across the participating organizations. The findings underscore the necessity of fostering a robust cybersecurity culture within Leon City organizations, which entails implementing ongoing security awareness training programs to empower employees with the knowledge and skills to mitigate cyber risks effectively. Analyzing the results reveals valuable insights regarding the countermeasures implemented by organizations in Leon City to strengthen their cybersecurity defenses and minimize the risk surface. These insights enhance cybersecurity strategies and fortify the overall security posture of organizations operating in Leon City.

RESUMEN Investigaciones recientes indican que organizaciones públicas y privadas en todo el mundo enfrentan brechas de ciberseguridad debido a la falta de conciencia de ciberseguridad entre sus empleados. Este estudio evalúa la cultura de ciberseguridad en diversas organizaciones de varios sectores en la ciudad de León, México. Con este propósito, se implementó un proceso de evaluación que incluyó encuestas en línea anónimas entre empleados de múltiples sectores, como empresas de servicios, negocios mayoristas, industrias manufactureras, empresas de construcción y establecimientos de comercio minorista. El estudio se llevó a cabo en 2022 y logró una tasa de respuesta del 73,33% de empleados de las organizaciones participantes. Los hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de fomentar una sólida cultura de ciberseguridad dentro de las organizaciones en la ciudad de León, lo cual implica implementar programas continuos de capacitación en conciencia de seguridad para dotar a los empleados de los conocimientos y habilidades necesarios para mitigar de manera efectiva los riesgos cibernéticos. Al analizar los resultados, surgen percepciones valiosas sobre las contramedidas implementadas por las organizaciones en León para fortalecer sus defensas de ciberseguridad y minimizar la superficie de riesgo. Estas percepciones mejoran las estrategias de ciberseguridad y fortalecen la postura de seguridad general de las organizaciones que operan en la ciudad de León.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To analyze the budget impact of upadacitinib (UPA) 15 mg + methotrexate (MTX) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients with an inadequate response to conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cDMARD-IR) from the perspective of social security and the private health sector in Argentina. Materials and methods. A budget impact analysis model was developed for a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 adults with health insurance coverage who were diagnosed with RA over a 5-year time horizon. The model parameters were obtained through literature review and validated by local experts. The costs are expressed in 2024 US dollars (USD). Results. The introduction of UPA 15 mg + MTX for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA and cDMARD-IR resulted in minimal increase, with a five-year total cumulative incremental cost of USD 1,855 for social security and USD 1,812 for the private health sector, representing 2% of the total budget. The acquisition cost of UPA was the most influential variable in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusions. The introduction of UPA 15 mg + MTX for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA and cDMARD-IR can provide an effective treatment option with a minimal increase in costs for the healthcare system in Argentina, which is especially important in developing countries where health system budgets are more limited. Providing evidence-based estimates is a valuable tool for informing healthcare policies and can help policymakers make informed decisions about the allocation of healthcare resources to improve patient outcomes while also managing costs.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Analizar el impacto presupuestario de upadacitinib (UPA) 15 mg + metotrexato (MTX) para el tratamiento de la artritis reumatoide (AR) moderada a grave en pacientes con respuesta inadecuada a los fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad convencionales (RI-DMARc) desde la perspectiva de la seguridad social y los sectores de salud privados en Argentina. Materiales y métodos. Se desarrolló un modelo de análisis de impacto presupuestario para una cohorte hipotética de 100,000 adultos con cobertura de seguro de salud que fueron diagnosticados con AR en un horizonte de tiempo de 5 años. Los parámetros del modelo se obtuvieron a través de una revisión de la literatura y se validaron con expertos locales. Los costos se expresan en dólares estadounidenses (USD) para el 2024. Resultados. La introducción de UPA 15 mg + MTX para el tratamiento de AR moderada a grave y RI-DMARc resultó en un costo incremental mínimo, con un costo acumulado total a cinco años de USD 1.855 para la seguridad social y USD 1.812 para el sector privado de salud, lo que representa aproximadamente el 2% del presupuesto total. El costo de adquisición de UPA fue la variable más influyente en el análisis de sensibilidad. Conclusiones. La introducción de UPA 15 mg + MTX para el tratamiento de AR genera un incremento de costos marginal para el sistema de salud en Argentina, lo cual es especialmente importante en contextos de presupuestos limitados. Proporcionar estimaciones basadas en la evidencia es una herramienta valiosa para ayudar a tomar decisiones informadas sobre la asignación eficiente de recursos en salud.

Through its environmental laws and policies, the state needs to ensure the ecologically sustainable development and use of South Africa's natural resources, while promoting justifiable economic and social development. Thus, the view that property owners may not use their property in ways that prejudice the community and other peoples' interests in environmental resources must be considered. This corresponds with the acknowledged stance that property, in its widest sense, has a "public or civic or proprietary" aspect to it that transcends individual economic interests, and that private property ownership should be inherently limited for the benefit of society at large. Property is, therefore, intimately bound up with the socio-economic security and well-being of all South African citizens. Since a developmental state actively guides economic development and the use of the country's resources to meet the needs of the people, the developmental role of the state should serve the public interest. In South Africa, though, the public function of property is frequently usurped by the government's developmental-state ambitions and influenced by political and economic considerations that affect the socio-economic fabric of the country. The South African government, as public trustee of the nation's natural resources, must regulate access to and use of natural resources by exercising its stewardship ethic. However, this is not always the case when it comes to critical resources like water and land - a situation that perpetuates the historically imbalanced distribution of wealth in South Africa.

ABSTRACT This study aims to verify whether the inequalities by education level found in the population as a whole are also confirmed among those who subscribed to personal insurance and/or open private pension plans in Brazil between 2012 and 2017. This study is a trailblazer in estimating mortality differentials by education level in populations with personal insurance and open private pensions in Brazil. The research contributes to the understanding of socioeconomic factors related to living conditions and, consequently, mortality. The results show that, even in a population that records lower mortality rates and higher life expectancies when compared to the Brazilian population as a whole, education level plays a major role as a protective factor. Population and death data were provided by 23 insurance groups. Through an agreement with the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, the Applied Mathematics Laboratory of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (LabMA/UFRJ) provided the list of insured people to this ministry, data was cross-referenced with government information and returned to the LabMA/UFRJ with identification of education level, when available, as well as indication of deceased, completing company records. Mortality tables were then drawn up for the insured population by education level. To obtain smoothed tables, Heligman and Pollard’s law was applied using a Bayesian approach, via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. In the period from 2012 to 2017, among Brazilians who took advantage of personal insurance and open supplementary pensions, men with a high education level had, at the age of 60, a life expectancy of 5.6 and 6.6 years greater than those with a lower education level, in mortality and survival coverage, respectively. In the case of women, the comparison between the most educated and the least educated shows a difference of 2.7 years in mortality coverage and 5.4 years in survival coverage. andor or 201 2017 consequently factor 2 groups Security LabMAUFRJ LabMA UFRJ (LabMA/UFRJ ministry crossreferenced cross referenced available deceased Pollards Pollard s approach MCMC (MCMC simulation had 60 56 5 6 5. 66 6. respectively women 27 7 2. 54 4 20

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é verificar se as desigualdades por nível educacional encontradas na população em geral também se confirmam entre aqueles que aderiram aos seguros de pessoas e/ou previdência privada aberta no Brasil entre 2012 e 2017. Este estudo é precursor na estimativa dos diferenciais de mortalidade por nível educacional em populações com seguros de pessoas e previdência privada aberta no Brasil. A pesquisa contribui com a compreensão dos fatores socioeconômicos relacionados às condições de vida e, consequentemente, à mortalidade. Os resultados mostram que, mesmo em uma população que registra taxas de mortalidade mais baixas e expectativas de vida mais elevadas em comparação à população brasileira em geral, o nível educacional tem um papel relevante como fator protetivo. Os dados de população e de óbitos foram fornecidos por 23 grupos seguradores. Por meio de um acordo com o Ministério do Trabalho e Previdência Social, o Laboratório de Matemática Aplicada da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (LabMA/UFRJ) forneceu a lista dos segurados a esse ministério, os dados foram cruzados com informações governamentais e devolvidos ao LabMA/UFRJ com a identificação de escolaridade, quando disponível, bem como a indicação dos falecidos, completando os registros das empresas. Em seguida, foram elaboradas tábuas de mortalidade da população segurada por nível educacional. Para obtenção de tábuas suavizadas, foi aplicada a lei de Heligman e Pollard com abordagem bayesiana, via simulação de Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). No período de 2012 a 2017, dentre os brasileiros que usufruíam dos seguros de pessoas e de previdência complementar aberta, os homens com alta escolaridade tinham, aos 60 anos, uma expectativa de vida de 5,6 e 6,6 anos maior em comparação àqueles menos escolarizados, nas coberturas de mortalidade e sobrevivência, respectivamente. No caso das mulheres, a comparação entre as mais escolarizadas e as menos escolarizadas mostra uma diferença de 2,7 anos na cobertura de mortalidade e 5,4 anos na cobertura de sobrevivência. eou ou 201 2017 consequentemente protetivo 2 seguradores Social LabMAUFRJ LabMA UFRJ (LabMA/UFRJ ministério disponível falecidos empresas seguida suavizadas bayesiana MCMC. MCMC . (MCMC) tinham 6 56 5 5, 66 6, escolarizados sobrevivência respectivamente mulheres 27 7 2, 54 4 20 (MCMC

BACKGROUND: Family medicine has trained specialist family physicians in South Africa since 2008, but not investigated their career pathways. The study aimed to determine the career pathways of newly qualified family physicians between 2008 and 2022 METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive survey of all 186 family physicians via an electronic questionnaire RESULTS: Response rate was 44.6% (83/186). Overall, 9.6% emigrated, 10.8% were no longer practising, and 79.5% were still practising in South Africa. Of the latter, 14.5% were in the private sector, 55.4% in the public sector and 9.6% in both. Of those in the public sector, 33.7% were in specialist family physician posts, 12% in medical officer posts, 4.8% in managerial positions and 4.8% in academic positions. Issues relating to safety and security were important to those working in both sectors and relationships with colleagues in the clinical team, to those in the public sector. Overall, participants practised near or within their province of training and were not equitably distributed CONCLUSION: Only a third of graduates were in specialist family physician posts in the public sector. Attention needs to be given to retaining more graduates in such posts to achieve the goals of the national position paper. The proportion in the private sector was lower than expected. The reasons for no longer practising medicine should be further explored CONTRIBUTION: This is the first study on the career pathways of family physicians in South Africa since the new speciality was created. Understanding these pathways will assist with human resources for health planning

Objetivo: investigar los factores asociados a la infección por SARSCoV-2 en los profesionales de la salud de hospitales universitarios. Método: estudio multicéntrico, con abordaje mixto con estrategia incorporada concomitante, realizado con 559 profesionales en la etapa cuantitativa, y 599 en la etapa cualitativa. Fueron utilizados cuatro instrumentos de recolección de datos, aplicados a través un formulario electrónico. El análisis cuantitativo se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial y los datos cualitativos mediante análisis de contenido Resultados: los factores asociados a la infección fueron: realización de la prueba “RT-PCR” (p<0,001) y unidades que atienden a pacientes con COVID-19 (p=0,028). Tener síntomas aumentó la prevalencia de infección 5,63 veces y cumplir la mayor parte del tiempo con el distanciamiento social en la vida privada la redujo un 53,9%. Los datos cualitativos mostraron las dificultades que enfrentaron los profesionales: escasez y baja calidad de equipos de protección personal, sobrecarga de trabajo, distanciamiento físico en el trabajo, procesos y rutinas inadecuados y la ausencia de una política de triage y testeo masivos. Conclusión: los factores asociados a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en los profesionales de la salud se relacionaron mayormente con cuestiones laborales. Objetivo SARSCoV2 SARSCoV 2 SARSCoV- universitarios Método multicéntrico concomitante 55 cuantitativa 59 cualitativa electrónico Resultados fueron RTPCR RT PCR “RT-PCR p<0,001 p0001 p 0 001 (p<0,001 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 p=0,028. p0028 p=0,028 . 028 (p=0,028) 563 5 63 5,6 539 53 9 53,9% personal trabajo masivos Conclusión SARS CoV SARS-CoV- laborales p<0,00 p000 00 (p<0,00 COVID1 1 COVID- p002 p=0,02 02 (p=0,028 56 6 5, 53,9 SARS-CoV p<0,0 p00 (p<0,0 p=0,0 (p=0,02 53, p<0, p0 (p<0, p=0, (p=0,0 p<0 (p<0 p=0 (p=0, p< (p< p= (p=0 (p (p=

Objective: to investigate factors associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection among health professionals from university hospitals. Method: a multicenter, mixed approach study with concomitant incorporated strategy, carried out with 559 professionals in the quantitative stage, and 599 in the qualitative stage. Four data collection instruments were used, applied by means of an electronic form. The quantitative analysis was performed with descriptive and inferential statistics and the qualitative data were processed by means of content analysis. Results: the factors associated with the infection were as follows: performance of the RT-PCR test (p<0.001) and units offering care to COVID-19 patients (p=0.028). Having symptoms increased 5.63 times the prevalence of infection and adhering to social distancing most of the time in private life reduced it by 53.9%. The qualitative data evidenced difficulties faced by the professionals: scarcity and low quality of Personal Protective Equipment, work overload, physical distancing at work, inadequate processes and routines and lack of a mass screening and testing policy. Conclusion: the factors associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection among health professionals were mostly related to occupational issues. Objective SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- hospitals Method multicenter strategy 55 stage 59 used form Results follows RTPCR RT PCR p<0.001 p0001 p 0 001 (p<0.001 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 p=0.028. p0028 p=0.028 . 028 (p=0.028) 563 5 63 5.6 539 53 9 53.9% Equipment overload policy Conclusion issues SARS-CoV p<0.00 p000 00 (p<0.00 COVID1 1 COVID- p002 p=0.02 02 (p=0.028 56 6 5. 53.9 p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 p=0.0 (p=0.02 53. p<0. p0 (p<0. p=0. (p=0.0 p<0 (p<0 p=0 (p=0. p< (p< p= (p=0 (p (p=

Objetivo: investigar fatores associados à infecção por SARS-CoV-2 entre profissionais da saúde de hospitais universitários. Método: estudo multicêntrico, de abordagem mista com estratégia incorporada concomitante, realizado com 559 profissionais na etapa quantitativa, e 599 na etapa qualitativa. Foram utilizados quatro instrumentos de coleta de dados, aplicados via formulário eletrônico. A análise quantitativa foi realizada com estatística descritiva e inferencial e os dados qualitativos por meio de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: os fatores associados à infeção foram: realização de teste “RT-PCR” (p<0,001) e unidades com atendimento a pacientes com COVID-19 (p=0,028). Ter sintomas aumentou em 5,63 vezes a prevalência de infeção e aderir ao distanciamento social na maior parte do tempo na vida particular reduziu em 53,9%. Dados qualitativos evidenciaram dificuldades enfrentadas pelos profissionais: escassez e baixa qualidade de equipamentos de proteção individual, sobrecarga de trabalho, distanciamento físico no trabalho, processos e rotinas inadequadas e ausência de uma política de triagem e testagem em massa. Conclusão: os fatores associados à infecção por SARS-CoV-2 entre profissionais da saúde foram em sua maioria relacionados a questões ocupacionais. Objetivo SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- universitários Método multicêntrico concomitante 55 59 qualitativa eletrônico conteúdo Resultados RTPCR RT PCR “RT-PCR p<0,001 p0001 p 0 001 (p<0,001 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 p=0,028. p0028 p=0,028 . 028 (p=0,028) 563 5 63 5,6 539 53 9 53,9% individual trabalho massa Conclusão ocupacionais SARS-CoV p<0,00 p000 00 (p<0,00 COVID1 1 COVID- p002 p=0,02 02 (p=0,028 56 6 5, 53,9 p<0,0 p00 (p<0,0 p=0,0 (p=0,02 53, p<0, p0 (p<0, p=0, (p=0,0 p<0 (p<0 p=0 (p=0, p< (p< p= (p=0 (p (p=