Abstract Pharmaceutical product development is a challenging, time-consuming, and cost-intensive process. Computational methods could be used for assistance and speed up the industrial process. Artificial neural networks (ANN) and neuro-fuzzy models are tools of artificial intelligence that can be used to develop pharmaceutical products to enhance productivity, quality, and consistency. In the present review, the working principle of ANN and neuro-fuzzy models has been discussed, elaborating on their different types, advantages, and disadvantages. Furthermore, the application of these computational techniques in developing pharmaceutical products like suspension, emulsion, microemulsion, nanocarriers, tablets, transdermal preparations, etc., has been discussed in detail. challenging timeconsuming, timeconsuming time consuming, consuming time-consuming costintensive cost intensive process (ANN neurofuzzy neuro fuzzy productivity quality consistency review types advantages disadvantages Furthermore suspension emulsion microemulsion nanocarriers tablets preparations etc etc. detail

RESUMEN La garantía efectiva de los derechos humanos exige un diálogo y una construcción permanente entre la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos -en adelante, también, la Corte IDH- y los más altos tribunales de justicia constitucional. La Corte IDH, de manera solvente y extensa, ha desarrollado la teoría del control de convencionalidad como forma de asegurar la coherencia entre las legislaciones internas y la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos -en adelante, también, la Convención o CADH-. Esta teoría se complementa y debe articularse con el sistema o modelos de control de constitucionalidad previstos por cada uno de los países suscriptores de la Convención. En el caso del Ecuador, el control de convencionalidad y el control de constitucionalidad se encuentran imbricados por el principio de aplicación directa de la Constitución y los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos, situación harto compleja, especialmente, cuando se trata de abstenerse de aplicar una norma de rango legal para dar paso a la aplicación directa de una norma contenida en un instrumento internacional de derechos humanos. Por lo tanto, el presente ensayo se ocupa de analizar esta disyuntiva a partir del estudio dogmático del control de constitucionalidad y convencionalidad para, en función de ello, determinar la viabilidad de la aplicación directa de los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos en nuestra realidad jurídica.

ABSTRACT The effective guarantee of human rights requires a permanent dialogue and construction between the Inter-American Court of Human Rights -hereinafter also the IACHR Court- and the highest courts of constitutional justice. The IACHR Court, in a solvent and extensive manner, has developed the theory of conventionality control, as a way to ensure consistency between domestic legislation and the American Convention on Human Rights -hereinafter also the Convention or ACHR-. This theory complements and must be articulated with the system or models of control of constitutionality provided by each of the countries subscribing to the Convention. In the case of Ecuador, the control of conventionality and the control of constitutionality are intertwined by the principle of direct application of the Constitution and international human rights instruments, a very complex situation, especially when it comes to refrain from applying a rule of legal rank to give way to the direct application of a rule contained in an international human rights instrument. Therefore, this essay is concerned with analyzing this dilemma based on the dogmatic study of the control of constitutionality and conventionality, in order to determine the viability of the direct application of international human rights instruments in our legal reality.

Abstract In relation to the reformalization, introduced in the criminal procedural law through the practices of the Public Prosecutor’s Office, the author deals with the legal situation of this phenomenon in the Chilean system, in the context of the principle of congruence. After confirming the legal interpretation from which its use is authorized and presenting the available sentences on the matter, a critical analysis of reformalization is proposed.

Resumen En relación con la reformalización, introducida en el Derecho procesal penal mediante las practicas del Ministerio Público, el autor se hace cargo de la situación jurídica de este fenómeno en el sistema chileno, en el contexto del principio de congruencia. Luego de confirmar la interpretación legal desde la cual se autoriza su uso y de presentarse las sentencias disponibles en la materia, se propone un análisis crítico de la reformalización.

Abstract Introduction: Low back pain (LBP) is a considerable health problem in many countries and may sometimes last for more than 12 weeks. It is the most common cause of functional disability affecting the adult group with a prevalence rate of 84%. Purpose: A reliable and valid goal-oriented performance analysis using a Likert scale for therapist´s satisfaction in treating subjects with low back pain (LBP) has been lacking globally. Therefore, a questionnaire used for therapist´s satisfaction in treating low back pain (LBP) is developed and validated. Subjects and methods: In the first phase, the items in the initial questionnaire were selected as per the signs and symptoms of low back pain (LBP). In the second phase, the content validity was analyzed by sending the revised questionnaire to 30 physical therapists for their comments. In the third and fourth phases, the final revised questionnaire was sent to 120 practicing therapists for checking the consistency of the items. In the fifth phase, the final validity (factor analysis) and reliability (internal consistency) of the questionnaire were measured. Results: The final questionnaire consists of 32 items with six factors. The reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficients) for items ranged from 0.67 to 0.85 and the stability (Guttman split-half coefficient) for test-retest ranged from 0.68 to 0.89. A validity test was done by a principle factor analysis with a cut-off score of 0.6. Conclusion: The physiotherapist satisfaction questionnaire was reliable and valid for finding the physiotherapist´s satisfaction in subjects with low back pain.

Resumen Introducción: El dolor lumbar (DL) constituye un problema de salud considerable en muchos países y, en ocasiones, puede persistir por más de 12 semanas. Es la causa más común de discapacidad funcional que afecta al grupo de adultos, con una tasa de prevalencia del 84%. Propósito: Se carece a nivel mundial de un análisis de rendimiento confiable y válido, orientado a objetivos que utilice una escala de Likert para evaluar el grado de satisfacción del fisioterapeuta en el tratamiento de sujetos con DL. Por lo tanto, se elabora y valida un cuestionario utilizado para tal fin. Sujetos y métodos: En la primera fase, los elementos del cuestionario inicial se seleccionaron según los signos y síntomas del DL. En la segunda fase, se analizó la validez hacia los del contenido mediante el envío del cuestionario revisado a 30 fisioterapeutas para sus comentarios. En la tercera y cuarta fases, el cuestionario revisado final se envió a 120 fisioterapeutas, que ejercían su práctica profesional, para verificar la congruencia de los ítems. En la quinta fase, se midieron la validez final (análisis factorial) y la confiabilidad (congruencia interna) del cuestionario. Resultados: El cuestionario final consta de 32 ítems con seis factores. La confiabilidad (coeficientes alfa de Cronbach) para los ítems varió de 0.67 a 0.85 y la estabilidad (coeficiente de división por mitades de Guttman) para la prueba y contraprueba varió entre 0.68 a 0.89. Se realizó una prueba de validez mediante un análisis factorial principal con un puntaje de corte de 0.6. Conclusión: El cuestionario de satisfacción del fisioterapeuta fue confiable y válido para determinar su grado de satisfacción en el tratamiento de sujetos con DL.

Resumen (analítico) Ante la escasez de evidencia, el objetivo general de este estudio fue describir y aplicar un instrumento propuesto para medir los derechos infantiles en Chile, desde el ejercicio cotidiano de operadores sociales que trabajan con infancia y adolescencia en centros educacionales, de salud, justicia o de desarrollo psicosocial. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 407 participantes (profesores, psicólogos, entre otros). El instrumento considera los cuatro principios fundamentales de la Convención de Derechos del Niño: no discriminación, interés superior, derecho a la vida, desarrollo, supervivencia y participación. Los resultados preliminares sugieren que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el grado de cumplimiento de los derechos según el ámbito de desempeño. Se discute la consistencia in-terna del instrumento y su adaptación según ámbito, población atendida y aplicación en población infantil general y específica.

Abstract (analytical) Given the lack of evidence in this area, the general objective of this study was to describe and apply an instrument designed to measure children's rights in Chile based on the day to day practices of social operators who work with children and adolescents, in educational, health, justice and psychosocial development centers. The sample consisted of 407 participants (including teachers and psychologists). The instrument takes into account the four fundamental principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: non-discrimination; the best interest of the child; the right to life, development and survival; and the right to be heard. The preliminary results suggest that there are statistically significant differences in the degree of fulfillment of rights in relation to each fundamental principle. The internal consistency of the instrument, its adaptation to measure the fulfillment of each principle and the population that receive assistance are discussed, as well as application of the instrument with general and specific child populations.

Resumo (analítico) Dada a falta de evidências, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi descrever e aplicar um instrumento proposto para medir os direitos da criança no Chile, a partir da prática diária de operadores sociais que trabalham com crianças e adolescentes, em centros educacionais, de saúde, justiça ou desenvolvimento psicossocial. A amostra foi composta por 407 participantes (professores, psicólogos, entre outros). O instrumento considera os quatro princípios fundamentais da Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança: Não discriminação; Interesse superior; Direito à vida, à sobrevivência e ao desenvolvimento; Participação. Os resultados preliminares sugerem que existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas no grau de cumprimento dos direitos de acordo com o âmbito de desempenho. Além disso, o trabalho discute a consistência interna do instrumento e sua adaptação segundo o campo, população atendida e aplicação em população infantil geral e específica.

Resumo Este artigo descreve um experimento quantitativo destinado a avaliar o desempenho de um refrigerador de vaso cerâmico que trabalha com o princípio de resfriamento evaporativo e comparar os resultados experimentais com valores previstos em modelo de transferência de calor e massa. O experimento, desenvolvido durante aulas de “Instrumentação para o Ensino”, foi concebido para ser facilmente implementado pelos alunos que, além de realizar os ensaios, confeccionaram uma planilha eletrônica que modela o problema e avalia a consistência dos resultados. O modelo baseado em uma transferência simplificada de calor e massa mostra-se em boa concordância quantitativa com as medições experimentais. O experimento, que permite identificar os mecanismos de transferência envolvidos em um sistema físico real, pode ser empregado em sala de aula para apoiar o ensino de Física nessa área.

Abstract This paper describes a quantitative experiment to evaluate the performance of a clay-pot refrigerator which works on the evaporative cooling principle compare the experimental results with predicted values in heat and mass transfer model. The experiment, developed during “Instrumentation for Teaching” classes, was designed to be easily implemented by students that, in addition to performing the tests, made a spreadsheet that models the problem and evaluates the consistency of the results. The model based on a simplified heat and mass transfer is shown to be in good quantitative agreement with the experimental measurements. The experiment, allowing identifying the transfer mechanisms involved in a real physical system, may be employed in the classroom to support the teaching of Physics in this area.

None of the lockdown decisions made by governments in response to the Covid-19 pandemic can be considered to be self-evident outcomes of objective data. Executive members of each nation's government considered the particular pandemic circumstances that they deemed to be important and relevant, and decisions were made based on limited epidemiological data in combination with a variety of contingent socio-political and economic variables. These kinds of decisions fall partly into the philosophical category of ethics, and they can be summarised under the umbrella question: What should we do? The precautionary principle must have played a large role in the decision-making process, considering the conspicuous lack of reliable data on which to base decisions. In this article, I turn to South Africa as a case study, and I tease out some of the precautionary factors that may have, in part, driven many major decisions prior to and during the South African lockdown. I argue that if the precautionary principle can be used as part of the justification for large-scale government interventions to save an unknown number of lives, then consistent use of the principle should warrant concerted responses by government to a variety of potential threats and problems in South Africa. I also argue that for government's focus on saving lives to be consistent, preventative action in response to phenomena that take worryingly large numbers of lives annually, is necessary.

Resumen El presente artículo de investigación da a conocer la forma cómo la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Sala Penal de nuestro País, ha venido haciendo estudio sobre el principio de congruencia y la ampliación del mismo, a la audiencia de imputación, delimitando en qué aspectos debe guardar coherencia la emisión de la sentencia a partir incluso de la audiencia de imputación, teniendo en cuenta que dentro del denominado sistema acusatorio, que tiene sus raíces en el sistema Norteamericano, ésta audiencia no se erige como sustancial en la implementación de este sistema procesal. De esta forma, el trabajo pretende exponer los planteamientos normativos y la línea jurisprudencia que la Corte Suprema de Justicia ha venido desarrollando a través de la vigencia de la Ley 906 de 2004.

Abstract The present article of investigation reveals the way in which the Supreme Court of Justice, Criminal Chamber of our Country, has been studying the principle of congruence and its extension, to the imputation hearing, delimiting in what aspects it should keep consistency the issuance of the sentence even from the imputation hearing, taking into account that within the so-called accusatory system, which has its roots in the North American system, this hearing does not stand as substantial in the implementation of this procedural system. In this way, the work aims to expose the normative approaches and line of jurisprudence that the Supreme Court of Justice has been developing through the enforcement of Law 906 of 2004.

ABSTRACT The principles of personalist bioethics are of crucial importance in the human dignity preservation and understanding. The principle of totality or therapeutic, and that of sociability and subsidiarity, are the object of reflection in this study, as well as the way in which they are manifested through the Ecuadorian Society of Bioethics, through the analytical and conceptual foundation on the origin and consistency of these. For this, documentary review, analysis and synthesis were used. These reflections allow us to confirm that the Bioethics Ecuadorian Society is an example of the need to base, in civil society, the protection of human dignity, and the use of such science as a normative and educational instrument; and that the subject is a social being and needs socialization, so as to help and contribute to mutual improvement. Consequently and as an indissoluble part, we find subsidiarity, in which certain social institutions play their roles.

RESUMEN Los principios de la bioética personalista son de importancia crucial en la preservación y entendimiento de la dignidad humana. El principio de totalidad o terapéutico, y el de sociabilidad y subsidiariedad, son objeto de reflexión en este estudio, así como el modo en que se manifiestan a través de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Bioética, pasando por la fundamentación analítica y conceptual sobre el origen y consistencia de estos. Para ello se empleó la revisión documental, el análisis y la síntesis. Las reflexiones permiten reafirmar que la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Bioética es un ejemplo de la necesidad de fundamentar, en la sociedad civil, el resguardo de la dignidad humana, y el uso de dicha ciencia como instrumento normativo y educativo; y que el sujeto es un ser social y requiere socialización, así como ayudar y contribuir al mejoramiento mutuo. En correspondencia con ello, y como parte indisoluble, encontramos a la subsidiariedad, en la que entran a jugar su papel determinadas instituciones de la sociedad.

RESUMEN La necesidad de elaborar una teoría de la decisión surge para el post-positivismo como condición de su existencia. La indeterminación normativa, que para el positivismo jurídico era sinónimo de libertad en el acto decisorio, significa para el nuevo paradigma la apremiante busca por la legitimidad de las decisiones judiciales, habida cuenta de que no hay vinculación necesaria entre imprecisión lingüística y inexistencia de respuesta correcta. Esta no puede ser entendida como una mera consecuencia lógica de aquella, sino como una opción que la teoría (positivista) del Derecho toma para la solución del “problema”. A partir de la teoría de la decisión dworkiniana, se construye una respuesta correcta no discrecional exigida por la noción de responsabilidad política del juzgador. Se entiende que la propuesta interpretativa de Ronald Dworkin puede ser erigida a un concepto general de Derecho como interpretación. A la coherencia con el pasado -el sistema legislativo y las decisiones judiciales- se suma la posibilidad de futura prórroga a casos similares, por lo que el principio que se extrae de la decisión debe también demostrarse como universalizable.

ABSTRACT The need to formulate a Decision Theory arises for Postpositivism as a condition of its existence. The normative indeterminacy, whereas legal positivism was a synonymous of freedom in decision-making act, means to the new paradigm the urgent quest for legitimacy of judgments, since there is no linking required between linguistic vagueness and lack of correct answer. This lackness cannot be understood as a merely logical consequence of the linguistic vagueness, but as an option that the (Positivistic) Law Theory takes to solve the “problem”. From the dworkinian Decision Theory it was built a correct and not discretionary answer required by the notion of political responsibility of the judge. It is understood that Ronald Dworkin’s proposal can be erected to a general concept of law as interpretation. In consistency with the past, the legislative system and the judicial decisions add the possibility of future extension to similar cases, which is why the principle that is taking from the decision should also be shown as universalizing.

RESUMO A necessidade de elaborar uma teoria da decisão surge para o pós-positivismo como condição de sua existência. A indeterminação normativa, que, para o positivismo jurídico era sinônimo de liberdade no ato decisório, significa para o novo paradigma a premente busca pela legitimidade das decisões judiciais, haja vista que não há vinculação necessária entre imprecisão linguística e inexistência de resposta correta. Esta não pode ser entendida como uma mera decorrência lógica daquela, mas sim como uma opção que a teoria (positivista) do Direito toma para solução do “problema”. A partir da teoria da decisão dworkiniana, constrói-se uma resposta correta não discricionária exigida pela noção de responsabilidade política do julgador. Entende-se que a proposta interpretativa de Ronald Dworkin pode ser erigida a um conceito geral de Direito como interpretação. À coerência com o passado -o sistema legislativo e as decisões judiciais- se soma a possibilidade de futura extensão a casos semelhantes, motivo pelo qual o princípio que se extrai da decisão deve também ser demonstrado como universalizável.

RESUMEN El texto analiza el alcance de la noción de universalidad en la titularidad de los derechos sociales contenidos en la Constitución argentina. Tras revisar la formulación de esa noción en el texto constitucional argentino, y en los tratados de derechos humanos de igual jerarquía, el texto explora sus consecuencias respecto del diseño de políticas públicas al ponderar las modalidades focalizadas y condicionadas. Se propone revisar las políticas según su compatibilidad con el principio de universalidad.

ABSTRACT The article analyzes the notion of universality in social rights entitlements under Argentina's Constitution. After reviewing how this notion is phrased in the Constitution and binding human rights treaties endowed with constitutional rank, the article looks into the effects of universality in public policy design, implementation and appraisal. In particular, the article assesses targeted and conditional policies. Finally, the text advocates a policy revision according to consistency with the principle of universality.

RESUMO O texto analisa o alcance da noção de universidade na titularidade dos direitos sociais contidos na Constituição argentina. Após revisar a formulação dessa noção no texto constitucional argentino e nos tratados de direitos humanos de igual hierarquia, o texto explora suas consequências respeito ao desenho de políticas públicas, ponderando as modalidades focalizadas e condicionadas. Propõe-se revisar as políticas segundo sua compatibilidade com o princípio de universalidade.

Abstract In this review I briefly analyse the main elements of each chapter of the book centred in the general areas of logic, epistemology, philosophy and history of science. Most of them are developed around a fine-grained investigation on the principle of non-contradiction and the concept of consistency, inquired mainly into the broad area of paraconsistent logics. The book itself is the result of a work that was initiated on the Studia Logica conference "Trends in Logic XVI: Consistency, Contradiction, Paraconsistency and Reasoning - 40 years of CLE", held at the State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Brazil, between September 12-15, 2016.

Abstract Assessing the credibility of a testimony is a crucial step in judicial decision-making, primarily when inconsistencies arise due to conflicting versions of events. The evaluation of the veracity of a testimony based on verbal cues, in particular those based on the Undeutsch hypothesis that contends that the memory of self-experienced real-life events differ in content and quality (as defined by reality criteria) from the memory of fabricated or fictitious accounts, is considered to be the most effective tool for assessing credibility. This hypothesis has given rise to a forensic technique known as Statement Validity Analysis (SRA) that includes a list of reality criteria i.e., Criteria Based Content Analysis (CBCA). Meta-analytical reviews support the discriminatory power of CBCA reality criteria and the CBCA total score in distinguishing between the memory of self-experienced real-life events versus fabricated or fictitious accounts in all types of populations (children and adults), witnesses (plaintiffs, witnesses, and defendants), and memories (sexual abuse, gender violence). A hypothesis must fulfil the Daubert standards for it to be admitted as scientific evidence in a court of law, as is the case of the Undeutsch hypothesis. Notwithstanding, the scientific evidence upholding this hypothesis in terms of reality criteria does not substantiate the validity of this forensic technique. A review of this technique revealed it failed to meet scientific criteria (CBCA is not a methodic system, and is neither valid nor reliable; and it lacks criterion validity as there is no strict objective decision criterion); and has legal and jurisprudential flaws (no safeguards guaranteeing the constitutional principle of the presumption of innocence; witness interviews to obtain statements may lack judicial validity; and fail to evaluate appropriately the consistency of the evidence). Finally, a forensic technique based on the content analysis of statements, the Global Evaluation System (GES), is examined in order to overcome the limitations of SVA.

Resumen La valoración de la credibilidad del testimonio es el elemento central en la gran mayoría de las decisiones judiciales, especialmente cuando se enfrentan versiones contradictorias de los hechos. La evaluación del testimonio basada en indicios cognitivos (verbales), específicamente la basada en la hipótesis Undeutsch que sostiene que la memoria de un evento auto-experimentado difiere en contenido y calidad (definida por criterios de realidad) de la memoria de un evento no experimentado, se ha mostrado como la más efectiva en la valoración de la credibilidad. De esta hipótesis se derivó una técnica forense, el Statement Reality Analysis (SRA), que incluye un listado de criterios de realidad, el Criteria Based Content Analysis (CBCA). Revisiones meta-analíticas prestan apoyo a la capacidad discriminativa entre memorias de eventos auto-experimentados y no experimentados de las categorías de realidad del CBCA, así como de la puntuación total del CBCA, en todo tipo de poblaciones (menores y adultos) y testigos (denunciantes, testigos y denunciados), y de memorias (abusos sexuales y violencia de género). Una hipótesis para ser admitida como científica en la Sala de Justicia ha de cumplir los criterios Daubert que, constatamos, cumple la hipótesis Undeutsch. No obstante, este soporte de la evidencia científica a la hipótesis a través de los criterios de realidad no significa que la técnica forense sea válida. Revisada la técnica verificamos que no cumple los criterios científicos (el CBCA no es un sistema metódico, esto es, fiable y válido; y adolece de validez criterial al no incluir criterio de decisión objetivo y estricto) así como legales y jurisprudenciales (no garantiza el cumplimiento del principio constitucional de presunción de inocencia; la entrevista de obtención de la declaración puede dar lugar a una prueba carente de validez jurídica; no evalúa adecuadamente la persistencia en la incriminación). Finalmente, se describe una técnica forense, el Sistema de Evaluación Global (SEG), basada en análisis de contenido de las declaraciones que solventa estas limitaciones del SVA.

Resumo O presente artigo científico, partindo de método dedutivo, pretende analisar os mecanismos de coabitação dos fundamentos filosóficos do princípio da dignidade humana pela prática jurídica, tanto em documentos legislativos quanto em decisões judiciais. Diante dos aspectos metafísicos que guarda em seu bojo, o princípio da dignidade humana abre espaços para críticas sobre a consistência e a coerência do referido princípio no plano legislativo e, notadamente, nos cenários jurisdicionais. Por fim, conclui-se que, enquanto a reputação baseada na dignidade for uma virtude universal, seu conteúdo depende largamente de valores sociais, religiosos e tradicionais de certas comunidades.

Abstract This paper, starting from deductive method, aims to analyze the coexistence mechanisms of the philosophical foundations of the principle of human dignity by the legal practice, both in legislative documents as judicial decisions. On the metaphysical aspects that keeps in its wake, the principle of human dignity opens spaces for criticism of the consistency and coherence of that principle in legislative works, notably, in judicial decisions. Finally, it is concluded that while the reputation based on dignity is a universal virtue, its content depends largely on social, religious and traditional of certain communities.

Abstract This text focus on the Spanish regulation of Blood donation. Our aim is to defend that, given the fact that in our state paid blood donations are forbidden while the importation of blood and its products ―especially plasma― coming from remunerated donations is permitted, the aforementioned legislation entails several consistency issues. Paradoxically, establishing a civic duty to donate blood would be more congruent with the legislation in force and its underlying principles than the present situation.

Resumen Este texto trata sobre la legislación española en materia de donación de sangre. Lo que nos proponemos en él es sostener que, dado que en nuestro país se prohíbe la donación remunerada de sangre pero se permite la importación de sangre y derivados de la misma, especialmente de plasma, proveniente de donaciones remuneradas, dicha legislación tiene problemas de coherencia. Paradójicamente, el establecimiento de un deber cívico de donar sangre sería más coherente con la legislación vigente, y con los principios que la inspiran, que la situación actual.