Abstract This research manages as a central axis the Territorial Development in the northern zone of the State of Baja California Sur, specifically in the Vizcaíno Valley, located in the municipality of Mulegé. In the study area, a situation of economic and territorial backwardness has been generated as a result of dependence on a priority economic sector that is not articulated with the rest of the sectors. In this sense, the potential for integration between sectors is identified, thus presenting a proposal for a structure for the integration of local productive sectors, being these the most relevant, such as the primary one (livestock, fishing, and mining), and the tertiary sector, which is complementary. The economic sectors are described independently, later, through an analysis of three pillars of integration: planned, intersectoral and territorial, a crossover strategy is proposed where, through said relationship, complementary intersectoral activities are generated, with a view to a territorial productive chain.

Resumen La presente investigación maneja como eje central el Desarrollo Territorial en la zona norte del Estado de Baja California Sur, específicamente en el Valle de Vizcaíno, situado en el municipio de Mulegé. En el área de estudio, se ha generado una situación de rezago económico y territorial como efecto de la dependencia a un prioritario sector económico que no se encuentra articulado con el resto de los sectores. En este sentido, se identifica el potencial de integración entre sectores, presentando así una propuesta de estructura para integración de sectores productivos locales, siendo estos el de mayor relevancia como es el primario (ganadería, pesca y minería), y el que figura de manera complementaria, el terciario. Se describen de manera independiente los sectores económicos, posterior, mediante un análisis de tres pilares de integración: planificada, intersectorial y territorial, se propone una estrategia cruzada donde, mediante dicha relación, se generen actividades intersectoriales complementarias, con miras un encadenamiento productivo territorial.

Abstract This investigation aims to determine the components of the organizational innovation in Chilean bottled wine SMEs, to strengthen the internationalization strategy in global markets, concerning the leading countries with international recognition. These results should help enhance competitiveness in cosmopolitan markets with wine tradition. In operational terms, it includes five stages: data collection from wine SMEs, instrument design (questionnaire), application of this instrument in companies through personalized field work, processing, analysis, and systematization of the collected data through office automation instruments-mainly the SPSS statistical program for a validation-and delivery of these results to each of the participant companies. As one of the primary outcomes, wine SMEs are gaining legitimacy through organization innovation as a corporate strategy to have opportunities to stay in national and international markets.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar los componentes de la innovación organizacional en pymes vitivinícolas chilenas elaboradoras de vino embotellado, a fin de permitir el fortalecimiento de estrategias de internacionalización en mercados globales en relación a los principales países de referencia internacional del sector, y con ello robustecer la competitividad en mercados cosmopolitas con tradición vitivinícola. En términos operativos se acoge a cinco etapas, definidas como levantamiento de la base de datos de pymes vitivinícolas, diseño del instrumento (cuestionario) y aplicación del instrumento a empresas en un trabajo de campo, continuando con una etapa de procesamiento, análisis y sistematización de la información recogida mediante herramientas de ofimática -principalmente el programa estadístico SPSS 21- y, finalmente, una etapa de entrega de resultados a cada una de las empresas componentes del estudio. Como principales resultados es posible señalar que las pymes vitivinícolas ganan legitimidad a través de la innovación organizacional como estrategia corporativa para contar con las oportunidades de permanencia en los mercados nacionales e internacionales, que se traduce de manera práctica en la aplicación de un nuevo modelo de internacionalización.

Resumo O objetivo desta investigação é determinar os componentes da inovação organizacional em pymes vitivinícolas chilenas elaboradoras de vinho em garrafa, para permitir o fortalecimento de estratégias de internacionalização em mercados globais em relação aos principais paises de referência internacional do setor, e com isso robustecer a competitividade em mercados cosmopolitas com tradição vitivinícola. Em termos operativos acolhe-se a cinco etapas, definidas como levantamento da base de dados de PMEs vitivinícolas, desenho do instrumento (questionário) e aplicação do instrumento a empresas num trabalho de campo, continuando com uma etapa de processamento, análise e sistematização da informação recolhida mediante ferramientas de ofimática -principalmente o programa estadístico SPSS 21- e, finalmente, uma etapa de entrega de resultados a cada uma das empresas componentes do estudo. Como principais resultados é possível apontar que as PMEs vitivinícolas ganham legitimidade através da inovação organizacional como estratégia corporativa para contar com as oportunidades de permanência nos mercados nacionais e internacionais, o que se traduz na práctica na aplicação de um novo modelo de internacionalização.

RESUMO A partir do exercício narrativo, este artigo examina o conceito de desigualdades em saúde, sua relação com os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) e os desafios da operacionalização do princípio da Agenda 2030 de ‘Não deixar ninguém para trás’ (Leaving No One Behind - LNOB). Também são destacadas as implicações desses debates para a implementação dos ODS, direcionadas para grupos populacionais vulnerabilizados em territorialidades locais e sua efetiva participação nesse processo. Por fim, apresenta a Atenção Primária à Saúde, dentro do contexto brasileiro, enquanto estratégia de atenção integral à saúde que se concentra na prevenção, na promoção e na reabilitação dos usuários, podendo contribuir para a abordagem local do LNOB e para a criação de territórios sustentáveis e saudáveis. Já se está na metade do período acertado para o prazo final da agenda, e os desafios são muitos. É necessário urgência em sua implementação, o que exige planejamento nacional, investimento na capacidade do setor público e infraestrutura digital, capacitação dos governos locais e melhorarias no monitoramento e revisão dos ODS. Inclui, ainda, a importância de enfrentar os desafios emergentes e preencher as lacunas existentes na arquitetura internacional relacionada com os ODS desde 2015. narrativo (ODS 203 Não trás Leaving LNOB. . LNOB) processo fim Saúde brasileiro prevenção usuários saudáveis agenda muitos nacional digital Inclui ainda 2015 20 201 2

ABSTRACT Based on the narrative exercise, this article examines the concept of health inequalities, its relationship with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and challenges in operationalizing the 2030 Agenda principle of ‘Leaving No One Behind’ (LNOB). The implications of these debates for the implementation of the SDGs aimed at vulnerable population groups in local territories and their effective participation in this process are also highlighted. Finally, it presents Primary Health Care, in the Brazilian context, as a fundamental health care strategy that focuses on prevention, promotion and rehabilitation of users, and can contribute to the local LNOB approach and the creation of sustainable and healthy territories. We are halfway through the scheduled deadline for the agenda, and the challenges are many. Urgency is needed in its implementation, which requires national planning, investment in public sector capacity and digital infrastructure, capacity building of local governments and improvements in monitoring and reviewing the SDGs. It also includes the importance of facing emerging challenges and filling existing gaps in the international architecture related to the SDGs since 2015. exercise inequalities (SDGs 203 Leaving Behind LNOB. . (LNOB) highlighted Finally Care context prevention users agenda many planning infrastructure 2015 20 (LNOB 201 2

Abstract In the area of business management, a set of tools are harmonized in terms of the integral management of the economic, social and environmental dimensions that support Corporate Social Responsibility and allow for an evaluation of the company in terms of the fulfillment of its objectives in an integral manner. As part of the process of updating the Cuban economic and social development model, this topic acquires special importance due to its impact on local development with emphasis on the social and environmental aspects. The objective of this research is to design a procedure for the management of social responsibility in the Minas Tobacco Collection and Processing Company, Pinar del Río, valid for other similar companies. The dialectical-materialist method was used, which according to its contributions allowed discovering the dialectic of the development of the process to be studied. Empirical methods were used to obtain primary and secondary information. Surveys and interviews were conducted with workers and managers of the company, their families and other local actors. A diagnosis was made of the current state of the social responsibility management process in the company, where a series of limitations were found, which refer as a central element to the lack of a methodological tool oriented to improve the decision-making scheme, linked to the social actions of the entity. The main subsystems of the corporate social responsibility program are presented, as well as the social actions that have been implemented as part of the municipal development strategy.

Resumo No campo da gestão empresarial, um conjunto de ferramentas é harmonizado em termos de gestão integrada das dimensões econômica, social e ambiental que formam a base da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa e permitem uma avaliação da empresa em termos do cumprimento de seus objetivos de forma integrada. Como parte do processo de atualização do modelo de desenvolvimento econômico e social de Cuba, essa questão assume especial importância devido ao seu impacto no desenvolvimento local, com ênfase nas esferas social e ambiental. O objetivo desta pesquisa é elaborar um procedimento para a gestão da responsabilidade social na Empresa de Coleta e Processamento de Tabaco de Minas, Pinar del Río, que seja válido para outras empresas semelhantes. Foi utilizado o método dialético-materialista, que, de acordo com suas contribuições, permitiu descobrir a dialética do desenvolvimento do processo a ser estudado. Foram usados métodos empíricos para obter informações primárias e secundárias. Foram realizadas pesquisas e entrevistas com trabalhadores e gerentes da empresa, suas famílias e outros atores locais. Foi feito um diagnóstico do estado atual do processo de gestão da responsabilidade social da empresa, no qual foi identificada uma série de limitações, cujo elemento central foi a falta de uma ferramenta metodológica destinada a aprimorar o processo de tomada de decisões vinculado às ações sociais da empresa. São apresentados os principais subsistemas do programa de responsabilidade social corporativa, bem como as ações sociais que foram implementadas como parte da estratégia de desenvolvimento municipal.

Resumen En el ámbito de la gestión empresarial, se armonizan un conjunto de herramientas en función de la gestión integral de las dimensiones económica, social y ambiental que fundamentan la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y permiten realizar una evaluación de la empresa en función del cumplimiento de sus objetivos integralmente. Como parte del proceso de actualización de su modelo de desarrollo económico y social cubano, este tema adquiere una especial importancia por su impacto en el desarrollo local con énfasis en el ámbito social y ambiental. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo diseñar un procedimiento para la gestión de la responsabilidad social en la Empresa de Acopio y Beneficio del Tabaco Minas, Pinar del Río, válido para otras empresas similares. Se utilizó el método dialéctico-materialista que de acuerdo con sus aportes permitió descubrir la dialéctica del desarrollo del proceso a estudiar. Los métodos empíricos se emplearon para obtener información primaria y secundaria. Se realizaron encuestas y entrevistas a trabajadores y directivos de la empresa, sus familiares y a otros actores locales. Se realizó un diagnóstico del estado actual del proceso de gestión de la responsabilidad social en la empresa, donde se pudo constatar una serie de limitaciones que refieren como elemento central la carencia de una herramienta metodológica orientada a perfeccionar el esquema de toma de decisiones, vinculado al accionar social de la entidad. Se exponen los principales subsistemas del programa de responsabilidad social empresarial, así como las acciones sociales que se han implementado como parte de la estrategia de desarrollo municipal.

Abstract Introduction The forestry sector faces energy challenges that involve the precise determination of the final energy consumption to achieve improvements. Objective To estimate the final energy consumed while processing timber forest resources. Materials and methods The Total Final Consumption (TFC) was determined in six companies (statistical units) engaged in primary timber processing in Pueblo Nuevo, Durango. Activity data and significant energy uses (SEUs) for two years were obtained through an energy audit. The data were disaggregated by statistical unit, activity, form and application of energy, and expressed in tons of oil equivalent (toe). Results and discussion The energy consumption per statistical unit was estimated at 71.19 toe·yr-1, releasing 260.14 tCO2e·yr-1. SEU was identified in vehicles with diesel engines (75 %). The use of gasoline and electrical energy in machines accounted for 14.2 % and 10.7 %, respectively. Electric motors used up to 98 % of the electrical energy. Logging represented 69 % of the Total Final Consumption (TFC), more than twice compared to sawing. Energy consumption was significantly different between statistical units (Tukey, P < 0.05) for sawing, but not for logging. Conclusions Energy consumption for logging was similar among the units studied but was not similar for sawing. An effective energy management program and the integration of wood energy could optimize the consumption pattern.

Resumen Introducción La actividad forestal enfrenta desafíos energéticos que implican la determinación precisa del uso final de energía para lograr mejoras en su rendimiento. Objetivo Estimar la cantidad de energía de uso final consumida durante el procesamiento de los recursos forestales maderables. Materiales y métodos El consumo final total de energía (CFT) se determinó en seis empresas (unidades estadísticas) de transformación primaria de la madera en Pueblo Nuevo, Durango. Los datos de actividad y los usos significativos de la energía (USEn), correspondientes a dos años, se obtuvieron mediante una auditoría energética. Los datos se desagregaron por unidad estadística, actividad, forma y aplicación de la energía y se expresaron en toneladas equivalentes de petróleo (tep). Resultados y discusión El consumo de energía por unidad estadística se estimó en 71.19 tep·año-1, liberando 260.14 tCO2e·año-1. El USEn se identificó en vehículos con motor de diésel (75 %). El uso de gasolina y energía eléctrica en máquinas correspondió al 14.2 % y 10.7 %, respectivamente. Los motores utilizaron hasta 98 % de la energía eléctrica. La extracción de madera ocupó 69 % del CFT, más del doble que el aserrado de madera. El consumo de energía fue significativamente diferente entre unidades estadísticas (Tukey, P < 0.05) durante el aserrado, pero no en la extracción de madera. Conclusiones El consumo de energía en la actividad de extracción de madera fue similar entre las unidades estudiadas, pero no en la etapa de aserrado. Un programa efectivo de gestión de la energía y la integración de la dendroenergía podría optimizar el modelo de consumo.

Abstract Astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are constantly moving away from each other. In Argentina, educational differences between public and private schools are also permanently increasing. This qualitative study is based on interviews with teachers and principals of primary schools about the use of technology post-pandemic. Significant differences were found between educational sectors, marked by students’ socioeconomic situation. While private institutions adopted and maintained recent technologies, public ones discontinued their use, confirming the digital divide during the pandemic and increasing inter-sector educational segregation.

Resumen El astrónomo Edwin Hubble descubrió que las galaxias se alejan constantemente entre sí. En Argentina, las diferencias educativas entre escuelas públicas y privadas también aumentan permanentemente. Este estudio cualitativo se basa en entrevistas con docentes y directivos de escuelas primarias sobre el uso de tecnología pospandemia. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre sectores educativos, marcadas por la situación socioeconómica de sus estudiantes. Mientras que las privadas adoptaron y mantuvieron tecnologías recientes, las públicas discontinuaron su uso, confirmando la brecha digital durante la pandemia y aumentando la segregación educativa intersectorial.

Abstract The text analyzes the men and women who purchased a ship ticket to sail the Atlantic and the Pacific and disembark in the Mexican ports of Matamoros, Tampico, Veracruz, Campeche, Guaymas, Mazatlan, San Blas and Acapulco in the period of 1822-1870. The article posits that the passengers were heterogeneous both in their origins and in their composition. It emphasizes that the travellers were foreigners, mostly, and Mexicans, and did not belong exclusively to the mercantile or diplomatic sector. Serial and quantitative methods are used to detect trends and go beyond individual cases. The National General Archive of Mexico and the 19th century press are the primary sources. It concludes that Mexico was a cosmopolitan country that maintained contact with various corners of the world and that it is feasible to offer an overview of the flow of passengers that crossed the Mexican maritime borders in the 19th century.

Resumen El texto analiza a hombres y mujeres que adquirieron un boleto para navegar por el Atlántico y el Pacífico y desembarcar en los puertos mexicanos de Matamoros, Tampico, Veracruz, Campeche, Guaymas, Mazatlán, San Blas y Acapulco en el periodo de 1822-1870. Se argumenta que los pasajeros eran heterogéneos tanto en sus orígenes como en su composición. Se enfatiza que éstos eran extranjeros, en su mayoría, y mexicanos, y no pertenecieron exclusivamente al sector mercantil o diplomático. Se utilizan métodos seriales y cuantitativos para detectar tendencias e ir más allá de los casos particulares. El Archivo General de la Nación de México y la prensa decimonónica son las fuentes primarias. Se concluye que México era un país cosmopolita que mantuvo contacto con diversos rincones del mundo y que es factible ofrecer un panorama general del flujo de pasajeros que traspasaron las fronteras marítimas mexicanas en el siglo XIX.

Abstract The primary aim of this investigation is to analyze the pre- and post-Hispanic landscapes of La Cueva Gorge (Jujuy) through toponymy. This article presents the results obtained on the identification and location in varied cartography of multiple place names in Quechua, Kunza, and Spanish, their ethnolinguistic analysis, and the establishment of spatial relationships with the gorge’s archaeological sites (pre-Hispanic and post-Hispanic) and current localities. We direct special attention to the study of toponyms that refer to potential animal, plant, mineral, and water resources, as well as events and/or social facts. We consider that this study allows us to better understand the use of this landscape and the social process of its appropriation by the social actors who live and have lived or circulated there. Furthermore, we achieved a greater understanding of different languages and, therefore, of the different societies that would have inhabited the sector throughout its extensive occupational history.

Resumen El objetivo es analizar el paisaje pre y post-hispánico de la quebrada de La Cueva (Jujuy), a través de la toponimia. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos sobre la identificación y localización en cartografía variada de múltiples topónimos en quechua, kunza y español, su análisis etnolingüístico y el establecimiento de relaciones espaciales con los sitios arqueológicos (prehispánicos y post-hispánicos) y localidades actuales de la quebrada. Nos focalizamos en el estudio de topónimos que refieren a potenciales recursos animales, vegetales, minerales e hídricos, así como a eventos y/o hechos sociales. Consideramos que este estudio permite aproximarnos a una mejor comprensión del uso de este paisaje y al proceso social de apropiación del mismo por parte de los actores sociales que allí viven, vivieron o circularon. Complementariamente, logramos una mayor comprensión de distintas lenguas y, por lo tanto, de las diferentes sociedades que habrían habitado el sector a lo largo de su extensa historia ocupacional.

Abstract (Introduction): The bioeconomy addresses a series of problems in key areas for the Latin American region. As a result, a growing number of countries worldwide have developed bioeconomy policies or strategies, the Costa Rica Strategy beings the first in the region. (Objective): The aim of this article is to analyze the opportunities and challenges of the advanced bioeconomy, emphasizing the biotechnology sector, to contribute to the Costa Rican productive and sustainable development. (Methodology): The approach applied is qualitative based on primary and secondary sources, and ongoing reflection and discussion. (Results): As a result, it is found that despite facing structural barriers and challenges such as market aspects, coordination governance, waste management, availability and use of biological, financial, educational, social resources, among others; the bioeconomy is positioned along with biotechnology as a great opportunity to develop valorization and management of waste, enhance productive processes and value chains with high added value related to research, development and innovation, knowledge, competitiveness, encouraging the generation of employment, new exports and access to more and better markets. (Conclusions): It is possible to conclude that the aforementioned can be applied in harmony with natural ecosystems and social welfare that can even be replicated in other countries of the region contributing to improve the social, economic and environmental challenges.

Resumen (Introducción): La bioeconomía aborda una serie de problemas en áreas clave para la región latinoamericana. Debido a esto, cada vez más países el mundo han elaborado políticas o estrategias de bioeconomía, siendo la Estrategia de Costa Rica la primera en la región. (Objetivo): El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las oportunidades y desafíos que enfrenta la bioeconomía avanzada, haciendo énfasis en el sector biotecnológico, para contribuir al desarrollo productivo y sostenible en Costa Rica. (Metodología): El enfoque utilizado es cualitativo con uso de fuentes primarias y secundarias, así como la reflexión y discusión permanente. (Resultados): Como resultado del análisis se encuentra que, pese a una serie de barreras estructurales y retos de mercado, articulación, gobernanza, gestión de residuos, disponibilidad y aprovechamiento de recursos biológicos, financieros, educativos, sociales, entre otros; la bioeconomía se posiciona con la biotecnología como una gran oportunidad para gestionar y valorar los residuos, procesos productivos y encadenamientos con alto valor agregado, incorporando investigación, desarrollo e innovación, conocimiento, competitividad, propiciando la generación de nuevos empleos, exportaciones, acceso a más y mejores mercados. (Conclusiones): Es posible concluir que todo esto puede ser realizado en armonía con los ecosistemas naturales y el bienestar social e incluso replicado en otros países de la región para coadyuvar al mejoramiento de las problemáticas sociales, económicas y ambientales.

In the South African public healthcare sector, 28% of diabetic patients present to primary healthcare clinics with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), often presenting in advanced stages of ulcer severity. In this study, we aimed to categorise factors predisposing individuals to developing a DFU and to identify the potential shortcomings in existing treatment plans in the South African healthcare system. In addition, the use of preventative measures in the management of DFUs was examined as well as the influence of past treatment practices. A total minimum sample size of 50 DFUs was required for this study. Participants who were selected for this study had their past records reviewed in order to determine the likelihood of previous DFU infections, as well as to determine the occurrence of co-morbidities. The treatment protocol implemented was recorded. Twelve-month patient records were used to identify the infection frequency and past treatment protocols. A total of 48.9% of patients reported that they did not make use of any preventative measures. The most frequent concurrent medical conditions were hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and peripheral neuropathy. Polypharmacy was prevalent, with 55% of the population prescribed five or more medications. Potential medication interactions were examined and a total of 210 interactions were documented. An analysis of past and current treatment practices revealed that 52.1% of the treatment protocols did not comply with local treatment guidelines. This study highlights the urgent need for updated DFU treatment protocols in relation to the overall management of DFUs, taking into account existing international guidelines. SIGNIFICANCE: We determined that the South African treatment guidelines and DFU classification system do not align to international standards. Furthermore, the use of preventative measures among DFU patients was poor and polypharmacy was present in the patient cohort. We emphasise the need for all members of a healthcare team, including podiatrists, clinicians, microbiologists and pharmacists, to work together in order to identify at-risk patients, prevent possible DFUs and effectively treat existing DFUs in a manner that does not contribute to antimicrobial resistance and provides the best possible outcome for the patient.

Urology provides critical medical treatment that has the potential to save lives and greatly improve quality of life. Although there is a growing need for urological care, South Africa (SA) now faces an unmet need for these services, and junior doctors have limited exposure to urology. SA has a total of 347 urologists who are actively practising and registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa. This means that there is a ratio of only 0.56 urologists per 100 000 people in the population. The ratio is even more dire if we only include urologists in the public sector. This article offers pragmatic strategies for addressing common urological conditions. These guidelines adhere to international standards and can be adopted at all levels of healthcare, with the exception of a few advanced imaging needs.

INTRODUCTION: Self-employment, in which individuals work for themselves in a small business or microenterprise to earn an income or generate a salary, has been encouraged to facilitate employment opportunities in South Africa. However, participation in self-employment within the community served by professionals such as occupational therapists is limited by many factors, including effective government initiatives, such as implementing the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) policies. To enable individuals and community participation in this type of work for those with occupational dysfunction, mainly persons with disabilities, professionals such as occupational therapists need to understand the structural, contextual and occupational outcomes related to self-employment. Based on the Framework for Occupational Justice, this study explored the occupation of self-employment in microenterprises in the low-resourced urban community of Alexandra Township. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive non-experimental design study was used to identify informal microenterprises in the community using a transect walk and community mapping. Structured interviews were conducted to complete a questionnaire with key informants (service providers and business owners) who provided perceptions on factors that impacted the occupational outcomes of microenterprises. RESULTS: Structural and contextual factors from the participants' experience resulted in unjust occupational outcomes, which indicates that occupational rights, particularly participation, choice and balance, were negatively affected by the lack of opportunities, such as jobs. Occupational marginalisation and imbalance were reported since many businesses lacked adequate and appropriate space for trade. Some business owners, however, reported just occupational outcomes related to the occupational right for meaningful occupation in providing a service to the community and financial income to support themselves and their families. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists need to play various active roles in raising the consciousness of unjust occupational outcomes and support for just occupational outcomes that are achieved in engagement in self-employment in informal microenterprises. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Occupational therapists should take note of the factors and occupational outcomes of being self-employed identified in this study and consider the roles they could play in expediting success in this occupation for clients. Occupational therapists could assume: • A collaborative role, such as referring and working with various key role players or sectors in the interest of sourcing and providing opportunities for skills development for those entering self-employment, particularly in entrepreneurial training. This may include working with the government (e.g., Department of Labour and Small Enterprise Development Agency), private sector (e.g., yes4youth), other professions (social workers and industrial psychologists) and organisations for persons with disabilities (e.g., Disabled People South Africa). • A researcher role by conducting further research in this field, e.g., the development of an evidence-based framework on self-employment for occupational therapists. More research is still needed on, e.g., domains such as performance patterns, performance skills and client factors related to self-employment for persons with disabilities. • An educator's role by incorporating and teaching content on self-employment as an occupation when training occupational therapy students. • A clinical role, where they could assist with adaptations to the skills, tasks or environment to facilitate engagement in self-employment. Essential aspects to consider by the occupational therapist together with their clients during the collaborative occupational therapy process include, but are not limited to, o The client's motivation, dedication and whether self-employment is the client's primary choice. o The client's potential to be self-employed and their level of resilience in dealing with factors affecting self-employment in the informal labour sector.

RESUMEN El presente artículo se refiere a un estudio realizado sobre la carrera de Acuicultura en la Universidad de Quevedo, en el contexto de la industria acuícola ecuatoriana. El objetivo fue analizar la pertinencia de la carrera sobre la demanda estudiantil y laboral. El estudio utilizó datos primarios y secundarios, y se centró en los cantones de la Zona 5 de Ecuador. El enfoque del estudio fue cuantitativo, mediante encuestas a estudiantes de tercer año de bachillerato y revisión documental de empresas acuícolas. Los resultados obtenidos respaldaron la pertinencia de la carrera de Acuicultura tanto en términos de demanda estudiantil como laboral. Se encontró un alto interés por parte de los encuestados en estudiar Acuicultura, lo cual indica un amplio mercado potencial para la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo. Además, se identificó una demanda constante de profesionales especializados en el campo debido al crecimiento del sector acuícola. La relevancia educativa de esta carrera se refleja no solo en la demanda estudiantil, sino también en las oportunidades laborales existentes. Se concluye, que este estudio demuestra que la carrera de Acuicultura que ofrece la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo es pertinente tanto para los estudiantes como para el mercado laboral.

ABSTRACT This article refers to a study carried out on the Aquaculture career at the University of Quevedo, in the context of the Ecuadorian aquaculture industry. The objective was to analyze the relevance of the career on the student and labor demand. The study used primary and secondary data, and focused on the cantons of Zone 5 of Ecuador. The focus of the study was quantitative, through surveys of third-year high school students and documentary review of aquaculture companies. The results obtained supported the relevance of the Aquaculture career both in terms of student and labor demand. A high interest was found on the part of those surveyed in studying Aquaculture, which indicates a wide potential market for the Quevedo State Technical University. In addition, a constant demand for specialized professionals in the field was identified due to the growth of the aquaculture sector. The educational relevance of this career is reflected not only in the student demand, but also in the existing job opportunities. It is concluded that this study shows that the Aquaculture career offered by the Quevedo State Technical University is relevant both for students and for the labor market.

Resumo A educação é fundamental na aprendizagem das competências necessárias para o desenvolvimento social, econômico e cultural de qualquer nação. A Agenda 2030 declara no ODS 4: "Assegurar uma educação inclusiva e equitativa de qualidade e promover oportunidades de aprendizagem ao longo da vida para todos" (UNESCO, 2018). A aprendizagem contínua é entendida como aprendizagem permanente na vida e isso implica melhorar os processos de transição entre os níveis educacionais, desde a educação primária até a educação superior e o mercado de trabalho, gerando, assim, processos de articulação. Na Colômbia, a articulação do ensino médio com o ensino superior foi definida desde a Lei Geral de Educação de 1994. No entanto, um dos maiores desafios dessa transição é a articulação entre a universidade pública e o setor produtivo, o que requer políticas claras do Ministério da Educação Nacional, articulação com o mercado de trabalho e oportunidades de capacitação técnica e tecnológica.

Resumen La educación es fundamental en el aprendizaje de competencias necesarias para el desarrollo social, económico y cultural de toda nación. La Agenda 2030 establece en el ODS 4, “Garantizar una educación inclusiva y equitativa de calidad y promover oportunidades de aprendizaje permanente para todos” (UNESCO, 2018). Aprendizaje permanente se entiende a lo largo de toda la vida e implica mejorar los procesos de transición entre los niveles educativos, desde la enseñanza primaria hasta la educación superior y el mercado laboral. En Colombia, la articulación de la educación media con la educación superior está definida desde la Ley General de Educación de 1994. Sin embargo, uno de los mayores retos en esta transición es la articulación universidad estado y sector productivo, ya que se hacen necesarias políticas claras del Ministerio de Educación Nacional, articulación con el mercado laboral y oportunidades para la formación técnica y tecnológica.

Abstract Education is fundamental in learning the necessary skills for the social, economic and cultural development of every nation. The 2030 Agenda establishes in SDG 4, "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education, and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all" (UNESCO, 2018). Lifelong learning is understood throughout life, and this implies improving the transition processes between educational levels, from primary education to higher education and the labor market, thus generating articulation processes. In Colombia, the articulation of secondary education with higher education has been defined since the General Education Law of 1994. However, one of the biggest challenges in this transition is the articulation of the state university and the productive sector. Clear policies of the Ministry of National Education are necessary, articulation with the labor market and opportunities for technical and technological training.

Abstract Introduction: The sea cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea Selenka, 1867 is a common echinoderm in intertidal regions along the Brazilian coast, which recently became the focus of unreported and unregulated fisheries. This study was carried out in sandy-rocky substrates at Armação do Itapocoroy, Penha, Santa Catarina (26o47’ S; 48o36’ W), near its southern limit of geographic distribution. Objective: To determine the densities (individuals*m-2) of Holothuria (H.) grisea within a spatial-temporal perspective as well as to determine biometric and growth characteristics of the population. Methods: Two-meter wide transects perpendicular to the coastline were carried out in winter and spring 2019 and in summer and spring 2020, in periods of spring low-tides. In each sampling occasion the total number of specimens of H. grisea were determined, and a group of 90 organisms was submitted to in situ biometrics (weight, length and width), and immediately returned alive to their habitat. Results: The densities of H. (H.) grisea were significantly higher in the subtidal sector and lower in the upper intertidal sector with no indication of significant differences among sampling campaigns. Depth was the primary factor explaining the observed density patterns and rugosity of the substrate was secondary but also important. The body length ranged from 5.2 to 22.5 cm, whereas the weight varied from 6.0 to 230 g. The mean and modal lengths were 12.54 and 13 cm, respectively. Approximately 75 % of the population sampled was between 10 and 14 cm and the average weight was 60 g. Estimates from von Bertalanffy growth function indicate that the youngest sea cucumber was one year-old, and the oldest had approximately two and a half years. Conclusions: This is the first study to determine biometric parameters for H. (H.) grisea in southern Brazil and the first one to estimate growth and age estimates for a wild population of this species. The densities recorded in the present study were lower than those previously reported for this region, suggesting anthropic influence.

Resumen Introducción: El pepino de mar Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea Selenka, 1867 es un equinodermo común en las regiones intermareales a lo largo de la costa brasileña, que recientemente se convirtió en foco de pesquerías no declaradas y no reguladas. Este estudio se realizó en sustratos arenosos-rocosos en Armação do Itapocoroy, Penha, Santa Catarina (26o47’ S; 48o36’ W), cerca del límite sur de su distribución geográfica. Objetivo: Determinar las densidades (individuos*m-2) de Holothuria (H.) grisea dentro de una perspectiva espacio-temporal así como determinar las características biométricas y de crecimiento de la población. Métodos: Se realizaron transectos de dos metros de ancho perpendiculares a la línea de costa en invierno y primavera de 2019 y en verano y primavera de 2020, en periodos de bajamar sicigia. En cada ocasión de muestreo se determinó el número total de especímenes de H. (H.) grisea, y se sometió un grupo de 90 organismos a biometría in situ (peso, longitud y ancho), e inmediatamente se los devolvieron vivos a su hábitat. Resultados: Las densidades de H. (H.) grisea fueron significativamente más altas en el sector submareal y más bajas en el sector intermareal superior sin indicios de diferencias significativas entre las campañas de muestreo. La profundidad fue el factor principal que explica los patrones de densidad observados y la rugosidad del sustrato fue secundaria pero también importante. La longitud del cuerpo varió de 5.2 a 22.5 cm, mientras que el peso varió de 6.0 a 230 g. Las longitudes media y modal fueron 12.54 y 13 cm, respectivamente. Aproximadamente el 75 % de la población muestreada midió entre 10 y 14 cm y el peso promedio fue de 60 g. Estimados de la función de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy indican que el ejemplar más joven presentaba un año de edad, mientras el más viejo presentaba cerca de dos años y medio. Conclusiones: Este es el primer estudio que determina parámetros biométricos para una población de H. (H.) grisea en el sur de Brasil y el primero en estimar el crecimiento y edades para una población salvaje de esta especie. Las densidades registradas en el presente estudio fueron inferiores a las reportadas previamente para esta región sugiriendo la ocurrencia de influencia antrópica.