Abstract: Advances in information technology have led to an increased use of statistics as a tool for analyzing data in various academic fields. Statistics has become a primary requirement in any curriculum because of its wide range of applications in the industry and for research purposes. Higher education programs therefore need to prepare graduates with both theoretical and applied statistical knowledge. There are several statistical technology tools for data analysis, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This article examines Jamovi, a statistical software that is versatile, free and open source, and the impact of this tool on the teaching of statistics for civil engineering. The study involved 40 students of the Masters in Physical Planning of Civil Works of the Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, and was carried out during the months of November to December 2023. The study applied an analytical observational methodology with a quantitative design, using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The results showed a better performance of the students who used Jamovi com pared to those who used MS Excel. This was supported by descriptive analysis and hypothesis testing. The results led to the conclusion that Jamovi facilitated the teaching and learning process of statistics in civil engineering.

Resumo: O avanço da tecnologia da informação tem levado ao aumento do uso da estatística como uma ferramenta de análise de dados em diversas áreas acadêmicas. A estatística tornouse um requisito essencial em qualquer programa de estudo, devido à variedade de aplicações na indústria e na investigação. Portanto, os programas educativos no ensino superior precisam formar graduados que possuam conhecimentos estatísticos teóricos e aplicados. Existem diferentes ferramentas tecnológicas estatísticas, cada uma com as suas próprias vantagens e desvantagens para análise de dados. Porém, neste trabalho o software estatístico Jamovi foi considerado por ser um recurso tecnológico versátil, gratuito e de código aberto. Com base no exposto, este artigo estuda o impacto da integração do software Jamovi no ensino de estatística na área de Engenharia Civil. A população do estudo foi de 40 estudantes do Mestrado em Planejamento Físico de Obras Civis da Universidade Estadual do Sul de Manabí, durante os meses de novembro a dezembro de 2023. A metodologia aplicada foi observacional analítica com design quantitativo, para esse fim técnicas estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais fo ram utilizadas. Os resultados mostraram um desempenho superior das pessoas que utilizaram o Jamovi em comparação aos que utilizaram o MS Excel. Isto foi corroborado por meio de análises descritivas e testes de hipóteses. De acordo com os resultados concluiuse que Jamovi facilitou o processo de ensino e aprendizagem de estatística na Engenharia Civil.

Resumen. El avance de la tecnología de la información ha llevado a un aumento en el empleo de la estadística como una herramienta para analizar datos en diversas áreas académicas. La estadística se ha convertido en un requisito primordial en cualquier programa de estudio, debido a la variedad de aplicaciones en la industria y la investigación. Por consiguiente, los programas educativos en la educación superior necesitan formar graduados que posean conocimientos estadísticos teóricos y aplicados. Existen diferentes herramientas tecnológicas esta dísticas, cada una con sus propias ventajas y desventajas para el análisis de datos. Sin embargo, en este trabajo se ha considerado el software estadístico Jamovi por ser un recurso tecnológico versátil, gratuito y de código abierto. A raíz de lo expuesto, este artículo estudia el impacto de la integración del software Jamovi en la enseñanza de la estadística en el área de la Ingeniería Civil. La población de estudio fue de 40 estudiantes de la Maestría en Planificación Física de Obras Civiles de la Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, durante los meses de noviembre a diciembre de 2023. La metodología aplicada fue observacional analítica con un diseño cuantitativo, para ello se emplearon técnicas estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Los resultados mostraron un rendimiento superior de las personas estudiantes que utilizaron Jamovi en comparación con quienes emplearon Excel. Esto se corroboró mediante análisis descriptivos y pruebas de hipótesis. De acuerdo con los resultados, se pudo concluir que Jamovi facilitó el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la estadística en la Ingeniería Civil.

Abstract Before the arrival of the communicative approach in our classrooms, the teaching and the learning of vocabulary was based on memorising lists of words in written form. From then on, students had to learn how to pronounce them. This resulted in correct spelling and poor pronunciation. With the introduction of the communicative approach, the focus has been on oral learning of vocabulary and thus pronunciation has improved, but correct spelling has been lost in many cases. In this paper we present the results of a cross-sectional study of errors and correct productions of nine nouns at the end of primary, compulsory secondary and baccalaureate education. For this purpose, we have used a corpus created in the Canary Islands, representative of the students of the seven islands, which includes a sample of essays written in English. The results show a decrease in errors. In conclusion, we can see that most of the errors are of an intralinguistic type, being mostly writing hypotheses that the pupil uses in order to internalise the process of reading and writing in English.

Resumen Antes de la llegada del enfoque comunicativo a nuestras aulas, la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del vocabulario se basaba en la memorización de listados de palabras en su forma escrita y a partir de ahí el alumnado debía ir aprendiendo a pronunciarlas. Todo ello tenía como consecuencia una correcta ortografía y una pésima pronunciación. Con la introducción del enfoque comunicativo, el objetivo ha sido el aprendizaje oral del vocabulario y con ello se ha mejorado la pronunciación, pero se ha perdido la corrección ortográfica en muchos casos. En este trabajo presentamos los resultados de un estudio transversal de los errores ortográficos y producciones correctas en nueve sustantivos al final de la Educación Primaria, Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato. Para este fin hemos utilizado un corpus creado en Canarias, representativo del alumnado de las siete islas, en el que se recoge una muestra de redacciones escritas en inglés. Los resultados presentan una disminución de errores ortográficos. Como conclusión podemos comprobar que la mayoría de los errores ortográficos son de tipo intralingüístico, pues casi todos son hipótesis de escritura que el alumno utiliza para así ir interiorizando el proceso de lectoescritura inglesa.

Abstract: This study analyzes the experiences of 17 Colombian primary education teachers in caring for students with disabilities, registered in 17 educational institutions in 11 municipalities between 2018 and 2022. Through a narrative design and a questionnaire with open-ended questions, the interactions of these teachers with the educational environment were explored. Twelve psychological and thirteen pedagogical factors were identified, and their impact was examined depending on the types of disabilities and the specific characteristics of the students and educational contexts. The results reveal high variability and subjectivity in these factors, which can both favor and hinder inclusive educational practices. Additionally, the study examines the Individual Plan for Reasonable Adjustments, highlighting significant deficiencies in its implementation and resistance from some school sectors. This underscores challenges in adopting the inclusive education model promoted by the Colombian State. This analysis provides valuable insights for the continuous improvement of inclusive practices in the Colombian educational system

Resumen: Este estudio analiza las experiencias de 17 docentes colombianos de educación primaria en la atención a estudiantes con discapacidad, registradas en 17 instituciones educativas de 11 municipios entre 2018 y 2022. Mediante un diseño narrativo y un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas, se exploraron las interacciones de estos docentes con el entorno educativo. Se identificaron 12 factores psicológicos y 13 pedagógicos y se examinó su impacto en función de los tipos de discapacidad y las características específicas de los estudiantes y contextos educativos. Los resultados revelan una alta variabilidad y subjetividad en estos factores, los cuales pueden ser tanto favorecedores como obstaculizadores de las prácticas educativas inclusivas. Adicionalmente, el estudio examina el Plan Individual de Ajustes Razonables, destacando deficiencias significativas en su implementación y resistencia por parte de algunos sectores escolares, lo cual subraya desafíos en la adopción del modelo de educación inclusiva promovido por el Estado colombiano. Este análisis proporciona insights valiosos para la mejora continua de las prácticas inclusivas en el sistema educativo colombiano

Resumo: Este estudo analisa as experiências de 17 docentes colombianos do ensino primário no atendimento a alunos com deficiência, matriculados em 17 instituições de ensino em 11 municípios entre 2018 e 2022. Por meio de um desenho narrativo e de um questionário de perguntas abertas, foram exploradas as interações destes professores com o ambiente educacional. Foram identificados 12 fatores psicológicos e 13 pedagógicos e o seu impacto foi examinado em função dos tipos de deficiência e das características específicas dos estudantes e dos contextos educativos. Os resultados revelam alta variabilidade e subjetividade nesses fatores, o que pode favorecer ou dificultar práticas educativas inclusivas. Além disso, o estudo examina o Plano Individual de Ajustes Razoáveis, destacando falhas significativas na sua implementação e resistência por parte de alguns setores escolares, o que salienta desafios na adoção do modelo de educação inclusiva promovido pelo Estado colombiano. Esta análise fornece insights valiosos para a melhoria contínua das práticas inclusivas no sistema educacional colombiano

Resumen (Objetivo) Este trabajo tiene como objetivo indagar los significados sobre conjetura en estudiantes de la escuela secundaria, poniendo de manifiesto algunas disparidades entre estos significados personales y el que adquiere en la institución matemática. (Metodología) La metodología utilizada es de tipo cualitativo. Se efectúa un estudio de casos, a fin de profundizar los significados personales de conjetura en estudiantes del ciclo orientado de escuelas secundarias de la ciudad de Río Cuarto, Argentina (15-16 años). Para ello, se analizan los sistemas de prácticas que ponen a funcionar un grupo de estudiantes ante tres problemas que involucran la elaboración, contrastación, reformulación o validación de conjeturas, incluyendo entrevistas realizadas a ellos mismos. Estos análisis se llevan a cabo utilizando herramientas del enfoque ontosemiótico, con el cual se determinan configuraciones de objetos primarios y procesos cognitivos en estas prácticas personales. (Resultados) Se logran identificar conflictos semióticos en dichas prácticas, particularmente, disparidades entre significados personales de conjetura y el significado pretendido desde la institución matemática, hecho que pone en evidencia, a través de indicadores empíricos, el valor epistémico otorgado por los estudiantes a las proposiciones emergentes de sus prácticas argumentativas. Esto obstaculiza la posibilidad de dudar sobre el alcance general de sus afirmaciones y la necesidad de plantear otro tipo de argumentación, tal como se pretende desde la institución matemática. (Conclusiones) Esta investigación revela la importancia de desvelar la complejidad ontosemiótica de las prácticas personales relacionadas con la formulación y validación de conjeturas y de poner al descubierto los conflictos semióticos cognitivos vinculados a dichos significados personales.

Resumo (Objetivo) Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os significados de conjectura em alunos do ensino médio, revelando algumas disparidades entre esses significa dos pessoais e os adquiridos na instituição matemática. (Metodologia) A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa. Realiza-se um estudo de caso, a fim de aprofundar os significados pessoais da conjectura em alunos do ciclo orientado de escolas secundárias da cidade de Río Cuarto, Argentina (15-16 anos). Para isso, são analisados os sistemas de práticas que um grupo de alunos põe em funcionamento perante três problemas que envolvem a elaboração, a contraposição, a reformulação ou a validação de conjecturas, incluindo entrevistas realizadas com eles próprios. Essas análises são realizadas por meio de ferramentas da abordagem ontossemiótica, com as quais são determinadas configurações de objetos primários e processos cognitivos nessas práticas pessoais. (Resultados) É possível identificar conflitos semióticos nessas práticas, particularmente, disparidades entre os significados pessoais da conjectura e o significado pretendido da instituição matemática, fato que mostra, por meio de indicadores empíricos, o valor epistêmico atribuído pelos alunos às proposições emergentes de suas práticas argumentativas. Isso dificulta a possibilidade de duvidar do alcance geral de suas afirmações e a necessidade de propor outro tipo de argumento, como pretende a instituição matemática. (Conclusões) Esta investigação revela a importância de revelar a complexidade ontossemiótica das práticas pessoais relacionadas com a formulação e validação de conjecturas e de expor os conflitos semióticos cognitivos ligados a esses significados pessoais.

Abstract (Objective) This paper discusses an investigation of the meaning of “conjecture” for secondary school students, and disparities between personal meanings and those acquired in a mathematical institution. (Methodology) The methodology used is qualitative . A case study was carried out to improve understanding of the personal meanings of conjecture to students in the initial years of secondary education in the city of Río Cuarto, Argentina (15-16 years old). The responses of a group of students to assignments including three problems that involve the creation, contrasting, reformulation and/or validation of conjectures were analyzed, including interviews with the students. These analyses were carried out using tools from the ontosemiotic approach, determining configurations of primary objects and cognitive processes in the students’ personal practices. (Results) It was possible to identify semiotic conflicts in these practices, particularly disparities between personal meanings of the concept of conjecture and the meaning intended to be imparted by the mathematical institution, providing empirical indicators of the epistemic value given by students to emerging propositions in their argumentation. This made it less like ly that students would learn to doubt the scope of their initial statements and recognize the need to propose another type of argument, as was intended by the mathematical institution. (Conclusions) The results of this investigation showed the importance of revealing the ontosemiotic complexity of personal practices related to the formulation and validation of conjectures, and revealing the cognitive semiotic conflicts linked to personal meanings.

RESUMEN La integración de las tecnologías en la sala de clases es una situación problemática, que ha impedido al estudiantado incorporarse a la enseñanza digital. La reciente pandemia por el COVID 19 reveló brechas del capital cultural tecnológico familiar, cuestión relevante, porque la familia, es decir, padres y apoderados, son un factor en la integración de tecnología en la sala de clases de sus hijos en enseñanza básica. El objetivo general de esta investigación fue medir el grado de incidencia de la familia en la integración de tecnologías en las aulas. A través de una metodología cuantitativa, una técnica de encuesta, la aplicación de un cuestionario a padres de estudiantes de octavo año básico y el uso de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, se confirmó que, dentro del factor familiar, la disponibilidad de recursos es la variable de mayor incidencia en la integración digital en el aula, con un valor de regresión de 2.002; seguida del capital cultural tecnológico, con un valor de 1.443; y finalmente el uso y competencias tecnológicas, con un peso de 0.614.

ABSTRACT The integration of technologies in the classroom is a problematic situation, which has prevented students from incorporating digital learning. The recent COVID 19 pandemic revealed gaps in the family technological cultural capital, a relevant issue, because the family, i.e. parents and guardians, are a factor in the integration of technology in the classroom of their children in elementary school. The general objective of this doctoral research was to measure the degree of incidence of the family in the integration of technologies in the classroom. Through a quantitative methodology, the survey technique, the application of a questionnaire to parents of eighth grade students and the use of a structural equation model, it was confirmed that, within the family factor, the availability of resources is the variable with the greatest impact on digital integration in the classroom, with a regression value of 2.002; followed by the technological cultural capital, with a value of 1.443; and finally the use and technological skills, with a weight of 0.614.

Abstract Introduction Teachers are a high-risk group for the development of vocal dysfunction, as they use voice extensively in their profession. Objective To know the prevalence and risk factors associated with voice strain in teachers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among schoolteachers in Chitwan, Nepal. The Voice Handicap Index questionnaire was used as a survey tool. Result A total of 315 teachers were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the participants was of 36.7 years. Teachers from public schools, primary grade classes, > 50 pupils in the classroom, > 24 hours of classes per week, dust in class, and recurrent tonsil problems were associated with various degrees of vocal handicap. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of voice disorder among teachers. A holistic approach, which includes teacher education regarding voice care during their work and management of their voice handicap by taking into consideration different risk factors, must be adopted. highrisk dysfunction profession crosssectional cross sectional Chitwan Nepal tool 31 367 36 7 36. years schools 5 classroom 2 week class approach adopted 3

Abstract: The primary objectives of this research study are to provide a detailed description of machine learning (ML) technology when applied to assessing innovation and to design a model that allows predicting an institution’s degree of innovation. Machine learning technology lacks assumptions or preconceptions and is capable of processing a large amount of data and variables. After data processing, the ML model is built using variables associated with educational context, training is performed, and a web is built to predict the degree of innovation of an educational institution. This model provides an innovation accuracy prediction of 66% and allows assessing the influence of the variables analyzed when predicting the use of active methodologies at a given institution. In conclusion, this approach can open new data analysis techniques supported by ML that complement traditional statistically based approaches.

Resumen: Los principales objetivos de esta investigación son proporcionar una descripción detallada de la tecnología de aprendizaje automático (ML, por sus siglas en inglés) aplicada a la medición de la innovación y diseñar un modelo que permita predecir el grado de innovación en una determinada institución. La tecnología ML carece de suposiciones o preconcepciones y es capaz de procesar una gran cantidad de datos y variables. Tras procesar los datos, se construye el modelo ML empleando variables asociadas al contexto educativo, se realiza el entrenamiento y se construye una web para predecir el grado de innovación de una institución educativa. El modelo proporciona una precisión del 66% en la predicción de la innovación y permite discutir la influencia de las variables analizadas a la hora de predecir el uso de metodologías activas en una institución. En conclusión, este enfoque puede abrir nuevas técnicas de análisis de datos apoyadas en ML que complementen los enfoques tradicionales basados en la estadística.

School-related Gender-based Violence (SRGBV) is a sub-set of gender-based violence (GBV) that occurs in primary and secondary school settings. SRGBV is a daunting reality, a crime against humanity, and therefore a human rights issue. Responsive SRGBV programmes need to be dynamic, and determined by the needs of communities and learners. If the Department of Basic Education (DBE) wants to remain relevant in supporting communities into becoming safe spaces for all, it needs to promote safe community models with adequate flexibility. Although school-based occupational therapists are a human resource of the DBE, traditionally occupational therapists have not been involved in addressing SRGBV in school settings in South Africa. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This opinion paper elaborates on the context within which school-based occupational therapists can reframe SRGBV as an occupational injustice, and develop life skills interventions that address SRGBV. Recommendations for action are made using existing frameworks such as the Participatory Occupational Justice Framework, and the INSPIRE framework of the United Nations. It encourages school-based occupational therapists to become activists that promote occupational justice, and are leaders in the prevention of and intervention for SRGBV.

BACKGROUND: Despite inpatient rehabilitation many stroke survivors struggle with community reintegration on returning home. The environment to which the stroke survivor returns affects and may limit participation in home and community-based activities. AIM: To describe stroke survivors' lived experiences of the environmental barriers and facilitators to community reintegration in an under resourced urban metropolitan sub-district in the Western Cape, South Africa. METHODS: A descriptive, qualitative study design with a phenomenological emphasis used semi-structured interviews to collect the data from purposefully selected stroke survivors who had been discharged for more than one year following inpatient rehabilitation. Supporting data were collected from interviews with two occupational therapists providing rehabilitation services to the stroke survivors. Deductive priori coding of semi-structured interviews with 11 stroke survivors, based on the environment subsystems described in the Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance (PEOP) model explored the barriers and facilitators to their community reintegration. FINDINGS: Of the six environmental sub systems in the PEOP model the systems and policy, access to information and health education, social determinants of health in the form of poor rehabilitation planning and loss of income as well as the built and natural environment presented the greatest barriers to the stroke survivor participants' community reintegration. However, reintegration was facilitated by social support and social capital, social determinants of health in the form of support groups as well as assistive technologies. CONCLUSION: Community reintegration continues to be a challenge for stroke survivors in an under-resourced urban sub-district due to environmental barriers associated with factors such as poor social support, inadequate implementation of policies and systems, poor compliance with home programmes, low socioeconomic status, poor access within the built and natural environment and inappropriate assistive devices. Several facilitators that occupational therapists can focus on to enable community reintegration included ensuring effective social support, access to community-based organisations, the introduction of home visits and provision of appropriate assistive devices. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE All stroke survivors must receive a comprehensive discharge plan to facilitate adequate access to continued rehabilitation and support for successful community reintegration. • There must be a specific referral to primary health care rehabilitation services on discharge from hospital. • Occupational therapists at community level have the responsibility to: o advocate for, or assist stroke survivors to self-advocate, the removal of inter-sectoral environmental barriers that limit their community reintegration and community participation, o where possible provide services in the home and involve midlevel workers when conducting home visits to enable successful reintegration into the home and resumption of occupational roles where possible, o look to other resources in their community that can assist in facilitating the community reintegration of stroke survivors to enable access to health, education, productive activities, and social and leisure participation opportunities, o improve their collaboration with the communities that they service.

ABSTRACT Study to know, characterize, and define the pedagogical practices identified in primary school teachers due to the changes produced by the COVID-19 pandemic, technological advances, and the presence of humanistic educational models. The research carried out as a source of this article was based on the interpretive paradigm and phenomenological design, with the support of semantic networks and interviews with 65 teachers from various municipalities of Chihuahua, Mexico. The results found practices focused on learning achievement, use of didactic sequences, and fragmentation of knowledge by subject; technological resources are absent; students' prior knowledge regarding the contents and adjustments for academic achievement and not for comprehensive development are considered. The evaluation is formative and focused on the cognitive. It is concluded that there is a lack of change in the meanings and actions of the teachers. They perceive their function and actions to achieve academic learning; it contrasts with the current educational models, which focus on the student and their integral development. It evidences a challenge for the teacher educational system that, despite the reforms and training, has not strengthened a system of knowledge and beliefs oriented towards a more constructivist and less instructive practice.

RESUMEN Estudio para conocer, caracterizar y definir las prácticas pedagógicas que se identifican en docentes de primaria debido a los cambios producidos por la pandemia Covid 19, los avances tecnológicos y la presencia de modelos educativos humanistas. La investigación efectuada como fuente del presente artículo, se sustentó en el paradigma interpretativo y diseño fenomenológico, con apoyo de redes semánticas y entrevistas a 65 profesores de diversos municipios de Chihuahua, México. En los hallazgos se encontraron prácticas centradas en el logro del aprendizaje, uso de secuencias didácticas y fragmentación del conocimiento por asignatura; hay ausencia de recursos tecnológicos; se consideran los conocimientos previos de estudiantes respecto a los contenidos y ajustes para el logro académico y no para el desarrollo integral; la evaluación es formativa, centrada en lo cognitivo. Se concluye que falta un cambio en los significados y acciones del profesorado, perciben su función y sus acciones para alcanzar el aprendizaje académico, lo que se contrapone con los modelos educativos vigentes, centrados en el alumno y su desarrollo integral, evidenciando un reto para el sistema educativo que, a pesar de las reformas y capacitaciones, no ha fortalecido un sistema de conocimientos y creencias orientados a una práctica más constructivista y menos instructiva.

The continuing educational crises and the recurrent discourse on educational reform in South Africa foreground critical questions on what constitutes a viable philosophical and pedagogical strategy for the country. This article examines the transformative praxis of a dissident teachers' organisation, the Teachers' League of South Africa (TLSA or the League), and how the development of its distinctive non-racist and non-collaborationist worldview provide meaningful possibilities for present-day educationists seeking a progressive educational alternative. The article draws on decolonial and critical education theories to engage the views of TLSA teachers and non-League education activists. Documentary material on the TLSA and its umbrella body, the Unity Movement, provide key primary sources for the article. In addition, secondary information linked to the broader liberation movement offers valuable insights and perspectives on what could be defined as an alternative educational praxis. Overall, the article examines whether the coexistence of the TLSA's holistic educational outlook and 'egalitarian oriented' counter-consciousness, offers tangible possibilities for exploring an emancipatory decolonial education.

RESUMEN Este artículo revisa el papel de la “clase” en la práctica y la investigación de la educación de adultos en Sudáfrica bajo el apartheid y en la era posterior al apartheid. Históricamente, la educación de adultos estuvo orientada hacia la clase trabajadora negra y, en general, hacia las comunidades negras oprimidas. En la era posterior al apartheid, las corrientes de oposición en la educación de adultos continuaron, pero cambiaron el enfoque hacia las desigualdades y opresiones distintas de la clase, como la raza y el género. Gran parte de la literatura sobre educación de adultos muestra renuencia a comprometerse explícitamente con el concepto de clase y, en muchos casos, la clase ha sido desplazada como categoría principal de análisis. El artículo revisa los debates sociológicos recientes sobre raza y clase y argumenta que estos son relevantes para la educación de adultos como campo de práctica e investigación. El artículo argumenta que la clase sigue “importando” si se quiere que la educación de adultos se dé cuenta de su potencial para contribuir a la transformación socialista.

RESUMO Este artigo analisa o papel do conceito de classe nas práticas e na pesquisa em educação de adultos na África do Sul sob o apartheid e na era pós-apartheid. Historicamente, a educação de adultos dirigiu-se à classe trabalhadora negra e às comunidades negras oprimidas em geral. Na era pós-apartheid, as correntes de resistência na educação de adultos mantiveram-se, mas mudaram o foco para as desigualdades e opressões para além da classe social, como no caso da raça e do género. Grande parte da literatura sobre educação de adultos mostra relutância em abordar o conceito de classe e, em muitos casos, a classe já não é a principal categoria de análise. O artigo discute os recentes debates sociológicos sobre raça e classe e argumenta que eles são relevantes para a educação de adultos como um campo de práticas e de investigação. O artigo argumenta que a classe continua a “importar” se a educação de adultos concretizar o seu potencial de contribuir para a transformação socialista.

ABSTRACT This article reviews the role of class in adult education practice and research in South Africa under apartheid and in the post-apartheid era. Historically adult education was orientated towards the black working-class and to oppressed black communities more generally. In the post-apartheid era, oppositional currents in adult education have continued but have shifted focus to inequalities and oppressions other than class such as race and gender. Much of the adult education literature displays a reluctance to engage explicitly with the concept of class and in many cases, class has been dislodged as the primary category of analysis. The article reviews recent sociological debates on race and class and argues that these are relevant for adult education as a field of practice and research. The article argues that class continues to ‘matter’ if adult education is to realise its potential to contribute to socialist transformation.

RESUMEN En este trabajo analizamos la valoración que el alumnado universitario realiza de su trabajo de composición cooperativa durante un semestre académico. Se contemplan, entre otras, las variables de formación musical y de género. El alumnado compone una canción para un aula de Educación Primaria. Son 89 participantes, de los cuales solo 26 declaran haber estudiado música en centros especializados. Los resultados muestran que el alumnado participante se encuentra, en general, muy satisfecho con el trabajo realizado, en especial las mujeres y los estudiantes con conocimientos musicales. La implicación fue alta, y se percibe que la enculturación tonal en la población general repercute en que determinadas actividades de creatividad musical que podríamos considerar complejas pueden, mediante el trabajo colaborativo, ejercerse en contextos ajenos a los que derivan de una formación musical especializada.

ABSTRACT In this paper we analyse how university students evaluate their cooperative composition work during an academic semester. Variables such as musical training and gender, among others, are considered. The students compose a song for a primary school classroom. They were 89 participants, of whom only 26 reported having studied music at specialized schools. The results show that the participating students are, in general, very satisfied with the work carried out, especially the women and students with previous musical knowledge. The involvement was high and it is perceived that tonal enculturation in the general population has an impact on the fact that certain musical creativity activities, that we could consider complex, can be exercised through collaborative work, in contexts other than those derived from specialized musical training.

RESUMO Neste artigo analisamos a forma como os estudantes universitários avaliam o seu trabalho de composição cooperativa durante um semestre académico. São tidas em conta as variáveis de formação musical e género, entre outras. Os alunos compõem uma canção para uma sala de aula da educação básica. Participaram 89 estudantes, dos quais apenas 26 declararam ter estudado música em centros especializados. Os resultados mostram que os alunos participantes estão, em geral, muito satisfeitos com o trabalho realizado, especialmente as mulheres e os alunos com conhecimentos musicais. O envolvimento foi elevado, e percebe-se que a enculturação tonal na população em geral significa que certas atividades de criatividade musical que poderíamos considerar complexas podem, através do trabalho colaborativo, ser exercidas em contextos diferentes dos que derivam de uma formação musical especializada.

ABSTRACT Benzodiazepines, the most prescribed medications in the world, are extremely useful in managing conditions related to the central nervous system, however, their prescription is not always related to a pathology. This study sought to identify the factors influencing the prescription of benzodiazepines in Primary Care of the Unified Health System and their consequences, in a region with high social vulnerability. The principles of a qualitative study with intentional sampling of prescribing physicians were used, constructed with the help of Key Informants and with a size (N=10) defined by the principle of theoretical saturation. Collection took place through semi-structured interviews in the basic units where the professionals worked. The themes identified regarding the reasons for prescription were Patient-related (patient demand; social problems); Relating to medication (dependence); Relative to the prescriber (irrational use). The prescription of benzodiazepine was due to the low social conditions of users in this region and the consequences of this situation (social vulnerability, distressing problems with difficult resolution). Continuous education for professionals, interprofessional actions, and comprehensive care were demands of the professionals. The problem goes beyond the doctor’s scope of action, and public policies that guarantee such populations access to health, work, and education are suggested. Benzodiazepines world system however pathology vulnerability used N=10 N10 N 10 (N=10 saturation semistructured semi structured worked Patientrelated Patient patient demand problems) dependence (dependence) irrational use. use . use) resolution. resolution resolution) actions doctors doctor s action health work suggested N=1 N1 1 (N=1 (dependence N= (N= (N

RESUMO Os benzodiazepínicos, medicamentos mais prescritos no mundo, são extremamente úteis no manejo de patologias relativas ao sistema nervoso central, porém, nem sempre sua prescrição está relacionada com uma patologia. Este estudo buscou identificar os fatores influenciadores na prescrição de benzodiazepínicos na Atenção Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde e suas consequências, em uma região com alta vulnerabilidade social. Foram utilizados os princípios de um estudo qualitativo com amostra intencional de médicos prescritores construída com a ajuda dos Informantes-Chave e com tamanho (n = 10) definido pelo princípio da saturação teórica. A coleta de dados ocorreu mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas nas unidades básicas onde os profissionais atuavam. Os temas identificados relativos aos motivos da prescrição foram: relativos ao paciente (demanda do paciente; problemas sociais); relativos ao medicamento (dependência); relativos ao prescritor (uso irracional). A prescrição do benzodiazepínico deu-se devido às baixas condições sociais dos usuários nessa região e as consequências dessa conjuntura (vulnerabilidade social, problemas angustiantes de difícil resolução). Educação permanente para profissionais, ações interprofissionais e integralidade do cuidado foram demandas dos profissionais. O problema extrapola a ação do médico, e são sugeridas políticas públicas que garantam, às populações com essas características, acesso a saúde, trabalho e educação. mundo central porém patologia social InformantesChave Informantes Chave n 10 teórica atuavam demanda sociais) dependência (dependência) uso irracional. irracional . irracional) deuse deu se resolução. resolução resolução) médico garantam características saúde educação 1 (dependência

ABSTRACT The present study described the characteristics of individuals who use Primary Health Care (PHC) services and evaluated the association between the high assessment of PHC attributes, from the perspective of users, with health conditions and the use of health services in Brazil. This work is a cross-sectional study that analyzed data from the 2019 National Health Survey, in which 9,562 adults responded to the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool). The association between high PHC assessment (general score ≥ 6.6) and health conditions and the use of services was tested, and it was found that the adult users who most use public PHC are between 40 and 59 years of age, women, with a low level of education, and brown. Those who best evaluated PHC were individuals who used the same service, who sought out services in the last 2 weeks, and who had been hospitalized. The greater use of health services points to a better assessment of PHC. (PHC attributes Brazil crosssectional cross sectional 201 Survey 9562 9 562 9,56 PCATool. PCATool . (PCATool) general 6.6 66 6 tested 4 5 age women education brown service weeks hospitalized 20 956 56 9,5 (PCATool 6. 95 9,

RESUMO O estudo descreveu as características dos indivíduos que utilizam os serviços da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) e avaliou a associação entre a avaliação elevada dos atributos da APS, sob a ótica dos usuários, com o estado de saúde e o uso dos serviços de saúde no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal que analisou dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019, com amostra de 9.562 adultos que responderam ao Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool). Foi testada a associação entre avaliação elevada da APS (escore geral ≥ 6,6) e estado de saúde e uso dos serviços. Verificou-se que os usuários adultos que mais utilizam a APS pública têm entre 40 e 59 anos, são mulheres, de baixa escolaridade e pardos. Os que melhor avaliaram a APS foram indivíduos que utilizaram o mesmo serviço, procuraram serviços nas últimas duas semanas e se internaram. Maior uso dos serviços aponta para melhor avaliação da APS. (APS Brasil Tratase Trata 2019 9562 9 562 9.56 PCATool. PCATool . (PCATool) escore 6,6 66 6 Verificouse Verificou 4 5 anos mulheres pardos serviço internaram 201 956 56 9.5 (PCATool 6, 20 95 9. 2