Resumo O ácaro da tamareira, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), é uma praga grave das tâmaras no Médio Oriente e Norte de África, causando graves danos econômicos se não for controlado precocemente. Como os ácaros predadores são conhecidos por serem potenciais agentes de biocontrole contra diversas pragas, também a capacidade de predação, tabela de vida, reprodução e sobrevivência de Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot e Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), coletados em fazendas de tamareiras em Qassim Arábia Saudita, foram estudados em condições de laboratório (25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C e 50 ± 5% UR) contra todos os estágios móveis de O. afrasiaticus. Para ambos os predadores, o tempo médio de desenvolvimento, o período de oviposição e a longevidade foram inversamente relacionados à temperatura de 25 °C a 35 °C. Vários parâmetros foram estudados para A. swirskii e N. cucumeris a 25 °C, 30 °C e 35 °C, ou seja, o tempo de desenvolvimento feminino, 9,37, 7,29, 5,56 e 10,67, 8,38, 6,45 d; período de oviposição, 19,77, 16,18, 13,94 e 15,90, 13,84, 10,64 d; longevidade, 29,39, 24,79, 20,64 e 25,42, 21,94, 17,39 dias; fecundidade, 31,91, 37,10, 42,16 e 21,75, 26,84, 30,56 ovos por fêmea, respectivamente. A taxa máxima de predação diária para ambos os predadores foi registrada a 35 °C durante o período de oviposição. A predação total de fêmeas de A. swirskii e N. cucumeris foi de 370,86, 387,54, 405,83, 232,14, 263,32, 248,85 presas a 25 °C, 30 °C e 35 °C respectivamente. A taxa máxima de reprodução de A. swirskii e N. cucumeris (3,02; 2,87 ovos/♀/dia) foi registrada a 35 °C, enquanto a mínima (2,00; 1,36 ovos/♀/dia) foi registrada a 25 °C. Os parâmetros da tabela de vida foram estimados como taxa reprodutiva líquida (Ro) 21,68, 25,94, 29,52 e 18,95, 20,25, 22,78; o tempo médio de geração (T) 24,92, 21,82, 18,24 e 26,30, 23,60, 20,56 d; a taxa intrínseca de aumento (rm) 0,181, 0,232, 0,248 e 0,170, 0,185, 0,196; a taxa finita de aumento (λ) 1,365, 1,551, 1,706 e 1,126, 1,324, 1,428 para A. swirskii e N. cucumeris a 25 °C, 30 °C e 35 °C respectivamente. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que as duas espécies de fitoseídeos são promissores agentes de controle biológico de O. afrasiaticus em uma ampla faixa de temperaturas. tamareira McGregor (McGregor Acari (Acari Tetranychidae, Tetranychidae , Tetranychidae) África precocemente pragas AthiasHenriot Athias Henriot Oudemans (Oudemans Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiidae Phytoseiidae) Saudita (2 C 3 5 UR 2 N seja feminino 937 9 37 9,37 729 7 29 7,29 556 56 5,5 1067 10 67 10,67 838 8 38 8,38 645 6 45 6,4 d 1977 19 77 19,77 1618 16 18 16,18 1394 13 94 13,9 1590 15 90 15,90 1384 84 13,84 1064 64 10,6 2939 39 29,39 2479 24 79 24,79 2064 20 20,6 2542 42 25,42 2194 21 21,94 1739 17 17,3 dias fecundidade 3191 31 91 31,91 3710 37,10 4216 42,1 2175 75 21,75 2684 26 26,84 3056 30,5 fêmea respectivamente 37086 370 86 370,86 38754 387 54 387,54 40583 405 83 405,83 23214 232 14 232,14 26332 263 32 263,32 24885 248 85 248,8 3,02 302 02 (3,02 287 87 2,8 ovos/♀/dia ovosdia dia 2,00 200 00 (2,00 136 1 36 1,3 Ro (Ro 2168 68 21,68 2594 25,94 2952 52 29,5 1895 95 18,95 2025 20,25 22,78 2278 22 78 T (T 2492 92 24,92 2182 82 21,82 1824 18,2 2630 26,30 2360 23 60 23,60 2056 20,5 rm (rm 0181 0 181 0,181 0232 0,232 0248 0,24 0170 170 0,170 0185 185 0,185 0,196 0196 196 λ (λ 1365 365 1,365 1551 551 1,551 1706 706 1,70 1126 126 1,126 1324 324 1,324 1428 428 1,42 temperaturas ( 93 9,3 72 7,2 55 5, 106 8,3 4 6, 197 19,7 161 16,1 139 13, 159 15,9 138 13,8 10, 293 29,3 247 24,7 206 20, 254 25,4 219 21,9 173 17, 319 31,9 371 37,1 421 42, 217 21,7 268 26,8 305 30, 3708 370,8 3875 387,5 4058 40 405,8 2321 232,1 2633 263,3 2488 248, 3,0 (3,0 28 2, 2,0 (2,0 1, 216 21,6 259 25,9 295 29, 189 18,9 202 20,2 22,7 227 249 24,9 218 21,8 182 18, 26,3 236 23,6 205 018 0,18 023 0,23 024 0,2 017 0,17 0,19 019 155 1,55 70 1,7 112 12 1,12 132 1,32 142 1,4 9, 7, 8, 19, 16, 15, 24, 25, 21, 31, 37, 26, 370, 387, 405, 232, 263, 3, (3, (2, 22, 23, 01 0,1 0, 1,5 11 1,1 (3

Abstract The date palm mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a serious pest of dates in the Middle East and North Africa, inflicting severe economic damage if not controlled early. As predaceous mites are known to be potential biocontrol agents against several pests, so predation capacity, life table, reproduction, and survival of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), collected from date palm farms in Qassim Saudi Arabia, were studied under laboratory conditions (25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C and 50 ± 5% RH) against all motile stages of O. afrasiaticus. For both predators, mean developmental time, oviposition period, and longevity were inversely related to temperature from 25 to 35 °C. Various parameters were studied for A. swirskii and N. cucumeris at 25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C, i.e. the female developmental time, 9.37, 7.29, 5.56, and 10.67, 8.38, 6.45 d; oviposition period, 19.77, 16.18, 13.94 and 15.90, 13.84, 10.64 d; longevity, 29.39, 24.79, 20.64 and 25.42, 21.94, 17.39 d; fecundity, 31.91, 37.10, 42.16 and 21.75, 26.84, 30.56 eggs per female, respectively. The maximum daily predation rate for both the predators was recorded at 35 °C during the oviposition period. The total predation of A. swirskii and N. cucumeris female was 370.86, 387.54, 405.83, 232.14, 263.32, 248.85 preys at 25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C respectively. The maximum reproduction rate of A. swirskii and N. cucumeris (3.02, 2.87 eggs/♀/day) was recorded at 35 °C while the minimum (2.00, 1.36 eggs/♀/day) was recorded at 25 °C. The life table parameters were estimated as net reproductive rate (Ro) 21.68, 25.94, 29.52 and 18.95, 20.25, 22.78; the mean generation time (T) 24.92, 21.82, 18.24 and 26.30, 23.60, 20.56 d; the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) 0.181, 0.232, 0.248 and 0.170, 0.185, 0.196; the finite rate of increase (λ) 1.365, 1.551, 1.706 and 1.126, 1.324, 1.428 for A. swirskii and N. cucumeris at 25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C respectively. The results of this study suggested that the two phytoseiid species are promising biological control agents of O. afrasiaticus at a wide range of temperatures. mite McGregor (McGregor Acari (Acari Tetranychidae, Tetranychidae , Tetranychidae) Africa early pests capacity AthiasHenriot Athias Henriot Oudemans (Oudemans Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiidae Phytoseiidae) Arabia (2 C 3 5 RH O period 2 A N ie i e i.e 937 9 37 9.37 729 7 29 7.29 556 56 5.56 1067 10 67 10.67 838 8 38 8.38 645 6 45 6.4 d 1977 19 77 19.77 1618 16 18 16.18 1394 13 94 13.9 1590 15 90 15.90 1384 84 13.84 1064 64 10.6 2939 39 29.39 2479 24 79 24.79 2064 20 20.6 2542 42 25.42 2194 21 21.94 1739 17 17.3 fecundity 3191 31 91 31.91 3710 37.10 4216 42.1 2175 75 21.75 2684 26 26.84 3056 30.5 respectively 37086 370 86 370.86 38754 387 54 387.54 40583 405 83 405.83 23214 232 14 232.14 26332 263 32 263.32 24885 248 85 248.8 3.02, 302 02 (3.02 287 87 2.8 eggs/♀/day eggsday day 2.00, 200 00 (2.00 136 1 36 1.3 Ro (Ro 2168 68 21.68 2594 25.94 2952 52 29.5 1895 95 18.95 2025 20.25 22.78 2278 22 78 T (T 2492 92 24.92 2182 82 21.82 1824 18.2 2630 26.30 2360 23 60 23.60 2056 20.5 rm (rm 0181 0 181 0.181 0232 0.232 0248 0.24 0170 170 0.170 0185 185 0.185 0.196 0196 196 λ (λ 1365 365 1.365 1551 551 1.551 1706 706 1.70 1126 126 1.126 1324 324 1.324 1428 428 1.42 temperatures ( 93 9.3 72 7.2 55 5.5 106 8.3 4 6. 197 19.7 161 16.1 139 13. 159 15.9 138 13.8 10. 293 29.3 247 24.7 206 20. 254 25.4 219 21.9 173 17. 319 31.9 371 37.1 421 42. 217 21.7 268 26.8 305 30. 3708 370.8 3875 387.5 4058 40 405.8 2321 232.1 2633 263.3 2488 248. 3.02 (3.0 28 2. 2.00 (2.0 1. 216 21.6 259 25.9 295 29. 189 18.9 202 20.2 22.7 227 249 24.9 218 21.8 182 18. 26.3 236 23.6 205 018 0.18 023 0.23 024 0.2 017 0.17 0.19 019 155 1.55 70 1.7 112 12 1.12 132 1.32 142 1.4 9. 7. 5. 8. 19. 16. 15. 24. 25. 21. 31. 37. 26. 370. 387. 405. 232. 263. 3.0 (3. 2.0 (2. 22. 23. 01 0.1 0. 1.5 11 1.1 3. (3

Abstract: This paper presents the zooarchaeological and technological information from P 35 shell midden, located in Punta Entrada, Santa Cruz River mouth (Argentina). The zooarchaeological assemblage, with a large representation of individuals of different sexes and ages of Arctocephalus australis and Otaria flavescens, reinforces the previous statements about the exploitation of otariid settlements in the locality. Other taxa, such as cetaceans, Culpeo fox, guanaco, Imperial shag, Darwin rhea and Upland goose, are represented in smaller numbers and were opportunistically exploited. Bone technology was mostly made at the site with bones from the fauna represented in the zooarchaeological assemblage, except for a sawn huemul antler. Lithic and bone technology includes components that can be related to weaponry systems which are consistent with the preys identified in the zooarchaeological assemblage. Based on the evidence from P 35, Punta Entrada appears as a recurrently visited coastal sector, which would have served not only as a place for the planned supply of highly productive animal resources (otariids), but also allow access to those resources that were opportunistically obtained but with high potential as inputs for human subsistence.

Resumen: Se presenta la información zooarqueológica y la tecnología ósea del conchero P 35, ubicado en Punta Entrada, desembocadura del río Santa Cruz (Argentina). El conjunto zooarqueológico, con gran representación de restos de individuos de diferentes sexos y edades de Arctocephalus australis y de Otaria flavescens, refuerza las afirmaciones previas sobre la explotación de asentamientos de otáridos en la localidad. Otros taxones, como los cetáceos, el zorro colorado, el guanaco, los cormoranes imperiales, el ñandú y el cauquén común, están representados en menor cantidad y fueron aprovechados de manera oportunista. La tecnología ósea fue confeccionada en el lugar, con huesos de la fauna registrada en el conjunto zooarqueológico, con excepción de un asta de huemul aserrada. El conjunto de instrumentos óseos y líticos incluye piezas vinculadas con sistemas de armas apropiados para la caza de las especies registradas en el depósito. A partir de la evidencia de P 35, Punta Entrada aparece como un sector costero recurrentemente visitado, que habría funcionado no sólo como lugar de aprovisionamiento planificado de recursos animales muy productivos y con localizaciones conocidas (los otáridos), sino que también brindaba posibilidades de acceso a aquéllos obtenidos de manera oportunista, pero con alto potencial como insumos para la subsistencia humana.

Abstract Ecto and endoparasites of four species of coastal birds, Haematopus ater, Larus dominicanus, Leucophaeus scoresbii (Charadriiformes), and Lophonetta specularioides (Anseriformes), are reported from Puerto Deseado on the Patagonian coast, Argentina. Only H. ater was infested with lice (Phthiraptera), belonging to 2 species (Ischnocera, Amblycera). A total of 19 helminth species were found parasitizing the coastal birds studied: 4 cestodes (1 Tetrabothriidae, 3 Cyclophyllidea); 11 trematodes (2 Gymnophallidae, 3 Microphallidae, 2 Notocotylidae, 1 Philophthalmidae, 2 Renicolidae, 1 Schistosomatidae); 3 nematodes (1 Anisakidae, 2 Acuariidae); and 1 acanthocephalan (Polymorphidae). Although some isolated records have been previously reported for these birds, the present work provides a parasitofauna study for H. ater, L. scoresbii, and L. specularioides for the first time. Endoparasites reflected the feeding habits of the birds; the parasite assemblage of L. dominicanus was the richest, indicating their wide prey spectrum and the diversity of the habitats frequented. A great species richness of trematodes, whose life cycles are partially known, suggests that L. specularioides feeds upon crustaceans and small bivalves. The blackish oystercatcher H. ater preys upon the limpet Nacella magellanica which hosts two larval trematodes corresponding to the adults found parasitizing it. Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes , (Charadriiformes) Anseriformes, Anseriformes (Anseriformes) coast Argentina H Phthiraptera, Phthiraptera (Phthiraptera) Ischnocera, Ischnocera (Ischnocera Amblycera. Amblycera . Amblycera) studied ( Tetrabothriidae Cyclophyllidea Cyclophyllidea) Gymnophallidae Microphallidae Notocotylidae Philophthalmidae Renicolidae Schistosomatidae Schistosomatidae) Anisakidae Acuariidae Acuariidae) Polymorphidae. Polymorphidae (Polymorphidae) L time richest frequented known bivalves it (Charadriiformes (Anseriformes (Phthiraptera (Polymorphidae

ABSTRACT The red mite, Oligonychus yothersi (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a serious pest of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) ‘Hass’ in Chile. Micro-coleopterans predators are observed in avocado orchards during outbreaks of O. yothersi, which are attracted by herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). However, the damage to plants persists and new predators are needed. Due to its effectiveness and adaptability to dry climates, the western predatory mite Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has been adopted as a biological control agent on many crops. Ours objectives were to study the biological parameters of G. occidentalis preying on O. yothersi in controlled conditions and its attraction to volatile compounds from avocado shoots, live preys and four synthetic doses of methyl salicylate (MeSA) and ocimene using a Y-tube olfactometer. We found a net reproductive rate (R0) 34.41 offspring female-1, intrinsic rate of increase (rm) 0.19 females female-1 d-1, finite rate of increase (λ) 1.21 females female-1, mean generation time (T) 18.45 d, and doubling time (DT) of 3.61 d. Immature phytoseiids took 7.32 d to reach adulthood with 90% survival. Female longevity and fecundity were 36.27 d, and 59 eggs female-1, respectively. Phytoseiids show no attraction to O. yothersi volatiles or volatiles of O. yothersi-infested avocado shoots. Nevertheless, females showed a preference for synthetic MeSA and ocimene at 100 μg mL-1. Our findings indicate that O. yothersi is a potential diet to rear G. occidentalis, and MeSA and ocimene could be used in lures to manipulate its behavior in avocado orchards.

Resumo Salmo trutta fario é a espécie de peixe mais importante da família dos salmonídeos, inibida em águas frias em todo o mundo, incluindo as partes do noroeste do Paquistão. Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a seleção de presas e os hábitos alimentares da espécie. Cento e oitenta e cinco Salmo trutta fario foram capturados de março de 2016 a abril de 2017. Intensidade de alimentação representada por um índice de plenitude (FI), mudando com vários grupos de comprimento e estação. De 185 trutas, 24 estômagos de peixes foram encontrados vazios. Os itens alimentares mais importantes e comuns da truta marrom foram brachycentridae, blepharocera, hydropsychidae, ephemerellaspp. O teste H de Kruskal Wallis foi aplicado em grupos de intensidade de alimentação consistindo de um grupo de três meses. A estatística de teste para o teste KW-H foi (H = 8,13 com df = 3) teve um valor de p de 0,043 <(alfa = 0,05 indica favor da hipótese alternativa de pelo menos uma diferença entre os grupos de intensidade de alimentação. relação de N com o índice de importância relativa e% IRI denotado pela linha de regressão do mínimo quadrado (N = 35,2 + 22,1% IRI), mostra que para 22 presas há 1% de mudança no IRI. A relação entre comprimento total (mm) e peixes o peso corporal (gm) é expresso pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r = 0,976), mostrou que o comprimento total (mm) e o peso corporal dos peixes (gm.) são altamente correlacionados. Estatísticas descritivas são usadas para a plenitude do estômago, o que mostra que a intensidade da alimentação foi registrado mais alto de março a maio. Um total de 2.289 presas foi registrado, incluindo os mais comuns foram; trichoptera, hydropsychidae, brachycentridae, diptera, blepharocera, efemérala, chironomida, abelhas, funil de grama, gafanhoto, ovo de truta, trocânter, tecido vegetal, pedras foram retiradas do intestino conteúdo de truta marrom. De acordo com o índice de importância relativa IRI%, quatro presas representam os principais componentes da dieta. O maior IRI% foi registrado em brachycentridae (39,38%), seguido por blepharocera (13,23%), hydropsychidae (10,76%) e ephemerellaspp (8,28%). A relação entre IRI e FO é (r = 0,556) está moderadamente correlacionada com o coeficiente de determinação (r2 = 0,31). Este estudo auxiliará no desenvolvimento de uma dieta artificial para a espécie para melhor desempenho de crescimento em cativeiro.

Abstract Salmo trutta fario is the most important fish species of family Salmonidae inhibited in cool waters all over the world including the nortern parts of Pakistan. This study was aimed to find out the prey selection and feeding habits of the species. One hundred and eighty five Salmo trutta fario were captured from March 2016 to April 2017. Feeding intensity as represented by a fullness index (FI), changing with various length groups and season. Out of 185 Brown trout 24 fish stomaches were found empty. The most important and common food items of brown trout were Brachycentridae, Blepharocera, Hydropsychidae, ephemerella spp. Kruskal Wallis H-test were applied on feeding intensity groups consisting of three month group. The test statistic for K.W-H-test were (H=8.13 with df =3) had a p-value of 0.043 < (alpha=0.05 indicates favor of the alternative hypothesis of at least one difference among the feeding intensity groups. The linear relationship of N with index of relative importance and %IRI denoted by least square regression line (N = 35.2 + 22.1%IRI), shows that for 22 prey there is 1% change in IRI. The relationship between total length (mm) and fish body weight (gm) is expressed by Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.976), showed that total length (mm) and fish body weight (gm.) is highly correlated. Descriptive statistics are used for the stomach fullness, which shows that feeding intensity was recorded higher from March to May. A total of 2289 preys was recorded including the most common were; Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae, Brachycentridae, diptera, blepharocera, ephemerala, chironomida, honey bees, grass hopper, locust, trout egg, trochanter, plant tissue, stones were retrieved from the gut contents of brown trout. According to index of relative importance IRI% four preys represents major components of the diet. The highest IRI% was recorded in Brachycentridae (39.38%), followed by blepharocera (13.23%), Hydropsychidae (10.76%) and ephemerella spp (8.28%). The relationship between IRI and FO is (r =0.556) is moderately correlated with coefficient of determination (r2=0.31). This study will help in the development of an artificial diet for the species for better growth performance in captivity.

Abstract Predation is a biotic factor that influences the structure and functioning of ecosystems, its effect can be quantified through functional (FR) and numerical response in a successful-invasion context. We use FR to understand the coevolutionary relationships, and measure the biological response of the predators Notonecta peruviana and Buenoa fasciata in the control of fourth-stage larvae of Aedes aegypti (F1) at different densities (5, 10, 20, 35, 55 and 80 larvae / liter). Fasting predators (48 hours) were introduced to the test containers (one individual per species) and the FR, the number of preys consumed (Ne), the attack coefficient (a) and handling time (Th). N. peruviana and B. fasciata developed a type II FR in the consumption of larvae of Ae. aegypti (p ≤ 0.01), and occupied close handling times (Th) (t = -1.93; df = 12; p = 0.078). N. peruviana preyed (Ne) twice as many larvae of Ae. aegypti (p ≤ 0.05), and showed a higher attack coefficient (a) in relation to B. fasciata (t = 14.92; df = 12; p = 0.000). The predators N. peruviana and B. fasciata rapidly destabilized and consumed the preys. N. peruviana twice as many larvae, attributable to the recent predator-prey effect compared to the possible coevolutionary adjustment between B. fasciata and Ae. aegypti. It would be important to consider the predator species evaluated in the vector control programs for aedine mosquitoes.

Resumen La depredación es un factor biótico que influye en la estructura y funcionamiento de los ecosistemas, su efecto se puede cuantificar a través de la respuesta funcional (RF) y numérica en un contexto de éxito-invasión. Utilizamos la RF para entender las relaciones coevolutivas y medir la respuesta biológica de los depredadores Notonecta peruviana y Buenoa fasciata en el control de larvas de cuarto estadio de Aedes aegypti (F1) a diferentes densidades (5, 10, 20, 35, 55 y 80 larvas/litro). Los depredadores en ayuno (48 horas) se introdujeron a los envases de ensayo (un individuo por especie) y se evaluó a las 24 horas la RF, número de presas consumidas (Ne), coeficiente de ataque (a) y tiempo de manipuleo (Th). N. peruviana y B. fasciata desarrollaron una RF tipo II en el consumo de larvas de Ae. aegypti (p ≤ 0,01) y ocuparon cercanos tiempos de manipuleo (Th) (t = -1,93; gl = 12; p = 0,078). N. peruviana depredó (Ne) el doble de larvas de Ae. aegypti (p ≤ 0,05) y mostró un mayor coeficiente de ataque (a) en relación con B. fasciata (t = 14,92; gl = 12; p = 0,000). Los depredadores N. peruviana y B. fasciata desestabilizaron y consumieron en forma rápida las presas. N. peruviana devoró el doble de larvas atribuible al efecto depredador-presa de origen reciente en comparación al posible ajuste coevolutivo entre B. fasciata y Ae. aegypti. Sería importante considerar a las especies de depredadores en los programas de control larval de mosquitos aedinos.

Resumo O rio Toltén está localizado na região da Araucanía, com 137 anos de idade, Chile (38° S), e é caracterizado por baixas alterações por interferência humana devido à agricultura e cidades da bacia circundante, pela presença de salmonídeos e pelo regime de efluentes dos lagos. do lago Villarrica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi fazer uma revisão do papel ecológico dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos de águas interiores do rio Toltén, a fim de entender sua importância no ecossistema do rio. A literatura revelou que as principais presas de peixes nativos são as larvas de Chironomidae, no entanto, não há relatos específicos para o rio Tolten. Os resultados expostos são semelhantes com espécies nativas semelhantes para a Patagônia, e essas espécies nativas teriam presa por salmonídeos introduzidos, ou essas espécies teriam competição de presas com salmonídeos introduzidos de acordo com as descrições da literatura para a Patagônia Argentina e Chilena.

Abstract The Toltén river is located in the 137 years old Araucania region, Chile (38° S), and is characterized by low alterations through human interference due agriculture and towns in its surrounding basin, the presence of native fishes and salmonids, and by its lake effluent regime originated from Villarrica lake. The aim of the present study was to make a review of ecological role of the benthic inland water macroinvertebrates as preys for native fishes of the River Toltén, in order to understand their importance in the ecosystem of the river. The literature revealed that the main prey for native fishes are Chironomidae larvae, nevertheless there are not specific reports for Tolten river. The exposed results are similar with similar native species for Patagonia, and these native species would have prey for introduced salmonids, or these species would have prey competition with introduced salmonids in according to the literature descriptions for Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia.

ABSTRACT Laguna Las Vegas is a high integrity and high resolution site. It is a penecontemporaneous record that was formed around 3050-3210 BP which is remarkable due to the high frequency of guanaco bones (Lama guanicoe) and, to a lesser extent, of cauquén remains (Chloephaga sp.). Additionally, a highfrequency ofbonepounders and chalcedony scrapers was recorded. Wepropose that this site was a campsite originated by an attritionally discard behavior within a short time frame, in which whole preys (guanacos) were taken for processing, consumption, and subsequent transport of their axial skeleton. The fact that cauquén remains were found suggests that human occupations took place, at least, during spring and summer. Due to these features, Laguna Las Vegas stands out as a valuable site, one which adds useful information about faunal resource management and mobility of the hunter-gatherer populations of the Coyle River middle basin.

RESUMEN El sitio Laguna Las Vegas posee una alta integridad y resolución. Es un registro penecon- temporáneo formado alrededor de 3050-3210 años AP que se destaca por la alta frecuencia de restos de guanaco (Lama guanicoe) y, en menor magnitud, de cauquén (Chloephaga sp.), acom pañados principalmente por machacadores óseos y raspadores de calcedonia. Se postula que el sitio es el resultado del descarte en un campamento formado atricionalmente y en un corto lapso, al que habrían ingresado presas enteras (guanacos) para su procesamiento, consumo y ulterior transporte del esqueleto axial. La presencia de restos de cauquén indica que las ocupaciones humanas habrían tenido lugar, al menos, durante los meses de primavera y verano. Todas estas características lo definen como un sitio novedoso que añade valiosa información sobre el manejo de recursos faunísticos y la movilidad de poblaciones cazadoras-recolectoras en la cuenca media del río Coyle.

Abstract This paper addresses the modeling and verification analysis of the mutual relationships among plants, animals, and their environment. We start our study of mathematical ecology by considering the interaction of two species, one of which the predators eat the preys thereby affecting each other, such pairs exist throughout nature: fish and sharks, lions and gazelles, birds and insects, to mention some. Not all species form predator-prey relationships, we can also have the case of a two-species ecosystem in which both species compete for the same limited source of nutrients. If two competitors try to occupy the same realized niche, one species will try to eliminate the other. Therefore, two instances are worth to be considered. On the one hand, there is a need to cooperate sharing part of the resource so that both organisms will benefit from it. On the other hand, if one of the two species is stronger than the other, there will be no cooperation and the strongest species will impose its conditions. In this work, the ecological interaction system between species is modeled as a formula of the first order logic. Then, using the concept of logic implication, and transforming this logical implication relation into a set of clauses, called Skolem standard form, qualitative methods for verification as well as performance issues, for some queries, are applied. Mathematics Subject Classification: 08A99, 93D35, 93D99, 39A11.

Abstract Tadarida brasiliensis is one of the most important arthropodophagous bats in the control of agricultural pests. However, its food habits are poorly studied in Argentina. The aim of this work was to analyze the diet composition of T. brasiliensis in an agroecosystem in the southeast of Buenos Aires Province (General Pueyrredon District) during the non-breeding period, controlling the sex of the indi viduals studied. The digestive tract of 22 individuals captured outside their roost was analyzed. Frequency of occurrence and relative frequency were estimated for each food item. In addition, the availability of preys in the environment was estimated by using light traps. Diet composition analysis revealed the presence of seven orders of insects: Diptera and Lepidoptera presented the highest frequency of occurrence (95% and 91%, respectively), followed by Hemiptera (45%), Coleoptera (36%), Neuroptera (18%), and to a lesser extent, Trichoptera (9%), and Hymenoptera (4.5%). Regarding relative frequency, 60% of the diet composition of T. brasiliensis was represented by Diptera and Lepidoptera, and when the Hemiptera and Coleoptera orders were added, it escalated up to 90%. No significant differences were found in the diet composition between males and females. All orders of insects found in the diet of T. brasiliensis were recorded in the environment, including lepidopteran and hemipteran species that are considered harmful to crops. Given that these orders are part of the diet composition of T. brasil iensis, the potential of these mammals as biological controls of crop pests becomes evident.

Resumen Tadarida brasiliensis es uno de los murciélagos artropodófagos más importantes en el control de plagas agrícolas. Sin embargo, sus hábitos tróficos se encuentran escasamente documentados en Argentina. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la dieta de T. brasiliensis en un agroecosistema del sudeste bonaerense (Partido de General Pueyrredón) durante el período no reproductivo, considerando el sexo de los individuos es tudiados. Se analizó el tracto digestivo de 22 individuos capturados a la salida de un refugio artificial. Se estimó la frecuencia de ocurrencia y la frecuencia relativa de cada ítem alimenticio. De manera adicional, se realizó un registro de las presas disponibles en el ambiente utilizando trampas de luz. El análisis dietario reveló la presen cia de siete órdenes de insectos, donde Diptera y Lepidoptera presentaron la mayor frecuencia de ocurrencia (95% y 91%, respectivamente), seguido por Hemiptera (45%), Coleoptera (36%), Neuroptera (18%) y, en menor medida, Trichoptera (9%) e Hymenoptera (4,5%). En términos de frecuencia relativa, el 60% de la dieta estuvo representado por Diptera y Lepidoptera, y al adicionar los órdenes de Hemiptera y Coleoptera, se obtiene un 90% de la composición dietaria. No se hallaron diferencias significativas en la composición de la dieta entre sexos. En el ambiente se registraron todos los órdenes de insectos hallados en la dieta de T. brasiliensis y se identificaron especies de lepidópteros y hemípteros perjudiciales para los cultivos. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados obtenidos, se evidencia el potencial uso de estos mamíferos como controladores biológicos de plagas agrícolas en la región.

RESUMEN Las presas en egagrópilas de Tyto furcata proporcionan importantes datos ecológicos acerca de su dieta, asi como de los mamíferos depredados. El presente estudio proporciona información sobre la dieta de T. furca-tus en un área del Pantanal, incluidos registros de especies raras de mamíferos y una variedad de presas con diferentes hábitos, proporcionando evidencia de las áreas de alimentación de la lechuza.

ABSTRACT Tyto furcata pellets provide important ecological data on its diet, as well as on the preyed mammals. The present study furnishes data on the diet of T. furcata in a Pantanal area, including records of rare mammals species and a variety of preys with different habits, furnishing evidence of the owl foraging areas.

ABSTRACT Background: Today’s European fauna was formed under the influence of Paleoclimatic change. The distribution of two wild cat species of Europe, Lynx pardinus and Lynx lynx, 22,000 and 6,000 years ago were determined by the MaxEnt method in relation to the Paleoclimatological scenarios (LGM and Mid-Holocene) and fossil records. Then, the current climate conditions and their distributions under the effect of anthropogenic climate change scenarios were analyzed with the current existence records. Results: It was determined that these two wild cats were distributed according to preys on which they specialized, rather than the climate change that lasted for thousands of years. It was observed that Lynx Pardinus, which specialized only on European rabbit hunting, could not expand its distribution from past to present. Lynx lynx, on the other hand, expanded its distribution throughout the Palearctic region and adapted to different ecosystem varieties by means of its specialization on many preys from mouse to moose. Based on the climate envelope model results created with the help of MaxEnt which considers anthropogenic climate change scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 2070) and today’s data of two existing Lynx species, suitable habitats for L. pardinus will decrease and suitable habitats will emerge in Western France. L. lynx, on the other hand, will limit its wide distribution to the North, except for the Alps, the Carpathians and the Caucasus, which will serve as refugial areas. Conclusion: These results therefore require that measurements such as reducing climate change impacts over the next 50 years, protecting existing and potential habitats in advance, and reducing anthropogenic impact should be enforced.

Abstract: Neotropical otters have been scarcely studied at the northern edge of their distribution in Mexico. The species has nocturnal-twilight habits, and their principal food is fish and crustaceans. The aim of this work was to know the foraging habits of Neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis) in two monitoring sites one lentic and the other one lotic systems of the Río San Lorenzo, Sinaloa México. From February 2009 to January 2010, we surveyed the area during the four seasons by walking 15 km of the river edge of Río San Lorenzo, and 15 km at the El Comedero reservoir. We collected 318 scats, 155 in the reservoir and 163 in the river. Fish were the most abundant prey item in both places, with a frequency of occurrence of 98.1 % in the river and 100 % in the reservoir. The percentage of occurrence varied largely in the other prey items in both places. Seven taxonomic groups compose their foraging habits in the river (relative frequency in parentheses): fish (64.3 %), insects (9.2 %), mollusks (6.8 %), birds (6.0 %), mammals (5.6 %), crustaceans (5.2 %) and fruits (2.8 %). Five taxonomic groups in the reservoir compose it: fish (65.1 %), birds (22.7 %), mammals (9.2 %), fruits (2.5 %) and insects (0.4 %). The most important fish in the diet belonged to the genus Oreochromis, which includes an introduced species. We conclude that the Neotropical otter is an opportunistic carnivore that preys mainly on fish, probably due to their high availability, but they also forage in other taxa that are available at Río San Lorenzo basin.

Resumen: Las nutrias neotropicales han sido poco estudiadas en el norte de su distribución en México. Esta especie tiene hábitos nocturno-crepusculares, y su principal alimento consiste en peces y crustáceos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer los hábitos alimentarios de la nutria neotropical (Lontra longicaudis) en dos sitios uno léntico y otro lótico del Río San Lorenzo, Sinaloa México. De febrero de 2009 a enero de 2010, se hicieron recorridos estacionales a pie, 15 km en el río San Lorenzo y 15 km en el embalse El Comedero. Se colectaron 318 heces, 155 en el embalse y 163 en el río. En ambos lugares los peces fueron la presa más abundante, con una frecuencia de ocurrencia de 98.1 % en el río y un 100 % en el embalse; para los grupos restantes los porcentajes variaron entre grupos y entre sitios. La alimentación se compuso de siete grupos taxonómicos en el río (entre paréntesis se presenta la frecuencia relativa): peces (64.3 %), insectos (9.2 %), moluscos (6.8 %), aves (6.0 %), mamíferos (5.6 %), crustáceos (5.2 %) y frutos (2.8 %); y de cinco grupos taxonómicos en el embalse: peces (65.1 %), aves (22.7 %), mamíferos (9.2 %), frutos (2.5%) e insectos (0.4%). Entre los peces, las presas más importantes correspondieron al género Oreochromis, entre las cuales existe una especie introducida. La nutria neotropical es un carnívoro oportunista, cuyo alimento principal lo constituyen los peces, probablemente debido a su alta disponibilidad y, en menor medida, se alimenta de otros taxones también disponibles en la cuenca del Río San Lorenzo.

Abstract Studies on the exploitation of trophic resources allow to establish interactions between predators and predator-prey, and this dynamic can present fluctuations over time and space. We analysed stomach contents of 19 anuran species from tropical dry forests of Colombia, quantified the overlap between species and identified anuran trophic guilds. Most of the species were generalists in diet (89.5%), some with strong prey dominance and only two species were classified as specialists. Two anurans guilds were identified according to diet structure and habitat use: “ground foraging anurans, consuming Formicidae and Isoptera” and “arboreal ‘sit-and-wait’ predators, primarily consuming arachnids”. A considerable number of species did not clearly group in community trophic structure analysis. The level of taxonomic resolution with that preys are worked affects analysis of trophic niches segregation when analyzing regional and local patterns. Anuran species of tropical dry forest in the Colombian Caribbean display trophic resources partitioning at the level of species and/or morphospecies, as a mechanism of coexistence.

Abstract Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are an invasive alien species that can negatively impact natural ecosystems due to the potential of predation, competition, or disease transmission. Nonetheless, few studies assess the ecological impacts of these species on protected areas. Our objective was to determine the diet of free-ranging dogs, through scat analysis within the Nevado de Toluca Flora and Fauna Protection Area, Estado de México, Mexico. A total of 130 scat samples from dogs were collected with the help of a bloodhound. Prey items identified in the scats were classified into 6 food categories: wild mammals, birds, insects, livestock, vegetative matter and human-derived food. Wild mammals were the most frequent category (FO = 62.3%; RO = 40.3%). We present the first evidence of 8 rodents, 1 shrew, and 2 skunk species as part of the diet of free-ranging dogs. Some identified preys are species endemic to Mexico with special protection status according to Mexican law. We recommend following the global-level policies aimed at reducing the population of dogs in Protected Areas.

Resumen Los perros (Canis lupus familiaris) son una especie exótica invasora que puede impactar negativamente a los ecosistemas naturales debido al potencial de depredación, competencia o transmisión de enfermedades. No obstante, existen pocos estudios que evalúan los impactos ecológicos de esta especie en áreas protegidas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la dieta de perros de vida libre a través de análisis de materia fecal, dentro del Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Nevado de Toluca en el Estado de México. Se colectaron 130 muestras de perros de vida libre las cuales fueron colectadas con la ayuda de un sabueso entrenado. Los ítems alimenticios se clasificaron en 6 categorías: mamíferos silvestres, aves, insectos, ganado, materia vegetal y desechos derivados de humanos. La categoría de mamíferos silvestres fue la más frecuente (FO = 62.3%; RO = 40.3%). Se presenta la primera evidencia de 8 especies de roedores, 1 especie de musaraña y 2 especies de zorrillos como parte de la dieta de los perros de vida libre. Algunas de las presas identificadas son especies endémicas de México con algún estatus de protección de acuerdo con la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Recomendamos seguir las políticas globales destinadas a reducir la población de perros en áreas protegidas.