Resumo Historicamente, são necessários, em média, 17 anos para que novos tratamentos passem da evidência clínica para a prática diária. Considerando os tratamentos altamente eficazes disponíveis atualmente para prevenir ou retardar o início e a progressão da doença renal, esse período é demasiadamente longo. Agora é o momento de reduzir a lacuna entre o que sabemos e aquilo que fazemos. Existem diretrizes claras para a prevenção e o manejo dos fatores de risco comuns para doenças renais, como hipertensão e diabetes, mas apenas uma fração das pessoas com essas condições é diagnosticada mundialmente, e um número ainda menor recebe tratamento adequado. Da mesma forma, a grande maioria das pessoas que sofrem de doença renal não têm conhecimento de sua condição, pois ela costuma ser silenciosa nos estágios iniciais. Mesmo entre pacientes que foram diagnosticados, muitos não recebem tratamento adequado para a doença renal. Levando em consideração as graves consequências da progressão da doença renal, insuficiência renal ou óbito, é imperativo que os tratamentos sejam iniciados precocemente e de maneira adequada. As oportunidades para diagnosticar e tratar precocemente a doença renal devem ser maximizadas, começando no nível da atenção primária. Existem muitas barreiras sistemáticas, que vão desde o paciente até o médico, passando pelos sistemas de saúde e por fatores sociais. Para preservar e melhorar a saúde renal para todos em qualquer lugar, cada uma dessas barreiras deve ser reconhecida para que soluções sustentáveis sejam desenvolvidas e implementadas sem mais demora. Historicamente necessários média 1 diária longo fazemos renais diabetes mundialmente forma condição iniciais diagnosticados óbito adequada maximizadas primária sistemáticas médico sociais lugar demora

Abstract Historically, it takes an average of 17 years for new treatments to move from clinical evidence to daily practice. Given the highly effective treatments now available to prevent or delay kidney disease onset and progression, this is far too long. Now is the time to narrow the gap between what we know and what we do. Clear guidelines exist for the prevention and management of common risk factors for kidney disease, such as hypertension and diabetes, but only a fraction of people with these conditions are diagnosed worldwide, and even fewer are treated to target. Similarly, the vast majority of people living with kidney disease are unaware of their condition, because it is often silent in the early stages. Even among patients who have been diagnosed, many do not receive appropriate treatment for kidney disease. Considering the serious consequences of kidney disease progression, kidney failure, or death, it is imperative that treatments are initiated early and appropriately. Opportunities to diagnose and treat kidney disease early must be maximized beginning at the primary care level. Many systematic barriers exist, ranging from the patient to the clinician to the health systems to societal factors. To preserve and improve kidney health for everyone everywhere, each of these barriers must be acknowledged so that sustainable solutions are developed and implemented without further delay. Historically 1 practice progression long diabetes worldwide target Similarly condition stages failure death appropriately level everywhere

Resumen El embarazo ectópico se considera un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, se hizo una investigación con el objetivo de establecer los fundamentos acerca del embarazo ectópico y las políticas de salud que se requieren para su mitigación. Esta revisión bibliográfica integrativa incluyó diversos textos, artículos, materiales impresos y digitales relacionados con el embarazo ectópico, consultando además en las bases de datos y directorios: SciELO, LILACS, Latindex, Medline; el proceso se realizó mediante el uso de palabras clave en español, quedando seleccionados 18 artículos publicados entre 1990 y 2023. Desde un enfoque histórico social del embarazo ectópico, se determinó que de la toma de decisiones clínicas oportunas, depende el diagnóstico temprano de esa patología; así como de la identificación de factores de riesgo y la actuación pertinente en consecuencia.

Abstract Ectopic pregnancy is considered a public health problem worldwide. This research aimed to establish the foundations of ectopic pregnancy and the health policies required for its mitigation. This bibliographic review included various texts, articles, printed and digital materials related to ectopic pregnancy, consulting databases and directories such as SciELO, LILACS, Latindex, and Medline; through the use of keywords in Spanish, 18 articles published between 1990 and 2023 were selected. Based on a social-historical approach to ectopic pregnancy, it was determined that timely clinical decision-making depends on the early diagnosis of this pathology, the identification of risk factors, and the relevant action accordingly.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is a global health problem. Its most serious manifestation, chronic kidney failure, affects the Cuban context and determines the growth of patients on hemodialysis. The objective of the text is to evaluate the main results of the diagnosis and characterization of the problematic situation in a psychosocial study with patients with Chronic Renal Failure in the Hemodialysis room of the Florida municipality, of the county of Camagüey. Method: It is an experimental participatory action research, which takes place between January 2023 and December 2024, which constitutes the output of the research project System of psychosocial actions for the improvement of comprehensive care for patients with non-communicable diseases. The universe is made up of 56 patients and the sample is made up of 22, who receive purifying and conservative treatment, 22 family members and 12 service professionals. The research instrument par excellence was the participant survey. Results: The age of the patients is not definitive of an age group; men predominate; A high percentage of patients are found to have low tolerance for adherence to treatment and insufficient development of psychosocial skills and declare the need to possess knowledge to achieve health states that lead to survival. Discussion: There is no coincidence with what was found in the determination of the prevalence age groups for the disease, but specialists insist that the disease is not exclusive to a specific period of life; recognize the importance of the patient's knowledge of risk factors for prevention, promotion and health education and highlight the need for communication and empathy between health personnel and the patient, to achieve favorable results and emotional states in the face of the disease and treatment.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica es un problema de salud a nivel mundial, su manifestación más grave, la insuficiencia renal crónica, incide en el contexto cubano y determina el crecimiento de pacientes en hemodiálisis. El objetivo del texto es valorar los principales resultados del diagnóstico y caracterización de la situación problémica en un estudio de carácter psicosocial con pacientes con Insuficiencia Renal Crónica en la sala de Hemodiálisis del municipio Florida, de la provincia de Camagüey. Método: Es una investigación-acción participativa de corte experimental, que se desarrolla entre enero 2023 y diciembre del 2024 la cual constituye salida del proyecto de investigación Sistema de acciones psicosociales para el perfeccionamiento de la atención integral a los pacientes con enfermedades no transmisibles. El universo está constituido por 56 pacientes y la muestra por 22, que reciben tratamiento depurador y conservador, 22 familiares y 12 profesionales del servicio. El instrumento de investigación por excelencia fue la encuesta a participantes. Resultados: La edad de los pacientes no es definitiva de un grupo etario; predominan los hombres; se constata un elevado por ciento de pacientes con poca tolerancia a la adherencia al tratamiento e insuficiente desarrollo de las habilidades psicosociales y declaran la necesidad de poseer conocimientos para lograr estados de salud que conlleven a la sobrevida. Discusión: No existe coincidencia con lo constatado en la determinación de los grupos etarios de prevalencia para la enfermedad, pero los especialistas insisten en que la enfermedad no es privativa de un período de vida específico; reconocen la importancia del conocimiento de los factores de riesgo por el paciente para la prevención, promoción y educación en salud y resaltan la necesidad de la comunicación y la empatía entre el personal de salud y el paciente, para lograr resultados y estados emocionales favorables ante la enfermedad y el tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: O padel é um esporte crescente e popular em todo o mundo. No entanto, o aumento da prática desse esporte levou a um aumento das lesões relacionadas. Objetivo: determinar quais são as regiões e os tecidos corporais mais lesionados, bem como as principais lesões relacionadas à prática do padel; assim como os fatores de risco e as medidas para sua prevenção. Materiais e métodos: foi realizada uma pesquisa na literatura para abordar diferentes aspectos relacionados ao paddle, os fatores de risco para lesões também foram investigados e as estratégias de prevenção existentes foram analisadas. Resultados: os resultados indicam que o peso da raquete é um fator determinante no aparecimento de lesões, e recomenda-se que ele não ultrapasse 350 gramas. Além disso, foram identificadas diferenças nas lesões entre homens e mulheres, sendo que as mulheres são mais propensas a lesões ligamentares e os homens a lesões tendinosas ou musculares. Também são observadas diferenças nas lesões de acordo com o nível de jogo e a experiência dos jogadores. Em termos de prevenção de lesões, são recomendados exercícios de fortalecimento, estabilidade e propriocepção, além de trabalhar a técnica e usar equipamentos adequados. Conclusões: é importante implementar estratégias preventivas baseadas em evidências para reduzir o risco de lesões e promover a saúde dos jogadores de padel.

ABSTRACT Introduction: padel is a growing and popular sport worldwide. However, the increase in the practice of this sport has led to an increase in related injuries. Objective: to determine which are the most injured body regions and tissues, as well as the main injuries related to the practice of padel; the risk factors and measures for their prevention. Materials and methods: a bibliographic search was carried out to address different aspects related to padel, the risk factors for injuries were also investigated and the existing prevention strategies were analyzed. Results: the results indicate that the weight of the paddle is a determining factor in the appearance of injuries, and it is recommended that it should not exceed 350 grams. In addition, differences in injuries between men and women have been identified, with women being more prone to ligament injuries and men to tendon or muscle injuries. Differences in injuries are also observed according to the level of play and experience of the players. Regarding injury prevention, it is recommended to perform strengthening, stability and proprioception exercises, as well as to work on technique and use appropriate equipment. Conclusions: it is important to implement evidence-based preventive strategies to reduce the risk of injuries and promote health in padel players.

RESUMEN Introducción: el pádel es un deporte en crecimiento y popularidad a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, el aumento en la práctica de este deporte ha llevado a un incremento en las lesiones relacionadas. Objetivo: determinar cuáles son las regiones corporales y tejidos más lesionados, así como las lesiones principales relacionadas con la práctica del pádel; así como los factores de riesgo y las medidas para su prevención. Materiales y métodos: se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica para abordar diferentes aspectos relacionados con el pádel, también se han investigado los factores de riesgo de lesiones y se han analizado las estrategias de prevención existentes. Resultados: los resultados indican que el peso de la pala es un factor determinante en la aparición de lesiones, siendo recomendable que no supere los 350 gramos. Además, se han identificado diferencias en las lesiones entre hombres y mujeres, con las mujeres siendo más propensas a lesiones ligamentosas y los hombres a lesiones tendinosas o musculares. También se observan diferencias en las lesiones según el nivel de juego y la experiencia de los jugadores. En cuanto a la prevención de lesiones, se recomienda realizar ejercicios de fortalecimiento, estabilidad y propiocepción, así como trabajar la técnica y utilizar equipamiento adecuado. Conclusiones: es importante implementar estrategias preventivas basadas en la evidencia para reducir el riesgo de lesiones y promover la salud en los jugadores de pádel.

Abstract Objective: To describe the changes in alcohol and drug use by Brazilian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (April-August 2021), and to analyze the relationship between alcohol use changes and psychiatric symptomatology. Methods: A secondary analysis with a longitudinal approach was performed with data from a cluster-randomized controlled trial, conductedin73publicmiddleschoolsinthreeBrazilian cities, to evaluate the effectiveness of a drug use prevention program. The sample included 535 students (61% girls; Mage = 15.2 years). Data were collected pre-intervention (February-March 2019), after 9 months (November-December 2019), and after 26 months (April-August 2021), when the students were in their first year of high school. The authors analyzed drug use prevalence (alcohol, binge drinking, tobacco, inhalants, marijuana, cocaine, and crack) in a lifetime, past year, and past month periods, and the association between alcohol use change subsamples with psychiatric symptoms. Logistic regressions were adjusted by sex, age, socioeconomic status, city, and group (control and intervention). Results: The present findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic led to a decrease in past-year substance use and in past-month substance use frequency, despite the gradually increased (but decelerating) prevalence of lifetime use. However, some adolescents initiated, maintained, or increased the frequency of their alcohol use. Mainly, they were more likely to present behavioral problems, as well as symptoms of inattentive hyperactivity, and peer and emotional problems. Conclusions: Despite the extensive decline in substance use during the pandemic period, these results suggest an association between previous mental health conditions and behavioral risk factors, leading to increased alcohol consumption and behavioral disorders manifestations. Objective COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 AprilAugust April August 2021, 2021 , 2021) symptomatology Methods clusterrandomized cluster randomized trial conductedinpublicmiddleschoolsinthreeBrazilian conductedin publicmiddleschoolsinthreeBrazilian cities program 53 61% 61 (61 girls 152 15 2 15. years. years . years) preintervention pre intervention FebruaryMarch February March 2019, 2019 2019) NovemberDecember November December school alcohol, (alcohol drinking tobacco inhalants marijuana cocaine crack periods sex age status city control intervention. intervention) Results pastyear pastmonth but decelerating However initiated maintained Mainly problems hyperactivity Conclusions period factors manifestations COVID1 1 COVID- 202 5 6 (6 201 20 (

ABSTRACT Introduction Our society’s characteristics, with their constant evolution and globalization, have shown a significant impact on the way jobs have been structured over the years, with one of the most highlighted aspects being the possibility of practicing telecommuting. The prevalence of telecommuting and other forms of remote work enabled by technological innovations has increased in recent years. Objectives Exploring the most recently published literature on telecommuting; examining its relationship with psychosocial risk factors and making inferences about the need for the implementation and improvement of policies aimed at promoting mental health in occupational settings, with a focus on preventing psychosocial risks. Methodology Integrative literature review using the terms "teleworking," "remote work," "telework," "telecommuting," "psychosocial risks," "mental health," and "occupational health" in both Portuguese and English. The primary databases used for the research included Pubmed, UpToDate, Clinical Key, Medscape, World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional” and “Direção Geral de Saúde”. A total of 24 documents with the highest relevance to the study’s theme were selected, published between 2010 and 2023. Discussion Psychosocial risks in telecommuting are undergoing constant changes and align with demographic, nature, content and organization. These changes may increase exposure to already recognized psychosocial risks or give rise to new emergent ones. The widespread and unexpected adoption of telecommuting due to COVID-19 with the simultaneous advancement of digitization processes have made telecommuting a more common practice. However, this mass adoption has increased instances of technological stress among workers, potentially leading to adverse consequences for mental health. While the widespread implementation of telecommuting aimed to protect workers from biological risks, it has, in various situations, increased social isolation, work-family conflicts, and a lack of social support, with negative consequences for the mental health of the working population. Conclusion The increasing of telecommuting in our society is leading to assess the psychosocial risk factors that arise with it, so that they are recognized by occupational health experts and intervened upon, thus ensuring that telecommuting becomes healthier.

RESUMO Introdução As sociedades atuais e a sua constante evolução e globalização, têm demonstrado um impacto significativo na forma como se estruturam os postos de trabalho ao longo dos anos, nos quais, mais recentemente e com maior tradução mediática, se destaca a possibilidade de praticar teletrabalho, potenciada pela inovação tecnológica. Objetivos Conhecer a literatura mais recentemente publicada acerca do teletrabalho; bem como a sua relação com fatores de risco de origem psicossocial e inferir sobre a necessidade de implementação e aperfeiçoamento de políticas voltadas para promoção da saúde mental em contexto ocupacional, com enfoque na prevenção dos riscos psicossociais. Metodologia Revisão da literatura integrativa com os termos “teleworking”, “remote work”, “telework”, “telecommuting”, “psychosocial risks”, “mental health” e “occupational health”, em português e em inglês. Foram utilizadas como principais bases de dados a Pubmed, UpToDate, Clinical Key, Medscape, World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, bem como a Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional e a Direção Geral de Saúde. Selecionaram-se os 24 documentos com maior relevância na temática em estudo, publicados entre 2010 e 2023. Discussão As fontes de riscos psicossociais do teletrabalho encontram-se em constante mudança e acompanham as alterações demográficas e da organização. A prática de teletrabalho parece ser uma oferta cada vez mais comum, a sua adoção em larga escala e inesperada devido à COVID-19 e coligada ao enorme avanço dos processos de digitalização, aumentaram as situações de stress tecnológico entre os trabalhadores, com possíveis consequências adversas para a saúde mental. Esta massificação do Teletrabalho, embora com o intuito de proteger os trabalhadores relativamente a um risco biológico aumentou, em diversas situações, o isolamento social, os conflitos trabalho-família e a falta de suporte social, com consequências negativas na saúde mental da população ativa. Conclusão Com o aumento deste tipo de trabalho emerge a necessidade de avaliar os fatores de risco psicossociais que surgem em conformidade, para que estes sejam reconhecidos pelos peritos em saúde ocupacional e intervencionados, assegurando assim que o teletrabalho se torna mais saudável.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a public health issue affecting an increasing number of workers, representing a disease exacerbated by work with a high social, economic, and personal cost. The nature of the work performed, coupled with occupational risks in a hospital setting, significantly contribute to the disease's progression. This study aims to address the impact of this disease on work and the role of Occupational Health in the prevention of exposure to occupational risk factors in the hospital environment, which can contribute to the metabolic imbalance of type I diabetes mellitus. Methodology: The methodology included search in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as "diabetes mellitus, occupational medicine, risk factors and occupational health”. Filters were applied, considering publications from 2010 to 2024, totaling 463 works. Exclusion criteria focused on non-diabetes-related diseases, exclusive focus on Type II, and non-occupational approaches. Articles on diabetes and occupational health and safety published in Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional were also considered, in a total of five studies. Sources also included Direção Geral de Saúde Clinical Guidance, a national epidemiological study, and a technical manual on workplace diabetes, totaling 30 references in the discussion. Results: The authors report two cases of healthcare professionals from a hospital unit, both diagnosed with Type I Diabetes at the age of five. Case 1: A 35-year-old healthcare assistant with a history of depressive syndrome and recent diabetic retinopathy diagnosis. Case 2: A 57-year-old nurse with diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, undergoing treatment for osteomyelitis of the right big toe, without cardiovascular changes. In both they work or have worked in shifts, including night shifts, engaging in physically demanding tasks. Discussion/Conclusion: Diabetes is a chronic disease requiring continuous medical care and patient education, alongside support in preventing acute complications and reducing the risk of chronic complications. The incidence of new Type I Dm cases is higher between 12-14 years. During the transition to adulthood and entry into the job market, patients face disease stigma, treatment management challenges, and psychosocial workplace-related issues. Implementing preventive measures and monitoring these workers should help reduce work absenteeism, productivity loss, and income loss for the worker.

RESUMO Introdução: A Diabetes mellitus é um problema de Saúde Pública que afeta um número crescente de trabalhadores. Pode ser considerada uma doença agravada pelo trabalho com um elevado custo social, económico e pessoal. O tipo de trabalho realizado e as exposições a riscos laborais em contexto hospitalar, podem contribuir para a sua progressão, segundo alguns autores. Este trabalho pretende abordar o impacto desta patologia no trabalho e o papel da Saúde Ocupacional na evicção da exposição a fatores de risco laborais, em ambiente hospitalar, que contribuem para o descontrolo metabólico da Diabetes Melitus tipo I. Pretende-se identificar as exposições laborais que podem constituir fatores de risco modificáveis, interferem com a aptidão para o trabalho, podem aumentar a frequência de acidentes laborais e acelerar a progressão crónica da doença. Metodologia: Na metodologia de pesquisa e seleção de estudos utilizou as bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct e Google Scholar, com as palavras-chave “diabetes mellitus, occupational medicine, risk factors, occupational health”. Aplicaram-se filtros de revisão e revisão sistemática, considerando publicações de 2010 a 2024, totalizando 463 trabalhos. Critérios de exclusão incidiram em doenças não relacionadas à diabetes, exclusividade na tipo II e abordagens não ocupacionais. Foram ainda considerados os artigos sobre diabetes e saúde e segurança no trabalho publicados na Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional, num total de cinco estudos. Incluíram-se a Norma de Orientação Clínica da DGS, um estudo epidemiológico nacional e um caderno técnico sobre diabetes no local de trabalho, totalizando 30 fontes na discussão. Descrição dos casos: Os autores reportam dois casos de profissionais de saúde de uma unidade hospitalar, ambos com diagnóstico de Diabetes tipo I aos cinco anos de idade. Caso 1: Uma auxiliar de ação médica de 35 anos, com antecedentes pessoais de síndrome depressivo e diagnóstico recente de retinopatia diabética. Caso 2: Uma enfermeira de 57 anos com retinopatia e nefropatia diabética, neuropatia, em tratamento para uma osteomielite do 1º dedo do pé direito, sem alterações cardiovasculares. Ambas trabalham ou trabalharam por turnos, com trabalho noturno e com tarefas fisicamente exigentes. Discussão/Conclusão: A diabetes é uma doença crónica que requer cuidados médicos contínuos e educação do doente, juntamente com apoio na prevenção de complicações agudas e redução do risco de complicações crónicas. A incidência de novos casos de Dm tipo I é maior entre os 12-14 anos. Na transição para a idade adulta e entrada no mercado laboral, os doentes podem ser sujeitos ao estigma da doença, ter dificuldade na gestão do tratamento e/ou desafios psicossociais relacionados com o trabalho. A instituição de medidas preventivas e monitorização destes trabalhadores deverá ajudar a reduzir o absentismo laboral, a perda de produtividade e a perda de rendimento para o trabalhador.

RESUMEN Introducción: las mal oclusiones dentarias constituyen un problema de salud a nivel mundial como consecuencia de su alta incidencia en deterioro de la estética, la repercusión en la vida social para la persona que lo padece y el elevado costo que conlleva su tratamiento. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo que predisponen a maloclusión en escolares de primer grado de la escuela primaria “Adalberto Pessant”. Métodos: se realizó en estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal sobre las mal oclusiones dentales en escolares del primer grado de la escuela primaria “Adalberto Pessant” en el período de 2017 a 2019 en el municipio Manzanillo, provincia Granma. De un universo de 65 pacientes, se eligió una muestra de 62 mediante muestreo no probabilístico intencional. Para el análisis de los datos se empleó estadística descriptiva mediante el cálculo de frecuencias absolutas y relativas porcentuales. Resultados: el sexo masculino fue el más frecuente (54,8 %). La mayoría de los niños en la revisión clínica presentaron caries proximales (53,2 %), hábitos bucales deformantes (79,0 %) y presencia de diastemas (56,5 %). Sola en la minoría se encontró espacios de primate (25,8 %). Según la clasificación de Angle sobresalió el tipo I en un 56,5 % y la succión digital fue el hábito bucal más deformante (69,4 %). Conclusiones: dentro de los factores predisponentes a la maloclusión dental se encuentran la presencia de caries proximales y de hábitos bucales deformantes. La promoción de la salud bucal y la prevención de esta entidad son pilares imprescindibles para disminuir su incidencia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: dental malocclusions are a global health problem due to their high incidence of aesthetic deterioration, the impact on the social life of the person suffering from them and the high cost of their treatment. Objective: to determine the risk factors that predispose students to malocclusion in the first grade of the “Adalberto Pessant” Primary School. Methods: this was an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study on dental malocclusions in students of the first grade of the primary school “Adalberto Pessant” in the period from 2017 to 2019 in the municipality of Manzanillo, in Granma, Cuba. From a universe of 65 patients, a sample of 62 was selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis by calculating absolute and relative percentages. Results: males were the most frequent (54,8 %). Most of the children in the clinical review had proximal caries (53,2 %), deforming oral habits (79,0 %) and presence of diastema (56,5 %). Only in the minority were found primate spaces According to Angle's classification, type I stood out by 56,5 % and digital suction was the most deforming oral habit. (69,4 %). Conclusions: Among the predisposing factors to dental malocclusion are the presence of proximal caries and deforming oral habits. The promotion of oral health and the prevention of this entity are essential pillars to reduce its incidence.

RESUMEN Introducción: el constante estudio de los factores incidentes en el aumento de cáncer de cuello uterino, redimensiona su importancia como herramienta de promoción y prevención en las áreas de salud para enfrentar el proceso de aumento de este cáncer. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo de cáncer cervico uterino en pacientes diagnosticadas con cáncer cervicouterino en el municipio Pinar del Río. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, con un universo integrado por las 172 pacientes diagnosticadas con esa enfermedad en el municipio Pinar del Río durante los años 2021 y 2022 y una muestra aleatoria simple de 170 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos y se tuvieron en cuenta las normas éticas establecidas para este tipo de investigación. Resultados: predominaron las mujeres con edades entre 25 y 29 años de edad (35,4 %), la lesión más frecuente fue el NIC I en 98 pacientes (56,9 %) con mayor incidencia en el grupo de 25 y 29 años 40 (23,3 %). El factor de riesgo intrínseco de mayor incidencia fue la susceptibilidad inmunológica en 109 pacientes (63,3 %) y de los extrínsecos el hábito de fumar en 98 pacientes (56,9 %); el 65,6 % de la muestra tenían un alto riesgo relacionado con el cáncer cervico uterino. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo de cáncer cervico uterino constituyen un problema de salud en la población pinareña, por lo que se necesitan desarrollar acciones de salud que contribuyan a modificarlos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the constant study of the factor’s incident to the increase in cervical cancer resizes its importance as a promotion and prevention tool in health areas to face the process of increase in this cancer. Objective: determine the risk factors for cervical cancer in patients diagnosed with cervical cancer in the Pinar del Río, municipality in the Cuban province of the same name. Methods: observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, with a universe made up of the 172 patients diagnosed with this disease in the Pinar del Río municipality during the years 2021 and 2022 and a simple random sample of 170 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods were used and the ethical standards established for this type of research were taken into account. Results: women between 25 and 29 years of age predominated (35,4 %), the most frequent lesion was CIN I in 98 patients (56,9 %) with a higher incidence in the group of 25 and 29 years 40 (23,3 %). The intrinsic risk factor with the highest incidence was immunological susceptibility in 109 patients (63,3 %) and the extrinsic risk factor was smoking in 98 patients (56,9 %); 65,6 % of the sample had a high risk related to cervical cancer. Conclusions: The risk factors for cervical cancer constitute a health problem in the Pinar del Río population, so health actions need to be developed that contribute to modifying them.

ABSTRACT Foundation: Diabetes mellitus has been considered by the World Health Organization a serious health problem to be solved throughout the world. Its prevention and educating about it is essential. Objective: To describe an educational intervention on type 2 diabetes mellitus results in patients with risk factors. Methods: Intervention study, with a before and after design, which included 120 patients over 18 years of age with diabetes mellitus risk factors, belonging to Medical Office No. 6, in Nuevitas, Camagüey province. A survey was applied to measure the level of knowledge, before and after the educational intervention. The variables: age, educational level, knowledge about diabetes mellitus, risk factors and prevention were analyzed. Results: Women, university education level and those over 60 years of age predominated. At the beginning of the study, around 75% of the participants showed fair or low knowledge about diabetes mellitus, risk factors and prevention. All of these parameters increased above 85% after the intervention. Conclusions: A notable increase in knowledge about diabetes mellitus, its risk factors and how to prevent it was achieved. These types of strategies, applicable from the primary level of care, imply a benefit in the prevention of this and other non-communicable diseases.

RESUMEN Fundamento: La diabetes mellitus ha sido considerada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud un grave problema de salud por resolver en todo el orbe. Su prevención resulta imprescindible, y educar al respecto es fundamental. Objetivo: Describir resultados de una intervención educativa sobre diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en pacientes con factores de riesgo. Métodos: Estudio de intervención, con diseño de antes y después, que incluyó a 120 pacientes mayores de 18 años con factores de riesgo de diabetes mellitus, pertenecientes al Consultorio Médico No. 6, en Nuevitas, provincia de Camagüey. Se aplicó una encuesta para medir el nivel de conocimientos, antes y después de la intervención educativa. Se analizaron las variables edad, nivel de escolaridad, conocimiento sobre diabetes mellitus, factores de riesgo y prevención. Resultados: Predominaron las mujeres, el nivel de escolaridad universitario y los mayores de 60 años. Al inicio del estudio, alrededor del 75 % de los participantes mostró regular o bajo conocimiento sobre diabetes mellitus, factores de riesgo y prevención. Todos estos parámetros aumentaron por encima del 85 % después de la intervención. Conclusiones: Se logró un incremento notable de los conocimientos acerca de la diabetes mellitus, sus factores de riesgo y cómo prevenirla. Este tipo de estrategias, aplicables desde el nivel primario de atención, implican un beneficio en la prevención de esta y otras enfermedades no transmisibles.

ABSTRACT Foundation: on average, three million cases of skin cancer have been generated globally in recent years. This situation occurs among other reasons due to constant exposure to solar radiation and non-application of photoprotection. Objective: determine parental experience in photoprotection during childhood. Method: an ethnographic study was carried out in the Educational Unit of the San Juan Parish of the Cantón Riobamba, Chimborazo Province, during the study period from October 2022 to October 2023. 14 interviews were carried out with preschool caregivers, who were chosen through of non-probabilistic sampling. Two information collection techniques were available: self-report and semi-structured interview. Results: each of the categories that emerged in the study were described according to the level of frequency: photounity, photoexperience-knowledge and photosanity. A representational map was constructed in which it was determined that the family itself represents photounity, through the participation of all its members in protecting themselves from the harmful effects of the sun. The umbrella that covers the family reflects the photo-experience-knowledge acquired by the caregivers, which act as protection from sun damage through preventive and care measures. The sun and its solar rays symbolize photosanity, which corresponds to exposure to sunlight and its harmful effects on health. Conclusions: the implementation of photoprotection measures from an early age is of vital importance for the prevention of skin cancer, so it is necessary to provide parents with adequate information about sun risks and preventive measure.

RESUMEN Fundamento: como promedio se han generan tres millones de casos de cáncer de piel a nivel global en los últimos años. Esta situación ocurre entre otras razones por la constante exposición a la radiación solar y la no aplicación de fotoprotección. Objetivo: determinar la experiencia parental en fotoprotección durante la infancia. Método: se realizó un estudio etnográfico en la Unidad Educativa de la Parroquia San Juan del Cantón Riobamba, Provincia Chimborazo, durante el período de estudio de octubre 2022 a octubre 2023. Se realizaron 14 entrevistas a cuidadores de preescolares, los que fueron escogidos a través del muestreo no probabilístico. Se dispuso de dos técnicas de recolección de la información: el autorreportaje y la entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: se describieron cada una de las categorías que emergieron en el estudio según el nivel de frecuencia: fotounidad, fotoexperiencia-conocimiento y fotosanidad. Se construyó un mapa representacional en el cual se determinó que la familia en sí representa la fotounidad, mediante la participación de todos sus miembros en la protección de los efectos nocivos del sol. La sombrilla que cubre a la familia refleja la fotoexperiencia-conocimiento adquiridos por los cuidadores, que actúan como protección al daño solar mediante medidas preventivas y de cuidado. El sol y sus rayos solares simbolizan la fotosanidad, que corresponde a la exposición a rayos solares y sus efectos nocivos para la salud. Conclusiones: la implementación de medidas de fotoprotección desde edades tempranas resulta de vital importancia para la prevención del cáncer de piel, por lo que es necesario brindarles a los padres información adecuada sobre los riesgos solares y las medidas preventivas.

Abstract Cryptosporidiosis is a disease characterized by episodes of diarrhea in cattle worldwide, caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium spp. of the phylum Apicomplexa and Family Cryptosporiidae. It is responsible for important economic losses, and, in addition to this, it generates an impact on human health, as it can parasitize humans. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in Chiquinquirá (Colombia). A descriptive cross-sectional study with simple random sampling was carried out, with a sample size of 1,044 head of cattle, including males and females of different breeds and age groups, using the WinEpi statistical software. Fecal samples were taken directly from the rectum and processed with the modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) technique for the identification of parasite oocysts using a 100X objective. The data were processed with the Epi Info® statistical software. An overall prevalence of 7.3 % (73/1000) was found; females, 2 to 4-yr-old bovines, and crossbred cattle were the most prevalent. No significant statistical association was found between breed, age, and sex of the individuals evaluated, and protozoan positivity (P≥0.05). The purchase of animals and larger productions were considered risk factors for parasitosis. Protozoan prevention and control plans should be designed and implemented based on sanitary practices to prevent the dissemination of oocysts found in fecal matter.

Resumen La criptosporidiosis en una enfermedad que se caracteriza por generar episodios de diarrea en bovinos alrededor del mundo causada por un parásito protozoario del género Cryptosporidium spp. del phylum Apicomplexa y Familia Cryptosporiidae. Es responsable de importantes pérdidas económicas, y sumado a esto, genera un impacto en la salud humana, al poseer la capacidad de parasitar a humanos. El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a Cryptosporidium spp. en bovinos de Chiquinquirá (Colombia). Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con muestreo aleatorio simple, en donde se tuvo en cuenta un tamaño muestral de 1,044 bovinos, entre machos y hembras, de diferentes razas, y grupos etarios con el programa estadístico WinEpi. Las muestras de materia fecal se tomaron directamente del recto y procesadas mediante la técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada (ZN) para la identificación de ooquistes del parásito en el objetivo de 100X. Los datos se procesaron con el programa estadístico Epi Info®. Se encontró una prevalencia general del 7.3 % (73/1000), las hembras, los bovinos de 2 a 4 años y los cruces raciales fueron los más prevalentes. No se encontró asociación estadística significativa entre la raza, edad y sexo de los individuos evaluados, y la positividad al protozoario (P≥0,05). La compra de animales y las producciones de mayor tamaño se consideraron como factores de riesgo para la parasitosis. Se deben diseñar e implementar planes de prevención y control del protozoario basados en prácticas sanitarias que impidan la diseminación de los ooquistes que se encuentran en materia fecal.

Resumen Introducción: El uso de catéteres venosos periféricos (CVP) es el procedimiento de enfermería más frecuente y conlleva riesgos para los clientes, concretamente el desarrollo de flebitis. Se creó un protocolo de cuidados de enfermería para el CVP a nivel institucional con el fin de estandarizar las prácticas de las enfermeras. Objetivo: Analizar la incidencia de la flebitis asociada a la CVP antes (Grupo A) y después (Grupo B) de la aplicación del protocolo; caracterizar la flebitis asociada a la CVP; Identificar los factores de riesgo que contribuyen al desarrollo de la flebitis asociada a la CVP. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, cuantitativo y descriptivo, con muestras no probabilísticas por conveniencia, en el que cada grupo estaba formado por 50 participantes. Resultados: Tras aplicar el protocolo, se produjo una reducción de la tasa de incidencia de flebitis del 26% al 12%, así como una reducción de las flebitis de grado 3, identificándose únicamente flebitis de grado 1 y 2. También se descubrió que alrededor del 90% de los participantes con flebitis recibían tratamiento antibiótico, concretamente Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulánico y Flucloxacilina. Conclusión: El protocolo podría tener beneficios en términos de reducción de la incidencia de la flebitis mediante la estandarización de prácticas basadas en pruebas científicas, proporcionando una mejor calidad de la atención y reduciendo los costes asociados a la hospitalización.

Resumo Introdução: A utilização de cateteres venosos periféricos (CVP) é o procedimento de enfermagem mais comum e acarreta riscos para os clientes, nomeadamente, o desenvolvimento de uma flebite. Foi criado, a nível institucional, um protocolo de cuidados de enfermagem ao CVP, de forma a padronizar as práticas dos enfermeiros. Objetivo: Analisar a incidência de flebite associada ao CVP antes (Grupo A) e após (Grupo B) a implementação do protocolo; caracterizar as flebites associadas ao CVP; Identificar fatores de risco que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de flebites associadas ao CVP. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional, quantitativo e descritivo, com amostras não probabilísticas por conveniência, em que cada grupo é constituído por 50 participantes. Resultados: Após a implementação do protocolo, verificou-se a diminuição na taxa de incidência de flebites de 26% para 12%, assim como decréscimo das flebites de grau 3, sendo identificadas apenas flebites de grau 1 e 2. Constatou-se, ainda, que cerca de 90% dos participantes que apresentavam flebite, estavam sob antibioterapia, nomeadamente Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico e Flucloxacilina. Conclusão: O protocolo instituído poderá ter benefícios no que diz respeito à diminuição da incidência de flebites, pela uniformização de práticas com base na evidência científica, proporcionando uma melhor qualidade de cuidados e menores custos associados ao internamento hospitalar.

Abstract Introduction: The use of peripheral venous catheters (PVC) is the most common nursing procedure and carries patient risks, including developing phlebitis. A nursing care protocol for PVC was created at the institutional level to standardize nurses' practices. Objective: To analyze the incidence of phlebitis associated with PVC before (Group A) and after (Group B) implementation of the protocol; Characterize phlebitis associated with PVC; Identify risk factors that contribute to the development of phlebitis associated with PVC. Methods: An observational, quantitative, and descriptive study was carried out, with non-probabilistic samples for convenience, in which each group consisted of 50 participants. Results: After implementing the protocol, there was a reduction in the incidence rate of phlebitis from 26% to 12%, as well as a decrease in grade 3 phlebitis, with only grade 1 and 2 phlebitis being identified. It was also found that around 90% of the participants with phlebitis were undergoing antibiotic therapy, namely Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid, and Flucloxacillin. Conclusion: The protocol could have benefits in reducing the incidence of phlebitis by standardizing practices based on scientific evidence, providing better quality of care, and lowering the costs associated with hospitalization.

ABSTRACT Occupational diseases are chronic conditions, directly caused by the exercise of the profession or occupation performed by the worker and as a result of exposure to risk factors. The objective of the research is to evaluate the ergonomic conditions and the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in the health personnel of the Pablo Jaramillo Foundation. To achieve this objective, analytical-synthetic methods were used to analyze the specialized literature, historical-logical methods to understand the evolution of ergonomic conditions in health personnel, and the inductive-deductive approach to examine the data in detail and decompose the variables before reintegrating them. The results revealed that the largest group in the evaluation was between 30 and 39 years old, with a female predominance. Musculoskeletal complaints were identified, with the most frequent being in the neck and shoulders. A total of 71.429% reported discomfort in the neck and 52.381% in the shoulder. The need for prevention strategies and awareness of healthy working conditions was highlighted.

RESUMEN Las enfermedades profesionales u ocupacionales, son afecciones crónicas, causadas de una manera directa por el ejercicio de la profesión u ocupación que realiza el trabajador y como resultado de la exposición a factores de riesgo. El objetivo de la investigación es evaluar las condiciones ergonómicas y las lesiones musculoesqueléticas en los profesionales de salud de la Fundación Pablo Jaramillo. Para lograr este objetivo, se emplearon métodos como el analítico-sintético para analizar la bibliografía especializada, el histórico-lógico para comprender la evolución de las condiciones ergonómicas en el personal de salud, y el enfoque inductivo-deductivo para examinar de manera detallada los datos y descomponer las variables antes de reintegrarlas. Los resultados revelaron que el grupo más numeroso en la evaluación tenía entre 30 y 39 años, con predominio femenino. Se identificaron molestias musculoesqueléticas, siendo las más frecuentes en el cuello y hombros. El 71.42% reportó molestias en el cuello, y el 52.38% en el hombro. Se destaca la necesidad de estrategias de prevención y concientización sobre condiciones laborales saludables.

Abstract Objectives To present observational studies investigating associations between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and health outcomes in childhood and adolescence. Data source Observational, cross-sectional, or longitudinal studies were considered, and identified in the Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed and Scielo databases, without date restrictions. Data synthesis The most frequent combinations of risk factors in children and adolescents involved an unhealthy diet, with regular consumption of ultra-processed foods to the detriment of a diet based on fresh or minimally-processed foods and insufficient levels of physical activity; records on alcohol and tobacco use were identified. Combined, these practices contribute to the findings that indicate an increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents and a sedentary lifestyle, with a decrease in physical activity, in addition to representing a risk for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and periodontal disease in childhood and adolescence. Conclusions The present study maps the current literature on the topic and indicates the direction of the approach for health promotion and prevention of NCDs in children and adolescents. Among the different risk factors that negatively affect the full development of this population, frequently eating breakfast and practicing physical activity is most strongly associated with a lower consumption of ultra-processed foods and should be part of an integrated approach to promoting eating practices that favor the reduction of diseases also in adult life. ultraprocessed ultra processed adolescence Observational crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional considered Scopus Science databases restrictions minimallyprocessed minimally Combined lifestyle noncommunicable non communicable population life