Abstract The intensification of violence and the violation of human rights in migratory crises is currently a central theme in the experimentation of graphic narratives, which have given rise to the hybrid and critical genre represented by the graphic chronicle and the graphic novel of migration. The verbo-visual treatment is analyzed in the series of twelve graphic chronicles of migration “My life as an immigrant in Chile” (2018) of Sábado Magazine, in the newspaper El Mercurio, an agent of public discourse that has consolidated stereotypes and prejudices about the migrant population. Through qualitative content analysis of the image-text articulation, the verb-visual strategies of the graphic chronicle of journalistic and literary tone are examined. The elements that confer authenticity, reliability and veracity to the chronicle were established according to the use of testimony, portraits of the protagonists and contextual data. Likewise, literary elements were determined such as the staging of vulnerability, enhancement of the cultural fabric, multiple narrative voices and the recreation of resilient resistance, which together allude to the human rights perspective. The graphic chronicle intensifies the use of the testimonial voice and omits the author (witness), but the latter appears in the verb-visual articulation in biases and introduction of the ambiguity of migration experiences, and in the relationship with the “distant near”. The graphic chronicle of migration can be significantly modulated by the mediatized public discourse, weakening its critical reading of reality.

Resumen La intensificación de la violencia y la violación a los derechos humanos en las crisis migratorias es en la actualidad una temática central en la experimentación de las narrativas gráficas, las que han originado el género híbrido y crítico representado por la crónica gráfica y la novela gráfica de migración. Se analiza el tratamiento verbo-visual en la serie de doce crónicas gráficas de migración “Mi vida como inmigrante en Chile” (2018) de la Revista Sábado, inserta en el periódico El Mercurio, agente del discurso público que ha consolidado estereotipos y prejuicios sobre la población migrante. A través de análisis de contenido cualitativo de la articulación imagen-texto se examinan las estrategias verbo-visuales de la crónica gráfica de tono periodístico y literario. Los elementos que confieren autenticidad, fiabilidad y veracidad a la crónica se establecieron de acuerdo con el del testimonio, retratos de los protagonistas y datos de contexto. Asimismo, se determinaron los elementos literarios como la puesta en escena de la vulnerabilidad, realce de la trama cultural, de las voces narrativas múltiples y la recreación de la resistencia resiliente, que en conjunto aluden a la perspectiva de derechos humanos. La crónica gráfica intensifica el uso de la voz testimonial y omite la del autor (testigo), pero este último aparece en la articulación verbo-visual en sesgos e introducción de la ambigüedad de las experiencias de la migración, y en la relación con el “lejano próximo”. La crónica gráfica de migración puede ser modulada significativamente por el discurso público mediatizado debilitando su lectura crítica de la realidad.

Abstract The main objective of this article is to study the representations, ideas and visions generated by the governmental and judicial elite of the Federal District regarding problems such as crimes against property, as well as the treatment and punishment of thieves, between 1823 and 1840. Its hypothesis is twofold: on the one hand, these representations of property crimes and their actors revolved around the consolidation of an ideal of property, which, although it did not emerge with the advent of the republic, configured the category of citizenship. Secondly, although the enlightened rhetoric regarding the punishment of such offenders had legal and juridical continuity, the exceptionality of some criminal laws left open the space for the administration of punishments contrary to the proportionality between crimes and punishments. The present proposal, therefore, seeks to study the class prejudices surrounding property rights and their violation, explained through the need to configure a new, moderately stable social and political order, which had the periodical press as its main organ of expression.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal el estudio de las representaciones, las ideas y las visiones generadas por la élite gubernativa y judicial del Distrito Federal en torno a problemas como los delitos contra la propiedad, así como también el tratamiento y la punición a los ladrones, entre 1823 y 1840. Su hipótesis es doble: por una parte, dichas representaciones de los delitos contra la propiedad y sus actores giraron en torno a la consolidación de un ideal de propiedad, que si bien no surgió con el advenimiento de la república, configuró de un modo prístino la categoría de ciudadanía. En segundo término, aunque la retórica ilustrada con respecto al castigo de tales delincuentes tuvo continuidad legal y jurídica, la excepcionalidad de algunas leyes penales dejó abierto el espacio para la administración de castigos contrarios a la proporcionalidad entre delitos y penas. La presente propuesta, en consecuencia, busca estudiar los prejuicios de clase en torno a los derechos de propiedad y su vulneración, explicados a través de la necesidad de configurar un nuevo orden social y político medianamente estable, y que tuvo como principal órgano de expresión a la prensa periódica.

Abstract: The concept of dangerousness refers to the predisposition to commit crime on the part of subjects who have not committed crimes or have not reoffended, a predisposition that is not evaluated through their infractions or previous actions (not even in possible cases of recidivism), but through their lifestyle and physical-psychic characteristics. The theory of dangerousness was therefore supported by doctrinal currents (the positivist school of law, organic and social determinism, degenerationism, mental hygiene), studies of the bad life in large cities and prejudices and fears involving social class or ethnic groups. It also offered the possibility of identifying a criminal before they commit a crime and, under the logic of social defense, applying sanctions or measures to prevent it (measures proposed or accepted included sterilization or banishment, even imprisonment or therapeutic internment). Catalogs of the dangerous, the scope of the concept and the measures accepted or contemplated for the dangerous (whether they had never committed crimes or already completed their sentences) varied according to the time and place. This article studies the Mexican case from 1890 to 1960, the period in which this theory had its greatest theor etical and institutional presence. It incorporates judicial and criminological studies, their influence on legislation and legislative projects and, to a lesser extent, judicial sentences and police practices. It therefore makes use of a variety of approaches to a practically unstudied issue that has connections to social and cultural history, as well as to the history of criminal law and its application.

Resumen: El concepto de peligrosidad se refiere a la predisposición a delinquir por parte de sujetos que no han delinquido o que no han reincidido, predisposición que no se valora por sus infracciones o actos previos (ni siquiera en el caso de los posibles reincidentes), sino con base en formas de vida y características físico-psíquicas. Por ende, la teoría de la peligrosidad se nutre de corrientes doctrinales (escuela positivista de derecho, determinismo orgánico y social, degeneracionismo, higiene mental), estudios sobre la mala vida en las grandes ciudades, así como prejuicios y temores vinculados con clase social u origen étnico. Asimismo, abre la posibilidad de identificar a un delincuente antes de que delinca y, bajo la lógica de la defensa social, de aplicar sanciones o medidas para impedirlo (se propuso o adoptó, desde esterilización o relegación, hasta reclusión o internamiento curativo). Los catálogos de peligrosos, los alcances del concepto y las medidas aceptadas o contempladas para peligrosos sin delito o posdelictuales, cambian según la época y el lugar. En este artículo estudio el caso mexicano, entre 1890 y 1960, etapa en la cual la teoría tuvo mayor presencia teórica e institucional. Tomo en cuenta estudios de juristas y criminólogos, su influencia en la legislación y proyectos legislativos y, en menor medida, sentencias judiciales y prácticas policiales. Por ende, abordo desde diferentes enfoques un tema que no ha sido prácticamente estudiado y que se vincula con la historia social y cultural, así como con la historia del derecho penal y su aplicación.

Resumo: Entre as barreiras sociais enfrentadas pelas pessoas com deficiência estão os preconceitos, definidos como atitudes de aversão e hostilidade por pertencer a um grupo, sob as quais são atribuídas condições indesejáveis. A percepção do preconceito das pessoas com deficiência pode ser determinada por fatores ligados a variáveis sociodemográficas como idade, gênero, nível socioeconômico, tamanho da localidade e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), porém, poucos estudos têm focado em diferenciar as experiências de pessoas com deficiência, especialmente no contexto mexicano. Esta pesquisa analisa as opiniões de 5,145 pessoas com deficiência, por meio da Encuesta Nacional de Discriminación (ENADIS) 2017, usando análise de variância. A análise fatorial confirmatória produz uma estrutura com dois fatores: um endógeno e outro exógeno. Os resultados indicam que idosos, pessoas que vivem em estratos sociodemográficos baixos e que vivem em localidades com baixo IDH enfrentam maior preconceito. Discute-se o impacto do envelhecimento e da disponibilidade de recursos sociais na percepção do preconceito das pessoas com deficiência.

Abstract: People with disabilities face numerous social barriers, including prejudices, defined as hostile and aversive attitudes towards members of a stigmatized group. The prejudice's perception among people with disabilities may be a function of sociodemographic variables, however, only a few studies have deepened such differences in the experience of people with disabilities, especially in the Mexican context. The present study examines the opinions of 5145 people with disabilities through the Encuesta Nacional de Discriminación (ENADIS) 2017 (National Survey about Discrimination) by age, sex, socioeconomic level, location size and the Human Development Index (HDI). The confirmatory factor analysis shows two factors: in-group and out-group prejudices. Results in the comparisons reveal that the elderly, people with low sociodemographic status, and those living in locations with low HDI face higher means of prejudice on the total and in-group scales. The impact of aging and the availability of social services on the perception of prejudice by people with disabilities is discussed.

Resumen: Entre las barreras sociales que enfrentan las personas con discapacidad se encuentran los prejuicios, definidos como actitudes de aversión y hostilidad por la pertenencia a un grupo al que se le adjudican características indeseables. La percepción de prejuicios puede estar determinada por factores vinculados a variables sociodemográficas; sin embargo, pocos estudios se han enfocado en diferenciar las experiencias de las personas con discapacidad, en especial en el contexto mexicano. Se examinaron las opiniones de 5145 personas con discapacidad, a través de la Encuesta Nacional de Discriminación 2017, comparando la percepción de prejuicios de las personas con discapacidad a través de la edad, el género, el nivel socioeconómico, el tamaño de la localidad y el índice de desarrollo humano (IDH). El análisis factorial confirmatorio arroja una estructura con dos factores: prejuicios endogrupales y exogrupales. Los resultados indican que los adultos mayores, las personas que pertenecen a estratos sociodemográficos bajos y quienes habitan en localidades con un IDH bajo enfrentan mayores prejuicios en la escala total y en prejuicios endogrupales. Se discute el impacto del envejecimiento y la disponibilidad de recursos sociales en la percepción de prejuicios de las personas con discapacidad.

Resumo Este estudo visa elucidar os desafios enfrentados no exercício da parentalidade homoafetiva masculina por meio de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Seguindo as recomendações PRISMA, foram analisados estudos empíricos dos últimos 22 anos, extraídos das bases de dados PubMed e APA PsychNet. Os descritores “Homosexuality, Male” e “Father” foram empregados para a seleção de artigos relevantes, processo realizado independentemente por dois pesquisadores. Os resultados indicam uma complexidade nas experiências parentais de homens homossexuais, variando entre desafios significativos, como estigmas e preconceitos sociais, e situações sem dificuldades notáveis. A decisão de assumir a paternidade nesse grupo é fortemente influenciada por fatores específicos à realidade homoafetiva, inserida em um contexto social frequentemente não acolhedor. Os achados destacam a importância de compreender as interações entre aspectos individuais, sociais e culturais na formação da homoparentalidade masculina. Este estudo sublinha a necessidade de políticas e práticas inclusivas e sensíveis à diversidade, visando o apoio ao bem-estar familiar em contextos homoafetivos.

Abstract This study aims to elucidate the challenges faced in the exercise of male homoparenting, through an integrative literature review. Following PRISMA guidelines, empirical studies from the last 22 years were analyzed, independently collected by four researchers using the PubMed and APA PsychNet databases, with the descriptors “Homosexuality, Male” and “Father”. The results reveal the unique and complex reality faced by homosexual men in the parental context. While some studies highlight significant challenges, such as stigmas and social prejudices, others do not observe such difficulties. The decision to become a father among homosexual men is influenced by factors specific to their reality, in a context where parenthood is not widely accepted. The findings of this study emphasize the need to understand the complex interactions among individual, social, and cultural factors in male homoparenting. In summary, this study highlights the need for inclusive and diversity-sensitive approaches to support family well-being.

Resumo O vínculo com os serviços de saúde é uma dimensão crucial para viabilizar o projeto materno de casais de mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os significados culturalmente construídos sobre o vínculo com os serviços e profissionais de saúde por mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais que vivenciaram a dupla maternidade. Investigação qualitativa fundamentada na antropologia interpretativa. O corpus de pesquisa foi construído com base em entrevista em profundidade com 10 mulheres de 30 a 39 anos. Os resultados mostram que o acesso à parentalidade implicou um itinerário permeado por satisfações e sofrimentos devido a tentativas frustradas e perdas gestacionais. Também foram relatados percalços vivenciados na produção do cuidado em saúde devido a preconceitos, falta de empatia e despreparo de profissionais para lidarem com acompanhamento de pré-natal aos casais de mulheres lésbicas/bissexuais. As manifestações de discriminação foram mais contundentes em relação às mães não gestantes. Os resultados oferecem subsídios para implementação de políticas de humanização e planejamento de programas e serviços de saúde baseados em cuidados culturalmente sensíveis à diversidade para casais de mulheres lésbicas/bissexuais que vivenciam a transição para a maternidade.

Abstract The bond with healthcare services is a crucial dimension in facilitating the maternal journey of lesbian and bisexual women couples. This study aimed to analyze the culturally constructed meanings regarding the bond with healthcare services and professionals by lesbian and bisexual women who experienced dual motherhood. It is a qualitative investigation grounded in interpretative anthropology. The research corpus was built based on in-depth interviews with 10 lesbian and bisexual women, aged 30 to 39 years. The results indicate that access to parenthood, until its realization, involved a journey permeated by satisfactions and sufferings triggered by failed attempts and gestational losses. Challenges experienced in healthcare provision were also reported due to prejudices, lack of empathy, and unpreparedness of professionals in dealing with prenatal care for lesbian and bisexual women couples. Manifestations of discrimination were more pronounced concerning non-gestational mothers. The findings offer insights into implementing policies that prioritize humanization and planning programs and healthcare services based on culturally sensitive care for lesbian and bisexual women couples as they transition into dual motherhood.

Abstract This work raises and analyzes the millenary tradition of ageism that has persisted and still persists in Western society. Fed by prejudices, myths, and the economy of the social imaginary, the scientific reading of aging is permanently delayed and postponed. In turn, the pandemic time of the coronavirus poses challenges and problems to ageism through a resurgence of the paradigm of decrepit aging, vulnerable and inevitably facing death. Finally, it is shown how the time of the coronavirus is used as a legitimizer of stigmatizing and confining perspectives that also respond to a perverse logic of scarcity, of what is left over, of what must be discarded, within a social fabric that is increasingly precarious and weak.

Resumen Se plantea y analiza en este trabajo la tradición milenaria de edadismo que ha persistido y persistido aún en la sociedad occidental. Alimentada de prejuicios, mitos, economía propias del imaginario social, la lectura científica del envejecimiento se ve retrasada y postergada permanentemente. A su vez, el tiempo pandémico del coronavirus replantea desafíos y problemas al edadismo a través de un recrudecimiento del paradigma del envejecimiento decrépito, vulnerable y enfrentado indefectiblemente a la muerte. Finalmente se indica cómo el tiempo del coronavirus es aprovechado como legitimador de perspectivas estigmatizantes y confinantes que responden también a una lógica perversa de la escasez, de lo que sobra, lo que debe ser descartado, dentro de un tejido social que se muestra cada vez más precario y endeble.

BACKGROUND: A pertinent issue impacting patient treatment outcomes is the nondisclosure of traditional medicine (TM) use to Allopathic medicine practitioners (AMPs). For years, TM has been a controversial practice, with patients often using it alongside allopathic medicine without disclosing their use. It is imperitive to learn and understand the experiences of AMPs regarding the disclosure of TM use in Gauteng province to enable them to provide the best possible treatment outcomes for patients who use TM. AIM: This study aimed to explore the experiences of AMPs regarding non-disclosure of TM use in Gauteng province. SETTING: This study was conducted in four district hospitals where outpatient care and services are rendered in Gauteng Province. METHODS: An interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) design was followed. Fourteen purposefully sampled AMPs participated in face-to-face, one-on-one, and semi-structured interviews. Interpretive phenomenological analysis in Atlas.ti was conducted. RESULTS: Three themes emerged: bedside manner of AMPs; stigmatising TM use; and individual belief systems. The belief of patients' disclosure hesitancy because of fear of judgment by the AMPs underpinned these themes. CONCLUSION: Allopathic medicine practitioners are aware that patients who use TM could feel guilty and stigmatised. They acknowledged that patients use TM because of cultural and ethnic reasons, which should not be disregarded. CONTRIBUTION: The study highlighted that patients do not disclose their TM use because of AMPs' attitudes, stigmatising TM use, and their prejudices against the cultural beliefs of patients. Allopathic medicine practitioners should establish good communication with patients by providing patient-centred communication to facilitate disclosure of TM use.

Resumen Este artículo examina la percepción estudiantil sobre discriminación y racismo en la educación superior. La pregunta que orienta el estudio es: ¿Qué percepciones tienen los estudiantes sobre la discriminación y el racismo en el contexto universitario? El racismo es considerado una ideología que naturaliza la desigualdad y que toma como base las particularidades biológicas para establecer situaciones de diferenciación social. Así, la discriminación se refiere a circunstancias de exclusión, segregación, restricción debido a estereotipos que limitan los derechos de las personas. El estudio fue de carácter cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Participaron 263 estudiantes provenientes de cuatro facultades de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo. Los datos de la investigación fueron recogidos mediante el Cuestionario de Percepción sobre racismo y discriminación en la Educación Superior. Se evidencia que el 29,9 % de estudiantes manifiesta haber experimentado racismo y discriminación; el 89,7 % afirma que nunca lo han ejercido y el 57,7 % aduce que ha observado diversas manifestaciones en las interacciones. Los principales focos de la discriminación son: etnia, género, identidad sexual, situación socioeconómica y/o discapacidad. Las manifestaciones de la exclusión son explícitas e implícitas y las formas más evidentes de ejercerlos son a través de violencia psicológica, verbal y física. Finalmente, existe una negación y naturalización del fenómeno que se encuentra enraizado en la dinámica institucional.

Abstract This article examines the perceptions of discrimination and racism among college students. The guiding question is: What perceptions do students have about discrimination and racism in the university context? Racism is regarded as an ideology that engenders inequality. The ideology is based on biological particularities to establish differentiation. Consequently, discrimination refers to situations of exclusion, segregation, and restriction based on stereotypes that limit the rights of a group of individuals. The study combines quantitative analysis with descriptive analysis and cross-sectional design. 263 students from four Faculties of the National University of Chimborazo participated. In order to collect the necessary information, a survey titled “Perception Questionnaire on Racism and Discrimination in Higher Education” was drafted. The results indicate that 29.9 % of students have experienced racism and discrimination, 89.7 % have never engaged in such behavior, and 57.7 % have witnessed its various manifestations in social interactions. The primary causes of discrimination include race, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and/or disability. Exclusion manifests itself in explicit and covert ways, with psychological, verbal, and physical violence being the most egregious forms of its exercise. Finally, there is a denial and normalization of the phenomenon that is rooted in institutional dynamics.

Resumo Introdução. As diferentes formas de viver a sexualidade, alternativas à dominante, têm historicamente recebido respostas na forma de violência social e institucional. No entanto, poucos são os estudos que os analisam por meio de experiências pessoais vividas em ambientes educacionais. Objetivo. Esta pesquisa buscou acessar as diferentes formas pelas quais a normatividade sexual pode se manifestar nas escolas (por exemplo, relações interpessoais, conhecimento dos professores, práticas de ensino, etc.) e possíveis efeitos sobre os alunos transgêneros. Metodologia. A técnica utilizada para atingir esses objetivos foi a entrevista semiestruturada, que foi validada por um painel de especialistas. Duas pessoas participaram da pesquisa: a avó e cuidadora habitual de uma menina transgênero de seis anos e la professora da criança. Resultados. Observou-se que as referidas regulamentações surgiram em três níveis: institucional (nível macro), escolar (nível meso) e pessoal (nível micro). No primeiro nível, destaca-se a necessidade de políticas específicas e a influência da mídia. No segundo nível, observa-se a ignorância e a resistência da escola. No terceiro nível, destacam-se as práticas estereotipadas, a violência ad hoc e seu impacto no terceiro nível. Conclusão. Conclui-se que a falta de políticas específicas, a escassa formação em gênero e sexualidade e os preconceitos internalizados podem ser um entrave à livre expressão da diversidade em sala de aula.

Resumen Introducción. Las diferentes formas de vivir la sexualidad, alternativas a la dominante, han recibido, históricamente, respuestas en forma de violencia y rechazo social e institucional. Sin embargo, no son abundantes los estudios que las analizan a través de experiencias personales vividas en entornos educativos. Objetivo. Con esta investigación se ha pretendido acceder a las distintas formas a través de las cuales se puede manifestar la normatividad sexual y de género en centros escolares (e.g., las relaciones interpersonales, los conocimientos del profesorado, las prácticas docentes, etc.) y sus posibles efectos en el alumnado transgénero. Metodología. La técnica empleada para lograr estos objetivos ha sido la entrevista semiestructurada, la cual fue validada por un gabinete de personas expertas. Este instrumento pudo aplicarse a dos participantes: a la abuela y cuidadora de una niña transgénero de seis años de edad y a la maestra de esta. Resultados. Se observó que dicha normatividad aparecía en tres niveles: institucional (nivel macro), escolar (nivel meso) y personal (nivel micro). Los resultados ponen de relieve la necesidad de políticas específicas y la fuerte influencia mediática en el primer nivel, el desconocimiento y resistencias del centro educativo, en el segundo, y las prácticas estereotipadas, la violencia puntual y su impacto, en el tercero. Conclusión. La falta de políticas específicas, la escasa formación en género y sexualidad y los prejuicios interiorizados pueden suponer un obstáculo a la libre expresión de la diversidad en las aulas.

Abstract Introduction . Historically, alternative sexualities have endured social and institutional violence. Despite this, research analyzing personal experiences within educational environments remains scarce. Objective. The objective of this research was to explore the various manifestations of sexual normativity in schools and its effects on transgender students. Method. The semi-structured interview technique was employed, validated by a panel of experts. Two participants were involved: the grandmother of a six-year-old transgender girl and her teacher. Results. Sexual normativity manifested at three levels: institutional (macrosystem), school (mesosystem), and personal (microsystem). Specific results include the need for specific policies and media influence at the first level, the ignorance and resistance of the school at the second level, and stereotypical practices, ad hoc violence and its impact at the third level. Conclusions. The absence of specific policies, the shortage of training in this regard and prejudices can hinder the free expression of sexual and gender diversity at school.

RESUMEN La educación sexual es uno de los pilares fundamentales para el desarrollo integral del ser humano, por lo que su abordaje ha sido objeto de estudio durante la última década, en la que organizaciones internacionales han intervenido directamente, en conjunto con los organismos reguladores de la educación en Ecuador, para que se logre un enfoque multidireccional. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el abordaje de la educación sexual integral en los Departamentos de Consejería Estudiantil del Distrito de Educación Chone-Flavio Alfaro, provincia de Manabí, durante el período 2021-2022. El tipo de estudio fue explicativo desde un enfoque cualitativo de característica no experimental; se aplicaron también métodos de investigación científica como el análisis-síntesis, la inducción y el enfoque de sistemas. Como método empírico se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada a los 27 profesionales que laboran en los Departamentos de Consejería Estudiantil de Chone y Flavio Alfaro. Los resultados permitieron identificar la escasa formación de los profesionales en relación con la educación sexual integral, así como los prejuicios y barreras culturales que existen en la comunidad educativa. Además, se comprobó un conocimiento insuficiente de los profesionales sobre las guías que brindan los organismos nacionales e internacionales para el abordaje de la problemática.

ABSTRACT Sex education is one of the fundamental pillars for the integral development of the human being. For this reason, its approach has been studied during the last decade, where international organizations have intervened directly in conjunction with Ecuador's educational regulatory bodies to achieve a multidirectional approach. Therefore, this work aimed to analyze the approach to comprehensive sexuality education in the Student Counselling Department of the Chone-Flavio Alfaro Education District 2021-2022. The type of study was explanatory from a qualitative approach with a non-experimental characteristic; It also applied scientific research methods such as analysis-synthesis, inductive, and system approach. Furthermore, as an empirical method, a semi-structured interview was used with the 27 professionals who work in the Student Counselling Departments of the educational intuitions belonging to the Chone-Flavio Alfaro Education District of the Province of Manabí. The results made it possible to identify professionals' lack of academic and professional training about comprehensive sexuality education and the prejudices and cultural barriers within the entire educational community. In addition, insufficient knowledge of the professionals on the guides provided by national and international organizations to address the problem that is the object of this investigation was verified.

The creation of a national public policy for internationalization in Brazil has been recommended by scholars based on models adopted by other countries. Although corroborating this assumption, this paper aims to problematize the characteristics of the current process in Brazil considering the absence of a national policy for internationalization. To this end an initial presentation of the main governmental bodies and programs related to internationalization is made followed by a critical analysis of benefits and prejudices for the management of the process in the Brazilian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This context we call the challenges of a national policy for internationalization. Methodologically, we develop a qualitative approach considering the  bibliographical and documental review. The results evidence that the Brazilian State has been an important actor, nevertheless has acted in a disjointed way through its different bodies and this has reflected both in benefits and prejudices for the institutions and for the country. Final recommendations are related to the need for a better relationship between the State and HEIs in the construction of national strategies, as well as a better understanding of what the country has and wants from internationalization.

La creación de una política pública nacional para la internacionalización en Brasil ha sido recomendada por expertos a partir de modelos adoptados por otros países. A pesar de corroborar la orientación, el objetivo de este trabajo es problematizar la falta de una política nacional para la internacionalización brasileña a partir de la comprensión de las características actuales del proceso en el país. Para eso, es hecha una presentación inicial de los principales órganos de gobierno y programas relacionados con la internacionalización. Posteriormente, buscamos relacionar estos elementos con el proceso de gestión de la internacionalización en las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) a través de un análisis crítico de beneficios y perjuicios. Surgen, en estos términos los desafíos de una política nacional para la internacionalización. Metodológicamente el abordaje es cualitativo con análisis bibliográfico y documental. Los resultados apuntan que el Estado brasileño ha sido un actor importante, pero ha actuado de forma desarticulada a través de sus diferentes órganos y eso se ha reflejado tanto en beneficios como en perjuicios para la gestión de la internacionalización de las IES brasileñas y para el propio país. Las recomendaciones finales indican la necesidad de una mejor relación entre el Estado y las IES en la construcción de estrategias nacionales, así como una mejor comprensión de lo que tiene y quiere el país a partir de la internacionalización.

A criação de uma política pública nacional de internacionalização no Brasil tem sido recomendada por especialistas a partir de modelos adotados por outros países. Apesar de corroborar com essa orientação, é objetivo desse trabalho, problematizar a inexistência de uma política nacional de internacionalização brasileira a partir do entendimento das atuais características do processo no país. Para isso, optou-se por inicialmente elucidar como estão estruturados alguns dos principais órgãos do governo e respectivas ações e programas relacionados à internacionalização. Após, buscou-se relacionar esses elementos ao processo de gestão da internacionalização pelas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) por meio de uma análise crítica de benefícios e prejuízos. Surge, nestes termos, o que chamamos de desafios de uma política nacional para internacionalização. Metodologicamente é feita uma abordagem qualitativa com análise bibliográfica e documental. Como resultado, são identificadas evidências de que o Estado brasileiro tem sido um ator importante, mas, que tem atuado de forma desarticulada por meio de seus diferentes órgãos e isso tem refletido tanto em prejuízos quanto ganhos para a gestão da internacionalização das IES brasileiras e para o país. Como recomendações finais, tem-se a necessidade de haver melhor relação entre Estado e IES na construção de estratégias nacionais bem como, melhor compreensão do que o país tem e quer a partir da internacionalização.

Resumen Se presentan resultados de una investigación empírica sobre problemas comportamentales en niños y niñas escolarizados entre 6 y 11 años. El objetivo principal es describir, desde la perspectiva epidemiológica, los problemas comportamentales de una muestra clínica (N = 395; edad: . = 7.92 y DE = 1.75) y de una muestra no clínica (N = 363; edad: . = 8.78 años y DE = 1.73). Son objetivos específicos el analizar las diferencias por sexo y variables sociodemográficas en ambos contextos: clínico y no clínico. No se efectuó un estudio comparativo entre ambas muestras. Se administró el formulario Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) y una encuesta sociodemográfica a los adultos responsables. El análisis cuantitativo se efectuó mediante estudios de frecuencia, distribución y asociaciones entre variables con el objetivo de describir a ambas muestras desde el punto de vista de los resultados del CBCL y de las variables sociodemográficas. Se estudiaron asociaciones entre los valores de las escalas de síndromes del CBCL y las variables sociodemográficas mediante el análisis de la varianza (ANOVA). Se obtuvieron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre la presencia de problemas comportamentales y las condiciones socioeconómicas de la familia: a mayor vulnerabilidad socioeconómica y educativa, mayor deterioro en la salud mental infantil. Este estudio se encontró con la dificultad de las restricciones sanitarias por la pandemia de COVID-19 para continuar el trabajo de campo. Interesa replicar el estudio y considerar el impacto de la pandemia y el presunto deterioro de las variables sociodemográficas. Se debe priorizar la continuidad de una indagación sostenida para un seguimiento de la salud mental infantil.

Abstract This article shows the results of an empirical research study on behavioral and emotional problems in schoolchildren between 6 and 11 years old. From an epidemiological perspective the goal is to describe the behavioral problems of a clinical sample (N= 395, age: . = 7.92 y SD = 1.75) and a non-clinical sample (N = 363, age: M = 8.78 años y DE = 1.73). The specific objectives are to analyze the differences by sex and possible sociodemographic variables in both clinical and non-clinical contexts. A comparative study between both samples is not carried out. We administered the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a sociodemographic survey to the responsible adults. The quantitative analysis was carried out through studies of frequency, distribution and associations among variables in order to describe both samples from the point of view of the CBCL results and of the sociodemographic variables. In order to identify the possible sociodemographic conditioning factors in the childhood and youth psychopathology, we studied the associations among the CBCL syndrome scale scores and the different sociodemographic variables through the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the clinical sample show mental health deterioration in boys and girls compared to previous studies. The increase of the internalizing and externalizing syndrome scores is significant. The prejudices and gender stereotypes constitute obstacles to gain access to mental health services in childhood, especially for girls whose psychological conditions may often go unnoticed. In the non-clinical sample, the gender distribution is even and the total average of average scores is lower compared to studies performed in other populations in previous years. In both samples we observe a significant relation between the psychological and behavioral problems and the socio-economic conditions of the family. The higher the educational and socio-economic vulnerability, the higher the deterioration of the children’s mental health. The simultaneous study from the epidemiological perspective in both samples is necessary to detect psychopathological problems in childhood. This study encountered some limitations: the difficulty to continue the field work due to sanitary restrictions because of the COVID-19 pandemic. We want to replicate the study in both samples considering the impact of the pandemic and the alleged deterioration of the sociodemographic variables and family conditions. Another limitation has been the socio-economic homogeneity of the clinical sample. It would be useful in the future to include clinical samples that belong to other socioeconomic sectors who receive mental health care from private medical insurances or medical insurances run by labor unions. The shortage of epidemiological studies on emotional and behavioral problems in children and the lack of research work on the right to receive mental health care in childhood, indicate the absence of this topic in the political agenda. This deficit prevents the implementation of efficient programs to prevent and early detect mental health problems in children, to extend clinical care proposals in the community and to train professionals so that the programs can have an accurate impact on the population. It is a priority to continue the sustained inquiry in both populations in order to ensure the follow-up of the mental health conditions. Also, it would be useful to extend and deepen the analysis incorporating the examination of other family problems such as violence situations, consumption of psychoactive drugs, suicides and other loss situation.

Abstract This article intends to demonstrate that miscarriages of justice arising from eyewitness identifications failures are related to the existence of stereotypes and the phenomenon of epistemic injustice, best described by Fricker and Lackey. After all, how do these stereotypes and the epistemic injustice manifest themselves in these cases? This question will be answered based on a jurisprudential research, selecting the decisions handed down by STJ in Habeas Corpus and Criminal Review, between 03/01/2012 and 03/31/2022, which have resulted in exoneration or imprisonment relaxation due to infringement of the procedure of 226th article from CPP. The results show that the prejudices that affect black individuals, with low education and low income, with less prestigious jobs and who have already had some contact with criminal activity, are not explicitly manifested, but are decisive for the occurrence of miscarriage of justice. On the other hand, stereotypes linked to the nature of the criminal offense and the person’s procedural position are not only quite explicit, but are admittedly taken into account by the court. These stereotypes constitute the main criterion for distributing credibility to the procedural subjects narratives, revealing that epistemic injustice is an important cause of miscarriage of justice.

Resumo O presente artigo pretende demonstrar que os erros judiciários decorrentes de falhas no reconhecimento de pessoas estão relacionados à existência de estereótipos e ao fenômeno da injustiça epistêmica, melhor descrito por Fricker e Lackey. Afinal, de que forma esses estereótipos e a injustiça epistêmica se manifestam nesses casos? Essa pergunta será respondida a partir de uma pesquisa jurisprudencial, selecionando-se as decisões proferidas pelo STJ em Habeas Corpus e Revisão Criminal, entre 01/03/2012 e 31/03/2022, que tenham resultado em absolvição ou relaxamento da prisão em razão da inobservância do procedimento do art. 226 do CPP. Os resultados mostram que os preconceitos que acometem indivíduos negros, de baixa escolaridade e de baixa renda, com empregos menos prestigiados e que já tiveram algum contato com a atividade criminosa não se manifestam de forma explícita, mas são determinantes para a ocorrência do erro judiciário. Por outro lado, os estereótipos ligados à natureza da infração penal e à posição processual da pessoa não apenas são bastante explícitos, como são assumidamente levados em conta pelo juízo. Esses estereótipos constituem o principal critério de distribuição de credibilidade às narrativas dos sujeitos processuais, revelando que a injustiça epistêmica é uma importante causa dos erros judiciários.

Resumen: en un contexto artístico al menos adverso a la representación del consumo y el ocio, el argentino Miguel Brascó, habitué de bodegas y restaurantes, escribió gran cantidad de crónicas sobre el escabio y el morfi orientadas al mundo gourmet. Este escritor bautizado “periodista de vinos” (que realizaba charlas en viñedos, participaba de programas televisivos sobre cocina y dirigía revistas gastronómicas) construyó una imagen de cronista bon vivant atípica para el género a la vez que inauguró una escritura sin prejuicios sobre temas desatendidos. En este artículo, se aborda la centralidad del placer definitoria de su estética que ilumina una zona oculta de la crónica latinoamericana forjada a partir de un autor que en su relación con el mundo antepuso el disfrute. Estos textos de fines del siglo XX fueron construidos a partir del saber de la boca o, en términos de Michel Onfray, la sapiencia gustativa: un placer de la lengua que, en la prosa de Miguel Brascó, deviene placer del lenguaje. De allí la originalidad de este artículo de abordar a un autor al margen del canon con una posición excéntrica respecto de los temas y modos de representación hegemónicos.

Abstract: In an artistic context that was at least adverse to the representation of consumption and leisure, the Argentinian Miguel Brascó, a regular in wineries and restaurants, wrote a large number of chronicles on escabio and morphi aimed at the gourmet world. This writer baptized “wine journalist” (who gave talks in vineyards, participated in television programs about cooking and directed gastronomic magazines) built an image of a bon vivant chronicler atypical for the genre while at the same time inaugurating a writing without prejudices on neglected topics. This article deals with the centrality of pleasure, which defines his aesthetics, which illuminates a hidden area of the Latin American chronicle forged from an author who, in his relationship with the world, put enjoyment first. Hence, the originality of this article to approach an author outside the canon with an eccentric position regarding the hegemonic themes and modes of representation.