Abstract Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions correspond to intrusive ideas or images and compulsion is the motor or cognitive act to appease the obsession. Its worldwide prevalence is 3%. There are different factors that influence its appearance, which can be biological, psychological and environmental. Executive functions are a set of skills that regulate cognition and behavior. The objective is to describe the relationship and impact of executive functions in people who suffer from OCD. Materials and methods: Narrative review article based on the state of the art on obsessive-compulsive disorder and executive functions. Results: Various studies report a clinical-anatomical relationship between characteristic signs and symptoms of OCD and alterations evident in executive functions. Executive functions impact functioning in daily life. These functions are strongly related to OCD, generating functional limitations in these patients. For this condition there are treatments such as pharmacological, psychological and surgical therapy. Discussion: There is a need to implement neuropsychological rehabilitation within its treatment to rehabilitate and strengthen such processes, seeking to develop it comprehensively and allow the person to function optimally in their daily lives. Conclusion: Executive functions are a fundamental component for our functioning and autonomy, which is why, since OCD is directly related to failures in these functions, they are considered an important point to take into account when accompanying and treating people who present this condition. disorder.

Resumen Introducción: El trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC) se caracteriza por obsesiones y compulsiones. Las obsesiones corresponden a ideas o imágenes intrusivas y la compulsión es el acto motor o cognitivo para aplacar la obsesión. Su prevalência mundial es del 3 % y existen diferentes factores que influyen en su aparición, que pueden ser biológicos, psicológicos o ambientales. Por otra parte, las funciones ejecutivas son un conjunto de habilidades que regulan la cognición y el comportamiento, donde este estudio busca describir la relación y afectación de las funciones ejecutivas en personas que padecen TOC. Materiales y métodos: Artículo de revisión narrativa a partir del estado del arte sobre el TOC y las funciones ejecutivas. Resultados: Diversos estudios han reportado la relación clínico-anatómica entre signos y síntomas característicos del TOC y la alteración evidenciada en funciones ejecutivas. Las funciones ejecutivas impactan el funcionamiento en la vida diaria y se encuentran fuertemente relacionadas al TOC, generando limitaciones funcionales en estos pacientes. Para esta afección hay tratamientos como las terapias farmacológica, psicológica y quirúrgica. Discusión: Se encuentra la necesidad de implementar, dentro de su tratamiento, la rehabilitación neuropsicológica para rehabilitar y fortalecer las funciones ejecutivas, buscando que se desarrolle de manera integral y que le permita a la persona desenvolverse de manera óptima en su día a día. Conclusión: Las funciones ejecutivas son un componente fundamental para nuestro funcionamiento y autonomía, es por esto que al estar el TOC directamente relacionado con fallas en estas funciones, se considera un punto importante para tener en cuenta al acompañar y tratar a personas que presentan este trastorno.

ABSTRACT The goal of this research is to analyze the encoding-decoding relationships that occur in the communication process based on the brain mechanism. It is established how this process in communication is not covered by the cerebral hemispheres but by the mechanism of implicit and explicit systems. The received information enters one of these systems in accordance with the tactics of processing and regulates the subsequent human activity. Throughout the study, the symptoms of the explicit and implicit systems were explained in parallel, and the roles of these systems in human behavior were determined. The peculiarities of these two different phenomena have been revealed based on the media market, which is relevant to the process of communication. Advertising acts, created based on pre-planned intentions, more accurately demonstrate in this regard the form in which the buyer's activity is manipulated. Thanks to studies conducted, it is known that the manipulation of the activity of the opposite side is carried out by the implicit system. Implicatures, which have a special place in the implicit system, are considered as the main concepts here. According to the results of the study, it is possible to influence the implicit system and regulate future activities based on expressions used correctly and appropriately from a pragmatic point of view in any communication process.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las relaciones de codificación-decodificación que se dan en el proceso de comunicación a partir del mecanismo cerebral. Se ha establecido cómo este proceso en la comunicación no está abarcado por los hemisferios cerebrales, sino por el mecanismo de sistemas implícitos y explícitos. La información recibida ingresa a uno de estos sistemas de acuerdo con las tácticas de procesamiento y regula la actividad humana posterior. A lo largo del estudio, se explicaron en paralelo los síntomas del sistema explícito e implícito y se determinaron los roles de estos sistemas en el comportamiento humano. Las peculiaridades de estos dos fenómenos diferentes se han revelado a partir del mercado de los medios de comunicación, que es relevante en el proceso de comunicación. Los actos publicitarios creados sobre la base de intenciones previamente planificadas demuestran con mayor precisión a este respecto la forma en que se manipula la actividad del comprador. Gracias a los estudios realizados se sabe que la manipulación de la actividad del lado opuesto la realiza el sistema implícito. Aquí se consideran como conceptos principales las implicaturas, que ocupan un lugar especial en el sistema implícito. Según los resultados del estudio, es posible influir en el sistema implícito y regular las actividades futuras a partir de expresiones utilizadas correcta y adecuadamente desde un punto de vista pragmático en cualquier proceso comunicativo.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Randomized sham-controlled trials were identified in major databases from January 1990 to January 2023. The primary outcome was overall improvement in ADHD symptoms. Subgroup analysis focused on the efficacy of rTMS in different brain regions. Secondary outcomes were the association of rTMS with improvement in different ADHD symptoms. Outcomes were expressed as effect size based on standardized mean difference (SMD)(continuous data), and ORs with 95%CI (categorical data). Results: A meta-analysis of six randomized sham-controlled trials involving 169 participants demonstrated no difference in overall ADHD symptoms between those treated with rTMS and sham controls (SMD = -0.24, p = 0.17). Subgroup analysis revealed that rTMS was more efficacious than sham treatment when targeting the right prefrontal cortex (SMD = -0.49, p = 0.03) but not the left prefrontal cortex (SMD = 0.01, p = 0.67). rTMS treatment was correlated with greater improvement in inattention (SMD = -0.76, p = 0.0002), but not hyperactivity (p = 0.86), impulsivity (p = 0.41), or depression symptoms (p = 0.95). The apparently higher risk of dropout in the rTMS group than the sham control group was not statistically significant (OR = 1.65, p = 0.26). Conclusion: This review found that rTMS only had therapeutic efficacy for ADHD symptoms (particularly inattention) when targeting the right prefrontal cortex. Further large-scale randomized sham-controlled trials are required to verify our findings. Registration number: PROSPERO CRD42023393713. Objective (rTMS deficithyperactivity deficit ADHD. . (ADHD) Methods shamcontrolled controlled 199 2023 regions SMDcontinuous SMD continuous data, data , data) 95CI CI 95 categorical data. Results metaanalysis meta 16 0.24, 024 0 24 -0.24 0.17. 017 0.17 17 0.17) 0.49, 049 49 -0.49 0.03 003 03 001 01 0.01 0.67. 067 0.67 67 0.67) 0.76, 076 76 -0.76 0.0002, 00002 0.0002 0002 0.0002) 0.86, 086 0.86 86 0.86) 0.41, 041 0.41 41 0.41) 0.95. 095 0.95 0.95) OR 165 1 65 1.65 0.26. 026 0.26 26 0.26) Conclusion particularly largescale large scale findings number CRD42023393713 CRD (ADHD 19 202 9 0.24 02 2 -0.2 0.1 0.49 04 4 -0.4 0.0 00 06 0.6 6 0.76 07 7 -0.7 0000 0.000 000 08 0.8 8 0.4 09 0.9 1.6 0.2 CRD4202339371 20 -0. 0. 0.7 0.00 1. CRD420233937 -0 CRD42023393 - CRD4202339 CRD420233 CRD42023 CRD4202 CRD420 CRD42 CRD4

Objective: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has mixed effects for major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms, partially owing to large inter-experimental variability in tDCS protocols and their correlated induced electric fields (E-fields). We investigated whether the E-field strength of distinct tDCS parameters was associated with antidepressant effect. Methods: A meta-analysis was performed with placebo-controlled clinical trials of tDCS enrolling MDD patients. PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched from inception to March 10, 2023. Effect sizes of tDCS protocols were correlated with E-field simulations (SimNIBS) of brain regions of interest (bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [DLPFC] and bilateral subgenual anterior cingulate cortex [sgACC]). Moderators of tDCS responses were also investigated. Results: A total of 20 studies were included (21 datasets, 1,008 patients), using 11 distinct tDCS protocols. Results revealed a moderate effect for MDD (g = 0.41, 95%CI 0.18-0.64), while cathode position and treatment strategy were found to be moderators of response. A negative association between effect size and tDCS-induced E-field magnitude was seen, with stronger E-fields in the right frontal and medial parts of the DLPFC (targeted by the cathode) leading to smaller effects. No association was found for the left DLPFC and the bilateral sgACC. An optimized tDCS protocol is proposed. Conclusions: Our results highlight the need for a standardized tDCS protocol in MDD clinical trials. Registration number: PROSPERO CRD42022296246. Objective (tDCS (MDD symptoms interexperimental inter experimental Efields. Efields E . (E-fields) Efield field Methods metaanalysis meta analysis placebocontrolled placebo controlled patients PubMed EMBASE 10 2023 SimNIBS (SimNIBS [DLPFC sgACC [sgACC]) 2 21 (2 datasets 1008 1 008 1,00 patients, , patients) g 041 0 41 0.41 95CI CI 95 0.180.64, 018064 0.18 0.64 18 64 0.18-0.64) response tDCSinduced seen targeted proposed Conclusions number CRD42022296246 CRD (E-fields 202 [sgACC] ( 100 00 1,0 04 4 0.4 9 180 0.180.64 01806 018 0.1 064 0.6 6 0.18-0.64 CRD4202229624 [sgACC 1, 0. 0.180.6 0180 01 06 0.18-0.6 CRD420222962 0.180. 0.18-0. CRD42022296 0.180 0.18-0 CRD4202229 0.18- CRD420222 CRD42022 CRD4202 CRD420 CRD42 CRD4

ABSTRACT Objective: Verify the clinical efficacy and safety of a low-cost tDCS device, in a clinical trial for major depressive disorder. Methods: 168 persons were recruited; 32 depressed individuals with moderate or severe depressive symptoms (HDRS17 scores higher than 18) were included and randomized for the trial (16 individuals in each group). The intervention consisted of 10 active anodal tDCS sessions at 2 mA for 30 minutes over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; or sham. The main outcome was HDRS17; secondary outcomes included satisfaction (TSQM II) and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF). Assessments at baseline, endpoint and at 30 days follow-up. Results: The sample was composed by a total of 11 men and 21 women, mean age of 42.75 years (95% CI: 38.10-47.40). Active treatment was superior than sham: There was a significant interaction between group and time regarding HDRS-17 scores (F = 4.089, df = 2, p = 0.029; partial Eta squared = 0. 239). Post hoc analyses exhibited a statistically significant difference between active and sham group symptoms after a 30 days follow-up (difference = -7.75, p = 0.008, Cohen’s d = 1.069). There were 3 dropouts, all in the active group, due schedule issues. No severe adverse effects reported. Conclusion: The current active tDCS protocol was related with clinical improvement of depressive symptoms. Intervention was well-tolerated. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques are still not routinely used, although a viable strategy for treatment-resistant patients, partial responders and people unable to use pharmacological treatment. We aim to increase knowledge and use of tDCS for the Brazilian population. Objective lowcost low cost device disorder Methods 16 recruited HDRS17 HDRS (HDRS1 18 (1 group. . group) 1 cortex TSQM II WHOQOLBREF. WHOQOLBREF WHOQOL BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) baseline followup. followup follow up. up Results women 4275 42 75 42.7 95% 95 (95 CI 38.1047.40. 38104740 38.10 47.40 38 47 40 38.10-47.40) 17 HDRS-1 F 4089 4 089 4.089 0.029 0029 0 029 239. 239 239) 7.75, 775 7 -7.75 0008 008 0.008 Cohens Cohen s 1.069. 1069 1.069 069 1.069) dropouts issues reported Conclusion welltolerated. welltolerated well tolerated. tolerated well-tolerated Noninvasive Non invasive used treatmentresistant resistant patients population HDRS1 (HDRS ( (WHOQOL-BREF 427 42. 9 (9 1047 38.1047.40 3810474 3810 38.1 4740 47.4 38.10-47.40 HDRS- 408 08 4.08 0.02 002 02 23 7.75 77 -7.7 000 00 0.00 106 1.06 06 104 38.1047.4 381047 381 38. 474 47. 38.10-47.4 4.0 0.0 7.7 -7. 1.0 38.1047. 38104 38.10-47. 4. 7. -7 1. 38.1047 38.10-47 - 38.104 38.10-4 38.10-

RESUMO Objetivo: Testar a eficácia clínica e a segurança de equipamento de estimulação elétrica transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) de baixo custo em ensaio clínico para transtorno depressivo maior (TDM). Métodos: Foram recrutadas 168 pessoas e incluídos e randomizados 32 indivíduos com depressão moderada ou grave (escores na HDRS17 >18; 16 indivíduos em cada grupo). A intervenção consistiu de 10 sessões de ETCC ativa a 2 mA no córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral esquerdo por 30 minutos, ou sham. O desfecho principal foi HDRS17; os desfechos secundários foram satisfação (TSQM II) e qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-BREF). Avaliações no início, no final do tratamento e após 30 dias de seguimento. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 11 homens e 21 mulheres, com idade média de 42,75 anos (IC 95%: 38,10 a 47,40). O tratamento ativo foi superior ao sham: houve interação significativa entre grupo e tempo em relação aos escores de HDRS17 na ANOVA (F = 4,089, df = 2, p = 0,029; partial Eta squared = 0,239). A análise post hoc mostrou diferença significativa na HDRS17 no follow-up após 30 dias (diferença = -7,75, p= 0,008, Cohen’s d = 1,069). Houve 3 dropouts, todos no grupo ativo, devido a problemas de agenda. Não houve registro de efeitos adversos graves. Conclusão: O tratamento ativo teve relação com melhora clínica de sintomas depressivos. A intervenção foi bem tolerada. Técnicas de estimulação cerebral não invasivas ainda não são rotina na prática clínica, apesar de estratégias viáveis para pacientes resistentes a tratamento, respondedores parciais e pessoas com intolerância a medicamentos. Esperamos ampliar o conhecimento e o uso de protocolos de ETCC na população brasileira. Objetivo (ETCC TDM. TDM . (TDM) Métodos HDRS HDRS1 >18 18 1 grupo. grupo) préfrontal pré frontal minutos sham TSQM II WHOQOLBREF. WHOQOLBREF WHOQOL BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) início seguimento Resultados mulheres 4275 42 75 42,7 IC 95% 95 3810 38 38,1 47,40. 4740 47,40 47 40 47,40) F 4089 4 089 4,089 0,029 0029 0 029 0,239. 0239 0,239 239 0,239) followup follow up 7,75, 775 7 -7,75 0008 008 0,008 Cohens Cohen s 1,069. 1069 1,069 069 1,069) dropouts agenda graves Conclusão depressivos tolerada medicamentos brasileira (TDM >1 (WHOQOL-BREF 427 42, 9 381 38, 474 47,4 408 08 4,08 0,02 002 02 023 0,23 23 7,75 77 -7,7 000 00 0,00 106 1,06 06 > 47, 4,0 0,0 0,2 7,7 -7, 1,0 4, 0, 7, -7 1, -

Resumo Introdução Tontura e desequilíbrio são disfunções comuns em idosos. A terapia de reabilitação vestibular é um método eficaz para o alívio da tontura crônica em pacientes com disfunção vestibular. A estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua tem melhorado a função de equilíbrio em pacientes com disfunção vestibular. Objetivo Investigar a eficácia terapêutica da reabilitação vestibular combinada com a estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua em pacientes idosos com disfunção vestibular. Método Em um estudo duplo‐cego randomizado e controlado, 36 idosos com disfunção vestibular crônica foram aleatoriamente designados para o grupo reabilitação vestibular e estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (n = 18) ou reabilitação vestibular isolada (n = 18). O protocolo de estimulação transcraniana consistiu em estimulação elétrica bifrontal multissessão do córtex pré‐frontal dorsolateral (intensidade de 2 mA e duração de 20 minutos), seguida de exercícios de reabilitação. O protocolo de reabilitação vestibular consistiu em exercícios de habituação e adaptação combinados com exercícios de marcha por um período de três semanas. O desfecho primário deste estudo foi o escore do dizziness handicap inventory e os desfechos secundários foram os escores da escala activities‐specific balance confidence e Beck anxiety inventory. Resultados Em relação ao escore do dizziness handicap inventory, a análise de variância de medidas repetidas mostrou um efeito principal significativo do efeito de interação do “tempo”, “estimulação”’ e estimulação x tempo. Houve redução significativa do escore geral do dizziness handicap com o “tempo” em ambos os grupos, foi mais pronunciada no grupo reabilitação vestibular e estimulação elétrica. Em relação à mudança nos escores do activities‐specific balance confidence, encontramos um efeito principal significativo dos fatores principais de “tempo” e “estimulação”, mas esse efeito não foi significativo para a interação estimulação × tempo. Para o escore do Beck anxiety inventory, observamos um efeito principal significativo do “tempo”, mas nenhuma evidência do efeito principal do fator “estimulação”. Conclusão A estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua bifrontal em combinação com a terapia de reabilitação vestibular é uma abordagem promissora para melhorar os sintomas vestibulares crônicos em idosos.

Abstract Introduction Dizziness and imbalance are common dysfunctions in the elderly. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy is an effective method to alleviate chronic dizziness in patients with vestibular dysfunction. Transcranial direct current stimulation has reportedly improved balance function in patients with vestibular dysfunction. Objective This study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of vestibular rehabilitation combined with transcranial direct current stimulation in elderly patients with vestibular dysfunction. Methods In a double-blinded randomized controlled trial, 36 elderly patients with chronic vestibular dysfunction were randomly assigned to either vestibular rehabilitation and transcranial direct current stimulation (n = 18) or vestibular rehabilitation alone (n = 18) group. The transcranial stimulation protocol consisted of multisession bifrontal electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (2 mA intensity and 20 min duration), followed by rehabilitation exercises. The vestibular rehabilitation protocol consisted of habituation and adaptation exercises combined with gait exercises during a three week period. The primary outcome of this study was the dizziness handicap inventory score, and the secondary outcomes were activities-specific balance confidence and Beck anxiety inventory scores. Results For the dizziness handicap score, the repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a significant main effect of “time”, “stimulation” and stimulation × time interaction effect. There was a significant reduction in the overall dizziness handicap score with “time” for both the groups, which was more pronounced in the vestibular rehabilitation and electrical stimulation group. In terms of activities-specific balance confidence change scores, we found a significant main effect of “time” and “stimulation” main factors, but this effect for stimulation × time interaction was not significant. For the Beck anxiety score, we observed a significant main effect of “time”, but no evidence for the main effect of the “stimulation” factor. Conclusion Bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation in combination with vestibular rehabilitation therapy is a promising approach to improve chronic vestibular symptoms in the elderly.

Abstract Psychology and neuroscience offer new perspectives to understand consumer and economic behaviour. Neuroeconomics provides a new frame of reference to understand the way in which the neuroanatomical structures of the brain are involved in the financial decisions of people. Currently, measurement scales are an application alternative to assess people's executive functions and cognitive inhibition quickly. In the present study for the evaluation of cognitive inhibition we will use the Stroop Test (Golden, 1994), which examines the cognitive processes associated with cognitive flexibility; the interference resistance from external stimuli and its effect on behaviour. The plates that make up the Stroop test present different possibilities for analysis and interpretation. Within neuroeconomics, there is an area that investigates how cognitive and affective regulation is critical to achieve economic results, in addition to investigating the problems caused by consumption and spending that people have in their daily lives. There is research shown that individuals who make compulsive purchases show cognitive deficiencies and difficulties in inhibiting their responses. Furthermore, compulsive purchases correlate with financial executive functioning, particularly with impulse control, organization and planning, showing that compulsive purchases are not limited only to impulse control. In Latin America and particularly in Mexico, there are few studies on neuroeconomics or consumer neuroscience, so consider that this research is an innovative contribution to the subject in our region. In this context, the objective of the research is to identify the association between cognitive inhibition and the money university students spend. This research evaluated the association between cognitive inhibition and the money university students spend. A total of 40 university students participated, 47.5 % men and 52.5 % women, between 18 and 25 years, from the City of Querétaro, Mexico. Cognitive inhibition was evaluated with the Stroop Test. In addition, sociodemographic data and monthly expenses were asked. The results descriptively detailed the level of youth spending and the Stroop effect variables. Young people have mean scores in Word, Colour, Word - Colour and Interference, according to the established parameters. Regarding monthly expenses, it is observed that on average they spend $ 666 Mexican pesos (34.04 USD / 31.13 EUR). In addition, a deficit was found in the inhibitory control related to an increase in the level of expenditure made by university students, that is, those who spend and buy more have difficulties in their cognitive inhibition (self-control). Inhibitory control is associated with age and this time with the level of money spent. Additionally, the inhibition processes allows us to assume certain activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFC), while they are ready to spend and who has problems with the control of their money, they cannot realize the excessive expenses that it does not recognize the symptoms that drive it to compulsive buying. The findings provide evidence to the neuroeconomy, as well as to the posture of cognitive control. Furthermore, it is corroborated that performance tests are an alternative in the detection of executive functioning deficiencies in a short time of application and provide evidence in the approach to neuroeconomics through this form of measurement. This offers a novel vision to understand the personal finances of Mexicans and their economic behaviour. Financial and consumer behaviour has become our main line of research from a neuroeconomic perspective; in the future, we intend to continue this study by incorporating affective and neurobehavioral factors involved in financial decisions in young people of our country. Finally, the usefulness of the results within the neuroeconomics in Mexico and Latin America is deepened, as well as its contribution as a line of research.

Resumen La psicología y las neurociencias ofrecen nuevas perspectivas para comprender el comportamiento económico y del consumidor. La neuroeconomía provee un nuevo marco de referencia para comprender la forma en la que las estructuras neuroanatómicas del cerebro se encuentran implicadas en las decisiones financieras de los individuos. En este contexto, el objetivo de la investigación es identificar la asociación entre la inhibición cognitiva y la cantidad de dinero que gastan los universitarios. Participaron 40 jóvenes universitarios, 47.5 % hombres y 52.5 % mujeres, entre 18 y 25 años, de la Ciudad de Querétaro, México. La inhibición cognitiva se evaluó con el Test de Stroop. Además, se preguntó sobre datos sociodemográficos y los gastos mensuales. Los resultados muestran descriptivamente el nivel de gasto de los jóvenes y las puntuaciones del efecto Stroop. Los jóvenes tienen puntuaciones medias en Palabra, Color, Palabra - Color e Interferencia, acorde a los parámetros establecidos. Respecto al gasto mensual se observa que, en promedio, gastan $ 666 pesos mexicanos (34.04 USD / 31.13 EUR). Adicionalmente, se encontró un déficit en el control inhibitorio relacionado con un aumento en el nivel de gasto realizado por los estudiantes universitarios, es decir, aquellos que gastan y compran, en mayor medida presentan dificultades en su inhibición cognitiva (autocontrol). El control inhibitorio se asoció con la edad y esta, a su vez, con el nivel de dinero gastado. Por último, se profundiza en la utilidad de los resultados dentro de la neuroeconomía en México y demás países latinoamericanos, así como su aporte como línea de investigación.

Background: A history of childhood sexual abuse (SA) or adolescence in eating disorders (ED) is documented in clinical experience and in the literature. However, the complex relationships between both conditions have not been systematized. Objective: To describe the clinical and neurobiological relationship between SA and ED. Method: The specialized literature in texts and articles included in Medline/PubMed, SciELO was thoroughly analysed. Central concepts were outlined and information was written seeking didactic cohesion, including an illustrative clinical case. Results: Although SA is a nonspecific factor for the development of mental disorders, it constitutes a significant predisposing, triggering and perpetuating phenomenon for the emergence of ED, mainly bulimia nervosa. Risk, mediator, predictor, protective and resilience factors are described. Both specific conditions show analogous neurobiological and clinical correlates (core symptoms and adaptive functions). Similar dysfunctions exist in reward and emotional regulation circuits, with limited structural disturbances in prefrontal areas. Conclusions: There is strong evidence of the coexistence of SA in ED. However, it is necessary to develop research models that truly integrate genetic, hormonal, neurotransmitter, personality and sociocultural risk processes.

Resumen Antecedentes: El antecedente de abuso sexual (AS) en la infancia o adolescencia en los trastornos alimentarios (TCA) está documentado en la experiencia clínica y en la literatura. Sin embargo, las complejas relaciones entre ambas condiciones no han sido sistematizadas. Objetivo: Describir la relación clínica y neurobiológica entre AS y TCA. Método: Se analizó exhaustivamente la literatura especializada en textos y artículos incluidos en Medline/PubMed, SciELO. Se perfilaron los conceptos centrales y se redactó la información buscando didáctica cohesión incluyendo un caso clínico ilustrativo. Resultados: Aunque el AS es un factor inespecífico para el desarrollo de trastornos mentales, constituye un fenómeno significativo predisponente, desencadenante y perpetuante para la emergencia de un TCA, principalmente bulimia nerviosa. Se describen los factores de riesgo, mediadores, predictores, protectores y de resiliencia. Ambas condiciones poseen correlatos neurobiológicos y clínicos análogos (síntomas nucleares y funciones adaptativas). Existen disfunciones similares en los circuitos de recompensa y regulación emocional, con alteraciones estructurales distintas en áreas prefrontales. Conclusiones: Existe contundente evidencia de la co-existencia de AS en los TCA. No obstante, es necesario continuar desarrollando modelos de investigación que integren realmente los procesos genéticos, hormonales, neurotransmisores, de personalidad y socioculturales de riesgo.

Abstract Introduction Neuroprogression has been proposed as the pathological rewiring of the brain that takes place in parallel with clinical and neurocognitive deterioration in the course of psychiatric disorders. This study aims to review the biological underpinnings and clinical outcomes related to neuroprogression in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods We performed a systematic review by searching PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for articles published between January 1, 1960, and January 6, 2020. Inclusion criteria were met when articles assessed brain changes, neurocognition, functioning, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotrophins in patients with PTSD. Narrative review articles, case reports, and preclinical studies were excluded. Results A total of 965 abstracts were identified and 15 articles were included in our systematic review. It seems that for a subset of patients whose symptoms worsen or are maintained at a high intensity there is a progressive change in the frontal lobe, especially the prefrontal cortex, and worsening of both neurocognition (verbal memory and facial recognition) and functioning (physical, psychological, social and environmental). Conclusion Although current findings associate progressive reduction in frontal lobe size with neurocognitive impairment, further research is needed to characterize PTSD as a neuroprogressive disorder.

Objective: Current treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD) involves psychological and pharmacological interventions. However, neuromodulation techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may positively affect BPD symptomatology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and neuropsychological effects of rTMS on the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) in BPD patients. Methods: Fourteen patients with BPD were randomized into two groups (active vs. sham) for 15 sessions of rTMS on the DMPFC. Clinical effects were measured using the Borderline Symptoms List (BSL), Clinical Global Impression Scale for BPD (CGI-BPD), Borderline Evaluation of Severity over Time (BEST), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), and Barratt’s Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). Neuropsychological effects were determined by a Stop-Signal Task (SST), the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST), and the Iowa Gambling Test (IGT). Results: Within-group comparison showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in CGI-BPD (total score and six of nine psychopathologic domains), BEST, HDRS, HARS, and IGT scores for active modality. Conclusion: The 5 Hz-DMPFC rTMS technique was well tolerated and lessened the severity of BPD symptomatology, especially abandonment, affective issues, interpersonal relationships, suicidal behavior, anger, and paranoid ideation. Cognitive improvement was seen in decision-making. Additional studies are needed to fully evaluate the effects of rTMS on BPD symptomatology. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03832777.

Abstract: Research suggests that symptoms, neurocognition and social cognition influence each other and are related to psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. The measurement of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia has been remarkably developed with the "MATRICS" protocol. In addition, these impairments have been linked to abnormal functioning of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and problems in its connectivity with other brain areas. On the other hand, deficits in social cognition have been linked to the so-called "social brain" and have been related to symptoms and psychosocial functioning. Attention, memory and executive function seem to be altered in schizophrenia, relating to abnormal functioning of brain structures and their connectivity between them. Impairments in different social cognitive domains, linked to the so-called "social brain", could be an endophenotypic marker of schizophrenia. However, possible methodological and conceptual issues prevent to take these conclusions as definitive.

Resumen: La investigación sugiere que los síntomas, la neurocognición y la cognición social se influyen mutuamente y se relacionan, a su vez, con el funcionamiento psicosocial en la esquizofrenia. La medida de los déficits neurocognitivos se ha desarrollado notablemente con el protocolo “MATRICS”. Estos déficits se han relacionado con un funcionamiento anormal de la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral y con defectos en su conectividad con otras áreas cerebrales. Por otro lado, el deterioro de la cognición social se ha vinculado al llamado “cerebro social” y se ha relacionado con los síntomas y el funcionamiento psicosocial. La atención, memoria y función ejecutiva parecen alteradas en la esquizofrenia, relacionándose con un funcionamiento anormal de estructuras cerebrales y su conectividad entre ellas. Déficits en diferentes dominios de la cognición social, vinculados al llamado “cerebro social”, se apuntan como un posible marcador endofenotípico de la esquizofrenia. No obstante, problemas tanto metodológicos como conceptuales impiden asumir estas conclusiones como definitivas.

Abstract It is common to find marijuana users with alterations in motivation, in clinical practice. Several studies have found evidence about a possible amotivational syndrome in marijuana users, both from the analysis of behavior and from the neurological examination. However, the existence of such a syndrome associated with the use of marijuana has not been firmly established, among other reasons, due to the concurrence of factors such as depression and the use of other drugs that may lead to inadequate generalization of the situation of some consumers of the substance and due to methodological difficulties in research aimed at establishing whether or not there is a decrease in the general motivation associated with the use of marijuana. Likewise, the decrease in motivation could be the result of the disorder by substances rather than by the consumption of marijuana. Due to the growing use of marijuana in the world, the study of its consequences is of the greatest importance, for the design of better treatments for people with substance use disorders. The aim of this study was to obtain evidence about the existence or not of deficiencies in the motivation of marijuana users. In addition, we sought to establish which are the characteristic behaviors that show this possible reduction of motivation. A battery of questions was constructed from a systematic literature review in PubMed, Lilacs, MedLine, Cochrane library, Embase, Science Direct and Bibliomed, using as terms “amotivational syndrome”, “amotivation cannabis”, “amotivation marijuana”, “comorbidity cannabis”, “comorbidity marijuaba”, “mental disorders and cannabis”, “cannabis and mental consequences”, “amotivation and drug use”. Likewise, an expert consultation was done about behaviors that were indicative of a reduction in the motivation of marijuana users. From the review and consultation of experts, a set of 70 possible behaviors expressed in questions about probable deficiencies in motivation was extracted. These questions, along with other instruments selected to exclude from the analysis participants with depression, prefrontal symptoms, alcohol use disorders, apathy and affective flattening, which could confuse the results, were presented to a sample of 1455 participants. The Rasch model was applied to establish whether it was possible to identify a measurable and consistent dimension that corresponded to a deficiency in motivation, and to discern which behaviors would be most characteristic of a possible motivational deficiency in habitual marijuana users. In addition, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out to identify possible groupings of the characteristic symptoms of a reduction in motivation. Our Results and conclusions show that it was estimated that 54.9 % of the participants would have a serious disorder due to the use of marijuana; 54.0 % presented symptoms of affective flattening, and 60.9 % would be marijuana users with high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The average number of cigarettes consumed per month would be 44.5. Using the Rasch model it was established that, with the constructed set of questions, it was possible to identify a dimension or factor coinciding with a motivational deficiency. Using the exploratory factor analysis, it was found that the characteristic behaviors could be grouped into four possible subdimensions: emotional apathy; social withdrawal; neglect of personal image and motor slowdown.

Resumen Si bien es común ver en la práctica clínica deficiencias en la motivación en usuarios de marihuana, no ha sido firmemente establecida la existencia de un posible síndrome amotivacional asociado con el consumo de esta droga, entre otras razones por la concurrencia de factores como la depresión que pueden llevar a generalizar inadecuadamente la situación de algunos usuarios de la sustancia. Esta investigación se orientó a obtener evidencia acerca de la existencia de deficiencias en la motivación en consumidores de marihuana. Se construyó una batería de preguntas a partir de una revisión y una consulta a expertos, que fue aplicada a una muestra de 1455 participantes, junto con otros instrumentos seleccionados para excluir del análisis a los participantes con depresión, síntomas prefrontales, trastornos por uso de alcohol, apatía y aplanamiento afectivo, que pudieran confundir los resultados. Se aplicaron métodos estadísticos y psicométricos basados en el modelo de Rasch, para establecer qué comportamientos serían más característicos de una deficiencia motivacional en consumidores habituales de marihuana. Se estimó que un 54.9 % de los participantes tendría un trastorno grave por uso de marihuana, un 54.0 %, síntomas de aplanamiento afectivo y un 60.9 % serían usuarios de marihuana con altos niveles de tetrahidrocannabinol (THC). La media de cigarrillos de marihuana consumidos al mes sería de 44.5. Mediante el modelo de Rasch se estableció que con el conjunto de preguntas construido era posible identificar una dimensión o factor coincidente con una deficiencia motivacional. Se encontró evidencia que sugiere la existencia de apatía emocional; retraimiento social; descuido de la imagen personal y enlentecimiento motor.

Introduction. Within Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), Behavioral variant (BvFTD) is the most prevalent, is associated with a marked alteration in behavior and emotional regulation. Objective. Describes the neuroanatomical correlate in subjects with BvFTD and the neuropsychiatric clinical characteristics described in them. Methodology. A systematic review of articles published between 2013 and 2018 has been carried out, in relation to the BvFTD, in databases in english and spanish that meet the inclusion criteria. Results. The BvFTD is associated with a hypofunction in the areas of the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and others. Apathy and disinhibition are the main symptomatology of study. Conclusions. There is a lack of updated articles that describe neuropsychiatric characteristics along with their imaging description in this population that favors the development of medical and non-medical approaches.

Resumen Introducción. Dentro de las Demencias Frontotemporales (DFT), la variante conductual (DFTvc) es la de mayor prevalencia, estando asociada a una marcada alteración a nivel de comportamiento y regulación emocional. Objetivo. Describir el correlato neuroanatómico en sujetos con DFTvc y las características clínicas neuropsiquiátricas descritas en ellos. Metodología. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de artículos publicados entre 2013 y 2018, en relación a la DFTvc, en bases de datos en inglés y español que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión definidos. Resultados. La DFTvc se asocia a una hipofunción en las zonas de la corteza prefrontal, corteza cingulada, entre otros. La apatía y desinhibición son la principal sintomatología de estudio. Conclusiones. Existe una falta de artículos actualizados que describan las características neuropsiquiátricas junto a su descripción imagenológica en esta población que favorezcan el desarrollo de avances médicos y no médicos de abordaje.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to translate the Prefrontal Symptoms Inventory (PSI) (abbreviated version) for the elderly into Brazilian Portuguese, evaluate its psychometric properties, and investigate if the PSI could distinguish between groups with (clinical group) and without (non-clinical group) a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD). METHODS: The PSI was idiomatically and culturally adapted, and then administered to 256 individuals over 60 years of age who also completed a clinical interview, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)-15, and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). RESULTS: The results indicated satisfactory adjustment and adequate reliability (Ω of 0.83 and α=0.80) for the uni-factorial model. The non-clinical group showed significant correlations between the PSI-16, GDS-15, MMSE, and FAB and its six subtests. In the clinical group, there were negative correlations between the PSI-16, MMSE, and the FAB and the conceptual subtest. The groups differed statistically significantly, with the clinical sample showing the highest PSI-16 score. In the non-clinical group, there were significant positive correlations between age and PSI-16, and negative correlations between education and PSI-16. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the PSI-16 can be used as a valid and reliable screening tool for clinical use in the elderly with and without pathology.

Abstract Objectives Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS), is a chronic pain disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology. In recent years, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been recommended for pain relief in various chronic pain disorders. The objective of the present research was to study the effect of low frequency rTMS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on pain status in FMS. Methods Ninety diagnosed cases of FMS were randomized into Sham-rTMS and Real-rTMS groups. Real rTMS (1 Hz/1200 pulses/8 trains/90% resting motor threshold) was delivered over the right DLPFC for 5 consecutive days/week for 4 weeks. Pain was assessed by subjective and objective methods along with oxidative stress markers. Patients were followed up for 6 months (post-rTMS;15 days, 3 months and 6 months). Results In Real-rTMS group, average pain ratings and associated symptoms showed significant improvement post rTMS. The beneficial effects of rTMS lasted up to 6 months in the follow-up phase. In Sham-rTMS group, no significant change in pain ratings was observed. Conclusion Right DLPFC rTMS can significantly reduce pain and associated symptoms of FMS probably through targeting spinal pain circuits and top-down pain modulation . Trial registration: Ref No: CTRI/2013/12/004228.